Biology
Biosphere
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It is believed that life originated on earth about 3.6 billion years ago. It is accepted
that the life originated as unicellular organisms & thereafter complex multi cellular
organisms were evolved gradually. Today about 8.7 million species are living on
earth. There is a great diversity among those organisms. Once these organisms are
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y Identify the species of organisms in Fig. 13.1
y Classify the organisms using appropriate criteria
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Grouping of organisms into different levels based on their common characteristics
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² Easy to study about organisms
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² Ability to get an idea about the whole biosphere by studying about few
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² Ability to reveal the relationship between different groups of organisms
² Identification of organisms with economical uses to human
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considered. It does not depict the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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Animals can be grouped as animals with wings and without wings.
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Under the criteria of presence of wings in the above example birds & insects both
are included into a single group. But they belong to two groups when considering
evolutionary relatonships.
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possesses below features.
² Explains the natural relationships among organisms of the same species
² Explains the evolutionary relationships among different organisms
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of categories.
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Consider the following examples to identify the taxonomic levels in a
hierarchy of categories
Modern Human (Homo sapiens)
1. Domain
- Eukarya
2. Kingdom - Animalia
3. Phylum
- Chordata
4. Class
- Mammalia
5. Order
- Primates
6. Family
- Hominidae
7. Genus
- Homo
8. Species
- Homo sapiens
Coconuts (Cocos nucifera)
1.Domain
- Eukarya
2.Kingdom - Plantae
3.Division
- Magnoliophyta
4.Class
- /LOLRSVLGD
5.Order
- Arecales
6.Family
- Arecaceae
7.Genus
- Cocos
8.Species
- Cocos nucifera
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1. Domain Archaea
2. Domain Bacteria
3. Domain Eukarya
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Pla
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Protista
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The organisms belong to this domain are prokaryotes (without an organized
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caps. They are not sensitive to most antibiotics.That is they can not be destroyed
with antibiotics.
Examples (- Methanogens
Halophiles
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The organisms belong to this domain are also prokaryotes. (without an organized
nucleus) They are sensitive to antibiotics & sometimes are pathogenic. They can
be found every where in the environment. They are the most abundant group of
organisms. Bacteria & Cyanobacteria belong to this domain.
Cyanobacteria
Bacteria
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Flagella
Ribosome
Plasmid
Envelope
Cell wall
Nucleic
material (DNA)
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Pilli
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Several harmful and useful effects of Bacteria to human are given below.
² Bacteria cause diseases to human as well as to other organisms
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² Food spoilage
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² To decompose dead bodies and structures
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& non living features. The only living feature of them is the multiplication
within a host cell.
AIDS virus
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Bacteriopharge virus
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The most prominent organisms with a eukaryotic cellular organization belong to
this domain. They have the ability to live in different environments. They are not
sensitive to antibiotics.
There are 4 kingdoms belong to this domain.
1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia
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Organisms belong to kingdom protista possess an eukaryotic cellular organization.
They are either unicellular or multicellular organisms without specialized tissues.
They live in environments associated with water & mostly are photosynthetic.
Some species are heterotrophic. Algae & protozoans belong to this kingdom.
Algae
Eg ( Ulva
Protozoa
Eg ( Paramecium
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Below are some useful and harmful effects of protists to human.
y
y
y
y
y
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Algae involve in forming mutualistic associations with fungi called lichens
To extract agar which is used to prepare culture media to grow bacteria
To extract alginic acid used to make ice cream
Some protozoans cause diseases to human
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according to the colour of them.
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A kingdom of organisms with chitinous cell
walls & eukaryotic cellular organization.
There are unicellular or multicellular fungi
species. There are about 1.5 – 5 million
species belong to this kingdom. They
contribute greatly to decompose organic
matter in the environment. They also form
symbiotic associations with other organisms.
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Below are some useful and harmful effects of fungi to human.
y As a supplementary for protein
Eg :-Agaricus - Mushroom
y Bread & alcohol fermentation
Eg :-Yeast
y To produce antibiotics
Eg :- Penicillium
y Decomposition of dead bodies and structures
y To cause diseases to plants & animals - Eg :- Pityriacis versicolor (Aluham) by
CandidaSRWDWRODWHEOLJKWE\Phytopthora
y Spoilage of food
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Add few drops of water onto a slice of
bread & leave it for 2 days. You will
see a mycelium of fungi. Obtain small
amount of the mycelium using a glass
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with a coverslip & observe under the
microscope.
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Feature
Bacteria
Protista
Structure 0LFURVFRSLF XQL- Most are
cellular and pro- microscopic. But
karyotic organisms some red algae
possess large
bodies. They
are eukaryotes.
Mostly unicellular.
Some are
multicellular
without a tissue
differentiation.
Shape
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shaped
(vibrio)
are the different
shapes of bacteria.
Cyanobacteria also
exist as single
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or
unbranched
filaments
Nutrition Mostly
heterotrophic. But
Cyanobacteria are
autotrophic.
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Mostly
perform
asexual reproduction. Bactria reproGXFH E\ ELQDU\ ¿VVLRQ &\DQREDFWHULD
by fragmentation &
budding
Fungi
Most
of
them
are
microscopic. But some
reproductive
structures
can be seen with the naked
eye. (Mushroom) They
are eukayiotic organisms.
Some are unicellular
some are multicellular.
They exist as multicellular
mycelium.
No
tissue
differentiation.
/HDI OLNH KRUVH As single spherical cells or
VKRH VKDSHG fungi mycelium
other
different
shapes
Algae
are
phototrophic. The
unicellular animals
(Protozoans) are
heterotrophic.
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fragmentation &
spore production.
All are heterotrophic. Most
of them obtain nutrition as
saprophytic organisms.
Mostly reproduce by asexual spores
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Distribution :LGHO\GLVWULEXWHG
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& in the body of
organisms. Almost
everywhere
Examples
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damp
soil
and OLYLQJ ERG\ /HVV LQ
inside the body of DTXDWLFHQYLURQPHQWV
organisms
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animals (Amoeba,
Paramecium)
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It’s a kingdom with multi-cellular organisms known as plants. There are about
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energy and produce food by photosynthesis.
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2.
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Flowering plants
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² 1RQÀRZHULQJVHHGOHVVSODQWV
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Examples :- 0DUFKDQWLD3RJRQDWXP6HODJLQHOOD1HSKUROHSLV6DOYLQLD
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Nephrolepis
Selaginella
Pogonatum
Marchantia
Salvinia
Drynaria
Acrosticum
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Plants
Non vascular plants
Bryophyta
Liverworts
Marchantia
Vascular Plants
(Tracheophyta)
Mosses
Pogonatum
Seedless plants
Lycophyta
Selaginella
Pterophyta
Nephrolepis
Seed Plants
(Spermatophyta)
Naked Seed Plants
(Gymnospermae)
Cycas
Coverd Seed Plants
(Angiospermae)
Monocots
Grass
11
Dicots
Mango,Jak
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Structure
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Shape
Small to large sized plants. Some plants lack a tissue
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are known as thallus. Some plants possess differentiatied
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Thalloid body or small fern type
Nutrition
All are autotrophic photosynthetic. Some plants are epiphytes.
5HSURGXFWLRQ Asexual reproduction by spores & fragmentation of
Distribution
vegetative parts. Perform sexual reproduction too.
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places.
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The seeds of these plants are not covered by a fruit. Seeds are naked. Therefore they
are known as Gymnosperms.
Examples :- Cycas, Pinus
Cycas
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Structure
Shape
Nutrition
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True tissue differentiation is present. Possess vascular
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stems. Some are shrubs.
All are autotrophic photosynthetic.
5HSURGXFWLRQ Sexual reproduction by seeds. Asexual reproduction by
spores.
Distribution
Distributed in terrestrial environments.
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plants) are covered by a fruit. Therefore they are termed covered seed plants or
Angiosperms. These plants are well adapted to life on land & show various
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the number of cotyledons in the seed.
(1) Monocotyledonae plants
(2) Dicotyledonae plants
Comparison between monocots & dicots is shown in the table below.
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y
Monocotyledonae
A single cotyledon in the seed
Stem is unbranched
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system
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y
y
y
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No secondary growth
The diameter of the stem is even
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y
y
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Dicotyledonae
y Two cotyledons in the seed
y Stem is branched
y 5RRWV\VWHPZLWKDWDSURRW
lateral roots
y /HDYHVSRVVHVVDUHWLFXODWH
venation
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y Secondary growth takes place
y The base of the stem is broad & tip
is thin
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Monocots - Coconut
Dicots - Mango
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Uproot a paddy or grass & a Kuppamenia/ Kupameni plants & wash their root
system carefully & list out their features.
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plants.
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in this kingdom. They are unable to produce their own food. They are heterotrophic.
Animals belong to kingdom animalia again can be devided into two groups
according to the presence or absence of the vertebral column.
1. Invertebrates
2. Vertebrates
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Organisms without a vertebral column is known as invertebrates.The invertebrates
again can be divided into different phyla according to their features. Five main
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1. Cnidaria / Coelenterata
2. Annelida
3. Mollusca
4. Arthropoda
5. Echinodermata
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Hydra
Sea anemone
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Features of Cnidaria
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² Multicellular body build up of two germinal layers.
Therefore known as diploblastic.
coelenteron
germinal
² A cavity present within the body
layers
called coelenteron acts as the
digestive tract.
² There are 2 forms as Medusa &
Polyp. Medusa can move while
Polyps attach to surface.
tentacles
² They have a radial symmetry.
polyp
form
medusa
form
² All are predators. Attack small
organisms to paralyze them using
Figure /RQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQRI a
nematoblasts.
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Coral reefs produced by a
coral polyp belong to phylum
Cnidaria. They play a major
role for the survival of marine
organisms.
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²
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6HJPHQWHGZRUPVOLNHHDUWKZRUPOHHFKNereis are examples for Annelids.
Earthworm
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Annelids show following Features.
²
²
²
²
²
²
Nereis
Clitellium
Segments
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Fertilized
Setae
water habitats.
eggs
Multicellular body made up of three
germinal layers. Therefore known as
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Figure ([WHUQDODSSHUDQFHRIDQ
like body.
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Body is divided into segments internally
& externally. Therefore known as segmented worms.
Body shows a bilateral symmetry.
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known as the coelom. It provides an independent movement for the gut wall
irrespective of the body movements.
Some reproduce asexually & some by sexual reproduction.
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Snail
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Octopus
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Head
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marine habitats.
visceral
mass
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bodied animals.
muscular
foot
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muscular foot and visceral mass. The
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body is not divided into segments.
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‡ The body is moistened by mucous.
‡ Some Molluscs possess internal and external shells made up of CaCO3.
‡ Possess a bilaterally symmetrical body.
‡ Show sexual reproduction. Most of them are unisexual (produce one type of
gamete)
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This is the phylum with the highest number of species in the animal kingdom.
75% of the animal species belong to this phylum. The class insecta of this phylum
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CUDEBarnacle belong to this phylum.
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Spider
Centipede
Scorpion
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Arthropods possess below features.
Head
² /LYHLQ0DULQHIUHVKZDWHUDQGWHUUHVWULDO
habitats.
Thorax
² 7ULSOREODVWLFCoelomic and possess jointed
limbs. They are known as Arthropods.
(Arthro MRLQWHGSRGV legs)
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² Body is segmented and several segments
limbs
collectively form functional segments
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Abdomen
² There is a chitinous cuticle on the body. It
acts as an exoskeleton.
² Some possess special wings.
² There are separate female and male
organisms. They show sexual dimorphism. )LJXUH([WHUQDODSSHDUDQFHRI
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Carryout sexual reproduction.
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Prepare an insect box using dead insects found in your home.
y
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It is a phylum that shows phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationship to phylum
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phylum.
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Sea urchin
Sea cucumber
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Echinodermates possess below
water vascular system
features.
y All are marine.
y Triploblastic. Coelomic. Body is
separated into 5 radial arms.
y Possess a sharp spiny body
radial arms
covering.
y %RG\LVVWDUVKDSHGF\OLQGULFDORU
tube feet
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y A highly distributed water vascular
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system present in the body.
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y Tube feet present for locomotion
and respiration.
y +HDUWEUDLQDQGH\HVDUHDEVHQW
y Body shows penta radial symmetry.
y They show sexual dimorphism and carryout sexual reproduction.
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water and marine environments.
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² Body is covered by scales.
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environmental temperature)
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Tortoise
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‡ Dry skin without glands. Possess scales on skin.
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Bat
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For extra knowledge
Class Mammalia is divided into several orders. Four main RUGHUVDUH
(1) Order Primates - Eg :- Shrew, Loris, Monkey, Orung utang,
Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Human
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(3) Order Cetacea - (J:KDOH'ROSKLQ
(4) Order Artiodactyla - (J6WDJ'HHU%XIIDOR
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binomial nomenclature.
The methodology to name an organism is regulated by International Commission
on Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) & International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN).
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italicized.
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Man
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Cocos nucifera
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& Eukarya.
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scientists who introduced them.
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State the uses of the coral reefs which is a creation of an
organism belong to phylum Cnidaria.
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