Energy!
ahead
Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Data for 2014/ Year of reporting 2016, Municipal Department 20
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GHG
GIEC
KliP
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MA
MIT
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BundesländerLuftschadstoffInventur–surveyofairpollutantsinAustria
Combined heat and power
Emissions and energy data management system
oftheAustrianInstituteofTechnology(AIT)
Greenhouse gases
Gross inland energy consumption
Climate protection programme of the City of Vienna
Kilowatt peak
MunicipalDepartment
Motorisedindividualtraffic
Photovoltaics
Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
UrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeoftheCityofVienna
Energy!
ahead
data 2014
for the City of Vienna
I
O
Table of conTenTs
1. preface
7
2. interviews
8
3. milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future
16
4. municipal department 20 – Energy planning: shaping vienna’s energy future
22
5.
Energy – from generation to use
a. Anoverviewofthemainconcepts
b. Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption
c. EnergyflowchartoftheCityofVienna
27
30
32
6.
monitoring indicators for the smart City Wien Framework strategy
a. Emissionspercapita
b. Finalenergyconsumptionpercapita
c. Primaryenergyconsumptionpercapita
d. Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption
e. Choiceoftransportation
f. Shareofelectricandhybridcars
g. Shareofelectricandhybridlorries
h. Energyconsumptionofpassengertrafficacrosscitylimits
i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning
j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating
andairconditioningpercapita
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!
1 PReface
6
M
TheParisAgreementconcludedatthe21stWorldClimateConference(COP21)isahistoric
turning point and marks a worldwide commitment to ending the use of fossil energy sources.
Inlightofglobalclimatechange,weneedfar-reachingandeffectivemeasuresforanenergytransitionandwemustdoeverythinginourpowertosupportsustainabletechnologies,
innovativedevelopmentandresearch.ThegovernmentoftheCityofViennahasrecognised
thisandsetacourseforaforward-lookingenergyframeworkstrategy.Theenergyframework
strategyisbeingdevelopedinclosecoordinationwiththeexistingclimategoalsandtheprinciplesoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy.WeaimtoreduceCO2emissionsby80%
by2050.Energysupplysecurity,renewableenergyandenergyefficiencyareatthecoreofour
efforts.
Citiesoffergreatopportunitiestosteertheglobalenergysystemtowardssustainability.More
thanhalftheglobalpopulationislivingincitiesandsome80%ofenergyconsumedworldwideisusedinurbanareas.By2050,twothirdsoftheworld’spopulationareexpectedtolivein
cities. Growing urbanisation and the economic growth this creates increase urban energy consumption.Therefore,we,asdecision-makersinthecities,holdthekeytoasuccessfulenergy
transition and to reaching the climate goals.
Urban areas encompass more than just the city; they also include the greater region. In
keepingwiththegoalsoftheParisAgreement,theadjoiningprovincesofBurgenland,Lower
AustriaandViennaarecurrentlydevelopingajointstrategicapproachforasustainableenergy
system.Theexploratoryproject“EnergyLabEast”aimstouncoverpotentialsforanenergy
transitionineasternAustria.Theprojectregionischaracterisedbyruralareas,whererenewableenergygenerationcanbeexpanded.Atthesametime,thegrowingurbancentresinthe
regionactas“energysponges”thatuserenewableenergywhenitisavailableinexcessand
alsostoreenergyfortimesoflowerproduction.Thefocusisonfindinganswerstoanticipated
challengesforlocal,regionalandcross-regionalgridsaswellasshort-termandseasonal
energy storage. We also aim to identify potential showcase projects. What is special about the
projectisthatitisacooperationbetweenthethreefederalprovinces(theirprovincialenergy
agenciesandrepresentativesoftheofficesoftheprovincialgovernments)andthethreemain
energy supply companies in the region.
ItisinitiativeslikethisthatbenefitfromtheimpetusprovidedbytheParisAgreementandhelp
usimplementsustainableenergysystems.Together,wecanreachourclimateandenergy
targetsandensureclean,sustainableenergy.
M
7
c
2 InTeRvIews bY beRnD voGl
WolfgangMüller,DeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofVienna
bErnd vogl: The City of Vienna has become more open about sharing its valuable
data, which is a very positive development. I am sure that has to do with the
efforts to activate the city’s often-cited 1.8 million brains. We as the energy
department aim to participate in this process and also make energy data available.
You are in charge of a considerable part of this process and you are also one of
the leading figures in the city’s innovation strategy. What does it mean to make
the city administration’s data publicly accessible? What is the overall policy of the
City of Vienna with regard to open government and open data?
8
WolFgang müllEr:Thekeyquestionwhenitcomestoopengovernmentandopendata
isreallyafundamentalone:Dowebelieveinopenaccessornot?WeatViennaCityAdministrationbegandevelopingouropengovernmentstrategyin2011andithasradicallychanged
thewayinwhichwework.Today,weregularlyexchangeinformationwithvariousplayersand
are always thinking about what else we could do and what other data we could share. When we
startedout,weweremuchmorefocusedonobstacles,onwhywecouldnotdothisorthat.
Thatisdifferenttoday.Opengovernmenthaschangedus.
TheprocessofmakingtheCityAdministrationmoreaccessibleisbuiltonthreemainprinciples:transparency,participationandcooperation.Thatlastoneismostimportant–
interactingwiththecommunity.Andit’sworking.Sofar,wehavepublishedover300datasets,
whichhavebeenusedtodevelop196appsandvisualisations.Thisallowsustoreachan
incredibly broad range of people.
What does publishing such data mean for privacy?
WolFgang müllEr:Itisgoodtopublishalotofdataandmakeitopenlyavailable,butof
courseweshouldnotforgetthatsomedatamaybeverysensitiveifitcanbetracedbackto
anindividual.Therefore,weareverycarefulwithsuchdata.Andpersonaldataisnotpublished
asamatterofprinciple.TheCityofViennahasanadvisorycouncilofexpertsthataddresses
privacyaspectsandtheclassificationofdata.Sofar,wehavenothadanyproblems.
Ofcoursetherearealsoreservations,particularlywhenitcomestoquestionsofhowtoreact
whenpeoplecriticisethedataquality.Butweareseeingaculturalshiftthereaswell,inhow
wedealwithfeedback.Whenfeedbackisseenassupportive,thedepartmentsoftheCity
Administrationhavenoissueswithitanduseittoimprovetheirwork.
WolFgang müllEr
hasbeenDeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofViennasince
2010.HestudiedlawwhileservingasanofficeroftheAustrianArmed
ForcesandhasbeenworkingfortheCityofViennasince1991.
What is the relationship between apps and data? You mentioned that a lot has been
done and many apps have been developed. Does the city have a specific strategy in
this regard?
WolFgang müllEr:TheCityofViennaleadsthefieldinternationallywithregardtothe
developmentofappsfromitsopendata.Wetrytofindoutwhichdataandwhichkindofapps
peoplewant.Insomecases,thereisanenormousdemandfordatathatwewouldnothave
expectedanyonetobeinterestedin,suchashistoricaldataandtimeseries–“whatdidthis
looklikefiveyearsago,howwasthattenyearsago?”
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
9
c
TheCityofViennapursuesanopenstrategyinordertofindoutwhatpeoplewant.OurDigital
Agendaisdesignedandimplementedinatransparentandparticipatoryway.Itisanopen
platforminwhichanyonecanparticipate,onlineoroffline.WedecidedwedidnotwantanIT
strategythatwaswrittenbyafewexpertsbehindcloseddoors.Wewantedanyonetobeable
toparticipate.Andpeopledid.Weweresurprisedatthenumbersandthediversityofparticipants.Atourfirstopenlab,wehadabout100participantsandanincrediblyconstructive
discussion.
10
togetherwithvariousplayers.OneexampleisourDigitalCityinitiative,wherewecooperate
withtheITindustryandtheydevelopentirecomputerprogramswithoutanyparticular
specificationsfromus.Innovationhappensbecausewesupporttheexchangeofideasand
cooperation.Ibelievethisisanareawhereweasacitycanbeveryopenbecausewehave
nothing to hide.
Themostimportantthingaboutthisprocesswasthatwedidnotsetoutwithafixedidea
ofwhattheresultshouldlooklike.Thatwasariskwewerewillingtotake.Wedidhavea
generalframework,butwedidnotdefinewhatkindofresultsweexpected.Thatiswhatopen
innovationisabout:wedon’texactlyknowwheretheroadwilltakeus,andthatisthekeyto
success,becauseitfacilitatesextremelyinnovativeandconstructivecooperation.
11
The online city map is a very interesting tool with an enormous range of functions.
It is also an important tool for the energy sector. We started out by displaying the
potential for solar energy on Vienna’s roofs. These days, people can also check the
energy potential of ground heat, groundwater and wind at their location. What else
are you planning for the online map?
WolFgang müllEr:Atoollikethatneedsup-to-date,fullyelectronicgeoreferenceddata,
asisthecasewithouronlinecitymap,whichhasdataonover200differenttopics.Anditis
going to increase in importance.
Werecentlyreceivedtheinternational“GeospatialWorldExcellenceAward”forourapproach.
WecreatedanadministrativemapofAustriatogetherwiththeotherfederalprovinces(basemap.at).ItcombinesthegeodataofAustria’sfederalprovinces,citiesandmunicipalitiesina
singlemap,anditisthefirstnationalmapintheGerman-speakingregiontobemadefreely
availableworldwideasopengovernmentdata.TheCityofViennawasinchargeofproject
management.Anotherimportantissuewhenyoupublishdatainanonlinemapisofcourse,
again,privacy.
What do you think of the city’s overall approach to innovation? Innovation, for me,
is a solution that has not been attempted before. Innovation exists in different
fields, not only in technology. Innovation is not only material; it can also be about
new financing models or services. When innovations are applied, things improve.
WolFgang müllEr:Iagree.Innovationissomethingnewthatisimplementedandisin
somewayeconomicallyrelevant.Often,innovationmakesthingseasier.I’mthinkingoftherobotwedevelopedtogetherwiththefiredepartment–theinnovationthereisnotthatithasso
manyfunctionsbutthatitissoeasytouse.Tobeinnovative,youneedthecouragetoembark
on a journey without knowing whether it will be successful.
Innovations are often created by small companies and organisations. Big players
often seek inspiration from smaller ones. Is that the case for the City of Vienna as
well?
WolFgang müllEr:Ofcourseweneedideasfromtheoutside.TheCityAdministrationhas
twoapproachestopromotinginnovation:Ontheonehand,wecansupportspecificdevelopmentswhenweawardcontracts.Ontheotherhand,thecityalsocreatesinnovation
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
c
BernhardJarolim
bErnd vogl: Housing and energy planning are important topics in a growing city
that aims to be a smart city. What do you think will be the great challenges of the
next decade?
12
bErnhard Jarolim: ThelargestchallengeissurelytheinfluxofpeopletoVienna;atrend
wehaveobservedforseveralyearsandwhichwillcontinueintheyearsahead.Thisincreases
pressureonthehousingmarket.Theincreaseinrentsontheopenhousingmarketisabove
averageand,unfortunately,frequentlyexceedsthelegalthresholds.Thecityneedstobuild
evenmoreaffordablehousingthansofar.Inordertoensurethathousingremainsaffordable,
theconstructionofnewflatswillbeincreasedby30%by2018oninitiativeofExecutiveCity
CouncillorforHousingMichaelLudwig–thatis13,000newflatsayear,9,000ofwhichwillbe
subsidised.Wealreadybuild7,000subsidisedflatsayear,whichismorethananyothercityin
Europe.Atthesametime,wealsowanttomaintainourhighstandardsofqualityinhousing,
particularlywithregardtotheenergybalanceofbuildings.Thereisnoquestionthathousing
playsanimportantroleinwhetherwereachourclimateandenergytargetsornot.Thisalso
requirestheparticipationoftheconstructionindustry.
bErnd vogl
became Head of the Energy
PlanningDepartment
(MA20)inSeptember2011
after working for more than
18yearsattheMinistryof
EnvironmentalAffairsinthe
fieldofenergyplanningand
innovativeenergysystems.
bErnhard Jarolim
was appointed Head of
MunicipalDepartment25
(UrbanRenewal&Inspecting
AuthorityforResidentialBuildings)in2010.Hehasbeen
working for the City of Vienna
since1995,includinginthe
department for technical
property matters.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
The City of Vienna offers subsidies to ensure that housing stays affordable. In the
energy sector, we have subsidies for flats and buildings on the one hand and for
renewable energy generation on the other. The latter is intended to get people to
invest in photovoltaics and other green energy systems that reduce their energy
costs in the long term. Which type of subsidy is better?
bErnhard Jarolim: Weneedboth,weneedabalance.Pittingonetypeofsubsidyagainst
the other is not the way to go. Vienna has struck a good balance between the two. Housing
shouldbeaffordableforeveryone,andwhenyousubsidiseflats,particularlyinsocialhousing,
yougetagoodsocialmixandpreventtheformationofghettos,marginalisation,andonly
somepartsofthepopulationbeingabletoaffordtoliveinefficient,high-qualitybuildings.
Atthesametime,however,subsidisingPVinstallationsandotherpowersystemshasaconsiderableadvantage:peoplebecomeveryattachedtothem.Schemeswherewesubsidise
theentirebuildingoronlypartsofthesystemdon’tcreatethatsenseofownership.Itfeels
completelydifferentwhenyoupersonallyinvestinrenewableenergy.Thissubsidyschemeisa
veryinnovativeapproachthatIbelievewecouldexpand.
What do you think the future of housing subsidies will be considering the spending
cuts the city is planning for the next years?
bErnhard Jarolim: Thecity’sspendingreformiscurrentlystillbeingdeveloped,and
theexpertsaredeterminingwheresavingsarepossible.Housingisafundamentalneed.A
positivelivingenvironmentcontributessignificantlytowell-beingandqualityoflife.Thatis
probably not an area where there will be spending cuts. Quite the opposite: there will need to
beinvestmentsinhousing.Andofcoursehousingconstructionisalsoanenormousboostfor
the economy.
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
13
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What kind of offers does the housing industry need from energy suppliers? Are
there any things you’d like to see?
The EU project “Smarter Together” is a good example of multidisciplinary
cooperation. It involves many different project partners. How do you experience
cooperation within the Vienna City Administration?
Be
Be
14
15
That makes sense. Nobody understands why the energy costs in a passive house
are as high as in an old building. Do newer, more efficient buildings need a new
billing system for heating costs?
Be
We often know very little about how much energy a planned building will really
consume or about the practical impact of certain energy-relevant measures.
Could monitoring help?
Be
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
c
3
MIlesTones on THe RoaD To a
sUsTaInable eneRGY fUTURe
COP21–breakthroughforanewglobalclimateprotectionagreement
Thisobjectivecanonlybeachievedthroughanumberoffar-reachingmeasuresthatmustbe
implementedstartingimmediately.Thisincludesreducingglobalnetgreenhousegasemissions
to0between2045and2060.Nationstatesmustreportsufficientreductiongoals.Ifthesegoals
turnouttobeinsufficient,strictertargetswillbedemandedandseteveryfiveyears.Intherunup
totheCOP21negotiations,theEuropeanUnionsetitselfbindingtargetsfor2030inorderto
strengthen the proponents of an international agreement:
- a40%cutingreenhousegasemissionscomparedto1990levels
- atleasta27%shareofrenewableenergyconsumption
- atleast27%energysavings
AsoneresultofCOP21,theEuropeanCommissionpublishedaproposalwithbindingnational
targetstobemetbytheMemberStatesby2030forthesectorsnotcoveredbyemissions
trading.ForAustria,thetargetisareductioningreenhousegasemissionsby36%compared
to2005levels.
E-mobilitystrategy–moree-mobilityforVienna
17
TheCityofViennaispreparingfortheincreaseine-mobilitythatisexpectedforthecoming
years.Electricvehiclesarebecominganincreasinglyviablealternativetocarsthatrunon
dieselandpetrol.Withitse-mobilitystrategy,theCityofViennaismakingimportantinroads
towardsexpandingelectromobilityinthecity.ThisincludesanetworkofelectricvehiclechargingstationsthatwillbebuiltinViennainthenextyears.Newchargingtechnologies,improvedvehiclesandsinkingproductioncostsmakethistheidealtimetostartbuildingacitywide
networkofpubliclyaccessiblechargingstations.Providingsupplysecuritythroughoutthecity
will hopefully contribute to reducing scepticism toward e-mobility and create an additional
incentiveforswitchingtoanelectricvehicle.
Thechargingnetworkwillbebasedonthecitywidestreetlightingnetwork,whichoffersideal
conditionsforsettingupchargingstationswhilealsoreducingcosts.Additionalchargingstationswillbesetupinthesemi-publicspaceandonpubliclyaccessibleprivateproperty.
Withtheimplementationofthee-taxiprojectofViennaPublicUtilities,thecityalsoshows
thatitiscommittedtoinvestingine-mobility.Currently,subsidyschemesarebeingdiscussed
tofurtherpromotee-mobilityinthecourseofrenewalsofthecity’svehiclefleets.
ClimateprotectionhasbeenapriorityforViennaformanyyears.TheParisAgreementsupportsthecity’seffortstowardsasustainableenergysystem.
Successful efficiency programme
In2006,theViennaCityCounciladoptedtheUrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgramme(SEP).Its
objectivewastocreateastrategicframeworkforenergyefficiencymeasuresinViennaby
2015andtoreducetheexpectedincreaseinenergyconsumptioninViennafrom12to7%.
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 20
16
The21stUNclimateconferencewasheldinParisfrom30Novemberto12December2015.
Forthefirsttime,nearlyallcountriesoftheworldagreedtoundertakejointeffortstocombat
climatechange.Amajortargetsetoutintheagreementistokeeptheincreaseinglobalaverage
temperaturewellbelow2°Cabovepreindustriallevelsandideallytolimittheincreaseto1.5°C.
(cf.EUEnergyEfficiencyDirective2012/27/EUandFederalEnergyEfficiencyAct).Going
forward,itwillbeimportantnottoslowdownbuttocontinuetofocusonthesystematic
implementationofenergyefficiencymeasures.Afollow-upprogrammeisalreadybeing
developedwiththatinmind.
ThefinalreportonthefullSEPimplementationperiod(2006to2015)hasnowbeen
published.Itshowsthattheobjectivewasmorethanachieved.Intheperiodunderreview,the
documentedproject-relatedenergysavingsamountedtoapproximately155GWhayear.If
theenergysavingsthatcouldnotbedocumented(e.g.infederalbuildingsandinbusinesses)
areincluded,thetotalsavingscanbeassumedtobeconsiderablyhigherthanthedocumented
155GWhandcertainlywellabovetheSEPtargetof180GWh.
SEPsuccessfullyestablishedtheimportanceofenergyefficiencyinViennaandshowedthat
energysavingsarepossibleeverywhere.SincetheadoptionofSEPin2006,theconditions
forenergyefficiencypolicyhaveprogressedconsiderablyatboththeEuropeanandnational
levels.Efficiencyisbecomingincreasinglyimportantandmeasuresarebecomingmorebinding
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
Fig. 1
E-mobility in
vienna
c
Funding priority: renewable heat and seasonal storage
ThegovernmentmanifestoofVienna’scoalitiongovernmentincludestheincreaseduseof
wasteheatandgroundheatassourcesofenergy.Ashowcaseprojectfortheuseofindustrial
wasteheatcanbefoundinVienna’s17thdistrictatthehistoricalMannersweetsfactory.It
showshow,usingacombinationofvariousinnovativetechnicalsolutions,businessescanact
asheatingenergysuppliersinmixed-useareasiftheyarelocatedcloseenoughtoenergy
consumers.
TheCityofViennaaimstoincreasetheshareofrenewableenergyinheatproductionconsiderablyfromthecurrentlevelof10%.Thereispotentialfortheuseofsolarenergy,wasteheat,
groundwaterandnear-surfacegroundheatinVienna,butitremainslargelyuntapped.
Inthecourseoftheexpansionandmodernisationofthefactory,specialemphasiswasplaced
onmoreefficientenergyuse.Startinginautumn2016,thewasteheatfromthebaking
process(thermaloutputof1MW)willbefeddirectlyintothelocaldistrictheatingnetwork.
Theheatwillbeusedforspaceandwaterheatingfor600householdsandcompaniesinthe
immediatevicinityofthefactory.Thishighlyefficientuseofwasteheatsaves1000tofcarbon
dioxideannually.Someoftheexcessheatisalsoconvertedintocoolingenergyandusedto
coolvariousproductionprocessesinthefactoryitself.
ebsWieneco-powerplant–fromwastetoenergy
Vienna‘smainwastewatertreatmentplantiscurrentlyworkingonthecity’slargestenvironmentalproject,whichisuniqueworldwide.By2020,thewastewatertreatmentplantwillbe
modifiedtodoubleasagreenpowerplant.Thefermentationofthesewagesludgeproduces
methanegas,whichwillbeburnedingas-poweredcogenerationplants,generatingboth
electricity and heat.
Currently,thewastewatertreatmentplantusesapproximately63GWhofelectricityayear,
makingitoneofthecity’slargestenergyconsumers.Butsoon,thepowerplantwillproduce
78GWhannually,allowingittocovertheentireelectricitydemandofthewastewatertreatmentplant.Theexcesselectricitywillbefedintothepublicgrid.Theamountgeneratedwould
beenoughtoprovidepowerfor31,000Viennesehouseholdsforanentireyear.
Therefore,threenewfundingschemeshavebeenlaunchedtoencouragetheinstallation
ofsystemsthatproduceorstorerenewableheat.SincethebeginningofMarch2016,the
cityhasbeensubsidisingsolarheatingsystems,heatpumpsinresidentialbuildingsthat
utiliseambientheat,systemsforthethermaluseofgroundwaterandgroundheat,and
seasonalheatstoragesystems(forwasteheatandrenewableenergy)thathelpbalancethe
loadbetweenthedifferenttimesofproductionanduseofheat.ViennaisthefirstAustrian
provincetosubsidiseseasonalstoragecombinedwithanergygrids,makingitatrailblazerin
thepromotionoftheseinnovativetechnologies.
19
Thecityprovidesfinancialsupportforinvestmentcostsforvariousrenewableheatingand
storagetechnologies.Thismitigatespartofthehighinitialinvestmentcosts,andtheuseof
these technologies will lower heating costs enormously for decades to come.
For more information, please visit: www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 20
18
Innovativeuseofwasteheat–modernisingtheMannerfactory
Inadditiontoelectricity,thepowerplantwillalsogenerate82GWhofheatayear,approximatelyhalfofwhichwillbeconsumedonsite.Theotherhalfwillbefedintothedistrictheating
network,providingheatingandhotwaterforsome5,000households.
Thisexampleshowshowenergyefficiencyandresourceconservationcombinedwithinnovativemeasuresforoptimisingtheratioofwatertosolidsinthesewagesludgeaswellas
advancesinprocesscontrolandmeasuringtechnologycanmakeanimportantcontributionto
reaching the energy and climate targets.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
Fig. 2
aspanggründe/
Eurogate
c
SwitchingtoLEDstreetlights
Quality assurance for energy performance certificates
Vienna’sentirestreetlightingnetworkwillbeswitchedovertoclimate-friendlyLEDtechnologyby2020.ThefirstLEDstreetlightswereinstalledinparksandalongfootpathsandcycle
pathsin2009.ThenewLEDtechnologyimproveslightingqualityconsiderablywhilereducing
electricityconsumptionby50%.
LikethefederalprovincesofVorarlberg(EAWZ),Salzburg,StyriaandCarinthia(allthree
ZEUS),Viennahasnowalsointroducedanenergyperformancecertificatedatabase.In
January2016,theCityofViennaintroducedthedatabaseWUKSEA,inwhichallenergy
performancecertificatesissuedforViennesebuildingsmustberegistered.Theaimof
registrationistoimprovequalityassuranceandtoensurethatthedatainthecertificatesis
correct and up to date.
LEDlampsalsoincreasetrafficsafetyatdangerouscrossings.Anotheradvantagecompared
toconventionallampsistheirlongservicelife:LEDlampscanbeusedtwiceaslongas
conventionalbulbs,12yearsatminimum.Thisreducestheamountofmaintenancerequired,
whichinturneasesthestrainonthecity’sbudget.
20
Theyarefinancedwithaso-calledlightingcontractingmodel.Vienna’senergysupplierWien
Energie,ViennaPublicUtilities,andMunicipalDepartment33–PublicLightingagreedonan
amortisationcontractingmodel,wherethecontractorpre-financestheinvestments,which
arethenrefinancedthroughtheenergysavingsachievedduringoperation.
Fig. 3
switching to
lEd technology
For more information, please visit:
https: //www.usp.gv.at/Portal.Node/usp/public/content/online_verfahren/wuksea/171236.html
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 33
ByswitchingtoLEDtechnology,theCityofViennaisnotonlycontributingtoclimate
protectionbutalsoimprovingthecity’sliveabilitywithbetterlighting.
ThelegalbasisforthisistheEnergyPerformanceCertificateDatabaseOrdinanceof22
June2015aswellasArt.118aoftheViennaBuildingCode.Notonlydoenergyperformance
certificateshavetobeavailableelectronically,theyalsohavetoberegisteredinWUKSEA.The
CityofViennaprovidedasoftwareinterfacefortheuploadofcertificatesandofferssoftware
support.TechnicalandsoftwaresupportisavailablefromMunicipalDepartments37(Building
Inspection)and25(UrbanRenewal&InspectingAuthorityforResidentialBuildings;Group
“NeubauundGebäudetechnik”).
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
21
c
MUNICIPALDEPARTMENT20–
eneRGY PlannInG:
sHaPInG vIenna’s eneRGY fUTURe
Between1July2015and30June2016,thefollowingprojectsandmeasureswereimplemented
or continued:
Energy ideas for a smart city
22
The interest in energy and climate protection is growing.
More and more people, for example, want to install their
own photovoltaic system, and the demand for renewable
energy and the need for more information on energy
efficiency are rising constantly.
Additionally,thefundingofrenewableheatingwasreformed.Threenewfundingschemes
were launched to promote the installation of systems that produce or store renewable
heat.Viennaisattheforefrontofinnovationwithitsdecisiontosubsidiseseasonalstorage
systemscombinedwithanergygrids.Anergygridsuselow-temperatureheat(e.g.waste
heatfromwastewaterordatacentres).ViennaisthefirstAustrianprovincetosupportthis
innovationfinancially.
2. generating your own solar power
Theonlinetool“Sonnenklar”allowsuserstocalculatehowmuchPVelectricitytheywould
useandtodeterminetheoptimumsizeforaPVsystem.ThetoolisintendedfornonexpertswhohaveorwanttobuyaPVsystemandwanttousethemajorityoftheelectricity
itgeneratesthemselves.ThecalculatorwascommissionedbyMunicipalDepartment20
–EnergyPlanningandimplementedbytheFederalAssociationPhotovoltaicAustria.Itis
availableforfreeat:http://pvaustria.at/sonnenklar_rechner/
23
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 20
4
1. new funding priorities in 2015
Thepromotionofinnovativetechnologiescontributessignificantlytoclimateprotection.
2015broughtfundamentalimprovementstosubsidiesforrenewableenergies.Thegreen
electricitysubsidyisnowavailablenotonlyforphotovoltaicsbutalsoforso-calledhybrid
systems(whichproducebothelectricityandheatfromsunlight)andelectricalstorage
systems.
Twoadditionalfundingschemesaimtoincreaseenergyefficiency.Thesenewfunding
schemesprovideattractiveincentivesthatsupportbothenergyefficiencyprogrammesand
theplanningofhighlyefficientbuildings.Thelatterisdesignedtoincreasetheshareofzeroenergy and energy-plus buildings in Vienna.
For more information, please visit:
www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 20
Fig. 4
aspanggründe/
Eurogate
3. open access to energy data
Energydataisofimmenseimportancewhenplanningbuildingsandurbandevelopment
areas.Numerousenergy-relateddatasetshavebeenpublishedintheopengovernment
datacatalogueoftheCityofVienna(www.data.wien.gv.at).Thisincludesenergybalances,
dataonenergygeneration,andcartographicdataonthepotentialofvariousenergy
sources.
4. discovering alternative energy sources on the city map
Whichpowerplantsgenerateenergyforourcity?Howmanyofthemuserenewableenergy
sources?Whatistheenergypotentialofmyhouseorproperty?Theenergymaphasthe
answerstoallthesequestions.Italsoshowsthelocationsofinnovativemodelprojects
(e.g.energy-plushouses).Themapsareavailableonlineat:www.energieplanung.wien.at/
stadtplan
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
Fig. 5
pv panels
24
Data&research
Municipal Department 20 – Energy Planning collects data on
energy potentials in different locations and conducts studies
on energy-related topics on a regular basis. The results are
intended to provide the city’s decision makers with the necessary information for their decisions and facilitate the implementation of long-term goals of the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy.
solar thermal plants for energy generation
ThemapshowsallsolarthermalpowerplantsinthecitythataresubsidisedbytheCity
ofVienna.Itprovidesinformationonthecollectorareaanddateofconstructionforeach
plant.Thesizerangesfromsmallplants(lessthan10m2)tomedium-sized(10to25m2)to
larger(25to50m2)andverylargeplants(over50m2).Themapshowswheretherearelarger
concentrations of solar thermal power plants.
Fig. 6
2015 Climate
protection
award
ceremony;
left to right:
andrä
rupprechter,
markus piringer,
bernd vogl,
Claudia
reiterer,
barbara
Frischmuth,
alexander
Wrabetz
Thestudiespresentedbelowandmanymoreareavailablefordownloadfreeofchargeat:
www.energieplanung.wien.at/publikationen
1. potential for small wind power in vienna
TheCityofViennacommissionedtheCentralInstituteforMeteorologyandGeodynamics
todevelopawindpotentialmapfortheuseofsmallwindturbinesintheViennaregion.
Viennahasfavourablewindconditions,particularlyinthenorthernandnortheasternparts
ofthe21stand22nddistrictsaswellasonthesouthernedgesofthe10th,11thand23rd
districts.
Photo: ORF/Thomas Jantzen
5. Energy literacy certificate wins 2015 Climate Protection Award
The2015ClimateProtectionAwardwasawardedtotheenergyliteracycertificate“energieführerschein”,whichteachesyoungpeoplehowtoconserveenergy.Theenergyliteracy
coursewasdevelopedby“dieumweltberatungWien”withsupportfromMunicipalDepartments20and22.Thenumberofyoungpeoplewhohavegainedthisadditionalprofessional
qualificationincludes160apprenticesoftheViennaCityAdministration.Inmid-2016,a
gamingappwaslaunchedthatmakeslearningaboutenergysavingfun.Thequestionsfrom
theenergyliteracycertificatetestwereconvertedintoaquizandincorporatedintoanapp
called“RetteDeineInsel”(“Saveyourisland”).Theplayersstartonadirtyislandandmust
answerquestionstocleanit.Thenumberofquestionsincreaseswiththelevelofdifficulty.
Successfullyansweringquestionsmakestheislandcleanerandprettier.Atthesametime,
playerslearnaboutsavingenergyatworkandathome.Theappisfreeandavailablefor
AndroidandiOS:http://www.umweltberatung.at/efsapp
25
Photo: Christian Fürthner/MA 20
Fig. 6
section of the
map showing
subsidised solar
thermal power
plants
Source: https://www.wien.gv.at/umweltgut/public/
c
2. Energy flows in buildings
Thisstudyexaminedtheactualenergyuseof20representativeofficebuildingsinVienna
andsoughttoanswerthefollowingquestions:Howmuchenergydoesanofficebuilding
reallyuse?Wheredoestheenergycomefromandwhatisitusedfor?
Acomparisonoftheconsumptiondatawiththetargetvaluespecifiedintheenergyperformancecertificatesshowedthat14outof17buildingsexceededthespecifiedvaluesand
onlythreebuildingsconsumedlessthanspecified.Sinceofficebuildingsareresponsiblefor
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
Fig. 7
small wind
turbine
c
aconsiderablepartofVienna’stotalenergyconsumption,itisimportanttopushformore
sustainable energy supply in this area as well.
26
3. smart block – refurbishing better together
Viennahasalargeshareofoldbuildings.Refurbishingthemrequiressolutionsthatreduce
energyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsconsiderably.Thepotentialforreduction
isparticularlyhighinblocksofseveralhouses.Theproject“SmartBlock”demonstrates
innovativeapproachesonaspecificblockofhousesfromthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury.
Theanalysisshowsthatwhenseveralbuildingsarerefurbishedatthesametime,itnotonly
increasesenergyefficiencybutalsocreatesopportunitiesformoreindependentenergy
generation and supply as well as new mobility concepts.
EU projects
The City of Vienna is involved in a number of EU projects. This
not only brings EU funding to the region but also strengthens
the city’s energy know-how and makes external expertise
available to the city.
1. Urban lEarning – collective learning for improved governance
MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningisparticipatingintheEUresearchproject
URBANLEARNING.CoordinatedbytheEnergyCenterWienasleadpartner,theproject
involvesenergyagenciesandotherpartnersfromVienna,Berlin,Stockholm,Amsterdam/
Zaanstad,Paris,WarsawandZagreb.Itaimstoimprovetheinstitutionalcapacityoflocal
authoritiesforintegratedurbanenergyplanning,particularlyagainstthebackdropofnew
challengesoftheEUBuildingsDirectiveandtheRenewablesDirective,technologicaland
marketchanges,andthepressuretoprovidesufficientaffordablehousing.Thefocusison
innovativetechnologicalsolutions,toolsandgoodgovernance.
2. smartEr togEthEr – smart urban renewal
ViennawasawardedtheEUproject“SMARTERTOGETHER”togetherwithMunichandLyon.
Itisamodernsmarturbanrenewalprojectthatwill,inVienna,focusonSimmering,the11th
district.Theprojectaddressesthequestionofhowanareawithexistinghousingstockcan
beconvertedtoasmartcitystandard.TheprojectwaslaunchedinFebruary2016.Itwillrun
forthreeyears,whichwillbefollowedbyatwo-yearevaluationphase.“SMARTERTOGETHER”aimstodemonstratethebenefitsofapproachingurbanrenewalfromaninterdisciplinarypointofview.Thisallowsaholisticapproachtorenewingenergyconcepts,which
includespublicparticipationandmobilityaspects.Together,thethermalrehabilitationof
housingestates,sustainablemobilityandanincreaseduseofgreenrenewableenergywill
improvethequalityoflifeintheneighbourhoodconsiderably.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
5
ENERGY–FROMGENERATIONTOUSE
a.Anoverviewofthemainconcepts
ambiEnt hEat
…includes near-surface and deep geothermal energy and solar
energy
biogEniC FUEls
…includestheorganicpartofdomesticwaste,woodpellets,wood
briquettes,woodchippings,charcoal,wasteliquor,landfillgas,
sewergas,biogas,bioethanol,andbiodiesel.
BLI (BundESLändEr lUFtsChadStoff InvEntur)
...asurveyconductedbytheEnvironmentAgencyAustriato
analysethedevelopmentofgreenhousegasesandselectedair
pollutantsinAustria’sfederalprovinces.
Co2 EqUivalEnt
…makesitpossibletocomparedifferentgreenhousegases.CO2
isagasthatiscreatedbycombustionprocesses,includingsimilar
processeslikerespiration.Therearealsoothergreenhousegases,
suchasmethaneornitrousoxide.Differenttypesofgasesdo
notallcontributeequallytothegreenhouseeffect.Forexample,
methanehas21timestheclimateimpactofcarbondioxide,which
correspondstoaCO2equivalentof21.
CogEnErAtIon/
CombinEd hEat
And PowEr (CHP)
…isthecogenerationofelectricalenergyandheat,forexampleina
heating plant.
CombUstiblE
WastE
…includes industrial waste and the non-renewable share of
domestic waste.
ConvErsion
lossEs
…referstotheenergythatislostduringtheconversionofprimary
energy to secondary or useful energy.
ECobUsinEssplan
viEnna
…istheenvironmentalservicepackageoftheCityofViennafor
enterprises.Itincludesprofessionaladviceandconsulting,support
withthepracticalimplementationofmeasures,legalcertaintyand
effectivePR.Formoreinformation,pleasevisithttps://www.wien.
gv.at/umweltschutz/oekobusiness/
EnErgy FloW
Chart
…isachartdepictingtheenergyflowswithinagivensystem,such
as the City of Vienna in one year.
Final EnErgy
…istheenergyavailabletoendusers,e.g.intheformofelectricity,
districtheating,petrol,diesel,woodpelletsornaturalgas.They
can use this energy directly or transform it further.
Frost day
…isadayonwhichtheminimumtemperaturegoesbelow0°C.
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
27
c
pv arEa
…thisreportusesphotovoltaicsurfaceareaasaunitofenergy
measurement.6.5m2ofPVareacorrespondto1,000kWh.
sECondary
EnErgy
…istheenergythatistheresultoftheconversionofprimary
energy.Thismaybewoodpellets,dieselfuelorelectricalenergy.
sUmmEr day
…isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast25°C.
…arebasedonanindoortemperatureof20°Candabasetemperature(exteriortemperatureatwhichthebuildingisheated)
of12°C.ThisisdesignatedasHDD20/12.Thenumberofheating
degreedaysisthesumofthedifferencebetweenindoorandmean
outdoortemperatureonallheatingdegreedaysoverthecourseof
ayearandisgivenasKelvinxdays(Kd).
transmission
lossEs
…referstotheenergythatislostintransmissionfromthesource,
e.g.thepowerplant,tothefinalconsumer.Thisincludestheenergyuseoftheenergysector,transportlossesandnon-energyuse.
UsEFUl EnErgy
…istheenergythatisactuallyusedforheating,lighting,mechanicalwork,etc.
hEating plant
…is a system for the centralised generation of heat for water and
space heating or for use in industrial processes.
wEAtHErCorrECtEd data
hot day
…isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast30°C.
…correctsthedifferencesbetweenyearscausedbydifferent
weatherconditions.Asaresult,theenergyconsumptionof
differentyearsisshownasitwouldhavebeenhadtheweather
been the same.
hybrid
ProPuLSIon/
hybrid Car
…apropulsionsystemorvehiclethatusesacombinationofdifferenttechnologies.Inthisreport,thetermisusedforpropulsion
systems that combine petrol and electricity or diesel and electricity.
iCE day
…isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisbelow0°C.
KiloWatt pEaK
(kwP)
…isanon-standardisedvaluethatdescribesthepeakpowerofa
solar module.
Klip
…isVienna’sclimateprotectionprogramme.
Klip
balanCE CalCUlation mEthod
…isthebasisforallcalculationsinVienna’sclimateprotection
programme(KLiP).ItistheresultsofBLIminusemissionstrade
andminusvehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoVienna.
ThevehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoViennaare
calculatedasthedifferencebetweentheemissionscausedby
trafficinBLIandtheAustrianemissioninventoryemikat.at.
othEr typE oF
propUlsion
…inthisreport,thisreferstopropulsionsystemsthatuseliquid
gasorhydrogen(fuelcells)aswellashybridsystemsthatcombine
petrolandliquidgasorpetrolandnaturalgas.
primary EnErgy
…istheenergyformorenergysourceinitsinitialstate.Thismay
beafuel(e.g.coal,wood,naturalgas,crudeoil)orenergyfromthe
sun,windorambientheat.Primaryenergycanusuallyonlybeused
afterconversionintoanotherformofenergy.
G
…istheenergyavailableinthecity.Itisthedifferencebetweenimportedandexportedenergy(netimports)andtheenergygenerated in the city itself.
G
28
hEating dEgrEE
days
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
29
c
Fig. 8
distribution
of energy
generation and
energy imports
in vienna by
source
average household 2014
Energy generation and imports
import total: 88.2 %
sUbUrbs
viEnna
12.7 %
electrical energy
34.3 %
oil
3.2 %
renewables
30
1.4 %
district heating
31
EnErgy gEnEration total: 12.8 %
8.6 % renewables
3.8 % combustible waste
0.5 % ambient heat
kWh/household
36.4 %
gas
1%
renewables
Export total: 1 %
spaceheating
hotwater&cooking
appliances&lighting
transportation
total
13,200
3,700
2,500
10,900
30,300
7,400
2,700
2,100
5,300
17,500
spaceheating
hotwater&cooking
appliances&lighting
transportation
total
pv area in m2
b.Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption
Acityflatorahouseinthecountryside?Doeswhereyoulivemakeadifferenceintermsof
energyconsumption?Yes!Onaverage,livingintheouterpartsoftheViennaconurbation(in
theadjoiningprovincesofLowerAustriaandBurgenland)consumesapproximately50%more
energythanlivinginthecity,althoughthismaydifferforindividualhouseholds.
Whatcausesthesedifferencesinenergyconsumption?Amajorfactoristhattheshareof
detachedhousesishigherinruralareasthaninthecity(55%inLowerAustriaandBurgenland
comparedwith9%inVienna).Anaveragehouseconsumesmoreheatingenergythanaflat.
Thisismainlyduetothelargersize:asingle-familydetachedhousehasanaveragesizeof115
m²,whileaflathas75m²onaverage.Detachedhousesalsohavealesscompactconstruction
style,increasingheatingenergydemandbyapproximately15%.
Atthesametime,livinginsuburbanandruralareasconsumesapproximately80%more
energyformobilitythanlivinginthecity,whichismainlyduetolongerdailytripsandahigher
rateofcarownership(1.5versus0.8inthecity).
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Fig. 9
Energy
consumption
and pv area
required for
an average
household in
vienna vs.
the suburbs
197 m2
114 m2
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
c
Naturalgas
Gross inland
energy consumption
40,648 gWh
c. Energy flow chart of the City of Vienna
Electric
energy
14,809
100 %
District
heating
5,180
36 %
570
13 %
1%
Liquidenergy
sources
Renewable
Solid
energy sources energy
sources
4,561
Fuels
1,022
3%
11 %
32 %
12,937
1,568
4%
204
2,537
Howmuchenergyisneededtorunawholecity?Whatenormousenergyflowsmovethrough
thecityandwherearetheyused?TheenergyflowchartoftheCityofViennaanswersthese
questions.
7,022
1,548
0
7,788
Conversion
4,167
Energysectorconsumption,
non-energy use
-4 %
455
1,150
Naturalgas
Electric
energy
7,022
90.5 %
8,197
19 %
22 %
28
District
heating
5,804
16 %
2,597
Liquidenergy
sources
790
2%
Renewable
energy sources
2,025
6%
35 %
27
1,491
556
438
589
12,295
Services
3,015
29 %
204
1,042
9
1
Productivesector,agriculture
10,805
317 207
169
211
Privatehouseholds
90.5 %
0%
12,935
981
10
Final energy use
by sector
36,793 gWh
Fuels
20
84
2,919
1 GWh = 3.6 TJ
3.6 TJ = 3.6 × 1012 J
(Joule)
Solid
energy
sources
2,900
208
Energy unit:
106 kWh = 1 GWh
33
2
3,709
Final energy use
by energy source
36,793 gWh
1,634
873
TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsurfaceareatoshowhowmuchPVareaisneededfortheaveragepersontoliveinthecityandto
show how much PV area would be needed to supply the entire city.
5,689
2,221
227
Thechartshowsacleardominanceoffossilenergysources(36%naturalgasand32%fuels)
inthecity’senergymix.Approximatelyhalfofthenaturalgasisconvertedintoelectricityand
districtheating.Fuelsandmineraloils(petrol,diesel,andotherpetroleumproducts),onthe
otherhand,areusednearlyexclusivelybythelargestconsumptionsector,transportation.
Theenergyflowchartalsoshowsenergylosses,whichamounttoover20,000GWhor48%of
grossinlandenergyconsumption.Theselossesoccurduringdifferentphasesoftheenergy
flow,withapproximately3,850GWhlostbeforearrivingattheenduser(conversionlosses,
transportlosses,etc.)andapproximately15,650GWhlossesinend-userconsumption.
- 5.5 %
8%
8,816
Trafficand
transport
24 %
38 %
14,157
1,540
1,397
1,869
696
Fig. 10
Energy flow
chart of the
City of vienna
2015, based on
data from 2015
[EFb]
Source:
Wien Energie
Energy losses
at end users
Space heating
90.5 %
- 38.5 %
35 %
5,134
Power and
lighting
14 %
52 %
15,647
52 %
18,964
12,309
6,655
10,458
Useful energy consumption
21,146gWh
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Process heat
12,965
1,099
4,035
Final energy use
by end use
36,793 gWh
14,157
921
2,361
1,852
6,575
5,424
2,239
32
Conversionlosses
4,630
Itshowshowmuchenergyisrequiredtosupplythecity(40,648GWh),wherethatenergyis
transformed,andwhereitisfinallyused.
21,146
c
Fig. 11
average energy
consumption
of one viennese
resident
in pv area
Energy consumption of one person in pv area
vienna’s energy flows in pv area
Fig. 12
Energy
consumption
and losses
in vienna
in pv area
Power and lighting
34
35
21.
19.
18.
20.
22.
17.
14.
energy sector consumption
9.
16.
conversionlosses
8.
7.
15.
energy losses at end users
6.
2.
1.
5.
4.
3.
13.
12.
11.
10.
23.
transport losses
TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsurfacearea.1unitofPVareahasasizeof6.5m2andgenerates1,000kWhenergy.In2015,every
inhabitantofViennawouldhaveneeded148PVunitstofueltheirlifestyle.Outofthese148
units,19areprovidedfromwithinViennaand129havetobeimported.Only77ofthesePV
areaunits(showninyellow)areconsumedasusefulenergy,therestarelostindifferentphases
oftheenergyflow.2PVareaunits(darkyellow)areconsumedbytheenergysectoritself,
4(darkgrey)aretransportlossesonthewaytothefinalconsumer,and8PVareaunits(light
grey)areconversionlossesfromconvertingenergyfromoneformtotheother(e.g.biomass
todistrictheating).Thelargestlosses,57PVareaunits(black)arecausedbyfinalconsumers.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
InordertoprovideallenergyusedinVienna,twothirdsofthecity’ssurfacewouldhavetobe
coveredwithPVpanels.Theenergysectorwouldconsumealltheenergygeneratedonan
areathesizeofthe15thdistrict(darkyellow),the18th district would be needed to compensate
transportlosses(lightgrey)andthe16thand20thdistrictwouldcoverconversionlosses(dark
grey).Inordertocoverthelossesatfinalconsumers(black),districts1through12wouldhave
tobecompletelycoveredwithPVinstallations.Anareathesizeofthe14thandthe22nd district
wouldbeneededtoprovidetheusefulenergy(yellow).
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
c
6
MonIToRInG InDIcaToRs foR THe sMaRT
cITY wIen fRaMewoRK sTRaTeGY
TheadoptionoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyinJune2014wasanenormous
steptowardssustainableenergysupplythroughresourceconservationandintelligentuseof
resources.Thestrategydefinedenergy-relevanttargetsfordifferentareas,suchasefficient
energyuse,renewableenergysources,mobility,andbuildings.
Thischapterpresentsindicatorsforalloftheseenergy-relatedtargetsthatwillhelpmonitor
progresstowardsreachingtheseobjectives.Indicatorsthatarenotdirectlyrelatedtothe
SmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyarepresentedinchapter2.
36
b. Final energy consumption per capita
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:
IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby
40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000
watt.1
kWh per capita
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2013
2014
Change [%]
base year 2005
Final energy
consumption per capita
18,486 20,931 21,680 24,211 23,704 22,513 20,825
–13.98%
a. Emissions per capita
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
chapter“Highestpossibleresourcepreservation”is:
ReducingpercapitagreenhousegasemissionsinViennabyatleast35%by2030and80%by
2050(from1990levels).
Emissions according
to KliP method
3.8
1995
3.6
2000
3.1
2005
3.2
2010
2.9
4.5
2012
2.8
2013
Change [%]
base year 1990
2.8
Final energy consumption in vienna per capita
30,000
Fig. 1.2
Final energy
consumption
per capita in
vienna, 1990
– 2014, sCWr
target
Sources: [Energiebilanz 2014],
[Bevölkerung]
and [SCWR]
25,000
20,000
–26.1%
15,000
ghg emissions per capita
10,000
4.0
5,000
3.5
2.0
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1990
2.5
1995
0
3.0
Final energy consumption per capita
Linear target path until 2050 (-40% from 2005)
Trend line, moving average over 4 years
SCWR base value (2005)
SCWR target value (-40% from 2005)
1.5
1.0
0.5
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
0.0
1995
Fig. 1.1
greenhouse gas
emissions per
capita in vienna
in tonnes of
Co2 equivalents
Sources: [BLI
2013], [emikat.
at 2013] and
[SCWR]
1990
t Co2 equivalents per capita
1990
table 1.1
greenhouse gas
emissions per
capita in vienna
in tonnes of
Co2 equivalents
Sources: [BLI
2013] and [emikat.at 2013]
note:
Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
Emissions according to KliP method
Linear target path until 2050 (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)
Trend line, moving average over 4 years
Target value KliP II (2020: -20% from 1990)
SCWR base value (1990)
SCWR target value (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)
note:
Theemissionscalculated using the KliP balance calculation method are the basis for all calculations for
Vienna’sclimateprotectionprogrammes(KLiPIandKLiPII).
Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
table 1.2
Final energy
consumption
per capita in
vienna
Sources:
[Energiebilanz
2014] and
[Bevölkerung]
1
Thistargetaswellasallthefollowingclimateandenergytargetsinthischaptercanonlybeachievedifthe
activitiesoftheCityofViennareceivesupportintheformofsuitableframeworkconditionsbythefederal
governmentandtheEU,includingtheconsiderationofearlyactions.
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
37
c
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:
IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby
40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000
watt.
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:
In2030,over20%,andin2050,50%ofVienna‘sgrossenergyconsumptionwillbecovered
from renewable sources2.
gWh
W per capita
1995
Primary energy consumption
per capita
2000
2,833
2005
2,940
2010
3,286
3,172
2013
3,062
2014
Change [%]
base year 2005
2,831
–13.8%
2005
2010
2013
2014
Change [%]
base year 2005
Renewable energy in Vienna
2,305
4,078
4,193
4,091
+77,5%
Imports of renewable electrical energy
1,673
985
3,778
4,615
+175.8%
41,352
41,956
40,785
38,356
–7.2%
9.6%
12.1%
19.5%
22.7%
+135.9%
GrossfinalenergyconsumptioninVienna
Renewable energy in Vienna
primary energy consumption in vienna,
continuous power rating per capita
3,500
3,000
2,500
share of renewable energy
60%
2,000
50%
1,500
40%
1,000
30%
500
20%
10%
Primary energy consumption per capita
Linear target path until 2050 (2050: 2,000 W)
Trend line, moving average over 4 years
SCWR target value (2050: 2,000 W per capita)
SCWR base value (2005)
note:
Primary energy consumptioniscalculatedbasedonfinalenergyconsumptionforViennaandconversion
factors(AEA,MA37,OIB).TheSwissmethodofthe2,000-wattsocietycannotyetbeappliedexactly.The
methodisbeingdevelopedfurther.
Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2005
0
2010
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
0
1995
Fig. 1.3
primary energy
consumption
in vienna as
continuous
power rating
1995-2014,
sCWr target
Sources :
[Energiebilanz
2014], [Bevölkerung], [SCWR],
[AEA], [MA 37]
and [OIB]
d. Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
1990
38
table 1.3
primary energy
consumption
in vienna as
continuous
power rating
per capita
Sources:
[Energiebilanz
2014], [Bevölkerung], [SCWR],
[AEA], [MA 37]
and [OIB]37 und
OIB
c. Primary energy consumption per capita
Linear target path until 2050 (2020: 20%; 2050: 50%)
SCWR target value (2030: 20%; 2050: 50%)
Share of renewable energy (Vienna)
Share of renewable energy (imports)
note:
Theimport of renewable electrical energy is calculated based on the amount imported according to the energybalanceofStatisticsAustriaandtheshareofrenewablesintheAustrianelectricitymarketaccordingtothe
electricity market report of energy market regulator e-control.
Thesedonotnecessarilyhavetobelocatedinthecityitself.
2
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
table 1.4
share of renewable energy
in gross final
energy consumption in
vienna pursuant
to EU directive
2009/28/EC
Sources:
[Energiebilanz
2014], [Strommarktbericht
e-control] and
[SCWR]
Fig. 1.4
share of
renewable
­
energy in gross
final energy
consumption in
vienna pursuant
to EU directive
2009/28/EC,
2005-2014,
sCWr target
Sources:
[Energiebilanz
2014], [Strommarktbericht
e-control] and
[SCWR]
39
c
e. Choice of transportation
f. Share of electric and hybrid cars
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Resource-conservingmobility”is:
By2030,thelargestpossibleshareofMITistobeshiftedtopublictransportandnonmotorisedtypesoftrafficorshouldmakeuseofnewpropulsiontechnologies(e.g.electric
vehicles).By2050,allmotorisedindividualtrafficwithinthemunicipalboundariesistooperate
withoutconventionalpropulsiontechnologies.
mode of transport
2003
2009
2010
2012
2013
2014
Change [%]
base year 2010
Bicycle
3
4
3
6
5
6
6
7
+40.0%
Motorcycle
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Public transport
29
33
34
35
36
39
39
39
Car
40
36
35
32
31
27
28
28
Walking
28
27
27
27
28
28
27
26
share of electric
and hybrid cars
2005
2010
2013
2014
41
Burgenland
0.001
0.083
0.161
0.207
Carinthia
0.005
0.084
0.201
0.256
+8.3%
LowerAustria
0.005
0.115
0.244
0.321
–9.7%
UpperAustria
0.001
0.089
0.219
0.276
–7.1%
Salzburg
0.003
0.117
0.331
0.416
Styria
0.002
0.081
0.198
0.262
Tyrol
0.002
0.099
0.260
0.339
Vorarlberg
0.009
0.202
0.515
0.594
Vienna
0.003
0.193
0.427
0.540
mode of transport
100%
90%
Fig. 1.6
share of electric and hybrid
cars by federal
province, 20042014
Source: [KFZBestand]
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
Targetvalue2050
Targetvalue2030
2014
2013
2012
2011
Target value walking&cycling
Target value public transport
Target value MIT
Targetvalue2025
Public transport
Walking
Car
Cycling
Motorcycle
2010
2009
0%
2003
Fig. 1.5:
modes of transport in vienna,
1993-2014
Sources: [Wiener
Linien] and
[SCWR]
1999
1999
T
1993
1993
40
N
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
c
g. Share of electric and hybrid lorries
h. Energy consumption of passenger traffic across city limits
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Resource-conservingmobility”is:
By2030,commercialtrafficoriginatingandterminatingwithinthemunicipalboundariesisto
belargelyCO2-free.
share of electric
and hybrid lorries
2005
2010
2013
2014
Burgenland
0.007
0.024
0.056
0.060
Carinthia
0.012
0.041
0.243
0.257
LowerAustria
0.010
0.026
0.157
0.192
UpperAustria
0.005
0.010
0.109
0.126
Salzburg
0.021
0.015
0.110
0.133
Styria
0.006
0.016
0.146
0.206
Tyrol
0.003
0.012
0.128
0.147
Vorarlberg
0.012
0.027
0.135
0.157
Vienna
0.015
0.031
0.218
0.332
Fuel consumption of cars of
non-residents in vienna
1991
Distancedrivenbycarsofnon-residents
inVienna(inmillionkm)
2010
2015
Change [%]
base year 2010
1,596
1,820
1,809
–0.6%
AveragefuelconsumptioninVienna
[l/100km]
8.5
7.3
7.1
–2.7%
Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents
inVienna[inmillionl]
136
133
128
–3.3%
Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents in vienna [in million l]
140
share of electric and hybrid lorries
0.4%
120
0.3%
100
80
0.2%
60
40
0.1%
20
Vienna
Vorarlberg
Tyrol
Styria
Salzburg
Upper Austria
Lower Austria
Carinthia
Burgenland
note:
Commercial traffic bothoriginatingandterminatinginViennaiscurrentlynotbeingmeasured.Notall
commercialvehiclesregisteredinViennaareusedfortripswithinVienna.Thetargetvaluecannotbeexactly
monitoredwiththecurrentlyavailabledata.
Includedvehicles:Lorriesandsemi-trailertowingvehicles(categoryN)aswellassmallmotorisedtransport
vehicles.
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
0
1990
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
0.0%
2005
Fig. 1.7
share of
electric and
hybrid lorries
by federal
province,
2004-2014
Source:
[KFZ-Bestand]
2004
42
table 1.7
share of
electric and
hybrid lorries
by federal
province
Source:
[KFZ-Bestand]
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Resource-conservingmobility”is:
Reductionofenergyconsumptionbypassengertrafficacrossmunicipalboundariesby10%
by2030.
Fuel consumption [million l/year]
SCWR target path (2030: -10%)
SCWR base value
SCWR target value 2030 (-10 %)
note:
Theenergyconsumption of passenger traffic across city boundaries is not currently being measured.
Fuel consumption iscalculatedbasedontheaverageconsumptionofcarsinVienna(StatisticsAustria)and
thesimulateddrivingperformanceofcarsofnon-residentsinViennaaccordingtothetrafficmodel(MA18).
TheseresultsdonotmatchthedefinedSCWRtarget(trafficofnon-residentsversustrafficacrosscitylimits).
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
table 1.8
Fuel consumption of cars of
non-residents
in vienna
Sources: [Private
PKW, MA 18,
SCWR]
Fig. 1.8
Fuel consumption of cars of
non-residents
in vienna, 1990,
2010 and 2015,
sCWr target
Sources: [Private
PKW, MA 18,
SCWR]
43
c
i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air
conditioning
j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating and
air conditioning per capita
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:
Cost-optimisedzero-energybuildingstandardsforallnewstructures,additionsand
refurbishmentfrom2018/2020andfurtherdevelopmentoffuturesupplysystemstowards
evenbetterclimateprotectionlevels.
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy
section“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:
Comprehensiverefurbishmentactivitiesentailthereductionofenergyconsumptionof
existingbuildingsforspaceheating/cooling/waterheatingby1%percapitaandyear3.
kWh per capita
2005
2010
2013
2014
Change [%]
base year 2005
Combustible waste
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
–91.6%
Electrical energy
9.5%
9.3%
9.5%
10.2%
+6.6%
Districtheating
32.7%
37.8%
38.8%
39.3%
+20.2%
Gas
44.5%
43.2%
42.1%
40.8%
–8.4%
Coal
0.5%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
–77.1%
Oil
9.2%
4.9%
3.2%
3.5%
–62.0%
Renewables total
3.5%
4.6%
6.3%
6.1%
+77.3%
share of energy sources for space and water heating
and air conditioning, vienna 2005-2014
100%
2005
Final energy consumption for space
heating,airconditioningandhotwater
10,014
2010
2013
10,405
2014
9,628
Change [%]
base year 2010
8,277
–20%
Final energy consumption for space heating,
air conditioning and hot water (kWh per capita)
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
80%
70%
4,000
60%
50%
2,000
40%
10%
Electrical energy
District heating
Renewable energy sources
Coal
Oil
Gas
Combustible waste
note:
Renewable energy sourcesincludebiogenicfuels,fuelwoodandambientheat.TheViennadistrictheating
systemusesrenewables,wasteheat(e.g.cogeneration)andpeakloadpowerplants(e.g.gas).
Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
0%
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2005
20%
2006
0
30%
table 1.10
Final energy
consumption
for space and
water heating and air
conditioning
in vienna per
capita
Source:
[Nutzenergieanalyse 2014]
Fig. 1.10
Final energy
consumption
for space and
water heating and air
conditioning
in vienna per
capita, 20052014, sCWr
target path
Sources:
[Nutzenergieanalyse 2014]
and [SCWR]
90%
2006
Fig. 1.9
share of energy
sources in final
energy consumption for
space and water
heating and air
conditioning in
vienna, 20052014
Source: [Nutzenergieanalyse
2014]
Share in final energy consumption
2005
44
table 1.9
share of energy
sources in final
energy consumption for
space and water
heating and air
conditioning in
vienna
Source: [Nutzenergieanalyse
2014]
Trend line, moving average over 4 years
Final energy consumption for space heating, air conditioning and hot water
SCWR base value (2008-2012 average)
SCWR target path (-1% per year [from 2008-2012 average])
note:
Thetargetpath„-1%peryearfrom2010“iscalculatedusingtheequation
Targetvalue(Targetyear) = Final energy consumption(Baseyear) ×0.99(Targetyear-Baseyear).
Thestartingyearis2010andthestartingvalueistheaverageof2008to2012.
3
ThistargetvalueassumesthatthefederalgovernmentandtheEUcreatesuitableframeworkconditionsto
support the measures.
Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
45
MoreinformationonMunicipalDepartment20:
www.energieplanung.wien.at