Andrew Jackson
SWBAT
• Evaluate two new political parties
• Do Now:
How did the North and South differ
on their view of an entry by a new
state?
1824 Election
• 1824 Election:
1. John Q. Adams
(son of J. Adams)
2. Henry Clay
(powerful Senator)
3. Andrew Jackson
(1812 War Hero)
John Quincy Adams
•
•
•
•
Massachusetts
Jeffersonian-Republican
Sec of State for Monroe
Negotiated treaty to
acquire Florida from
Spain in 1819
• Monroe Doctrine of 1823
Andrew Jackson
• Tennessee
• Served in Senate in
1790’s
• Victorious war hero
(Battle of New
Orleans)
• Impulsive &
passionate
Henry Clay
• Kentucky
• Speaker of the House
• Dynamic & vibrant
politician
• One of the most
influential leaders of
his time
What Happened?
Jackson won most popular
votes, but no candidate
won majority in the
Adams
named
Clay
electoral college
to be his Secretary
of State. Jackson
angrily called it a
Adams was selected
“corrupt bargain” &
by the HoR after Clay
started preparations
threw his support
to defeat Adams in
behind Adams
1828
The “American System”
• Adams and Clay
• Government support of internal
improvements
- Better transportation system for trade &
defense (roads, canals, bridges…)
- Protective tariffs
- Create Second National Bank for
financial support
GOAL – encourage industry, unify nation
1828 Election
• John Q. Adams vs.
Andrew Jackson
RESULT: Jackson wins!
• New political parties
emerge:
1. National
Republican’s (Whigs)
2. JacksonianDemocrats
National
Republicans
(Whigs)
Leaders
John Q. Adams
Henry Clay
View on
Fed. Gov. should
Government take an active role
in gov.
Internal
Fed. Gov. should
Improvements support ($)
National Bank Pro-National Bank
Supporters Middle/upper
class, Protestants,
North
Jacksonian- Democrats
Andrew Jackson
Fed. Gov. should remain as
inactive as possible
Improvements should be
left to the states
Anti-National Bank
Slave owners, small
farmers, urban workers,
non-Protestants, the South
& West
Wrap Up
1. Evaluate the new political parties and
identify the “old” political parties in
which the “new” political parties
developed from (what similarities
exist?)
2. Why did the South believe the North
benefitted from a protective tariff?
3. How did this debate increase sectional
conflict?
Jackson’s Presidency
Do Now
• What details are
used to portray
Jackson’s use of
power?
• What does Jackson
appear to be
trampling on? What
does this suggest?
Spoils System
• As President, Jackson
replaced hundreds of
government officials
• He used the new
openings to reward
party loyalists, instead
of hiring based on
merit = spoils system
Spoils System
• How has this cartoonist portrayed
Jackson?
Common Man
• Jackson believed in the “Common
Man”
• Common men should have a say in
government  voting restrictions
were dropped at this time & all white
men 21+ could vote
Nullification Crisis
• Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations
- Congress passed this high tariff to
promote industry
• Tariff of 1832- lower tariff was passed,
but SC was not satisfied  refused to
collect federal tariffs
• VP- John Calhoun (SC) strongly opposed
the tariff  began to support nullification
Nullification Crisis
• Nullification- states could void any
federal law they deemed
unconstitutional
• Calhoun resigned as VP
• Congress passed a Force Bill to use
federal troops in SC to collect the tariff
• Henry Clay tried to work on
compromise
Nullification Crisis
• 1828 & 1832- Congress passed tariffs on
imported goods
• SC votes to nullify the tariffs & threated to secede
from the Union if force is used against SC
• Force Bill gives Jackson authority to use
troops to enforce federal law
• Congress reduces tariffs
• SC stops nullification
Nullification Crisis
“I can have within the limits of South
Carolina fifty thousand men, and in
forty days more another fifty
thousand…The Union will be
preserved. The safety of the republic,
the supreme law, which will be
promptly obeyed by me.”
• How did Jackson view nullification?
The Bank War
• The Second National Bank
provoked sectionalism
• Opposition came from the South
b/c they resented the national
bank’s control over state banking
• Jacksonian-Democrats viewed the
bank as corrupt, dangerous, &
favoring the wealthy
The Bank War
• In 1832, Jackson vetoed bill to renew
bank’s charter  abolishes the
National Bank
- Jackson used veto power
extensively & rejected more acts
of Congress than previous 6
Presidents combined
The Bank War
• Opponents (Whigs- Henry Clay) try
to use this against him  fail
• Jackson wins office again in 1832
• Jackson v. National Bank
Native American Removal
• Jackson had deep prejudice against
Native Americans
• Relocated several tribes to Oklahoma
under Indian Removal policy
- Cherokee, Creek, Seminoles, and more
- 1829 – Georgia seizes Cherokee land
 Cherokee take Georgia to court
• Cherokee Indians plead with American
people…
Native American Removal
• “We wish to remain on the land of our
fathers. We have a perfect and original
right to remain without interruption.”
- Cherokee public appeal, 1830
- What does this quote reveal about
how the Cherokee viewed their
possession of the land?
Native American Removal
• Worcester v. Georgia
- Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that
Georgia had no power to pass laws
effecting Cherokees b/c there was no
federal jurisdiction over the Cherokee
 Georgia’s act declared unconstitutional
- Jackson & Georgia ignore Supreme
Court’s ruling  Trail of Tears
• 1837-1838 : U.S. army marches 15,000
Cherokee west
Native American Removal
• “The consequences of a speedy removal will
be important…It will separate the Indians
from immediate contact with settlements of
whites…and perhaps cause them…to cast off
their savage habits and become an
interesting, civilized, and Christian
community.”
- Andrew Jackson, 1830
- What does this quote reveal about Jackson’s
attitude toward NA’s?
Wrap-Up
• What were some major
economic, humanitarian,
political, and social arguments for
AND against Native American
removal?
• We Shall Remain: Trail of Tears
Your Task
• Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal
Policy
• Read, 1838: The Trail of Tears, and
answer the questions that follow.
• Once you are finished, review your
answers with a partner
DBQ Practice
Jackson’s Presidency
•History ChannelAndrew Jackson Firsts
• Name 2 of Jackson’s “Firsts” after
watching the video clip
Manifest
Destiny
SWBAT
• Evaluate whether or not the US had
a mission to spread freedom and
democracy into other territories
• Explain reasons for Annexing Texas
and causes and results of the
Mexican American War
Do Now
• How did Americans justify Manifest
Destiny? (since the land is already
occupied by Native Americans)
Manifest Destiny
• From the 1830s to 1850, the
American people believed that the
country was chosen for greatness
• Manifest Destiny- belief that the US
has a divine mission to spread the
ideals of freedom & democracy
across North America
Manifest Destiny
Reasoning:
• Christian duty/mission to extend
(God-given right to)
• Civilize the “Natives”; racial
superiority (moral duty)
• Safety valve (release population
“pressure” from the East)
• No boundary blocking us
Manifest Destiny
Supporters
• Saw Manifest Destiny
as God’s will
• Argued it would
stabilize economy,
lessen population
pressures, & create
new markets
• Saw expansion as a way
to provide more land
for cotton
Opponents
• Argued the land was
already claimed
• Argued additional land
would make the US too
large
•Southerners just wanted
to expand slavery into new
territories
Manifest Destiny
• Caused tensions with Native
Americans and Mexico
• US began to push into territory WEST
of the Louisiana Purchase
 Annexation of Texas & War with
Mexico
TEXAS
• Americans begin to settle in Texas
results in disputes over land
between Americans and Mexicans
• Alamo- Mexicans surround & capture
fort kill everyone inside
• Texans defeat Mexicans  Texas
becomes the Republic of Texas
• Texas wanted to be part of US
TEXAS
• Arguments Against Admission:
1. Northerners opposed extension of
slavery (South would get
advantage in Congress)
2. Some Americans feared annexation
lead to war between North &
South
TEXAS
• Arguments For Admission:
1. Expand land –
*Manifest Destiny
TEXAS
* Eventually 11th President, James
Polk, an expansionist, annexed (take
over) Texas
OREGON
• Who gets it? Britain or US
• Britain & US BOTH Claim:
- They explored the territory first & it
should belong to them
OREGON
• Polk threatens war with Britain over
Oregon  we sign Treaty of 1846
• Treaty of 1846:
1. 49th degree parallel top border
to Pacific Ocean
2. Northern Oregon goes to Canada
3. Southern Oregon goes to U.S.
MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)
• Causes:
1. Property of U.S. Citizens destroyed
during rebellions with Mexico 
not compensated for it
2. Mexico still claimed Texas &
resented annexation
3. Dispute over Southern border (Rio
Grande vs. Rio Nueces)
MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)
• Results:
U.S. wins war & signs treaty
MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo:
1. Mexico recognizes Rio Grande as
Southern Border
2. Give us New Mexico & Upper
California (Mexican Cession)
GADSDEN PURCHASE (1853)
• US purchased a small amount of land
for $15 million from Mexico
Manifest Destiny
California Gold Rush
• 1848-1850
• Discovery set off migration of tens of
thousands of men into the West
• Mining attracted people from around
the world (1/3 were Chinese!)
• California pop- increased from
14,000  380,000
Wrap Up
• By the end of 1855, what land
had yet to be added to the US?
• Explain the reasoning behind
Manifest Destiny.
Reform
Movement
RELIGIOUS
AWAKENING
Second Great Awakening
• Early 1800s, the Second Great
Awakening motivated reform, and
reinforced political belief in civic
virtue- that a good citizen
(humanitarian) acts for the common
good
Second Great Awakening
• Protestant revivalists wanted to
revive the role of religion in America
 church membership increased
dramatically starting along the
frontier and reaching the Northeast
in the 1820s
Evangelical Worship
• Designed to elicit strong
emotions and attract converts
- Charles Grandison Finney
- Lyman Beecher
• Featured sermons focused on the
idea that the US was leading the
world into the new millennium
Church and State
• During this era, what
might the two
opposing arguments
be, having to do with
the relationship
between “church and
state”?
Church and State
For
Against
• Wanted the
• The government
government to
should protect
encourage public public life from any
morality by
religious control (ie.
supporting
freedom of religion)
religion
Church and State
• Complete “Church and State”
debate and questions with a partner
African Americans
• Preachers welcomed African
Americans
• Also established their own churches
• Religion offered a promise of eternal
freedom after a lifetime of
oppression
• Inspired revolts
New Religious Groups
1. Mormons- 1830, Joseph Smith
founded the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints
- because they were non-Protestant,
many questioned their beliefs
- isolated themselves in their own
communities
- became economically and
politically powerful
New Religious Groups
- chased out of Ohio, Missouri,
Illinois
- Brigham Young led Mormons west,
to Salt Lake City, Utah
Mormon Migration
New Religious Groups
2. Unitarians- argued God was “a
unity”, reflected growing
liberalism among Christians,
which influenced other religious
groups
Religious Discrimination
• Catholics:
- Protestants felt Catholics
would choose loyalty to the
Pope, over loyalty to the US
- Also discriminated against b/c
they were poor & would work
for low wages
- Fear of the increasing
Catholic pop.
Religious Discrimination
• Jewish:
- State constitutions (until late 1800s)
required public officials to be
Christians  barred from holding
office
- Ostracized even more when arriving in
larger numbers in the 1840s to escape
political unrest in Europe
Utopias
• Development of utopian
communities- sought to be “perfect
community” based on sharing
property, labor, and family life
- Wanted to inspire those outside the
community
- Brook Farm (outside Boston)
- Most were short-lived
Utopias
Utopias
• Shakers Succeed
- New Hampshire, NY, Ohio, Illinois
- Men & women lived in separate housing
and did not marry or have children
- Only grew when adults joined or took in
orphans
- Flourished b/c of production of highquality crafts & produce
What are some details you notice?
Transcendentalists
• Believed people could transcend (go
beyond) their senses to learn about the
world
• Nature would tell you the truth about the
universe, NOT religion
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau- civil disobedience
Wrap Up
• What factors led to
discrimination against the Irish
immigrants in the early 1800s?
• Why do you think the religious
messages of the Second Great
Awakening affected so many
Americans?
Reforming
Society
SWBAT
• Explain goals of reform movements
in the 1800s
Do Now: Explain changes in education
you have experienced or seen
throughout your time as a student.
Reform Movements
• With a partner, complete the chart
and questions 1-7 using text provided
The Fruits of Temperance, by Nathaniel Currier, published by J.B. Allen, New York, 1848.
(Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division)
Education Reform
• Leaders: Horace Mann, Catharine
Beecher
• Goals:
- establish a system of tax
supported public schools
- professional teacher training
Ill and Imprisoned Reform
• Leader: Dorothea Dix
• Goals:
- build humane hospitals for
people with mental illnesses
- penitence for prisoners
Temperance Movement
• Leader: Neal Dow
• Goals:
- end alcohol abuse & problems
created by it
Reform Movements
• Review text & primary source answers
Education Reform
• Grew out of fear of growing poor,
uneducated population
• Free public schools
• Promoted moral education with a
protestant tone  Catholics opened
private schools
• Increase in # of private colleges
Temperance
• Most popular reform movement
• Easy to target alcohol as reason for social
problems
• Shift from moral to political action
• Proposed taking a pledge of total
abstinence
• Germans & Irish most opposed
• Factory owners supported mvm’t 
reduced crime & increased worker output
Prison Reform
• Promoted new state-supported prisons
& mental hospitals
• Schools for blind and deaf
• Prisons (Eastern State Pen.)
experimented with solitary confinement,
forcing criminals to reflect on their sins
• Structure and discipline  moral reform
• Work programs
• This graph shows the
countries with the highest
ratio of prisoners to the
general population. About
9.25 million people are
imprisoned around the
world. The U.S. has the
highest prison population
rate of any country.
• Which countries would
you expect to be on the
graph that aren’t? Which
on the graph surprise you?
• What factors might
explain why some
countries have more
prisoners than others?
Wrap Up
• Discuss with your partner how these 3
reform movements are “still in the works”
today, and what your position is on those
changes.
- “Schools To Implement State Learning
Standards”
- “Group Stirs Debate on Legal Drinking
Age”
- “Budget Cuts Prompt Talks of Prison
Reform”
Prison Reform
• Read article as a class
• What comparisons can you make
between prisons in the early 1800s
and prisons of today?
• How would you improve the prison
system? What changes would you
make?
Wrap Up
STRONGLY
• What is your
AGREE
AGREE
opinion of the
Supreme
Court’s ruling?
STRONGLY
Explain.
DISAGREE
DISAGREE
Women’s
movement
SWBAT
Explain the status of women
in early 1800s society
Women’s Movement
• Do Now: Identify an historical
female figure, and WHY she
remains popular today.
Women’s Movement
“I am persuaded that the rights of women, like the rights of
slaves, need only be examined to be understood and
asserted, even by some of those, who are now endeavoring
to smother the irrepressible desire for mental and spiritual
freedom…which glows in the [heart] of many…
Men and women were CREATED EQUAL; they are both
moral and accountable beings, and whatever is right for
man to do is right for woman.”
- Sarah Grimké, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
and the Condition of Women, 1838
• What is Grimké’s main argument in
support of women’s rights?
Women’s Movement
• Second Great Awakening gave women
more active roles in public life
• Traditionally, women’s role in society =
influencing husband at home & raising
children to be good Americans
Women’s Movement
• Native Americans, African
Americans, & Mexican Americanstraditionally gave women a
significant amount of power, but
legal rights still lagged
• Growth in industry  economic
opportunities for women outside
the home
Women: Leaders of Reform
• Angelina and Sarah Grimké
• Sojourner Truth
• Margaret Fuller
• Lucrecia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
Status of Women in Early 1800s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Could not vote
Could not hold public office
Could not serve on juries
Few received any level of higher education
Could not work in most trades/professions
Paid less than men doing the same job 
husband took money earned
7. Could not testify against husband in court,
sue for divorce, gain custody of children
Women’s Movement
• Read Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a
Woman?” speech
• Answer question that follows
Wrap Up
• After taking an active role in other
reform movements, women began to
work for their equality  laid
groundwork for equal rights in the
future
• Why did women entering the
workforce fail to expand their
power?
WOMEN BEGIN
TO FIGHT
SWBAT
Analyze “The Declaration of Sentiments”
Origins of the Movement
• Progress began when 2 trends
coincided:
1. Middle-class women hired poor
women to do housework  middleclass women had more time to think
about society
2. Women compared their social
restrictions to slavery
Origins of the Movement
• Women’s Movement- a movement
working for greater rights and
opportunities for women in the
early 1800s
- women AND men began to work
for women’s rights
- movement splintered off the
antislavery movement
Origins of the Movement
• Margaret Fuller:
- women needed
to grow
intellectually
Origins of the Movement
• Sarah Grimké:
- argued God
made men and
women equal,
therefore they
should be treated
equally
Origins of the Movement
• Angelina Grimké:
- defended rights
of slaves and
women on moral
grounds
Origins of the Movement
• Disagreement on how equal men
and women should be…
- questioned whether women
should be able to attend men’s
business meetings
Origins of the Movement
• Lucretia Mott &
Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
- active reformers supporting
temperance and abolition
- outraged a denial of women
from full participation at
meetings to discuss equality
Origins of the Movement
Mott & Stanton organized the
Women’s Rights Convention aka Seneca
Falls Convention, 1848
- hundreds of women & men attended,
including Frederick Douglass
- marked the beginning of the women’s
movement in the US
Origins of the Movement
• Read “The Declaration
of Sentiments” and
answer the Thinking
Critical questions on
your notesheet
Origins of the Movement
• The Convention inspired Amelia
Bloomer to advocate for the right
to wear pants instead of a dress

BLOOMERS!
Origins of the Movement
• Susan B. Anthony:
- involved with
temperance &
abolition reform
- lead charge for
suffrage- the right
to vote
Wrap Up
• The Seneca Falls convention
was significant because it:
A. initiated the religious
revivals in the midwest
B. demanded the immediate
abolition of slavery
C. issued a historic
declaration of women’s rights
D. addressed concerns for the
education of children
ANTISLAVERY
MOVEMENT
SWBAT
• Explain anti-slavery and pro-slavery
arguments
Do Now:
• What are some adjectives you
would use to describe the
treatment of enslaved people?
Slavery
• Origins:
- Slaves came from Africa in early
1600s on a journey known as the
Middle Passage
- Some treated as indentured servants,
and freed after serving their time
- Gradually, however, the colonies
began depriving them of their rights
Middle Passage
Slave Ship: Diagram
shows how Africans
were squeezed onto a
ship to make the voyage
as profitable as possible
Slavery
• Reasons for growth of slavery:
1. Economic - need labor on southern
plantations
2. Racism- development of prejudice
& theory of an inferior race
3. Cotton Gin- (Eli Whitney) made
cotton production more profitable
Handpicking Seeds
Out of Cotton
Cotton Gin
Slavery
• Slaves Required
for Southern
Economy
• Explain the
phrase, “sold
down river” in
relation to slavery
Slavery
• Type of work slaves faced:
- field hand, house servant, cook,
nanny, nurse, assistant to master,
supervisor of other slaves
• Life of a slave:
1. Conditions varied by master,
place, type of work
Slavery
2. Commonalities:
- hard working, no civil or political
rights, not allowed to be educated,
couldn’t testify in court, not allowed
to be married (legally), beatings, could
be sold and separated from family at
any time
Slavery
• Reaction to slavery by slaves:
1. Rebellions – Nat Turner, 60 whites killed
 caught and hanged
2. Ran away
3. Suicide
4. Worked slower- earning “lazy”
reputation
5. Sabotaged equipment
6. Stole food
7. Prayed slavery would end freedom
Slavery
• Reaction to slavery by whites:
1. Lived in fear of black revolts
2. Degraded blacks to keep them
subservient/obedient
3. Believed they were racially
superior to African Americans
Antislavery Arguments
1. Morally wrong- no man has right to
hold another in bondage
2. Results in cruel, inhumane
treatment of slaves and their families
3. Violates principles of democracy
4. Degrades slave-owners
Pro-Slavery Arguments
1. Slaves are child-like & need
guidance/protection
2. Better off here than in “uncivilized,
barbaric” Africa
3. Needed slaves as cheap labor in the
South
4. Slaves are cared for (food, clothing,
shelter), unlike Northern industrial
workers
Slavery Life Stories
• After reading your “Life
Story” and filling out
the reading sheet, in
groups of 3 or 4 (those
with different stories
than you), briefly share
your stories & discuss
commonalities between
them
Abolition
• Abolitionists- reform group against
the practice of slavery (1830-1860)
• GOALS:
1. Emancipate slaves
2. End practice of slavery
3. Colonization of Africa- send slaves
back (1400 were returned to Liberia)
Abolition
• Leaders and their
Methods:
1. William Lloyd Garrisoneditor of The Liberator
(newspaper) and
founder of the
American Anti-Slavery
Society
Abolition
2. Frederick Douglass- former slave,
spoke and wrote about his
experiences as a slave
- believed in equality
for all people
- Why do you think his
autobiography was such an
effective antislavery tool?
Abolition
3. Harriet Tubman- former slave,
“conductor” on the Underground
Railroad
- spy for the Union army
Abolition
4. Sojourner Truthformer slave, spoke
and wrote about
her experiences
- first woman to
have her sculpture
in the US Capitol
Abolition
5. Harriet Beecher
Stowe- wrote book,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
which showed the
horrors of slavery
- daughter of Lyman
Beecher
Abolition
• Division among Abolitionists:
1. division over tactics (gradual vs.
immediate emancipation)
- emancipation- freedom, liberation
2. division over women’s
participation (women’s
involvement kept others away)
Abolition
3. division over race (Garrison vs.
Douglass)
Reaction to Abolitionist
Movement
SOUTH:
1. Outraged by abolitionists- felt they
were attacking their way of life
2. Southern postmasters refused to
deliver abolitionist literature
3. Passed a gag-rule- prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or
acted upon in Congress
Anti-Abolitionist Handbill, 1837
• This poster mentions the “rights of the
States.” What specific right does this mean?
Reaction to Abolitionist
Movement
NORTH:
1. Worried movement would further bad
relations between North and South
2. Merchants in the North depended on
cotton from the south, abolition could
hurt economy
3. Whites feared competition in workforce
Reaction to Abolitionist
Movement
4. Did not want blacks living in their
communities
5. Beat up abolitionists, burned
homes and offices
Abolition
• Because of their extreme radicalism,
many people (including Lincoln) did
not join abolitionist movements
• However, by 1850s- most people did
not believe slavery should expand
into US territories in the West b/c of
the work of abolitionists
Abolition
• Were abolitionists really successful?
• Not really- the Underground
Railroad generated publicity &
support, but the movement was
seen as too radical- they demanded
immediate emancipation
(an extreme idea at the time)
Viewpoints
• Compare Angelina Grimké and John
C. Calhoun’s viewpoints on abolition
1. What argument does Calhoun
use to defend slavery?
2. Which quote do you think is
more effective? Why?
Wrap Up
• Could slavery have been avoided in
this country? Explain.
• Explain the effectiveness of the
antislavery movement.
• What similar ideas did abolitionists
and women’s rights reformers hold?