Cycle 3: Respiratory system. Kidney and urinary system.
Physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Metabolism. Body temperature.
Seminar XII. Respiration (05/10/2016).
Resistance in the respiratory system. Neuroregulation of the respiratory system.
1. Resistance in the respiratory system – division.
2. Elastic resistance:
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Retractility,
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Elastic recoil of the chest wall.
3. Synthesis, function of surfactant.
4. Non – elastic resistance.
5. AWR – airway resistance – regulation via autonomic nervous system.
6. Static, dynamic (hysteresis loop) relationships of volume and pressure.
7. Elastic and non-elastic work.
Seminar XIII. Respiration (12/10/2016).
Neuroregulation of respiratory system.
1. Mechanics of ventilation and function of respiratory neurons.
2. Respiratory cycle.
3. Classical understanding of function of respiratory neurons.
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Inspiratory centre.

Expiratory centre.
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Apneustic centre.

Pneumotaxic centre.
4. Function of respiratory complex – modern view.
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DRG (Dorsal Respiratory Group of Neurones).

VRG (Ventral Respiratory Group of Neurones).
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NPBL (Nucleus Peribrachialis of pons).

Bőztinger Complex.
5. Factors affecting pattern of ventilation.
 Chemoreceptors and chemosensitive area.
 Pulmonary receptors.
 Reticular system.
6. Defensive reflexes of respiratory system.
Seminar XIV. Functions of the nephron – glomerulus (19/10/016).
1. Renal circulation – RBF, RPF, RF, FF.
2. Glomerulus:
3. Filtration barrier
4. Composition of ultrafiltrate/primary urine (GFRx – filtered load)
5. Effective filtration pressure
6. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
7. Clearance – definition; test substances.
Seminar XV. Functions of the nephron – renal tubules (26/10/2016).
1. Mechanisms of transport in renal tubules.
2. Functions of following parts of nephron tubules: proximal, distal tubule, collecting duct, loops of
Henle.
3. Transport maximum (Tmax), renal threshold.
Unit 14. Respiration – part I (12/10/2016).
1. Inspection, palpation, percussion in the examination of the respiratory system.
2. Auscultation of the respiratory sounds.
3. Measurement and assessment of lung volumes – spirometry.
4. Minute alveolar ventilation.
Terms and problems:
Respiratory muscles, chest respiration movements, changes of pressure in airways, alveolar
pressure and intrapleular pressure, compliance of the lung and chest wall.
Lung volumes and capacities (TLC, VC, RV, IRV, ERV, TV, IC, FRC) respiratory rate and minute
alveolar ventilation, maximal breathing capacity (ventilation), maximal voluntary ventilation.
Functional division of airways, anatomical dead space, control of airways smooth muscles,
protective roles of airways, airway resistance components and values.
Retraction of lungs. Alveolar surface tension, surfactant, hysteresis loop – its components.
Unit 15. Respiration – part II (19/10/2016).
1. Assessment of the respiratory efficiency – volume-time curve and flow-volume loop.
2. Ventilation – perfusion ratio – its role in gas exchange.
3. Neural and chemical regulation of the respiratory system.
Terms and problems:
 Phases of ventilation. Oxygen cascade – partial pressure of O2, CO2, composition of the inspired,
alveolar and expired air.
 Forced expiratory volumes (FEV1 and FEV1%) and other parameters of forceful expiration.
 Effect of alveolar pressure on the pulmonary blood flow, anatomical and physiological venous shunt,
physiological dead space. Diffusion of gases in lungs, diffusion pathway, diffusion capacity of lungs.
Chemical regulation of respiration. Pulmonary receptors.
Unit 16. Kidney (26/10/2016).
1. Methods of the kidney activity estimation.
2. Calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and maximum tubular transport (Tm).
3. The urinary sediment analysis.
4. Standard values in gasometry – analysis of acid-base equilibrium.
Obligatory terms and problems:
 Anatomy of the kidney (division of vessels). Cortical and juxtamedullar nephrons. Juxtaglomerular
apparatus.
 Composition of ultrafiltrate and tubular fluid (TF). Renal clearance, methods of determination.
Values of various substances clearance, osmotic clearance. Determination of: GFR, GFRx, and
RPF, RBF. Filtration fraction, renal fraction. Maximum tubular transport, renal threshold.
 Glomerular filtration, effective pressure. Autoregulation of the blood flow and of pressure in
glomerular vessels.
 Tubuloglomerular balance. Tubular transport of Na+ and K+ Countercurrent mechanism.
 Acid and base due to Bronsted-Lowry theory. Concentration of H in body fluids. Sources of H in
organism. Buffers of plasma and erythrocytes. Excretion of H in kidney.
Unit 17. Physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal hormones (02/11/2016).
1. Motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal system
3. Analysis of radiograms displaying the gastrointestinal tract motility.
4. Anatomy and function of the liver.
Terms and problems:
Phases of swallowing (deglutition). Characteristics of the gastrointestinal motility. Visceral
smooth muscles, BER, Enteric nervous system (submucosal and myenteric myoenteric nerve
plexuses, neurotransmitter, enteric reflexes, external innervation. Hormonal regulation of the
alimentary tract motility. The pharyngoesophageal junction – closing mechanisms of cardia.
Pylorus pump. Gastric motility. Intestinal peristalsis, defecation.
Gastrin, secretin, CCK – their action.
Regulation of the bile secretion. Composition and function of bile. Functions of hepatocytes
(secretion and reabsorption end), bile acids and pigments. Detoxication in liver.
Gastric juice, importance of HCl, phases of secretion and enzymes of the gastric juice.
Enzymes of the pancreatic and intestinal juice. Colon: absorption, defecation. Importance of the
physiological bacterial flora. Differentiation of secretion in various parts of the gastric mucosa.
Unit 18. Thermoregulation and metabolism. Thyroid gland hormones (09/11/2016).
1. Estimation of the metabolism.
2. Assessment of components and proportions of the human body.
3. Hormones of the pancreas – insulin, glucagon.
4. Action of the thyroid hormones.
Terms and problems:
BMR - basal metabolic rate – definition, value, factors affecting. Calorimetry. Specific-dynamic
action of food. Physiological and physical caloric values of carbohydrates, proteins, fats.
Respiratory quotient.
Temperature in oral cavity, viscera, temperature of skin. Correlation between body temperature
and BMR. Mechanisms of heat loss in human body. Thermoreceptors, detectors and effectors.
Thermoregulation centre. Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. Hormones influencing
thermogenesis. Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation. Heat transport in human body.
Division of hormones of the adrenal cortex. Actions of glucocorticoids. Metabolic and organ
effects of catecholamines. Thyroid gland hormones – actions of T3 and T4. Actions of insulin.
Insulin receptor – location and transduction of the signal.
Unit 19. Repetition of absent and/or failed activities in cycle 3 (09/11/2016).
Credit of the cycle 3. Topics of seminars XVII – XX and units 13 – 17. (16/11/2016).