Phonetics and phonology:
2. Prosody (revision)
Part I: Stress (compound and phrase)
1. Stress in compound nouns and
phrases
Wells 2006
Hewings 2007: 38-43
KAMIYAMA Takeki
[email protected]
Noun + noun compounds:
Some more examples
Compounds
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• Many “noun + noun” compounds have
primary stress on the first element.
• The second element is not stressed.
• 'armchair, 'sunflower (closed compounds)
• 'front-runner, 'she-devil (hyphenated)
• 'side salad, 'bank manager (open
compounds)
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ɇarms race /ɇǗɏmz reǰs/
ɇfire extinguisher /ɇfaǰǟr ǰkstǰčǧwǰȉǟ/
ɇnight-time /ɇnaǰt taǰm/
ɇpillar-box /ɇpǰlǟ bǘks/
ɇlipstick /ɇlǰpstǰk/
ɇnewspaper /ɇnjuɏzpeǰpǟ/ (/ɇnjuɏspeǰpǟ/)
ɇairport /ɇeǟpǚɏt/
ɇpoverty trap /ɇpǘvǟti træp/
Hewings (2007: 38)
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Phrases: some more examples
Phrases
• adjective + noun
ɇsocial seɇcurity, ɇhot poɇtato
• However, phrases consist of two or more
lexical items (e.g. “adjective + noun”).
• !beautiful !flowers, a !bitter disap!pointment
• adjective + -ing
ɇcentral ɇheating, ɇglobal ɇwarming
ɇpassive ɇsmoking
• Compare:
• The !White House / a !white !house
• A !blackbird / a !black !bird
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• past participle + noun
ɇsplit inɇfinitive, inɇverted ɇcommas,
Hewings (2007: 38)
ɇlost ɇproperty
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Compound or phrase?
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Exercise
!house design
!further !advance
!troubled !waters
!drinking water (gerund) / !running !water (participle)
!running shoes (gerund) / !running !water (participle)
!driving licence (gerund) / !driving !rain (participle)
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ɇchemical ɇformula
ɇbank account
Aɇmerican ɇfootball
ɋartiɇficial inɇtelligence
ɇcoffee shop
ɇbest ɇman
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ɇmobile ɇphone
ɇflight attendant
ɇsofa bed
magɇnetic ɇfield
ɇtea strainer
ɇspace station
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Double-stressed compounds
Nota bene
• However, some “noun + noun” compounds
have primary stress on their second element
(double-stressed compounds).
• "Christmas !Eve, "Town !Hall, "ham !sandwich
• London Underground lines have stress on
the first element (lexicalized contrastive
focus):
the !Central Line
the !Northern Line
the Picca!dilly Line
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• Compare:
• !Christmas card / "Christmas !Eve
• !high school / "King’s !College
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Double-stressed compounds
• Proper names of people:
"James Mc!Gregor, De"nise !Harris
• Proper names of roads and public places:
Vic"toria !Road, "Oxford !Avenue (except those
ending in street: !Oxford Street, !Downing street)
• Names of institutions such as hotels and
schools:
"Jury’s !Inn, "Marlborough !Hotel, "Goldsmith’s
!College, "Bailey’s !Restaurant, the "Festival !Hall
(but !high school, !secondary school, !Pizza Hut)
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Wells (2006)11
KAMIYAMA Takeki Phonetics and Phonology
Wells (2006)10
Double-stressed compounds
• Compounds in which the first element names
the place or time:
"Town !Hall, "kitchen !window, "summer va!cation,
"evening !meal
(but !Boxing Day, !Christmas "present, !Christmas
card, !birthday card)
• Compare:
"Christmas !Eve, "Christmas !Day, "Christmas
!pudding)
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Wells (2006)12
Other types of compound nouns
Double-stressed compounds
• Compounds in which the first element names
the material or ingredient
"leather !jacket, "cheese !sandwich, "pork !chop
(except those ending in juice, cake or bread:
!orange juice, !carrot cake, !gingerbread)
• Compare:
ɋcotton ɇwool (material)
a ɇcotton plant
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Wells (2006)
Hewings (2007: 38)
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• noun + -ing (gerund)
ɇbirdwathcing, ɇhouse-hunting, ɇfly-fishing
Exceptions: peɋdestrian ɇcrossing, ɋthanksɇgiving
• -ing (gerund) + noun
ɇdressing gown, ɇsitting room, ɇfreezing point
cf. -ing (participle) + noun
ɋmanaging diɇrector, deɋfining ɇmoment, ɋcasting
ɇvote
• verb + noun
ɇsearch party, conɇtrol tower, ɇthink tank
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Exercise
Abbreviations
• Two-, three-, and four-letter abbreviations said
as individual letters often have main stress on
the last letter and secondary stress on the first:
the ɋEɇU
the ɋUɇK
the ɋBBɇC
ɋDNɇA
the ɋYMCɇA
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Hewings (2007:
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Hewings (2007: 38) 14
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40) 15
• 1. She’s the company’s CEO.
/ȉiz ðǟ ɇkȒmpǟniz ɋsiɏ iɏ ɇǟȐ/
• 2. She works as a nurse for the NHS.
/ȉi ɇwǢɏks ǟz ǟ ɇnǢɏs fǟ ði ɋen eǰtȉ ɇes/
• 3. There aren’t many people here who speak RP.
/ðǟr ɇǗɏnt ɇmeni ɇpiɏpl ɇhǰǟ huɏ ɇspiɏk ɋǗɏ ɇpiɏ/
• 4. She just needs a lot of rest and a bit of TLC.
/si ɇdȘȒs(t) ɇniɏdz ǟ ɇlǘt ǟv ɇrest ǟn ǟ ɇbǰt ǟv ɋtiɏ el
ɇsiɏ/
Hewings (2007: 41)
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Exercise
• 5. If there are no delays, what’s your ETA.
/ǰf ðǟrǟ ɇnǟȐ dǰɇleǰz / ɇwǘts jǟr ɋiɏ tiɏ ɇeǰ/
• 6. He spends most weekends doing DIY.
/hi ɇspendz ɇmǟȐst ɋwiɏɇkendz ɇduɏǰč ɋdiɏ aǰ ɇwaǰ/
• 7. The eclipse is at 9 o’clock GMT.
/ði ǰɇklǰps ǰz ǟt ɇnaǰn ǟɇklǘk ɋdȘiɏ em ɇtiɏ/
• Greenwich /ɇǧrenǰdȘ ɇǧrǰnǰdȘ /
2. Stress in phrasal verbs
Hewings 2007: 44-47
Hewings (2007: 41)
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Phrasal verbs: case 1
One-stress phrasal verbs
• The particle in most one-stress phrasal verbs is a
preposition :
ɇdream of: I wouldn’t ɇdream of asking you to do it.
ɇhear from: We never ɇheard from them again.
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Phrasal verbs: case 1
One-stress phrasal verbs
• N.B.1: particle highlighted for emphasis or contrast
ɇhear of / ɇhear from:
A: I’m surprised you’ve never ɇheard of him.
B: I didn’t say I hadn’t ɇheard ɇof him, I said I hadn’t
ɇheard ɇfrom him.
• N.B.2: strong form is used clause-finally
ɇlive for: He ɇlives for /fǟ/ his work.
She felt she had nothing to ɇlive for /fǚɏ/.
ɇthink of: I was just ɇthinking of /ǟv/ you.
What on earth were you ɇthinking of /ǘv/.
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Phrasal verbs: case 2
Two-stress phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs:
One- or two-stress phrasal verbs?
• The particle in two-stress phrasal verbs is usually
(used as) an adverb:
ɋhang aɇround: It was freezing cold, so I didn’t want
to ɋhang aɇround.
ɋget aɇlong: My brother and I don’t really ɋget aɇlong
together.
ɋcall ɇback: I’m busy at the moment. Can I ɋcall you
ɇback?
ɋwrite ɇdown: I’ll never remember the number. Can
you ɋwrite it ɇdown for me?
• Particle used as a preposition or adverb?
ɇlive on: He had to ɇlive on less than $10 a day.
(= the amount of money he had to buy things)
ɋlive ɇon: The tradition ɋlives ɇon in many parts of
the country. (= continues)
ɇcome to: How much does all that ɇcome to?
(= what’s the total cost?)
ɋcome ɇto: She hasn’t ɋcome ɇto yet after the
accident.
(= regained consciousness)
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Hewings (2007: 44)22
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Exercise
One- or two-stress phrasal verbs?
Exercise
One- or two-stress phrasal verbs?
• The birds came close, but when I sneezed, I
ɋfrightened them aɇway.
• 1. She said she’d be early, but I wouldn’t ɇbank on
it.
• 2. He gave us a lot of information that I couldn’t
ɋtake ɇin.
• 3. I couldn’t do question six, so I ɋleft it ɇout.
• 4. Dan said he’d phone today, but I haven’t ɇheard
from him.
• 5. If you’re passing, why don’t you ɋstop ɇby?
• 6. You look well. Living by the sea must aɇgree
with you.
• 7. There isn’t anyone but you that I can conɇfide in.
• 8. Having my own boat is something I’ve always
ɇdreamed about.
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Phrasal verbs: case 3
Three-word phrasal verbs
• verb + adverb + preposition :
ɋlook ɇup to: I’d always ɋlooked ɇup to her.
ɋgrow ɇout of: The dress was small and she soon
ɋgrew ɇout of it.
ɋgo ɇthrough with: When the time came to leave, I
couldn’t ɋgo ɇthrough with it.
ɋput ɇup with: I was finding it hard to ɋput ɇup with
him.
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Two-stress phrasal verbs and
compound nouns
• Many compound nouns come from two-stress
phrasal verbs:
ɋmix ɇup / ɇmix-up:
I got the times ɋmixed ɇup.
There was a ɇmix-up over times.
ɋwarm ɇup / ɇwarm-up:
It is important to ɋwarm ɇup before exercise.
He hurt his ankle during the ɇwarm-up.
ɋwash ɇout / ɇwashout:
The tennis match was ɋwashed ɇout.
It was a ɇwashout.
Hewings (2007: 46)26
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Stress shift
3. Stress shift
• English tends to avoid sequences of two
stressed syllables (e.g. ooOOooo).
• In order to avoid this, stress in some polysyllabic
words may move to an earlier syllable (with
secondary stress) when combined with another
word starting with a stress:
• Heath!row / "Heathrow !Airport (-> !Heathrow)
• "Picca!dilly / "Picca(")dilly !Circus
• aca!demic / "academic !dress
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Exercise
Stress shift
• We ˈused to ˈlive near the ˈBerlin ˈWall.
• She's ˈgot a ˈjob in Berˈlin.
• She’s "Japa!nese.
• She’s a !Japanese !journalist.
• He’s a "refu!gee.
• We saw photos of !refugee !children.
• "thir!teen / "thirteen !women
• ɇabsolute ɇzero
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1. I'm ˈworking on my proˌnunciˈation.
2. It was ˈjust a ˈroutine ˈjob.
3. The ˈfilm was ˈmade for ˌpropaˈganda purposes.
4. The ˈregion has a ˈMediterranean ˈclimate.
5. ˈNext ˈmonth she'll be sixˈteen.
6. There was a ˈsatisfactory ˈoutcome.
7. The ˈcountry was deˈclared ˌindeˈpendent.
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Exercise
8. I ˈlove ˈliving ˈnext to the ˌMediterˈranean.
9. It ˈcosts ˈsixteen ˈeuros.
10. The ˈbook was just poˈlitical ˌpropaˈganda.
11. The ˌopeˈration was ˈquite rouˈtine.
12. They apˈpointed an ˈindependent ˈjudge.
13. The reˈsult was ˌsatisˈfactory.
14. I'm ˈdoing a proˌnunciˈation course.
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Stress shift: prefixed words
• Her ɇanswer was ɋimpreɇcise.
• She ɇgave an ɇimprecise ɇanswer.
• He’s ɋhyperɇactive.
• I ɇwork with ɇhyperactive ɇchildren.
• He ɋdisaɇgreed.
• He ɇdisagreed ɇstrongly.
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Stress shift: compound adjectives
Stress shift: abbreviations
• The ɇtiger was ɋfully-ɇgrown.
• He ɇworks for the ɋBBɇC.
• It was a ɇfully-grown ɇtiger.
• He ɇworks for ɇBBC ɇradio.
• The ɇprices were1 ɋsky-ɇhigh.
• She’s from the ɋUɇK.
• They were ɇsky-high ɇprices.
• She’s a ɇUK ɇcitizen.
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Exercise
1. My ˈlaptop was ˈadvertised in a magazine called
ˈPC world.
2. The ˈAGM (Annual General Meeting)'s ˈcancelled.
3. We ˈfollowed ˈall the ˈWHO ˈguidelines.
4. They're ˈmeeting at the ˈEU ˈsummit in ˈBrussels.
5. The ˈsoftware is on a ˌCD-ˈROM.
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