ISSUE 03 February 2017
EMPHASIS news
Effective Management of Pests
and Harmful Alien Species: Integrated Solutions
EDITORIAL
Page 2
UPCOMING EVENTS
Page 3
GLOBAL REVIEW
Page 4
WP2 IN FOCUS
Page 5
PROJECT TRAININGS AND MEETINGS
Page 6‒7
WP NEWSFEED
Page 8‒10
This project has been funded under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement N° 634179.
ISSUE 03 February 2017
EDITORIAL
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR
SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING
Neil Boonham, Fera Science Limited,
WP2 leader
In the UK, the public’s perception of
biosecurity is probably influenced by age.
My grandmother remembers Colorado
beetle posters, requesting people to take
any suspect beetles to their local police
station (or, like the one illustrated here, to
send them to the Ministry of Agriculture).
Similarly, my parents can remember what
an elm tree looked like before Dutch
elm disease removed 50 million trees
from the UK landscape. More recently,
people have become aware of how
sudden oak death and ash dieback may
also change our landscape, as both have
made the headlines in our daily news.
It’s disappointing to someone working in
the field of plant health to see that it’s
only our failures that make the news —
although I suppose this is because success
often looks like nothing has happened.
Furthermore, it seems that the public
are far less engaged in plant health now
than they were in previous generations,
although this may say more about our
connections to the great outdoors than
plant health itself. If this is the case it’s
particularly worrying, since pests and
diseases don’t just have an impact on
trees and landscapes: our crops are
equally at risk from invasive and endemic
threats. Forecasts predict that the global
population will grow to over 9 billion by
2050. Put simply, this will mean that we
need to grow as much food in the next 40 years
as we have over the last 10,000 years. This
is a daunting challenge, considering it will
have to be done in the face of climate
change, decreased resource availability,
and the alarming build-up of resistance
to crop protection products in most of the
pests, diseases and weeds we are trying
to control.
But what does this have to do with the
EMPHASIS project? I am working with
project colleagues in various European
countries to develop better surveillance
systems for crop pests and diseases. We
hope that, by spotting pests and diseases
earlier, we will have a better chance
of controlling them. Of course, we are
doing this Europe-wide, because pests
and diseases don’t respect borders — so
don’t get me started on Brexit! The point
of detection is to trigger action, so it’s
important to integrate detection with
effective control measures. These are
aspirations that the EMPHASIS project
should be well placed to achieve, through
efforts across the different work packages.
Now that we are halfway through the
project, it’s tempting to start wondering
where the next project will come from,
but it’s also important to think about the
legacy of this one. What will the project
leave behind as tangible outcomes in
the minds of the public, policy makers
and other stakeholders? For this reason,
it’s nice to see that the agenda for the
next project meeting encompasses the
building of business plans for technology
exploitation, the constant buzz on twitter
created by Moverim, and the delivery
of further technological learning labs
achieving direct engagement between
scientists and end users, which should
focus on innovation and achieve the faster
uptake of project developments. All these
activities are critical in enabling us to
create a significant and lasting impact —
something that I and other colleagues in
WP2 are very passionate about.
Page 2
ISSUE 03 February 2017
UPCOMING EVENTS
1.
Eleventh Meeting of
the International Pest
Risk Research Group
Ottawa, Canada
August 29 –
September 1, 2017
2.
First EMPHASIS
summer school
Cambridge, UK
July 10–14, 2017
The International Pest Risk Research Group (IPRRG)
will host the meeting in association with the Canadian
Food Inspection Agency. The event is relevant to the
current mid-term research outcome of the EMPHASIS
project, and in particular to an integrated approach to
pest management for end users.
Further details can be found on the IPRRG website:
www.pestrisk.org
The first EMPHASIS summer school will be hosted by
the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB) in
Cambridge, UK. The course will focus on integrated
solutions for pest and disease control in arable and
horticultural crops. It will use project outputs and
information, but also include additional approaches
and systems used on farms to mitigate against pests
and diseases. There will be sessions on fungicide and
pesticide use, diagnostics and disease forecasting,
biocontrol, cultural approaches and the deployment
of host crop resistance. Exploring the ways in which
growers move to alternative or new pest and disease
control methods, and the barriers they may face, will
be the basis of a further session, reflecting the remit
of EMPHASIS to engage the producer community
and promote the translation of research outputs into
practical methods. The week-long course is aimed
at postgraduate students and early-stage industry
entrants, and there will be some “hands-on” practical
classes as well as talks and a farm visit.
Delegates will need to pay their own travel and
accommodation costs, but course teaching and
materials are free. To register initial interest, please
contact [email protected]. A full programme
will be available soon.
3.
Fourth EMPHASIS
project consortium
meeting
Brno, Czech Republic
May 16–19, 2017
The EMPHASIS General Assembly and the Executive
Committee's fourth meeting will be held at Mendel
University in Brno. EMPHASIS has been proposed as
a beneficiary of the Common Exploitation Booster
support services offered by the European Commission
H2020 Common Support Centre. In addition to the
regular General Assembly meeting, a business plan
development workshop will therefore be held, led
by an external consultant appointed by the European
Commission: LC Innoconsult International (Hungary).
Page 3
ISSUE 03 February 2017
GLOBAL REVIEW
Wheat stem rust
threat in the
Mediterranean
Basin in the 2017
crop season
Extensive lab tests of wheat stem rust samples
have shown that the 2016 stem rust epidemics
in Sicily were caused by a new, highly virulent
variant of race TTTTF. The samples were
collected from durum wheat and bread wheat in
Sicily between April and June 2016.
of the largest stem rust outbreaks in Europe in
several decades.
The epidemics are estimated to have covered
several thousands of hectares, resulting in a
high inoculum load that could pose a threat to
surrounding wheat areas in the forthcoming
2017 crop season, if environmental conditions
prove suitable. Growers in vulnerable areas
should be aware of the possible risk to both
durum and bread wheat; monitor their crops
for the early appearance of stem rust; and
undertake timely control where necessary.
The transition of the spore represents a high risk
in the Mediterranean region. Dispersal patterns
show a general tendency in spore movement
in a northeast to southeast arc. Areas with the
highest probability of spore deposition include
Sicily and the southern regions of Italy (especially
the extreme southwest), but there is also a slight
risk in countries on the eastern seaboard of the
Adriatic (western Greece, Albania, Montenegro,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia),
along with northern Libya and northeast Tunisia.
Based on the observed stem and yellow rust
outbreak, the following recommendations can
be made:
Unusual, early stem rust infections (at heading
stage) were first detected on April 19, 2016, in
experimental plots in Ciminna, in the province of
Palermo. High and unusual levels of yellow rust
were also observed. It is not known whether
rust was extensively present in the surrounding
areas prior to this first detection. Low levels of
stem rust had been observed in Ciminna at
the end of the previous season (June 2015),
and a mild winter may have contributed to the
early infections in 2016. The majority of wheat
breeding lines being tested in Ciminna showed
high susceptibility to both rust diseases.
Field surveys in the provinces of Palermo,
Agrigento, Trapani and Caltanissetta showed an
estimated area of 20,000 to 30,000 hectares
infected with yellow and stem rust. Yellow rust
appeared first and was the more severe in many
cases. The highest incidence and severity of
stem rust was observed in Palermo province
(40 to 60 percent average severity, and an
incidence of more than 50 percent in inspected
fields), followed by Agrigento (30 to 40 percent
average severity)
and
Caltanissetta
(20 to 30 percent average severity). Stem rust
was recorded with low severity and incidence in
Trapani, and also reported in Catania and Enna.
The 2016 stem rust outbreak in Sicily was one
The extensive area infected by stem rust in 2016
will have produced a huge number of spores,
making both dispersal and persistence into the
2017 season likely. Over-winter survival and
suitability for early infection are both critical
determinants, but are currently unknown
factors. However, it is certain that large areas
will have been planted with susceptible varieties
in 2016/17. Major regional commercial durum
wheat varieties are known to be susceptible,
but many bread wheat varieties may also be
vulnerable. If stem rust race TTTTF persists, and if
environmental conditions are conducive to early
infection, there could be a real risk of repeated
outbreaks in the 2017 crop season.
• Farmers and relevant authorities/institutions
should be aware of the risk of stem and yellow
rust on susceptible varieties in 2017.
• Early and regular scouting should be
undertaken in areas at risk, and on susceptible
cultivars.
•Farmers should be aware of recommended
control practices for stem rust and undertake
early control using registered fungicides. If stem
rust appears at an early growth stage, then timely
control is critical if losses are to be avoided.
• Any stem rust outbreaks should be reported
to relevant authorities.
• Screening of varieties for resistance against
new races should be undertaken, and varieties
most susceptible to rust should be avoided.
For more information, please contact
Dr. Dave Hodson (CIMMYT) or
Professor Mogens Hovm�ller (GRRC, Denmark).
Page 4
ISSUE 03 February 2017
WP2 IN FOCUS
Neil Boonham, Fera Science Limited (Fera), WP2 leader
The aim of WP2 is to explore various
methods for the early detection of pests
and diseases, with the ultimate goal of
deploying them in the field for a range
of applications. Technology readiness
levels (TRLs) were developed by NASA
in the 1970s as a way of tracking the
many and varied developments within
the space programme, and identifying
how far from deployment they were.
Modified in the 1990s, the TRL scale
now runs from 1 (basic science) to 9
(ready for deployment). We have been
adapting the TRL scale for diagnostic
science and utilising it to monitor how
close technologies are from real-world
use — or indeed how much more
investment in time and money they may
need to achieve this. We specifically
included technologies within the
EMPHASIS work programme that span
the TRL scale, with the aim of ensuring
that some would make a real-world
impact during the project, while others
would make significant progress on the
journey towards deployment. The aim
is to provide a structured approach to
monitoring technology developments,
which we believe will speed up the
deployment of methods in the real
world; give us a better understanding of
how much investment may be needed in
a technology; and, in some cases, enable
us to see when we should pause or even
stop working on a technology. The TRL
scale also provides a common language
to use when discussing technology
with funders and policy makers. So
what are the technologies, and how are
developments progressing?
The first technology we have been
working
on
is
Loop-mediated
amplification (LAMP), a fast and robust
DNA amplification technique that is
well suited to diagnostics. It can be
seen as a faster and simpler version of
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
approach. We have been working
with LAMP for some years and it is
already being used (i.e. TRL 9) by the
UK and Swiss inspection services to
identify several notifiable insect pests
at airports, enabling consignments
to clear customs more quickly. In this
project, we aim to develop more LAMP
tests for a range of applications where
they have not previously been used,
such as testing in arable crops (NIAB)
and horticultural crops (UNITO) for
quarantine (Fera) and non-quarantine
organisms. In addition, we are exploring
seed testing: Sara Franco-Ortega
(UNITO) is currently working in this area
in the Fera labs on diseases in rice. Of
course, to reach deployment you also
need a robust platform on which to run
the DNA amplification, which is why
Optisense is included as part of the
consortium. Michael Andreou’s team
is making further developments to the
Genie hardware and software to improve
the quality of the results and make the
system easier and more intuitive for
diagnosticians to use. We expect to have
a large number of tests in kit format on
the market for use by diagnostic labs
before the end of the project.
In the field of surveillance, we are
exploring
traditional
biological
approaches as well as some postgenomic technologies. The work on
biological surveillance is being led
by Jane Thomas (NIAB), who has
successfully set up a network of sentinel
plots with other EMPHASIS partners.
The technology is established and
being used (TRL 9) in EMPHASIS to trap
airborne cereal diseases ahead of them
becoming established in crops more
widely.
The
next-generation
sequencing
approach is starting to look extremely
promising, with the adoption of
the MinIon (Oxford Nanopore Ltd.)
sequencing system. One of the significant
challenges to using DNA meta-barcoding
for species identification is that most
next-generation sequencing platforms
produce only very short sequences, yet
the DNA barcodes developed for the
identification of pests and pathogens in
projects such as Q-BOL are much longer.
This ultimately means that compromises
are being made, in our ability either to
amplify the conserved gene or to match
the sequence to a known species in
the database. The MinIon sequencer,
however, produces DNA sequences
that are far longer, enabling full DNA
barcoding genes to be amplified and
sequenced. Our initial data show that
this approach has significant potential,
and we have already reached TRL 4
in a short space of time. Further work
is planned to explore the use of this
technology for insect pests (Fera) as well
as fungal pathogens, working with Sara
Franco-Ortega and Davide Spadaro from
Prof. Lodovica Gullino’s group (UNITO).
Page 5
ISSUE 03 February 2017
PROJECT TRAININGS AND MEETINGS
1.
EMPHASIS third consortium
meeting and first review
meeting
Szentendre, Hungary
October 11–14, 2016
The consortium meeting brought
together project experts to discuss the
progress made and results achieved in
the first 18 months of the project.
Day one of the event saw the first of the
project’s socio-technological learning
labs (SLLs), in the form of a study visit to
the Centre for Agricultural Research in
Martonvasar, where discussions focused
on plant health issues experienced
by local farmers and agricultural
researchers.
On day two, the project’s work packages
had a chance to review their activities
since the last project meeting and
begin planning follow-up actions for the
forthcoming period.
October 13 and 14 were then dedicated
to a detailed overview of each work
package, including the implementation
2.
EMPHASIS LAMP
training course
York, UK
November 10 –11, 2016
One of the aims in this project is to
generate real-world impact from the
science we are doing, and in WP2 we
aspire to bring to the market a range
of testing kits for plant pathogens and
pests. If the kits are to be used, it is
important to ensure that diagnostics
labs, inspectors and agronomists are
familiar with the technology and able
to use it when it is available. We have
implemented a variety of activities to
this end. The first was a webinar hosted
by Ed Haynes (Fera), who explained the
background of LAMP technology, how it
works, and its application in plant health
diagnostics. We are also planning to host
training courses in different countries,
each focusing on a different stakeholder
group. The courses cover everything
from background theory, practical handson testing, the validation of assays, and
technology troubleshooting. The first
of the courses took place at Fera in
November 2016, involving 13 people
of actions (with an assessment of
deliverables and reports); compliance
with obligations under the agreement;
and the continued scientific and
technological relevance of project
activities, as part of the review meeting
attended by the European Commission
project officer and by external reviewers.
The overall goal of the EMPHASIS project
is reflected well in the assessment
carried out by the external reviewers
in relation to integrated response
measures (practical solutions) for the
prediction and prevention of native and
alien pest threats, and for the protection
of European agricultural and forestry
sectors and natural ecosystems.
Further information is available on the
project website: emphasisproject.eu
from six countries. We focused on
national plant protection organisations,
and participants were predominantly
from diagnostic laboratories, although
some plant health inspectors also took
part. Feedback from the course was
incredibly positive, and most participants
reported that they would use the system
in their laboratory if the appropriate
kits were available to facilitate this. This
is very positive, given the goal of the
EMPHASIS project to bring validated kits
to the market.
Page 6
ISSUE 03 February 2017
PROJECT TRAININGS AND MEETINGS
3.
First international
scientific workshop for
Baltic, Scandinavian and
other EU countries: Hogweed
(Heracleum spp.) containment
with integrated pest
management methods
Riga, Latvia
November 29, 2016
4.
Webinar on infield
diagnostics: “The genie and
the lamp”
Cambridge, UK
November 30, 2016
The aim of this EMPHASIS scientific
workshop was to share practical solutions
and transfer knowledge developed by
Integrētās Audzēšanas Skola (Latvia)
to stakeholders and project partners in
Baltic countries, Scandinavia and other
EU countries on controlling the invasive
alien species hogweed (Heracleum spp.)
in non-agricultural areas using new,
effective IPM methods.
The results of two EMPHASIS project
cropping seasons, developed in WP3,
were presented, along with practical
solutions
and
on-farm
2015/2016
experiments (WP4) demonstrating the
economic and environmental value of
integrated (biological, chemical and
mechanical) pest management methods
to control alien and native pests. The
workshop included a presentation on
EU possibilities for reaching important
results related to new, practical solutions
with the multidisciplinary interaction of
stakeholders.
The
workshop’s
76
participants,
representing nine countries (five of
them not EMPHASIS partners), included
scientists, landowners and foresters, as
well as representatives of municipalities,
service providers, industries and state
authorities. The active discussions among
stakeholders during the workshop and
accompanying poster session illustrated
the high level of interest in practical
solutions and the value of cooperation.
Latvāņu ierobežošana, izmantojot
integrētās augu aizsardzības metodes
2015. gada augusts
Izmēģinājums iekārtots pēc
emphasisproject.eu
2016. gada jūlijs
ierosinājuma 12.04.2016
Integrētās Audzēšanas Skola
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634179
The event provided an introduction
to LAMP technology and its use in
the early detection of plant disease.
Loop-mediated amplification is a DNA
amplification technology that enables
rapid and sensitive detection and, when
run on the Genie III platform, enables the
detection of pests and diseases outside
of the laboratory at any point in the agrifood chain where decisions are being
made.
Page 7
ISSUE 03 February 2017
WP NEWSFEED
WORK PACKAGE 1
WORK PACKAGE 2
The EMPHASIS project is developing
diverse technologies for the detection and
control of pests. An analytical framework
tool has been designed to coordinate
information on the attributes of these new
measures. EMPHASIS partners Imperial
College and Fera have begun elicitations
with developers to record the function,
performance and state of readiness of
each of the 60+ novel technologies in the
project. The elicitation uses performance
indicator scores in four different
categories: Cost and Management
Efficiency; Coherence and Relevance;
Efficacy for Control or Detection;
Environment and Sustainability. Each
score is given an uncertainty rating to
reflect the extent of knowledge or natural
variability that could affect the score. The
uncertainty rating is used to convert the
score into a visualised distribution, so the
elicitee can decide if this matches their
perceptions of a measure’s performance
for each indicator. The assessments create
an accessible database of control and
detection measures that will be updated
as development brings them closer to
market. Field validation data will be
compared with design expectations, and
relevant use indicators will be identified
for each technology.
The first technology that WP2 has been
working on is Loop-mediated amplification
(LAMP), a fast and robust DNA amplification
technique that is well suited to diagnostics.
It can be seen as a faster and simpler version
of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
approach.
In terms of surveillance, WP2 is exploring
traditional biological approaches, as well as
Fig 1. Example output of scored distributions
for a notional measure for 10 indicators in
the Efficiency category.
some post-genomic technologies. The work
on biological surveillance is being led by
Jane Thomas (NIAB), who has successfully
set up a network of sentinel plots with
other EMPHASIS partners. The technology
is established and being used in EMPHASIS
(TRL 9) to trap airborne cereal diseases
ahead of them becoming established in
crops more widely.
Page 8
ISSUE 03 February 2017
WP NEWSFEED
WORK PACKAGE 3
Ash dieback, caused by the invasive
fungus
Hymenoscyphus
fraxineus
(anamorph Chalara fraxinea), is causing
serious problems in terms of the use of
European ash trees in forestry, as well as
in the urban environment. Ash dieback
is widely spread throughout Europe, and
there are no effective control methods
and measures available.
Infection trials were carried out to test
the resistance of selected species and
varieties of eight European and nonEuropean (American and Asian) ash trees.
For the inoculation trials, eight different
strains of H. fraxineus were applied. A
significant difference was observed in the
susceptibility of individual species of ash
in the infection trials. The susceptibility of
Asian and American species to infection
was also proved by the infection trials.
The new IPM technology for hogweed
eradication involves enriching the
biodiversity of native plants in the infested
area
(biological method) in combination
ash in the infection trials. The susceptibility of Asian and American by the ithe
nfection trials. with
use
of selective herbicides once
early
in the season (active ingredients
Hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) are invasive plants listed in the EPPO A
in EU and other are mainly mechanical cutting registered
incountries the EU,
but never
used
to and th
success. The objective is to develop new and effective IPM method
control
hogweeds).
After
one
treatment
three years. in
early spring, the local flora is able to
The new IPM technology for hogweed eradication involves enrichin
take
over the hogweed area after three
the infested area (biological method) in combination with the use months,
as shown in the table, with very
the season (active ingredients registered in the EU, but never use
high
efficacy compared to mechanical
treatment in early spring, the local flora is able to take over the ho
shown in the table, with very high efficacy compared to mechanical control.
FIGU
80 to
H. s
mont
in L
mech
perce
Hogweeds (Heracleum spp.) are invasive
plants listed in the EPPO A1/A2 lists.
Current control methods in EU and other
countries are mainly mechanical cutting
and the use of glyphosates with minimal
success. The objective is to develop new
and effective IPM methods to control
hogweeds within two to three years.
Fig
2. A high efficacy rate of 80 to 98 percent
for
the containment of H. sosnowskyi was
observed three months after treatment in
four
locations in Latvia. In Amatas Novads,
the
mechanical method achieved only
5 percent efficacy.
Two weeks after
Thr
app
July
application: May 5, 2015,
Dekšāres
Fig 3. Two weeks after application:
May 5, 2015, Dekšāres
Fig 4. Three months after application:
July 27, 2015, Dekšāres
Page 9
ISSUE 03 February 2017
WP NEWSFEED
WORK PACKAGE 4
WORK PACKAGE 5
Several field trials were set up by WP4 to
fine tune practical solutions at farm level.
Agrobio, for example, continued a semi-field
greenhouse experiment in Spain with the
predatory bug Dicyphus tamaninii to control
white flies (Bemisia tabaci). White flies are
difficult to control because of resistance to
many insecticides, and the flies are vectors
for plant viruses. The predatory bugs that
are currently used can damage the plants
and fruit, and they also have problems
establishing themselves in the crop. The
predatory bug Dicyphus might be a good
alternative. In the experiment, Dicyphus is
compared with the currently used predator.
Up to now, both predators are very efficient
in controlling the white flies. The next stage
will be to see if the predators can handle
increased pest pressure.
Current WP5 activities for the dissemination
of project achievements and training
opportunities are contributing to policymaking processes.
new research opportunities. In particular,
the exchange programme between
partners provides a good basis for the
replication of pilot activities at national and
international level.
The work package uses multiple
communication
channels,
including
social media, to disseminate the project’s
research findings and to stimulate current
and new networks. A good example of WP
activities is the dissemination of a survey
among farmers to stimulate discussion
on current needs in terms of sustainable
integrated pest management.
Last month, the mating disruption product
of Semios was approved to control codling
moths in fruits and nuts in the Netherlands,
which means that growers can now start
using the method. This represents a big
step forward in terms of implementing
practical solutions. Within the EMPHASIS
project, some growers have already started
experiments with the technique together
with Wageningen University and Research
(WUR).
Other tasks of WP5 include the regular
management and updating of the database,
the dissemination and publications table,
stakeholder mapping, and the training
plan. Key outcomes foreseen for this period
are the third project newsletter and the
HabiThreats software outline in February
2017.
Training activities are an important forum
for communication and the identification of
WORK PACKAGE 6
The first project report was submitted by
WP6 to the European Commission Research
Executive Agency (covering March 2015
to August 2016), and the first review
meeting with external experts was held
in Szentendre, Hungary, in October 2016.
The project is proceeding as planned,
although three amendments to the grant
agreement have been necessary to date, to
cover administrative, financial and ethical
issues. A web-based collaborative platform,
hosted in the reserved area of the project
website, is used to exchange information and
documents within the consortium.
Links with other relevant projects and
initiatives have been created — in particular
with the EUCLID project, involving several
partners. The European Commission also
promoted a clustering session on June 29,
2016, with the coordinators of projects funded
in the context of the 2015 call for proposals for
SC2 (SOILCARE, GoodBerry, nEUROSTRESSPEP,
PONTE, and Landmark). Regular monitoring
of WP progress is carried out. The focus of
WP6 is now to ensure the expected results
during the second project period and their
exploitation, while maintaining the protection
of intellectual property rights.
Page 10
ISSUE 03 February 2017
We hope you have found this newsletter interesting and informative. We welcome your views on any of the
issues covered: please email [email protected]
You are invited to distribute the newsletter to any other interested parties.
Disclaimer
The information expressed in this newsletter reflects the views of the contributors. The European
Commission is not liable for any of the information contained therein. The EMPHASIS consortium cannot
accept any liability for the accuracy of the content.
Unsubscribe information
If you do not wish to receive the EMPHASIS newsletter, please unsubscribe by sending an email to
[email protected], with “Unsubscribe newsletter” in the subject line.
Integrētās Audzēšanas Skola
semios
PROJECT COORDINATOR
AGROINNOVA, Centre of Competence for Innovation
in the Agro-environmental Field,
University of Turin, Italy
Largo Paolo Braccini, 2
(former Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44)
10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
Phone: +39 011 6708539
Fax: +39 011 6709307
E-mail: [email protected]
Page 11