PART Three
Standards
p.111
• Noam Chomsky
(Wikipedia) 米国M.I.T. (マサチューセッツ工科大学)の言語学者。
• deep structures
深層構造；Chosmkyが提唱した理論上の概念；表層構造(surface structures)と対で用いられる
ことが多い。
p.112
• splitting infinitives, using double negatives, and ending sentences with prepositions
分離不定詞：I want you to quickly leave the building.
二重否定： That ain t nothing compared to what you ve got.
文末前置詞：She is the girl John was talking to.
• with impunity
• fall victim to ~
• subject-verb disagreement; pronoun-antecedent disagreement
主語・動詞の一致；代名詞・先行詞の不一致
• misplaced modifiers
• sidestep the traps
=============
23 Learn to lie or lay, as well as the principles behind the distinction.
p.113
• George Orwell (Wikipedia)
• hickory-stick
1 A hickory stick is what the old man used to beat his talking goat with in
the adam sandler song.
The old man beat the **** out of me with his hickory stick.
2 A device used to beat people senseless with.
I whipped the German school children in place with my hickory stick.
(Urban Dictionary)
hickory
1 C 植 ヒッコリー 北米産のクルミの木; 実は食用 .
2 Uヒッコリー材 かたく, 家具道具の柄などに用いる ; Cヒッコリー製の
（つえ）.
• the seat of his anti-imperial pants
Cf. by the seat of one's pants informal by instinct rather than logic or knowledge.
• gig
a live performance by or engagement for a musician or group playing popular or jazz
music.
• a job, esp. one that is temporary or that has an uncertain future: he secured his first gig as
an NFL coach.
• papier mâché
|ˌpāp#r m#ˈSHā, päˈp(y)ā|
noun
a malleable mixture of paper and glue, or paper, flour, and water, that becomes hard
when dry: George was constructing a crocodile out of papier-mâché.
ORIGIN French, literally ‘chewed paper.’
パピエマシエ(の), 混凝（こんくり）紙(の)
紙粘土の一種で張り子の材料
• twang
a strong ringing sound such as that made by the plucked string of a musical instrument
or a released bowstring.
• a nasal or other distinctive manner of pronunciation or intonation characteristic of the
speech of an individual, area, or country: an American twang.
• the Ventures
(allmusic.com)
Not the first but definitely the most popular rock instrumental combo, the
Ventures scored several hit singles during the 1960s -- most notably "WalkDon't Run" and "Hawaii Five-O" -- but made their name in the growing album
market, covering hits of the day and organizing thematically linked LPs. Almost
40 Ventures' albums charted, and 17 hit the Top 40. And though the group's
popularity in America virtually disappeared by the 1970s, their enormous
contribution to pop culture was far from over; the Ventures soon became one
of the most popular world-wide groups, with dozens of albums recorded
especially for the Japanese and European markets. They toured continually
throughout the 1970s and '80s -- influencing Japanese pop music of the time
more than they had American music during the '60s. ...
• lay
Verb 5 [ with obj. ] vulgar slang have sexual intercourse with.
Noun 2 vulgar slang an act of sexual intercourse.
• [ with adj. ] a person with a particular ability or availability as a sexual partner.
p.114
• principal parts
plural noun Grammar
the forms of a verb from which all other inflected forms can be deduced, for example,
swim, swam, swum .
p.115
• transitive and intransitive verbs
p.116
• phrasal verb
PHRASAL VERBS
lay about (someone) beat or attack (someone) violently: they weren't against laying about
you with sticks and stones. • strike out wildly on all sides: the mare laid about her with her front legs
and teeth.
lay something aside put something to one side: he laid aside his book | figurative : the
situation gave them a good reason to lay aside their differences. • reserve money for the future or
for a particular cause: he begged them to lay something aside toward the cause.
lay something down 1 put something down: she finished her eclair and laid down her fork. 2
formulate and enforce or insist on a rule or principle: stringent criteria have been laid down. 3
begin to construct a ship or railroad. • (usu. be laid down) build up a deposit of a
substance: these cells lay down new bone tissue. 4 store wine in a cellar. 5 pay or wager money.
6 informal record a piece of music: he was invited to the studio to lay down some backing vocals.
lay something in/up build up a stock of something in case of need.
lay into informal attack violently with words or blows: three youths laid into him.
lay off informal give up or stop doing something: I laid off smoking for seven years.
lay someone off discharge a worker, esp. temporarily because of a shortage of work.
lay something on informal require (someone) to endure or deal with a responsibility or
difficulty: this is an absurdly heavy guilt trip to lay on anyone.
lay someone out 1 prepare someone for burial after death. 2 informal knock someone
unconscious: he was lucky that the punch didn't lay him out.
lay something out 1 spread something out to its full extent, esp. so that it can be seen:
the police were insisting that suitcases should be opened and their contents laid out. 2 construct or
arrange buildings or gardens according to a plan: they proceeded to lay out a new town.
• arrange and present material for printing and publication: the brochure is beautifully laid
out. • explain something clearly and carefully: we need a paper laying out our priorities. 3
informal spend a sum of money: look at the money I had to lay out for your uniform.
lay up Golf hit the ball deliberately to a lesser distance than possible, typically in order
to avoid a hazard.
lay someone up put someone out of action through illness or injury: he was laid up with
his familiar fever.
lay something up 1 see lay something in/up above. 2 take a ship or other vehicle
out of service: our boats were laid up during the winter months. 3 assemble layers in the
arrangement required for the manufacture of plywood or other laminated material.
• lay it on thick (Also lay it on with a trowel.)
lay something on thick (or with a trowel ) informal grossly exaggerate or
overemphasize something; also, flatter effusively.
=============
24 Avoid the "trap" of subject-verb disagreement.
p.117
• Caligula
Caligula (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus;[1] 31 August 12 AD
– 22 January 41 AD), also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 AD to
41 AD. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as
the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and
adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of
Rome's most beloved public figures. The young Gaius earned the nickname
Caligula (meaning "little soldier's boot", the diminutive form of caliga, n. hob-
nailed military boot) from his father's soldiers while accompanying him during his
campaigns in Germania. . . . (Wikipedia)
• Lloyd Douglas
Lloyd Cassel Douglas (August 27, 1877 – February 13, 1951) born Doya C.
Douglas, was an American minister and author. He was born in Columbia City,
Indiana, spent part of his boyhood in Monroeville, Indiana, Wilmot, Indiana
andFlorence, Kentucky, where his father, Alexander Jackson Douglas, was
pastor of the Hopeful Lutheran Church. According to the 1910 Census Douglas
was listed as a Lutheran Clergyman. He was married to Bessie I. Porch. They
had two children: Bessie J. Douglas, 4 at the time and Virginia V Douglas, 2 at
the time. They employed a cook, Ms. Josephine Somach. He died in Los
Angeles, California.
Douglas was one of the most popular American authors of his time, although he
did not write his first novel until he was 50. . . . (Wikipedia)
p.118
• knickknacks
knickknack |ˈnikˌnak|
noun (usu. knickknacks)
a small worthless object, esp. a household ornament.
DERIVATIVES
knickknackery |-ˌnak#rē|noun
ORIGIN late 16th cent. (in the sense ‘a petty trick’): reduplication of knack.
• fall into the trap
• (The Sound of Musics lyrics)(stlyrics.com)
The Sound of Music by Maria
The hills are alive with the sound of music
With songs they have sung for a thousand years
The hills fill my heart with the sound of music
My heart wants to sing every song it hears
My heart wants to beat like the wings of the birds
that rise from the lake to the trees
My heart wants to sigh like a chime that flies
from a church on a breeze
To laugh like a brook when it trips and falls over
stones on its way
To sing through the night like a lark who is learning to pray
I go to the hills when my heart is lonely
I know I will hear what I've heard before
My heart will be blessed with the sound of music
And I'll sing once more
• slate
• a range of something offered: the company has revealed details of a $60 million slate of film
productions.
p.119
• Ben Yagoda
(See p.33.)
• carry a torch
carry a torch for suffer from unrequited love for.
• posse
|ˈpäsē| noun historical
a body of men, typically armed, summoned by a sheriff to enforce the law.
• (also posse comitatus |ˌkämiˈtät#s, -tāt#s|) historical the body of men in a county
whom the sheriff could summon to enforce the law.
[ comitatus from medieval Latin, ‘of the county.’]
• informal a group of people who have a common characteristic, occupation, or
purpose: he pompously led around a posse of medical students.
• informal a group of people who socialize together, esp. to go to clubs or raves.
ORIGIN mid 17th cent.: from medieval Latin, literally ‘power,’ from Latin posse ‘be
able.’
• artisan
noun
a worker in a skilled trade, esp. one that involves making things by hand.
DERIVATIVES
artisanal |-z#nl|adjective
• soporific
adjective
tending to induce drowsiness or sleep: the motion of the train had a somewhat soporific effect.
• sleepy or drowsy: some medicine made her soporific.
• tediously boring or monotonous: a libel trial is in large parts intensely soporific.
noun
a drug or other agent of this kind.
DERIVATIVES
soporifically |-ik(#)lē|adverb
ORIGIN mid 17th cent.: from Latin sopor ‘sleep’ + -ific.
p.120
• Yeesh.
1. Expressing exasperation, patience subject to persistent and unreasonable challenge.
You ask..yeesh do we have to teach you EVERYTHING??
2. Expressing relief; phew, whew.
"I guess that explains why they don't fly very well." Gina shuddered. "And I
almost made it crash! Yeesh!" "Yeesh is right," agreed Jay.
3. Expressing disgust; yuck, yech.
She did, however, spot Gordon Burns over by the bar. Yeesh. He gave her the
creeps.
Etymology
Perhaps yuck or yech, etc. influenced by sheesh.
(Wiktionary)
• agita
(uncountable)
(US) dyspepsia; mental aggravation; annoyance
(Wiktionary)
• Magic 8 Ball
The Magic 8 Ball is a toy used for fortune-telling or seeking advice,
manufactured by Mattel.
Design[edit source | editbeta]
The Magic 8 Ball is a hollow plastic sphere resembling an oversized, black and
white 8-ball. Inside is a cylindrical reservoir containing a white, plastic,
icosahedral die floating in alcohol with dissolved dark blue dye. Each of the 20
faces of the die has an affirmative, negative, or non-committal statement printed
on it in raised letters. There is a transparent window on the bottom of the Magic
8 Ball through which these messages can be read.
To use the ball, it must be held with the window initially facing down. After
"asking the ball" a yes-no question, the user then turns the ball so that the
window faces him, setting in motion the liquid and die inside. When the die
floats to the top and one of its faces is pressed against the window, the raised
letters displace the blue liquid to reveal the message as white letters on a blue
background. Although many users shake the ball before turning it upright, the
instructions warn against doing so because it can lead to bubbles.
Possible answers[edit source | editbeta]
The 20 answers inside a Magic 8 Ball are:
● It is certain
● It is decidedly so
● Without a doubt
● Yes definitely
● You may rely on it
● As I see it yes
● Most likely
● Outlook good
● Yes
● Signs point to yes
● Reply hazy try again
● Ask again later
● Better not tell you now
● Cannot predict now
● Concentrate and ask again
● Don't count on it
● My reply is no
● My sources say no
● Outlook not so good
● Very doubtful
10 of the possible answers are Yes (●), 5 are No (●), and 5 are Ask Again Later
(●). Using the Coupon collector's problem in probability theory, it can be shown
that it takes, on average, 72 outcomes of the Magic 8 Ball for all 20 of its
answers to appear at least once. . . . (Wikipedia)
• “Reply hazy, try again.”
(One of the possible answers given by the Magic 8 Ball. See above. /TS)
=============
25 Render gender equality with a smooth style.
p.121
• charwoman
|ˈCHärˌwo͝ om#n|
noun ( pl. charwomen ) Brit. dated
a woman employed to clean houses or offices.
ORIGIN late 16th cent.: from obsolete char or chare ‘a turn of work, an odd job,
chore’ (obscurely related to chore) + woman.
• promo
noun ( pl. promos )
a piece of publicity or advertising, esp. in the form of a short film or video: taping a twominute promo | [ as modifier ] : a promo video.
ORIGIN 1960s: abbreviation of promotion.
p.122
• unfortunate
noun (often unfortunates)
a person who suffers bad fortune.
• archaic a person who is considered immoral or lacking in religious faith or instruction,
esp. a prostitute.
p.123
• seedbed
noun a bed of fine soil in which seedlings are germinated.
germination of a bean
Cf. germinate [ with obj. ] cause (a seed or spore) to sprout in such a way.
• make the grade
informal succeed; reach the desired standard.
• universal masculine
Cf. When the Boy was in grammar school, one Christmas there was a lovely
bulletin board in the main hallway that read “Peace on earth, goodwill to
men.” Now, I don’t advocate changing public language, although there are
some who do. The universal masculine is just easier, as I’ve said. And it
certainly doesn’t threaten me. But when given the option—in a school where
little girls are just as plentiful as little boys—don’t you think it would make
sense to say “Peace on earth, goodwill to all people”? Or some version of that?
(I certainly did. The school principal heard me out, but did not engage with
me. She’s retired now, thank goodness. And that’s all I’m going to say about
that.)
But when writing in generalities, the masculine works fine. Look at this:
Everyone should bring his or her book report to the next class, or he or she
will be penalized ten grade points. A manuscript full of sentences like this is
just inelegant and ungraceful. (Don’t get me started on solutions like he/she
or the execrable s/he.) . . . (On the universal masculine)
p.124
• trump
beat (someone or something) by saying or doing something better: taste trumps most if not
all other factors when consumers choose food products.
p.125
• The Lord’s Prayer
The prayer taught by Jesus to his disciples, beginning “Our Father.”
• transgender
adjective
identified with a gender other than the biological one: a transgender activist and author.
• Scott Turner Schofield
Cf. Website
• S. Bear Bergman
Cf. Website
• 2002 Camry
Cf. Toyota Camry
• polyamorous
Cf. polyamory |ˌpälēˈam#rē|
noun
the philosophy or state of being in love or romantically involved with more than one
person at the same time.
DERIVATIVES
polyamorous adjective,
polyamorist noun
ORIGIN from poly- ‘many’ + Latin amor ‘love’ + -y, on the pattern of polygamy and
polyandry
p.126
• slouch
verb
1 [ no obj. ] stand, move, or sit in a lazy, drooping way: he slouched against the wall | (be
slouched) : he was slouched in his chair.
2 [ with obj. ] dated bend one side of the brim of (a hat) downward.
noun [ in sing. ]
1 a lazy, drooping posture or movement: his stance was a round-shouldered slouch.
2 [ usu. with negative ] informal an incompetent person: my brother was no slouch at making
a buck.
3 a downward bend of a hat brim.
DERIVATIVES
slouchy adjective
ORIGIN early 16th cent. (in the sense ‘lazy, slovenly person’): of unknown origin.
Slouching was used to mean ‘hanging down, drooping’ (specifically describing a hat
with a brim hanging over the face), and ‘having an awkward posture’ from the 17th
cent.
• cutoff jeans
cf. cutoff
adjective
1 of or constituting a limit: the cutoff date to register is July 2.
2 (of a device) producing an interruption or cessation of a power or fuel supply: a cutoff
valve.
3 (of an item of clothing) having been cut short: a cutoff T-shirt.
4 (of a person) isolated from or no longer having access to someone or something: aid to
the cutoff troops in the north.
noun
3 (cutoffs) shorts made by cutting off the legs of a pair of jeans or other trousers above
or at the knee and leaving the edges unhemmed.
p.127
• gooey
adjective ( gooier , gooiest ) informal
soft and sticky.
• mawkishly sentimental: you can love somebody without going all gooey.
DERIVATIVES
gooeyness noun
=============
26 Place modifiers where they belong.
p.129
• shin guard
noun
a pad worn to protect the shins when playing soccer, hockey, and other sports.
• cleats
noun
a T-shaped piece of metal or wood, esp. on a boat or ship, to which ropes are attached.
cleat
• one of a number of projecting pieces of metal, rubber, or other material on the sole of
a shoe, designed to prevent the wearer from losing their footing.
• ( cleats )athletic shoes with a cleated sole, typically used when playing football.
• a projection on a spar or other part of a ship, to prevent slipping.
• a small wedge, esp. one on a plow or scythe.
DERIVATIVES
cleated adjective
ORIGIN Middle English (in the sense ‘wedge’); related to Dutch kloot ‘ball, sphere’
and German Kloss ‘clod, dumpling,’ also to clot and clout.
• the misplaced modifier–aka the dangler
• ethical compass
Cf. 1 C(航海用の)羅針盤[儀], コンパス, (ハイキングなどに使う)(方位)磁石; 比喩的に 指針
▸ use a compass to navigate
羅針盤を利用して航海する
▸ one's moral compass
道徳的指針
=============
27 Help the reader learn what is “essential” and “nonessential.”
p.131
• amelioration
Typology by Ullmann (1957, 1962) (Cf. Wikipedia)
Ullmann distinguishes between nature and consequences of semantic change:
• Nature of semantic change
Metaphor: change based on a similarity of senses
Metonymy: change based on a contiguity of senses
Folk-etymology: change based on a similarity of names
Ellipsis: change based on a contiguity of names
• Consequences of semantic change
Widening of meaning: rise of quantity
Narrowing of meaning: loss of quantity
Amelioration of meaning: rise of quality
Pejoration of meaning: loss of quality
p.132
• the Emerald Isle
a name for Ireland (due to its green countryside).
• was taken by
• (be taken by/with) be attracted or charmed by: Billie was very taken with him.
• next to ~
1 in or into a position immediately to one side of; beside: we sat next to each other. 2
following in order or importance: next to buying a whole new wardrobe, nothing lifts the spirits
quite like a new hairdo! 3 almost: Charles knew next to nothing about farming. 4 in
comparison with: next to her I felt like a fraud.
• minicroissants
Cf. croissant
noun
a French crescent-shaped roll made of sweet flaky pastry, often eaten for breakfast.
ORIGIN late 19th cent.: French (see crescent). The term had occasionally been
recorded earlier as a variant of crescent .
p.133
• magazine fact-checkers
A fact checker is the person who checks factual assertions in non-fictional text,
usually intended for publication in a periodical, to determine their veracity and
correctness. The job requires general knowledge and the ability to conduct
quick and accurate research. . . . (Wikipedia)
• John McPhee
John Angus McPhee (born March 8, 1931) is an American writer, widely
considered one of the pioneers of creative nonfiction. He is a four-time finalist
for the Pulitzer Prize in the category General Nonfiction and he won that award
on the fourth occasion in 1999 for Annals of the Former World[1] (a collection of
five books including two of his previous Pulitzer finalists). In 2008 he received
the George Polk Career Award for his "indelible mark on American journalism
during his nearly half-century career." . . . (Wikipedia)
• the kegs of Bud
(Wikipedia)
Brand
8 Gallon
Keg Price
16 Gallon
Keg Price
Bud Light
$67.99
$99.99
Budweiser
$67.99
$99.99
Coors Light
$67.99
$99.99
(partytimeliquor.com)
• Asbury Park
Asbury Park is a city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, located
on the Jersey Shore and part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. As of the
2010 United States Census, the city's population was 16,116,[8][9][10] reflecting
a decline of 814 (−4.8%) from the 16,930 counted in the 2000 Census, which
had in turn increased by 131 (+0.8%) from the 16,799 counted in the 1990
Census.[18] . . . (Wikipedia)
=============
28 Avoid case mistakes and “hypergrammar.”
p.135
• emphysema
noun Medicine U 医 (肺)気腫（きしゆ）.
1 (also pulmonary emphysema )a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are
damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.
2 a condition in which air is abnormally present within the body tissues.
DERIVATIVES
emphysematous |ˌemf#ˈsem#t#s, -ˈsēm#-, -ˈzem#-, -ˈzēm#-|adjective,
emphysemic adjective
ORIGIN mid 17th cent. ( sense 2): via late Latin from Greek emphusēma, from
emphusan ‘puff up.’
• paper cut
A paper cut occurs when a piece of paper or other thin, sharp material slices a person's skin.
Paper cuts, though named from paper, can also be caused by other thin, stiff materials. . . .
(Wikipedia)
• Johnny Carson
John William "Johnny" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was
an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of The
Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy
Awards, the Governor's Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted
into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Johnny Carson was awarded
the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center
Honor in 1993. . . . (Wikipedia)
• Troy Percival
Troy Eugene Percival (born August 9, 1969) is a retired Major League Baseball
pitcher. He gained fame as a closer. During a 14-year baseball career, he
pitched from 1995–2009 for four different teams, pitching primarily with the
California/Anaheim Angels. He was also an integral part of that franchise's 2002
World Series championship team. . . . (Wikipedia)
• set one’s sights on ~
have as an ambition; hope strongly to achieve or reach: Katherine set her sights on college.
p.136
• yesteryear
noun literary
last year or the recent past, esp. as nostalgically recalled: return with us now to those thrilling
days of yesteryear.
• hyper|ˈhaɪp#r|
prefix
1 over; beyond; above: hypernym.
• exceeding: hypersonic.
• excessively; above normal: hyperthyroidism.
2 relating to hypertext: hyperlink.
ORIGIN from Greek huper ‘over, beyond.’
• Patricia T. O’Conner
Patricia T. O’Conner (born February 19, 1949) is the author of five books about
the English language.[1] A former editor at the New York Times Book Review,
she appears monthly on WNYC as the language maven for the Leonard Lopate
Show.[2] She has written extensively for the New York Times, including On
Language columns, book reviews, and articles for the Op-Ed page and the
Week in Review section.
She and Stewart Kellerman (her husband and co-author on several books and
articles) answer questions about the English language on The Grammarphobia
Blog.[3] She graduated from Grinnell College in 1971 with a BA in philosophy,
and received an honorary degree from Grinnell in 2006.[4] . . . (Wikipedia)
• Ophelia
Ophelia is a fictional character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. She
is a young noblewoman of Denmark, the daughter of Polonius, sister of Laertes,
and potential wife of Prince Hamlet. As one of the few female characters in the
play, she is used as a contrasting plot device to Hamlet's mother, Gertrude.
(Wikipedia) (Images_Wikipedia)
• Woe is me.
woe is me! an ironical or humorous exclamation of sorrow or distress.
Cf.
O, woe is me
To have seen what I have seen, see what I see!
Ophelia, scene i
• pedant
noun
a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or with displaying
academic learning.
ORIGIN late 16th cent.: from French pédant, from Italian pedante, perhaps from the
first element of Latin paedagogus (see pedagogue) .
• excoriate
verb [ with obj. ]
1 formal censure or criticize severely: the papers that had been excoriating him were now lauding
him.
2 chiefly Medicine damage or remove part of the surface of (the skin).
DERIVATIVES
excoriation |ikˌskôrēˈāSH#n|noun
ORIGIN late Middle English: from Latin excoriat- ‘skinned,’ from the verb
excoriare, from ex- ‘out, from’ + corium ‘skin, hide.’
p.137
• boo-boo
noun ( pl. boo-boos ) informal
a mistake: you could make a big boo-boo if you leap to any drastic conclusions.
• a minor injury, such as a scratch: there is no one to kiss the boo-boo!
ORIGIN 1950s (originally US): reduplication of boob1.
• Philip K. Howard (Website)
Philip K. Howard, the son of a minister, has a long record as a prominent civic
leader and public policy activist. He got his start working summers at the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory for Nobel Prize-winner Eugene Wigner and has been
active in public affairs his entire adult life. He is a prominent civic leader in New
York City and has advised national political leaders on legal and regulatory
reform for fifteen years, including Vice President Al Gore and various 2008
presidential hopefuls. In addition to Life Without Lawyers (W. W. Norton &
Company, 2009), Philip is the author of The Death of Common Sense (Random
House, 1995) and The Collapse of the Common Good (Ballantine Books, 2002).
He is Vice-Chairman of the law firm Covington & Burling, LLP.
=============
29 Be certain about the uncertain subjunctive and other “moody” subjects.
p.138
• subjunctive mood
• The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet
The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet is a 1969 sexploitation film
written by Jim Schumacher based very loosely on the play Romeo and
Juliet by William Shakespeare. Produced by Harry Novak and directed by
Bethel Buckalew (aka Peter Perry and A. P. Stootsberry). The film
intermingles a wide variety of comedic ploys with exaggerated sex
scenes, spoofing the style of the television show Laugh In and cutting up
with Henny Youngman style jokes and blackouts. Taglined as the "Winner
Best Erotic Film Cannes Erotic Film Festival".
• ... barely raise even a highbrow eyebrow
Cf. raise one's eyebrows (or an eyebrow )show surprise, disbelief, or mild
disapproval.
• star-crossed
adjective literary
(of a person or a plan) thwarted by bad luck.
• without the covers
(the covers) bedclothes: she burrowed down beneath the covers.
• get it on
Informal have sexual intercourse.
• sendup / send-up
noun informal
an act of imitating someone or something in order to ridicule them; a parody: a delicious
sendup of a speech given by a trendy academic.
(Also used as a verb: Satirize, make a parody of, as in This playwright has a genius for sending
up suburban life.)
• stargaze
verb
Cf. stargazer
noun
1 informal an astronomer or astrologer.
• a daydreamer.
• masked ball
noun
a ball at which participants wear masks to conceal their faces.
p.139
• indicative, subjunctive, imperative, interrogative
• Stephnie Simon
Stephanie Simon didn’t get paid for her first job in journalism. At age eight, she
started her very own newspaper entitled The Gossip Gazette. It was quite a hit
with her third grade class at Madison Avenue Elementary school in Ambler,
Pennsylvania.
Today Stephanie covers art and culture in all its many forms across the five
boroughs, including the visual arts, jazz, the New York Philharmonic, New York
history, and everything in between. . . . (NY1)
140
• R-rated
Of a motion picture, suitable only for adults.
• à la ~
à la |ˈä ˌlä, ˈä l#|
preposition
(of a dish) cooked or prepared in a specified style or manner: fish cooked à la meunière.
• informal in the style or manner of: afternoon talk shows à la Oprah.
ORIGIN French, from à la mode.
• à la mode
|ˌä lä ˈmōd|
adverb& adjective
1 in fashion; up to date.
2 served with ice cream.
3 (of beef) braised in wine, typically with vegetables.
ORIGIN late 16th cent.: French, literally ‘in the fashion.’
p.141
• crack
adjective [ attrib. ]
very good, esp. at a specified activity or in a specified role: he is a crack shot | crack troops.
• Rumpelstiltskin
1. A fairy tale collected by the brothers Grimm about a dwarf who saves
the miller’s daughter by spinning straw into gold in exchange for her firstborn child, and whose name is critical to the conclusion.
2. The fictional dwarf who is the protagonist and title character of that
story.
=============
30 Identify all sources of ambiguity and confusion.
p.143
• William Empson
Sir William Empson (Chinese:
, 27 September 1906 – 15 April 1984)
was an English literary critic and poet, widely influential for his practice of
closely reading literary works, fundamental to New Criticism. His best-known
work is his first, Seven Types of Ambiguity, published in 1930.
Jonathan Bate has said[1] that the three greatest English Literary critics of the
18th, 19th and 20th centuries are Johnson, Hazlitt and Empson, "not least
because they are the funniest." . . . (Wikipedia)
• flip side
noun informal
the less important side of a pop single record; the B-side.
• another aspect or version of something, esp. its reverse or its unwanted concomitant:
virtues are the flip side of vices.
• Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws
establishing separate public schools for black and white students
unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision
of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied
to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's
unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a
violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of
the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration
and was a major victory of the civil rights movement. . . . (Wikipedia)
• deliberate
adjective |diˈlib#rit|
done consciously and intentionally: a deliberate attempt to provoke conflict.
• fully considered; not impulsive: a deliberate decision.
• done or acting in a careful and unhurried way: a careful and deliberate worker.
verb |-ˌrāt| [ no obj. ]
engage in long and careful consideration: she deliberated over the menu.
• [ with obj. ] consider (a question) carefully: jurors deliberated the fate of those charged | [ with
clause ] : deliberating what she should do.
DERIVATIVES
deliberateness |-ritnis|noun,
deliberator |-ˌrāt#r|noun
ORIGIN late Middle English (as an adjective): from Latin deliberatus,‘considered
carefully,’ past participle of deliberare, from de- ‘down’ + librare ‘weigh’ (from
libra ‘scales’).
p.144
• It begins:
SONNET #73 by William Shakespeare
That time of year thou mayst in me behold
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
In me thou seest the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west;
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death's second self seals up all in rest.
In me thou seest the glowing of such a fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong
To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.
1609
Cf. (Shakespeare Online: Sonnets)
• In the closest of close readings,
• machination
Cf. machinate |ˈmak#ˌnāt, ˈmaSH#-|
verb [ no obj. ]
engage in plots and intrigues; scheme.
DERIVATIVES
machination |ˌmak#ˈnāSH#n, ˌmaSH#-|noun,
machinator |-ˌnāt#r|noun
ORIGIN early 16th cent. (used transitively in the sense ‘to plot (a malicious act)’):
from Latin machinat- ‘contrived,’ from the verb machinari, from machina (see
machine) .
p.145
• Columbia Journalism Review
Cf. (CJR website)
• Angolans
Angola |aNGˈgōl#, anˈgōl#|
a republic on the western coast of southern Africa; pop. 12,799,300 (est. 2009); capital,
Luanda; languages, Portuguese (official), Bantu languages.
Angola was a Portuguese possession from the end of the 16th century until it achieved
independence in 1975. Independence was followed by years of civil war, chiefly between
the ruling Marxist MPLA and the UNITA movement.
DERIVATIVES
Angolan adjective& noun
• sophomoric
|ˌsäf(#)ˈmôrik|
adjective
of, relating to, or characteristic of a sophomore: my sophomoric years.
• pretentious or juvenile: sophomoric double entendres.
• scatological
Cf. scatology |sk#ˈtäl#jē|
noun
an interest in or preoccupation with excrement and excretion.
• obscene literature that is concerned with excrement and excretion.
DERIVATIVES
scatological |ˈskatlˈäjik#l|adjective
ORIGIN late 19th cent.: from Greek skōr, skat- ‘dung’ + -logy. Compare with scat3.
• Beantown
Beantown, which refers to the regional dish of baked beans. This nickname is
almost exclusively used by non-Bostonians and is rarely used by natives.
According to Boston-Online.com, back in colonial days, a favorite Boston food
was beans baked in molasses for several hours. Boston was part of the
"triangular trade" in which slaves in the Caribbean grew sugar cane to be
shipped to Boston, in order to be made into rum and in turn sent to West Africa
for the acquisition of more slaves. Sailors and traders called it "Beantown" while
the locals did not refer to their city by that nickname. (Boston nicknames,
Wikipedia)
p.146
• the jingle jangle
Cf. jingle; jangle.
• alms dropped in a tin cup
cf. tin 形容詞
1 スズ[ブリキ]製の
▸ a tin cup [roof]
ブリキ（tinplate）のコップ[トタン屋根]
2 安っぽい, 粗悪な.
• frustrate
• prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something: an increasingly popular way to
frustrate car thieves.
• double entendre
|ˌdo͞ obl ˌänˈtändr#|
noun ( pl. double entendres pronunc. same )
a word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is usually risqué or indecent.
• humor using such words or phrases.
ORIGIN late 17th cent.: from obsolete French (now double entente), ‘double
understanding.’
=============
31 Show what is literal and what is figurative.
p.148
• appraise; apprise
usage: Appraise, meaning ‘evaluate,’ should not be confused with apprise, which
means ‘inform’: the painting was appraised at $3,000,000; they gasped when apprised of this
valuation.
• Jack McCallum
(Website)
• After a nearly 30-year career as a senior writer at Sports Illustrated, Jack
McCallum is now a Special Contributor to the magazine. In 2005 he was
presented with the Curt Gowdy Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball
Hall of Fame for excellence in journalism. He is the author of eight books and is
working on a 20-year retrospective of the 1992 Dream Team that won the gold
medal in Barcelona. McCallum, who holds a master's degree in English
literature from Lehigh University, also teaches journalism at the college level. He
is married with two sons.
• a figure of speech
figure of speech a word or phrase used in a nonliteral sense to add rhetorical force to
a spoken or written passage: calling her a crab is just a figure of speech.
• scold
noun
a woman who nags or grumbles constantly.
p.149
• Christopher Buckley
After a classical education at the Portsmouth Abbey School,[3] Buckley
graduated from Yale University in 1975.[4] He was a member of Skull and
Bones like his father, living at Jonathan Edwards College.[5]:173 He became
managing editor of Esquire Magazine.
In 1981, he moved to Washington, D.C., to work as chief speechwriter for Vice
President George H. W. Bush.[6] This experience led to his novel The White
House Mess, a satire on White House office politics and political memoirs. (The
title refers to the White House lunchroom, which is known as the "mess"
because the Navy operates it.) . . . Parents William F. Buckley Jr. and Patricia
Buckley (Wikipedia)
• heat
intensity of feeling, esp. of anger or excitement: words few men would dare use to another, even
in the heat of anger.
• turn against
turn against (or turn someone against ) become (or cause someone to become)
hostile toward: public opinion turned against him.
• Kathleen Parker
Kathleen Parker (born 1951)[1][2] is an American syndicated columnist. Her
columns are syndicated nationally by The Washington Post. Parker is a consulting
faculty member at the Buckley School of Public Speaking, and is a regular guest on
television shows like The Chris Matthews Show. Parker describes herself politically
as "mostly right of center"[3] and was the highest scoring conservative pundit in a
2012 retrospective study of pundit prediction accuracy conducted using 472
predictions made by 26 pundits during 2008. . . . (Wikipedia)
• to date
until now: their finest work to date.
• foam-at-the-mouth hate e-mails
Cf. foam at the mouth informal be very angry.
• hate e-mails
hate
hate
intense or passionate dislike: feelings of hate and revenge.
• [ as modifier ] denoting hostile actions motivated by intense dislike or prejudice: a hate
campaign.
• Dumpster
dumpster |ˈd#mpst#r|(also Dumpster trademark )
noun
a large trash receptacle designed to be hoisted and emptied into a truck.
ORIGIN 1930s: originally Dempster Dumpster, proprietary name (based on dump) given
by the American manufacturers, Dempster Brothers of Knoxville, Tennessee.
• Socratic dialogue
Socratic dialogue (Greek: Σωκρατικὸς λόγος) is a genre of prose literary works
developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BC, preserved today in the
dialogues of Plato and the Socratic works of Xenophon. Characters discuss moral
and philosophical problems, illustrating a version of the Socratic method. The
dialogues are either dramatic or narrative, and Socrates is often the main
character. . . . (Socratic dialogue)
• songbird
3 informal a female singer: the title track is the kind of tune any Nashville songbird could do.3
informal a female singer: the title track is the kind of tune any Nashville songbird could do.
• Alanis Morissette
Ironic_YouTube,
Ironic_lyrics (part)
"Ironic"
An old man turned ninety-eight
He won the lottery and died the next day
It's a black fly in your Chardonnay
It's a death row pardon two minutes too late
And isn't it ironic... don't you think
It's like rain on your wedding day
It's a free ride when you've already paid
It's the good advice that you just didn't take
Who would've thought... it figures
...
A traffic jam when you're already late
A no-smoking sign on your cigarette break
It's like ten thousand spoons when all you need is a knife
It's meeting the man of my dreams
And then meeting his beautiful wife
And isn't it ironic...don't you think
A little too ironic...and, yeah, I really do think…
...
• bawl
verb
1 [ reporting verb ] shout or call out noisily and unrestrainedly: [ with direct speech ] :
“Move!” bawled the drill sergeant | [ with obj. ] : lustily bawling out the hymns | [ no obj. ] :
Joe bawled with laughter.
2 [ no obj. ] weep or cry noisily: she began to bawl like a child | (as adj. bawling) : bawling
babies.
noun
a loud, unrestrained shout.
PHRASAL VERBS
bawl someone out reprimand someone angrily: tales of how she bawled out employees.
• bitch
noun
3 (a bitch) informal a difficult or unpleasant situation or thing: the stove is a bitch to fix.
4 informal a complaint: my big bitch is that there's nothing new here.
verb [ no obj. ] informal
express displeasure; grumble: they bitch about everything | (as noun bitching) : we're tired
of your bitching.
• black fly
noun ( pl. black flies )
1 a small black fly, the female of which sucks blood and can transmit a number of
serious human and animal diseases. Large swarms sometimes cause distress to livestock
and humans.
[Family Simuliidae: Simulium and other genera.]
2 a black or dark green aphid that is a common pest of crops and gardens.
ブユ（蚋）
ブユ（蚋）は、ハエ目（双翅目）カ亜目ブユ科（Simuliidae）に属する昆虫の総称。ヒトなど
の哺乳類から吸血する衛生害虫である。関東ではブヨ、関西ではブトとも呼ばれる。. . .
(Wikipedia (J))
• Chardonnay
Chardonnay (pronounced: [ʃaʁ.dɔ.nɛ]) is a green-skinned grape variety used to
make white wine. It originated in the Burgundy wine region of eastern France
but is now grown wherever wine is produced, from England to New Zealand. For
new and developing wine regions, growing Chardonnay is seen as a "rite of
passage" and an easy entry into the international wine market.[1] . . .
(Chardonnay)
(Images_Wikipedia)
• descriptor
noun
an element or term that has the function of describing, identifying, or indexing, in
particular:
• Linguistics a word or expression used to describe or identify something.
• Computing a piece of stored data that indicates how other data is stored.
p.150
• Chico’s
Chico’s_store
Apparel sizes at Chico’s
Dresses and Skirts
• on the other side of the coin
the other side of the coin the opposite or contrasting aspect of a matter.
• winelike
Cf.
-like
comb. form
(added to nouns) similar to; characteristic of: pealike | crustlike.
• half caf
The phrase “half caf” is short for “half caffeinated,” and is typically used in reference to
coffee made with a 50/50 mix of decaf and regular beans. Many people choose this sort
of drink because it reduces how much caffeine they ingest while still giving them
something of a boost. . . . (Wisegeek)
• tall, grande, venti
(Starbucks_menu)
• venti
noun [ usu. as modifier ] trademark
a serving of a drink of coffee measuring 20 fluid ounces.
ORIGIN Italian, literally ‘twenty.’
cf. fluid ounce |ˈˌfluɪd ˈˌaʊns|(abbr.: fl. oz. )
noun
1 a unit of capacity equal to one sixteenth of a US pint (approximately 0.03 liter).
2 Brit.a unit of capacity equal to one twentieth of a pint (approximately 0.028 liter).
• catch
3 a hidden problem or disadvantage in an apparently ideal situation: there's a catch in it
somewhere.
• Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress,
comedienne, writer, television producer, director, and 2012 presidential nominee
of the California-based Peace and Freedom Party. Barr began her career in
stand-up comedy at clubs before gaining fame for her role in the sitcom
Roseanne. The show was a hit and lasted nine seasons, from 1988 to 1997.
She won both an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her
work on the show. Barr had crafted a "fierce working-class domestic goddess"
persona in the eight years preceding her sitcom and wanted to do a realistic
show about a strong mother who was not a victim of patriarchal consumerism.
[1] . . . (Wikipedia)
• raving
noun (usu. ravings)
wild, irrational, or incoherent talk: the ravings of a madwoman.
p.151
• Wayne C. Booth
Wayne Clayson Booth (February 22, 1921 in American Fork, Utah – October
10, 2005 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American literary critic. He was the George
M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language &
Literature and the College at the University of Chicago. His work followed
largely from the Chicago school of literary criticism. . . . (Wikipedia)
p.152
• Jonathan Swift’s “Modest Proposal”
A Modest Proposal
For Preventing The Children of Poor People in Ireland
From Being Aburden to Their Parents or Country, and
For Making Them Beneficial to The Public
By Jonathan Swift (1729)
Cf. (Wikipedia)
• postmodern
adjective
subsequent to or coming later than that which is modern: the illusionary nature of postmodern
life.
• relating to or characterized by postmodernism, esp. in being self-referential: the
postmodern discipline of art history.
Cf. postmodernism
noun
a late-20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that
represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general distrust of
grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any
notion of “art.”
• snarky
adjective ( snarkier, snarkiest ) informal
(of a person, words, or a mood) sharply critical; cutting; snide: the kid who makes snarky
remarks in class.
• cranky; irritable: Bobby's always a bit snarky before his nap.
• Didn’t Corwallis surrender at Yorktown in 1781?
The Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Yorktown, or Surrender at Yorktown, the
latter taking place on October 19, 1781, was a decisive victory by a combined
force of American Continental Army led by General George Washington and
French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army
commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. The
culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major
land battle of the American Revolutionary War in North America, as the
surrender by Cornwallis and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the
British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. . . . (Wikipedia)
End of Part Three
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