WILLIAM SYLVIS, PIONEER
OF AMERICAN LABOR
A Study of the Labor Movement During the
of the Civil War
Era
BY
JONATHAN GROSSl\IAN
SUBMITIED IN PARTIAL FULFiu.ME.."'T OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IS THB
fACULTY OF POUTICAL SciENCE
CoLU.MBL-\ UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK
1945
WILLIAM
H.
SYLYIS
WILLIAM SYLVIS, PIONEER
OF AMERICAN LABOR
A Study of tbe La6or Movement During the Era
of the Civil War.
BY
JONATHAN PHILIP GROSSMAN
SUB!I.UTIED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THK
FACULTY OF POLnnCAL ScrENCE
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
Number 516
NEW YORK
1945
CuPIIIJGilT. 1945
11'1'
CGunou. UaitUSift Pass
To
RITA
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION AND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ·
,·.
TH~ coming to maturity of the American labor movement
emphasizes the necessity of an inquiry into its origins. William
Sylvis in many ways was one of its most important pioneers.
Many reforms for which Sylvis fought-shorter hours,
better working conditions, abolition of contract" prison labor, .
a degree of job security, legal recognition of the rights of
unions-have already been largely accomplished. Other objectives of his life-the recognition of the dignity of labor, economic equality for the Negro, labor participation in public
affairs, a true labor .international unity through universal improvement of the standards of life and work-have been only
to a degree achieved today, and are still the goals of the future.
In a sense the labor movement is just beginning to catch up
with William Sylvis.
Goldsmith once said of Samuel Johnson that if the learned
author told a story of little fishes he would make them sound
like whales. Perhaps my summary of the significance of William
Sylvis might suggest that I too am turning a little fish into a
mighty big one. Were this an .account of the personal achievement of Sylvis, I. would plead guilty; for Sylvis, though an
intelligent, energetic and interesting individual, as an individual is hardly worth a biography. But the story of Sylvis is also
the story of the birth of the labor movement as an organized
social instrument, of its early achievements, and of its dreams
for the future.
Sylvis, moreover, is significant not only as a precursor and
prophet of the future; he is a typical example of the labor
leadership of his period. In the facets of his life are reflected
the characteristics of the modern American labor movement
during its seed years.
The Civil War era was a revolutionary one in American
economic life. Labor, trying to adjust itself to the new eapital7
8
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION
ism and the nationalization of the market, was in a trial and
error stage. Sylvis, too, was groping. In an effort to find a
sure path to higher labor standards, he changed his course
with shifting circumstances. At various times he supported
such varying and sometimes conflicting programs as labor
lobbying, independent political action, a managed paper currency, international labor cooperation, trade unionism " pure
and simple," conciliation between capital and labor, violent
revolution, compulsory arbitration and abolition of strikes.
Because Sylvis tried so many different courses, writers with
particular economic predilections are able to find in his life
the exact partisan ammunition they seek. Some have painted
him as a primitive communist, others as a reactionary. On
this issue I have been as objective as possible.
Sylvis was an American of his period, not only genealogically
as to his prerevolutionary forebears, but ideologically and
emotionally as well. Like many reformers he believed in progress through experimentation, but unlike most others he expressed l)imself in the labor movement.
Despite all his experimentation, Sylvis was the most suc_cessful practical labor leader of his time. He built the historically
important Iron Molders' International Union, which blazed
the trait for national craft unions and laid the procedural base
for later labor organizations. He was the most effective leader
of the pioneer effort to unite all"labor in the National Labor
Union. Although he flirted with the idea of class struggle and
violent revolution, his greatest success was as a constructive
trade union statesman. It was because of this combination of
qualities-getting the . best possible terms in practical horse
trading, while at the same time holding to dreams of the future
-that he made a deep impress on labor history. Equally to all
wings of trade unionism, he is a pioneer of the American labor
.movement.
This study is based largely on manuscript and scarce printed
sources scattered in more than twenty cities from Boston,
9
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION
'
Massachusetts to Madison, Wisconsin. Fortunately, because of
microfilm; one " swing around the circle " supplemented by a
few brief visits was sufficient to select important documents
which were filmed and studied in New York City. In this
connection the writer is particularly indebted to Mr. Jolin M.
Dunachie, editor of the International Iron Molders' and
Foundry Workers' Journal, who forwarded from Cincinnati
thousands of pages of rare union documents which the microfilm department of the Columbia University library reproduced in film.
"Knowledge and timber" said Oliver Wendell Holmes,
"shouldn't be much used till they are seasoned." The" seasoning " of this research was the general advice and specific criticism on a multitude of problems on method, material and
literary construction, by Professors Henry Steele Commager,
Allan Nevins, and Louis M. Hacker of Columbia University.
Professors Harry J. Carman, Leo Wolman, and Joseph Dorfman
of Columbia University also read the manuscript or parts of
it, as did Professor Nelson P. Mead of the City College of
New York. In the early stages ·of research, Professor Selig
Perlman of Wisconsin provided much valuable information
on sources. All judgments and opinions are of course my own.
I am grateful to my wife, Rita Grossman, and to my mother
Pauline Grossman, who worked over the entire manuscript
with me.
JONATHAN GROSSMAN
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
IS
CHAPTER I
Boyhood and Early Manhood •.....•. ~ ........... :. . . . . . . . • . . .. .. . . •
17
CHAPTER II
The Molders Organize ......•....•.. ·..... .' .............. ·. . . . . . . . . •
I. Early Locals: Philadelphia No. 1 .. .. .. .. • • • .. • .. • .. .. .. ..
2. The Need for National Organization • ~ ............ ~.......
3. The First Convention • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4- Local Unions .. . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . •
s. Sylvis as National Treasurer . .. . . . .. . .. .. ..................
6. Disintegration of the Molders Union under Impact of Civil War
CHAPTER III
The Civil War . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . . •
I. Labor Tries to Prevent War . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. •
2. Sylvis's Brief Military Career .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . ..
3· Disillusionment wit4 the War and the Draft • . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
4· Wartime Strikes..........................................
CHAPTER IV
The Iron Molders' International Union ........................... , .
I. Sylvis Revives the Union .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. ..
2. The Great Organization Tours of I863 • . . • . . . . • . . . • . . . • . . • .
J. The Philadelphia Strike .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. . .
4· Progress of the Union .................•... ~..............
s. The Trips of 1864 •..••...••••••.•..•. 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
6. The Union in the Middle West, Canada and California .. ....
7· The Convention of I86S ...............
8. The Molders' Union at its Zenith .. .. . . .... .. .. .... .. . .....
g. The Closed Shop .. .. .. . .. . • . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . • . .. .. .. . .. .
r...................
22
22
24
28
32
39
42
4S
4S
47
49
so
SS
SS
57
63
67
70
74
78
8o
84
CHAPTER V
The Silent Revolution in Union Administration ... :. . . . . • . . . . . . • • • . • 88
I. The Revolution in Union Procedure .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. • . .. .. . .
88
2. National Union Authority' vs. Local Autonomy • . . . . . . . • . . . •
8g
3· Revenue System .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 9I
4- Strike Relief .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . • • • 97.
S· "Wildcat" Strikes •. . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . • • . . . • • . . . . • 100
6. " Scabs," expelle.d and suspended members, non-members :
amnesty ................... , . • .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . • . .. .. .. • IOS
· 7. The Union Card • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . • . • . . . • . . . . . • no
8. Convention • . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . • . . • .. .. .. • .. . . • • .. • • .. .. . .. 112
II
12
CONTENTS
PAGE
g. The Labor Press • . • • • • . . • . . . . . . . .. . . . . . • • • • . . . . . .. . . • . • . . •
115
Sylvis a Practical Idealist . . • . • • . • . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •
119
10.
CHAPTER VI
The Molders' Program . • • . . • . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
l. Sylvis's Wage Theories . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . •
2. Molders' Wages and Prices during the Civil War . . . . . . . . . •
3." Piece Work • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
4- Hours of Labor •.... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s. Job Security: Apprenticeship . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
6. Job Security: Machinery, Negro Labor, Convicts, Immigration
'l· Labor's Place in Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . •
8. Conch:ision • • . • • . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • . . •
120
120
122
127
129
132
143
149
150
· CHAPTER VII
Employers' Union •.•........•...•. ·.••... •. • . . . . • . . • • • • • . . • . . . . . . . • 152
~. Warfare between Unions and Employers: Tactics . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2. Local Employers' Organizations . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
.J. Nationwide Employers' Organizations . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • 162
CHAPTER VIII
The Employers' Counterattack. . . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 166
1. The" Great Lockout" of 1866 . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. 166
2. Sylvis Urges Conciliation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. • .. .. .. • 170
3· The Disastrous Strikes of 1867-1868 .. .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. • 173
4. Sylvis Saves the Molders' Union from Extinction . . . . . . • . . . • 181
CHAPTER IX
The Cooperative Movement . . . . • . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . • . . • . • • •
I. Sylvis's Disillusionment with Trade Unionism . . . • . . . . • . . . . •
2. Sylvis's Philosophy of Cooperation . . • . . • . . . . • . . . . . • . . . • . . •
3. Sylvis as a Cooperative Leader . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . •
4- Local Cooperative Foundries: Troy .. .... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
s. International Cooperative Foundries: Pittsburgh . . . . . . . . . . . •
6. The Diffusion of the Cooperative Movement . . . . . . . . . . . • . . •
'J. Disaster Overtakes Most Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
8. Causes of Failure .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. • •
18g
18g
191.
194
197
200
204
206
210
CHAPTER X
The National Labor Union: Political Action . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 220
I. The Molders Aid in Creating Labor Unity . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . • 220
2. The National Labor Union • . . . . . . • . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
3. Labor and Women's Rights ............................... 226
4- Labor and the Negro .. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • 229
s. Labor and Political Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • ZJ2
IJ
CONTENTS
CBAIPTER XI
.
Program and Progress of National Labor Union •.••.•.••..•.•.•• :...
1. Eight Hour Reform . . • . . . • . . • . • • . • . . . . • • . • • . • • . • • . • • • • • . .
2. Currency Reform ••.•• ; • • • • • • . • . . • • . . . . • • • • • . • • • . . . . • • . . • •
3· Land Reform: Other Reforms • • . • . . . . • . • • • . • . . . . • . • • • • • • • •
4- International Labor Cooperation • . • • • • . • • • • . • . • . • • . • • • • . . . •
s. Sylvis and the National Labor Union • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . •
6. Sylvis Dies •. • . . . . • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • . • • • • . • • • • . • . . • . •.• • • • . •
7. Effect of Sylvis's Death on the Labor Movement • • • • • • • . • • •
PAGE
238
238
247
254
~57
26o
262
266
CHAPTER XII
Conclusion • • . . • • • . • • . . . • . • • • . • . • • . . . • . •• • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • 26g
APPENDIX I The Sylvis Ancestry • . . . . . . • • • . • • . • . . • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 277
APPENDIX II Contract Labor •• • • . . . . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • . • • . • . • . • . . . • 281
APPENDIX III Army General Order No. 65 to Curb Strikes •••• :. . . • 283
BIBLIOGRAPHY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·-· • • • • • • • • • • •
285
INDEX
295
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! •••••••••••••••••••••••••
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
THE SYLVIS ANCESTRY
Aristophanes, in his Knights, tells of a conversation between a:
sausage seller and Demosthenes. Demosthenes tried to induce the
peddler of " guts and tripe " to run for office because he had all
the qualifications : low birth, lack of education, no wealth. In
the same way, most people who write of Sylvis stress his
humble origins, his lack of educational opportunity, and even
create for him a. foreign ancestry of an Irish mother and a
French father. However, William Sylvis was of American parentage. His mother, Maria Mott Sylvis, W3$ related to the Mott
family of New Jersey which distinguished itself during the Revolutionary War, in politics, and in the professions. Of his father,
Nicholas Sylvis, little is definitely known.
German " Palatines " began to arrive in Pennsylvania before
1710, and by 1747 the governor of Pennsylvania claimed that
they made up three-fifths of the population of the province, or
upwards of one hundred thousand immigrants. These arrivals included J ohan Henrich Silvius who, with three hundred other
passengers on the Queen Elizabeth, docked at Philadelphia on
September 16, 1738. He was among the hundred males sixteen
years of age or over who complied with the law of 1727 of the
Philadelphia Council and took an oath to " be faithful and bear
true allegiance to his present majesty, King George II and His
successors ... and to the proprietor of the province." He may have
come with a family, for a decade later Henry Silvius and William
Silvius,-perhaps too young in 1738 to take the oath,---are listed
as warrantees of fifty and sixty acres of. land respectively in
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Possibly Johan Henrich Silvius had a
son born in his new homeland in 1742, for the muster-roll of militia
for three months in Captain Jacob Wetterholdt's Company for
July 1765, includes one Nickol'aus Silvius, twenty-one years of ·
age, born in Pennsylvania, five feet ten inches tall, long-faced, grey
eyed, and " gelan " haired (probably yellow).
The Pennsylvania records of the early days list " Silvius,"
" Silvias," " Silvis," " Silvieus," " Silvus," " Silvius," •• Sylvias,••
277
APPENDIX I
"Sylvis," "Silfus," and perhaps a score or more various spellings
of the name. They are probably nearly all of the same family for
they occur in the same counties and tovmships of eastern Pennsylvania and the given names are heavily weighted with John,
William, Henry, Caspar, Conrad, Jacob, Barbara and particularly
Nicholas, and their derivatives. These Silviuses paid taxes, took up
land, had a goodly representation in the Pennsylvania militia during
the Revolutionary War and a few members in the War of 1812.
None seems to have risen to prominence, though one Nicholas
Silvius attained the rank of ensign in June, 1777 in the Pennsyl:..
vania militia, fourth battalion, Northhampton County.
One of the family, by the name of Nicholas Silvius, made his
way westward over the Allegheny mountains and settled near
Greensburg, in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. His wife
attended the first communion service of the German First Reformed Church in Greensburg in 17¢. Nicholas died in 18o2 at
the age of seventy-nine, leaving three sons and five daughters. The
given names of the sons and the oldest daughter were Jonas, Henry,.
Nicholas, and Barbara, and increase the likelihood of his kinship
~th the family by the same name in eastern Pennsylvania.
It may be that the labor leader William H. Sylvis, son of
Nicholas, was the great grandson of the pioneer Nicholas Silvius
of Westmoreland county. Perhaps after the death of the original
Nicholas Silvius in 18o2, one of the three adult sons, in good family
tradition, named the neX:t born male child Nicholas. The hypothesis
fits nicely, for it would make young Nicholas about twenty-five
years -of age at the birth of William, the second of ten children.
Other indirect evidence is that Nicholas Sylvis took up his trade
as wagonmaker in Armagh about 1828 in the same region as the
family homestead of Greensburg. Other indications of relationship come from the Sylvis family tradition still existent in \Vestmoreland cOunty in 1900, which recalls one Adam Silvis, a
wagonmaker in the earlier part of the nineteenth century ; it is
known that wagonmaker Nicholas Sylvis went to work for a relative Adam Sylvis about 1830. It is also of interest to note that
Nicholas Sylvis, father of William, in his wanderings in search
of work, kept going to those counties in Pennsylvania where
Sylvises had been established for generations.
I
APPENDIX I
'279
This reconstruction of the paternal ancestry of William H.
Sylvis from stray bits of information found in records and local
histories is open to many errors. It would be risky to assume with
too much certainty that William H. Sylvis is in direct descent from
Nicholas Silvius who settled in Westmoreland County in the latter
part of the eighteenth century, or even from Johan Henrich
Silvius who arrived in Philadelphia in 1738. But there is a high
degree of probability that William H. ·Sylvis,' the important labor
leader of the Civil War period, was consanguineous with the
Silvius family which keeps cropping up in the old town, county,
and militia records of Pennsylvania.1
1 J. C. Sylvis, op. cit., pp. 20 ff.; Revolution, 1868, p. 405; Workingman's
Advocate, Aug. 14, 21, 1869; I. Daniel Rupp, compiler, A Collection of
upwards of thirty thousand names of Germans, Swiss, Dutch, French, and
other Immigrants in Pennsylvania, 1727-1776, Philadelphia, 1876, p. 120;
Cyrus T. Fox, Reading and Berks County, Pennsylvania, pp. 15-16; George
Dallas Albert, History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, 1882, p. 517; John W. Jordan, History of Westmoreland
County, Pennsylvania, Genealogical Memoirs, pp. 632-633; .Publications of·
the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, March 191-5, VI, 28, 40; Pennr
sylvania Archives, Third Series, XIII, 175, 2!)8, 686, 802-; XV, 2!)8, 855;
XVI, 453, 454. 464; XVIII, 18o, 309, 538, 573; XIX, 141, 164, 179, 245, 250,
266, 350, 353, 586; XII, 517; Fifth Series, I, 321; IV, 347; V, 1-56, 747;
VIII, 123, 1·39, 149, xso, 165, 174, x76, 209. 234; 245, 246, z6o, 266, 300, 304.
312, 404. 519, ~~. 6r6; Sixth Series III, 788, 791, 878, 89o; VII, 374; VIII,
194, rg6, 547, 727, 894. 896; IX, 178, 182.
APPENDIX II
A
CoNTRACT BETWEEN MR. FILLEY, STovE FouNDRY. PROPRIETOR
IN ST. Louis AND TwENTY-FIVE PRussiAN MoLDERS
CONTRACT
I. The aforesaid sand-molders, who are presumed to possess a
thorough knowledge of their trade, especially the stove and pattern
work, obligate themselves all to go, in consequence of the instructions received from Mr. Roever on the 16th day of March, 1864,
from Berlin per railroad, direct to Hamburg, and from there by
steamer, to be designated by Mr. Roever, forthwith to New York,
to obey the agent who is to receive them there on the arrival of
the steamer, by order of Mr. Filley, and to proceed without delay
from New York on the direct road, per railroad to St. Louis, where
they, the sand-molders, have to report after their arrival, to Mr.
Filley, for the purpose of commencing to work. Before this the
sand-molders ,deliver to Mr. Filley their passports, which during
the continuance of this contract shall remain in his hands.
2. The said sand-molders, obligate the~selves, from their entrance into the foundry of Mr. Filley, to work faithfully and conscientious [sic] in their line, and to use all possible advantages of
their trade to the benefit of their employer, and to obey him as well
as the foreman by him employed to superintend the work, and in
general, to submit to the rules and regulations usual in foundries
in all respects.
3· The said sand-molders obligate themselves during the whole
continuance of this contract, not to join any clubs or associations,
of which in any way harm or disadvantage could arise to Mr.
Filley, but to make the entrance in of such workmen or similar
associations always dependent upon the permission of Mr. Filley.
4· The said sand-molders obligate themselves finally from the
day of the execution of this contract until the commencement of
their work at St. Louis to obey the orders of Mr. Roever, as well
as those persons acting under his authority, always and everywhere.
S· In consideration of which shall (as vouched for by Mr.
Roever), Mr. Filley (who is to sign and to date. this contract
281
APPENDIX II
when the ~aid sand-molders report to him) be obligated to pay
the said sand molders, the same wages per piece as he pays to
those already in his employ, and at the expiration of each week;
and Mr. Filley guarantees that the weekly wages of each sandmolder at the usual work and work hours in St. Louis, shall be
at least twelve American dollars, but may increase, by good workmanship to twenty dollars weekly.
6. Each of the sand-molders receives in advance for the purpose of defraying their travelling expenses and utensils, one hundred thalers Prussian currency, as follows : Cash at Berlin, for
traveling ·expenses per railroad to Hamburg and for purchasing
the necessaries there for the sea voyage, twenty thalers ; passage
from Hamburg to New York per steamer and board, sixty thalers;
cash in New York, five. thalers, and for railroad fare from there
to St. Louis, fifteen thalers, altogether, one hundred thalers. This
advance, Mr. Filley will deduct from the weekly wages of the
different workmen in installments of twenty-five per cent of their
wages so long until the whole has been repaid.
7· The legal binding force of this contract, as far as concerns
the rate of work and wages, and as far .as not already stipulated,
begins the day the contract is signed by Mr. Filley, and continues
preliminary for one year ; the legal obligation prolongs itself,
however, for both contracting parties for another year, if not one
of them four weeks before the expiration of the term of contract,
gives notice for the discontinuance, and so this contract extends
itself under the same conditions every year, and so on for another.
8. Although this contract is concluded together with all sand
molders, they shall not, after the expiration of the first year, be
bound by this contract jointly and separate, but they shall have
the right, after due notice, to withdraw singly from the covenant.
The foregoing contract is done in duplicate by both contracting
parties, approved and signed by them, for Mr. Filley temporarily
by Mr. Roever. Done at Berlin, March 8, 1864.1
1 Iron Molders Journal, 1864. p. 16 (May 10).
APPENDIX III
GENERAL ORDER,
No. 65
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE MISSOURI,
ST. LOUIS, APRIL
26, 1864
It having come to the knowledge of the Commanding General
that combinations exist in the city of St. Louis, having for their
object to prevent journeymen-mechanics, apprentices, and laborers from working in manufacturing establishments, except on
terms prescribed to the proprietors thereof by parties not interested therein, which terms have no relation to the matter of wages
to be paid to employes, but to the internal management of such
establishments ; and it appearing that, in consequence of such combinations and the practices of those concerned in them, the operations of some establishments where articles are produced which
are required for use in the navigation of the Western waters, and
in the military, naval, and transport services of the United States,
have been broken up, and the production of such articles stopped
or suspended ; the following order is promulgated, any violation
thereof will be punished as a military offence:
·
I. No person shall, directly or indirectly, attempt to deter or
prevent any other person from working on such terms as he may
agree upon in any manufacturing establishment where any article
is ordinarily made which may be required for use in the navigation
of the Western waters, or in the military, naval, or transport service of the United States.
II. No person shall watch around or hang about any such establishment for the purpose of annoying the employes thereof,
or of learning who are employed therein.
III. No association or combination shall be formed or continue,
or meeting be held, having for its object to prescribe to the proprietors of any such establishment whom they shall employ therein,
or how they shall conduct the operations thereof.
IV. All employes in such establishments will be protected by
military authority against all attempts by any person to interfere
with or annoy them in their work, or in consequence of their
being engaged in it.
283 .
APPENDIX III
V. The proprietors of every such establishment in the county
of St. Louis will forthwith transmit to the office of the ProvostMarshall General the names of all persons who have, since the
15th day of March. 1864, left their employ to engage in any such
combination or association as that above referred to; or have been
induced to leave by the operations of any such combination or
association, or by the individual efforts concerned therein. The
places of residence of such persons, as far as known, will be stated,
together with a list, by name, of all who have taken an active part
in any combination or effort to control the conduct of any such
establishment, or to prevent persons from working therein.
VI. The post commander, Colonel J. H. Baker, 10th 1rmnesota
Volunteers, is charged, under the direction of the district commander, with the execution of this order. All persons applying
for the aid of the military _forces, in this connection, will report
direct to Colonel Baker.
VII. In putting down this attack upon private rights and the
military power of the nation by organizations led by bad men, the
General confidently relies upon the support and aid of the city
authorities, and of all right-minded men.
By command of Major-General Rosecrans.
0. D. GB.EENE,
Assistant Adj~ttant-General
Official
FllA.NK ENO,
Assistant Adjutant-General 1
1 William Sylvis, "Convention Speech. 1865... ]. C. Sylvis,
IJJ-134-
ot.
cit.. pp.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The only important accounts of the career of William Sylvis are a book
published in his honor three years after his death by his brother, James C.
Sylvis, who was also interested in the labor movement and who had an axe
to grind; and a recent book by Charlotte Todes giving a left wing interpretation of the value of his work. James C. Sylvis, The Life, Labors,
Speeches and Essays of William H. Sylvis is, as indicated by its subtitle,
" a text book on Labor Reform." Most· of the nearly four hundred pages of
speeches, essays, letters, editorials, and political platforms are selected with
a view to proving the desirability of currency reform and independent labor
action. The seventy-odd pages of biographical data which preface these
documents are particularly valuable because they contain little-known material
on Sylvis's life, and include many quotations from sources which have since
disappeared. Miss Todes's William H. Sylvis and the National Labor Union
is valuable because it brings to light some previously overlooked evidence of
his relationship to the First International.
This biography is based almost entirely on primary sources. The most
important from the point of view of this study are the Iron Molders Journal,
1864-1868, of which Sylvis was editor after 1865; the Iron Molders' Proceedings, 1859-1870, which contain xnany of Sylvis's annual reports and
convention speeches; Fincher's Trades Review, 1863-1866, for which for a
time Sylvis wrote weekly letters; and the Workingman's Advocate, in
which Sylvis became a partner in 1868.
The bibliography contains a complete list of sources used· directly in
preparation of this study, e. g.: xnanuscripts, labor and general newspapers
and periodicals, the official records and publications of the Iron Molders'
Union and the National Labor Union. However, with regard to pamphlets,
proceedings of other organizations, public records and particularly articles
and books, the bibliographical listing is selective, and includes only a representation of the titles consulted.
The key to libraries is identical with the key of Gregory's Union List
of Newspapers.
CtY
DLC
MB
ICJ ·
MBAt
MdBJ
MOSW
N
NBu
NN
PPL
NNC
WHi
Yale University Library
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
Boston Public Library
John Crerar Library, Chicago
Boston Athenaeum
Johns Hopkins University Library, Baltimore
Washington University of St. Louis Library
New York State Library, Albany
Buffalo Public Library
New York Public Library
Library Company of Philadelphia
Columbia University Library, New York City
Wiscomin State Historical Society, Madison
BIBLIOG.IlAPHY
!.LuroSCIIIPTS
Certificates of the American Emigrant Company, Hartford, 1867, 1868, 1869,
Connecticut, Secretary of State.
Iron Molders' Union, Local no. 2, Troy, New York, Minutes Book, 18581866.. Union headquarters, SJO Walnut SL, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Stove and Holloware Moulders' Union of Philadelphia, Constitution, ByLaws, Membership roll, 185S. Union headquarters, SJO Walnut SL,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Iron Molders' Union, Local no. 25. New York Gty, Minutes Book, 186o1868. In possession of the author.
Union Cooperative Association, Philadelphia. Minute Book of Committee of
Management. 1864-1867.-Whi
OFFICIAL Pum.t~noxs
OF THit
box MoUlDS' Umox
The name of the organization varies frODJ time to time. In 1859 the official
title was the •National Union of Iron Moulders." In 186o the name 11o-as
changed to the "Iron Moulders' Union of America"; in 1863 to the • Iron
Moulders' International Union"; in 1868 to "Iron Moulders' International
Protective and Cooperative Union." Today the official title is "International
Molders' and Foundryworkers' Union of North America." In the footnotes
and bibliography of this study, for convenience and consistency the title ill
listed as • Iron Molders' Union.•
lro11 Molders Jowwal, 1864-1865. 1867-1868, 18~18i5- Union headquarters,
530 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio: 1866..-MdB]: 1875 to date -NN:
Scattered issues before 187s.-ICJ and WHi
Iron Molders' COJJfleratimt Proceedirtgs, 1859. 186o, 1861, 1863. 1864. 186s,
1866. 1867, 1868, 1870. Union headquarters, SJO Walnut SL, Cincinnati,
Ohio. Partial file also in WHi and ICJ
Iron Molders' QIUirlerly Reports, July, 1868-April, 18]2. Union headqnarters.
SJO Walnut SL, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Iron Molders' Firtatteial Reports, April, 1870-M.arch, 18]1. Union headquarters, SJO Walnut SL, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Iron Molders' Co11Stitutio11, Rules- of Order, Slalldirtg Resolwtiou, 1850.
18;'2. Union headquarters, SJO Walnut SL, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Iron Molders' Union, Philadelphia Local no. 1, COJISiitwtiora GIUl Rules of
Order, 1865. 186], 1868. Union headquarters. SJO Walnut SL, Concinnati, Ohio.
LABoR. Cooi'Eul'I'WE, Ruolll(, AND TII.ADE NEWSPAPDS AND
l'nrODICALS
Allln'ic1111 WorkJJUJA, Boston, 186g -BPL
Allln'iciJII Workt11011 Weekly, Boston, 1869 -\VHi
Browu011's Qworlerly Review, 1857-1864 -ICJ
Tlu Cirndtv, 1857-1864 -ICJ
DGily Eveflirtg Voice, Boston, 1865-1867 -NBAT: weekly edition -BPL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Finchers Trades Review, Philadelphia, 1863-1866 -Ridgeway Branch, PPL
for first two years: scattered issues in WHi (In the writer's opinion,
this is one of the finest labor newspapers ever published). See National
Trades Review, below
Hardwareman's Newspaper, 1856 -NN
Iron Age, 1863 -NN: 1867-1868 -NNC
National Trades Review, Philadelphia, 1866. When Finchers Trades Review
went bankrupt, it took this new name.
St. Louis Daily Press, 1864-1865 -MOSW _
The Dawn, London, 1861-1869 -DLC
The Factory Operator's Guide and Labour Advocate, Manchester, England,
1853-1859 -NNC
Workingman's Advocate, Chicago and Philadelphia, 1.g64-186g-NN and WHi
Workers Age, N.Y. C., 1933-1940 -NN
.
OTHER NEWSPAPERS
Albany Argus, 1864-1866 -N
Albany Times Union, 1862-1863 :._N
Baltimore Sun, 1859 -NN
Boston Daily Advertiser, 1865 -N
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1864 -NN
Buffalo Commercial, 1864 -NBu
Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 186o-1862 -NN
Detroit Tribune, 1864 -WHi
New Haven Register, 1864-1865 -CtY
New York Daily News, x864-1866 -NN
New York Herald, 1859. 1865-1868 -NN
New York Sun, 1864-1867 -NN
New York Times, 1862-1863 -NN
New York Tribune, x86o-x86x, 1868 -NN
New York World, 1864-1865, 1868 ~NN
Philadelphia Inquirer, 1863, 1865-1866 -NN
Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette, 1859-1864 -NN
Pittsburgh Commercial, x867-186g -DLC
Provide11Ce Daily Journal, 1865 -NN
Richmond Enquirer, 1866-1867 -NN
St. Louis Democrat, 1863 -NN
Toronto-Ontario Ga~ette, x86g -NN
LoCAL HISTORIES AND GENEALOGIES
Albert, George Dallas, History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, V. H. Everts, 1882.
Aldrich, Lewis Cass, History of Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Syracuse,
D. Mason and Co., 1887.
Caldwell,]. A .. publisher, History of Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Newark,
Ohio, x88o.
288
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fox, Cyrus T., editor, Reading and Berkl Crmnties, Pemuylvania: 11 History.
New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1925.
Jordan, John .W., History of Westrmweland Courtly, Pmnsylvania. 3 Vols.,
Vols. 2 and 3 are Genealogical Memoirs, New York, Lewis Historical
Publishing Co., I9()6.
Rupp, I. Daniel, A Collectio" of Upward.r of Thirty ThO'Uiand Names of
German, Swiss, Dutch, Frmch, and other Immigrants i11 Pmnsylwnia,
I727-I776. Philadelphia, I. Kohler, I876.
--, History and Topography of Northumberland, Huntingtort, Mifflin,
C~tre, Union, Columbia, Juniata, and Clinto,. Counties, Pmnsylvanla.
Lancaster, Pa., G. Hills, I847.
- - , History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Frankli11, Bedford,
·Adams, Perry, Somerset, Columbia and Indiana Counties, Pmnsylwnia.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, G. Hills, I846.
- - , History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon and Schuylkill
Counties, Pennsylwnia. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Hickock and Canton,
1845.
Stewart,]. T., Indiana County, Pennsylwnia; Her People Past and Present•
.2 Vols. Chicago, I. H. Beers; I913.
Young, ]. H., Mitchell's Tourist Pocket Map of Pmnsylvania, 1834, I844Pmnsylvania Archives
Third series, 30 Vols. Harrisburg, 1894-ISgg.
Fourth series, 12 Vols. Harrisburg, Igo2.
Fifth series, 3 Vols. Harrisburg, I9()6.
Sixth series, IS Vols. Harrisburg, I907.
Publication..r of the Genealogical Society of Pmnsylvania. Vol. VI. Philadelphia, 1915-I917.
MISCELLANEOUS
p AMPBLETS
AND PRocEm1NGS
· Campbell, Alexander, The True Greenback: or, the way to pay the national
debt without taxes, ;md emancipate labor. Republican Book and Job
Office, Chicago, 1868.
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, Annual Reports of the
Corporation, I8$3-I87o, nos. ·1-I2.
Cigar Makers' International Union, Proceedings, I864-1867 -MdBJ
The Citizens Association of New York. Report U po" the Conditi011 ... of
the Commissioner of Public Charities and Correction; with suggestions
in relation to organizing a Bureau of Labor Statistics and Employment,
and Depot in the West for the distribution of Labor, N. Y., 1868.
Haywood, Ezra Harvey, The Labor Party; a speech. N. Y., 1868.
International Working Men's Association, 4th Annual Congress, Baste,
Switzerland. London, 1869.
Jannasch, Robert, Jr., Die Strikes, die Cooperatio~t, die Industrial Partnerships und ihre Stellung zur socialm Frage. Berlin, F. Duncker, I868.
Kellogg, Edward, A New Monetary System: the only means of securing the
respective rights of labor and property. Revised, edited by Mary Kellogg
Putnam, N. Y., 1868.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 0 pen Letter to the National Labor Associatiors of
Germany. Translated by John Eihnamm and Fred Bader. Cincinnati,
Socialist Labor Party, 1879- - , The Working Man's Program. Translated by Edward Peters. London.
The Modem Press, 1884.
National Labor Union. Proceedings of Neu~ York Conventi011, 1868. Philadelphia, 1868 -NN
National Typographical Union. Proceedings, 1865. 1866.
International Workingmen's Association. ResolutioM of the Geneva Congress,
1866 and the Brussels Congress, 1868.
National Union of Machinists and Blacksmiths of the United States,
Proceedings, 1868, Philadelphia, 1868.
Rice, Eliphalet L., The Dignity and Encouragement of Independent Labor.
Cincinnati Gazette, Cincinnati, 1857 -NN
Steward, Ira, Poverty. The Eight Hour League, Boston. 1873 -NN
Wilson, George, Jr.. Address to the Working Men of HurliH and Nitshill
011 Work and l.foM:y. Glasgow, M. Ogle and Son. 1861 -NN
Wmans, Ross, publisher, Henry Ward Beecher 011 Labor: Popular Errors·
in the Education of American Youth. Baltimore, Des Forges, 1872 -NN
Workingmen's Assembly of the State of New York, Proceedings, sth, 6th,
7th Annual Sessions, 1869-1871 -NN
UNITED STAD:S PUBUCATIONS
Aldrich Committee Finance Report, March 3, 1891, Wholesale Prices, Wages
and TrOIISPortatioll. 4 Vols. 52nd Congress, 2nd Session. Senate Report
1934. Government Printing Office, Washington. 189J.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, History of Wages '" tJ..e United States from
Colonial Times to I928. Bulletin 004. Government Printing Office,
Washington, I9J4.
Census of the United States, Sixth Census, 1840; Seventh Census, 16~;
Eighth Ce'llSUS, 186o; Ninth Census, 1870. Government Printing Office,
Washington.
Committee on Education and Labor, Report 011 RelatiOM Between Capital
and Labor, Vols. r-4, Senate Document, Government Printing Office.
1885•
Committee on Immigration. Reports, 1861-186!). Senate Documents, 186r, II;
r86z, IV; 1863, IV; 1864, IV; 1865. II; 1867, V; 1868, VII; 1869, V;
House Documents, 1862, V; 1866, V; 1867, IX; 1868, IX; 1869, IX.
Government Printing Office, Washington. 1861-1870.
CtmgressiOJial Globe, 1864. 1868.
Digest of Statistics 011 Manvfacture, 1850, 35th Congress, 2nd Session.
Executive Document J9.
Richardson. James D., A Compilatio11 of the :Messages and Papers of the
Presidents. Vol. VI, 1861-186!). Bureau of National Literature and Art
1908 (with additions to original publication by Government Printing
Office, Washington, rSgS-1899).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
STATE Pum..ICATIONS
Connecticut, Private tm4 Special Lows of the Stote of, Vol. 6, 1866-1870.
. Hartford, 1871.
-,Resolves arul Private Laws, Vol S. 1857-1865, Hartford, 1871.
Massachusetts, Statistics of J..abo,.. 16th Annual Report, Labor Statistics
BureaU: Boston, 1886.
- - , Statutes, Acts tm4 Resolves, 1864-1866. Boston, 1866.
New Hampshire, l..IJws Passed I~ Ses.riorss, 1866.
New York, Assembly Joun141, 1864, 186g, Albany.
New York, l..IJws, 1867, Albany.
- - , Irsspecto,.s' GetJer'al Reporls, 1863, in Senate Documents. 1864, Vol 3.
·no. 28; 1866, Assembly Documents 1867, Vol 3. no. so; 186g, Assembly
Documents, 1870- Vol. 2, no. 24- - , Corsstitutional CorwentioJJ, 1867-1868. New York State, Assembly
Documents, 1868, Vol. 4. no. J8, Albany.
--,Senate loun141, 1864-186g. Albany.
Pennsylvania, Fi,.st Annual Reporl of the Bureau of Statistics tm4 lAbor,
18;2-1873. Pennsylvania General Assembly, Legislative Documents.
1874. Vol. I, Harrisburg, 1874~na.ES
Articles on " Cooperation," TM N atitm, II, J6o; V, 111 ; VI, 46.1; VII, 18J.
Articles on " Money," The N atior~, XIV, 13S; XVII, 221 ; XXI, 292.
Articles on "The Eight Hour Working Day," The NatioJJ, I, Sl7, 615. 77S;
III, 412; X, 399; XIV, 314Brough, E., "Foun<hy Apprenticeship in a Commercial Shop," Americtu~
Fourul,.ymen's AssociatioJJ, Reprint no. ,38, Chicago, 1938.
Commons. John R., and Frey, John, "Conciliation in the Stove Industry,•
· Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, January, 1!)06.
Cuvillier, Armand, "Buchez, Le Fondateur de L'association Ouvriere de
Production," Revue des /tudes Coopn-atives, July-Sept., 1922Godkin. Edwin L., "Cooperation," N orlh Americars Review, 1o6. pp. ISO.
175 (January, 1868).
Grossman, Jonathan, "A Day with Organizer Sylvis," ],.o,. Molder's loun141,
LXXIx, pp. 400-401 (July, 1943).
- - , "Cooperative Foundries," New Yo,.k History, XXXIV, 1!)6-210
(April, 1943).
- - , "Government and Labor in Wartime Under the Lincoln Administration," ],.o,. Moltk,.s loun141, LXXX, 7~7J.
- - , "Molders' Struggle Against Contract Prison Labor," New York
History, XXXII, 449-459 (October, 1942).
---,"William Sylvis and the Labor Press," ],.o,. Molders Joun141, LXXIX,
204-208. 274-275. 334-33S (April-June, 1943).
Hinton, Richard S.. "Trades Unions and Cooperation," Old arul New,
II, 69-73 (January, 187s).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hoagland, Henry E., "Early Organization of the Iron Molders,"· American
Economic Revirw, 1911, 821 ff. (November).
- - , "The National Union of Iron Molders," Iron Molders Jourtlal,
XLVII, 918-922 (December, ·1911).
- - , "The Iron Molders' International Union," Iron Molders Journal,
XL~III, 1-5 (January, 1912).
- - , "The Rise of the Iron Molders' International Union," Iron Molders
Journal, XLIX, 296-JI3' (June, 1913).
"Life in the Iron Mills" (fiction), Atlantic Monthly, VII, 430-SII (April,
x86x).
Macgregor, D. H.," Joint Stock Companies and the Risk Factor," Economic
Journal, XXXIX, 491-505 (December, 1929).
Shanon, Fred A., "The Homestead Act and the Labor Surplus," American
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Shanon, H. A., " The First Five Thousand Limited Companies and their
Duration," Economic History, II, 376-419 (January, 1932).
·
"The Poor in Cities," Atlantic Monthly, XXII, 52-56 (July, 1868).
Sokol sky, A. M., " The Finances of the International Molders' ·Union,''
Barnett and Hollander (editors), Studies in American Trade Unionism.
Holt, New York, 1go6.
Stecker, Margaret L., "The National Founders' Association," Quarterly
Journal of Econ<Jmics, XXX, 352-386 (February, 1916).
- - , "The Founders, The Molders and the Molding Machine," Quarterly.
Journal of Economics, XXXIII, 278-3o8 (February, 1918).
Sully, Raymond, "Capital, Labor, and Cooperation," Hunt's Merchant
Magazine, LVIII, 249-256 (April, 1868).
BooKs
Abbot, Edith, The Wages of Unskilled Labor in the United States, Chicago,
Chicago University Press, 1905.
Abbot, Grace (editor), The Child and the State. Selected documents. 2 Vols.
Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1938.
Allen, James S., Reconstruction, the Battle for Democracy, New York,
International Publishers, 1937.
'
Barrett, Don Carlos, The Greenback and Resumption of Specie Payment,
186~1879. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1931.
Beer, M., A History of British Socialism. 2 Vols. London, G. Bell and Sons.,
Ltd., 1920.
.
Bernstein, Eduard, Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer, translator,
Eleanor Mark Aveling. New York, Scribners, 1893.
Brandes, Georg, Ferdinand Lassalle, London, W. Hunemann, 19II,
Burn, James Dawson, Three Years Among the Working Classes in the United
States During the War. London, Smith, Elder and Co., 1865.
Clapham, J, H., The Econ<Jmic Development of France and Germany,
181S-I9IJ.. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1936.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cole, G. D. It, A Short History of the British Working Class Movement.
Vol. II, 1848-Igoo. London, G. Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1925-1927.
Commons, John R. and Associates, History of Labor in the United States.
4 Vols. New York, Macmillan Co., I9I8-I9:JS.
Commons, )ohn R. and Associates (editors), A Documentary History of
American Industrial Society. Vols. 7-10, t&!o-t88o. Cleveland, A. H.
Clark Co., 191o-19U.
David, Henry, Carman, H. J. and Guthrie, P. N. (editors), The Path I
Trod; the Autobiography of T"ence V. Powdef'ly. New York, Columbia
University Press, 1940.
Delavallee; Marcel, Les Precurseurs de la Coop,.ation en France. Paris,
Henri Jouve, 1904Destler, Charles McArthur. The Influence of Edward Kellogg upon AmericiJif
· Radicalism, I86S-I8()8. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1932.
Dewey, Davis, R., Financial History of the United States, 1oth edition. New
York, Longmans, Green and Co., 1932.
Dictionary of Amtf'ican Biography, 20 volumes. Dumas Malone and Allan
Johnson editors. Under the auspices of the American Council of Learned
Societies. New York, Scribners, I!)28..19J().
Ely, Richard T., The Labor Movement in Amef'ica. New York, T. Y.
Crowell, 1886.
Fite, Emerson David, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During
the Civil War. New York, Macmillan Co., 1910.
Gompers, Samuel, Seventy Years of Life and Labor; an autobiography.
2 Vols. New York, E. P. Dutton, 1925Greeley, Horace, Letters, Addresses and oth" Writings, 2nd edition. New
York, Fowler and Wells, 1853.
--,Recollections of A Busy Life. New York, J. B. Ford and Co., 1868.
Greene, William B., Mutual Banking: Showing the Radical Deficiency of
the Present Circulating Medium. New York, New England Labor
Reform League, 1870.
Hall, F. and Watkins, W. P., Cooperation. Manchester, Cooperative Union,
Ltd., 1934
Harper, Ida H., Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony. 2 Vols. Indianapolis
and Kansas City, Bowen, Merril Co., t888-188g.
Harris, Herbert, Amef'ican Labor. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1939Hillquit, Morris, History of Socialism in the United States. New York,
Funk and Wagnalls, 1903·
Hollander, Jacob H., and Barnett, George E. (editors), Studies in American
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Holyoake, George Jacob, History of Coop,.ation iK England: Its Literature
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293
Lorwin, Lewis L, The Labor Movement iK France. New York, Colwnbia
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McNeill, George Edwin, The Labor Movement: The Problem of Today.
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Mitchell, Wesley C., A History of the Greenback. Chicago, University of
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- , Gold, Prices, and Wages under the Greenback Standard. Berkley,
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Powderly, Terence Vincent, Thirty Years of Labor. Colwnbus, Ohio, Excelsior
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Ohio, J. L. Tranger Printing Co., 1907.
Sandburg, Carl, Abraham Lincoln; The Prairie Years. 2 Vols. New York,·
Harcourt Brace, 1926.
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.
Brace, 1939Shugg, Roger W., Origins of Class Struggle in Louisiana, I8,p-I875· Baton
Rouge, University of Louisiana Press, 1939Steklov, Yurit M., History of the First International. New York, International Publishers, 1928.
Stockton, Frank T., The International Molders UnioK of North America.
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1921.
Sylvis, James C., The Life, Speeches, Labors and Essays of William H ••
Sylvis, late President of the Iron Molders' Union, and also of the
National Labor Union, Philadelphia, Claxton, Remsen and Haffelfinger,
1872. -DLC, WHi.
Sylvis Scrap Book. A collection of clippings. -ICJ.
Todes, Charlotte, William H. Sylvis and the National Labor Union. International Publishers, New York, 1942.
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and Miffiin, 11)24.
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Democracy. New York, D. Appleton, 1929-
294
W. SYLVIS, PIONEER OF AMERICAN LABOR
Webb, Beatrice Potter, TAt Cootnvtiw MovnrtnJt i" Cnal Britai~t, London,
G. Allen & Co., Ltd., 1914 (4th edition).
Webb, Sidney, The History of Tradt UltiOfli.ma. London, l.ongmans, Green
& Co., 1911·
Wieck, Edward A., The Amnica. Mi..ed Associalioa: 11 record of the
origiu of coal mirwr~ tmioM i" the Umterl Stal11. New York, Russel
Sage Foundation, 1940Wllson. George, Jr.. The Grelflb~~ek,.1 o!Jd Their Doctrirw1. Lexington,
Missouri, Intelligence News, 1878.
INDEX
Albany, N. Y., 24, zs, 59, 67, 154.
175, 1]6
Conference of Stove Founders, 166
Convention of 186o, 29, JO, 31, 40,
128, 134, 139
Cooperative, 199
Founders League, 157, 162, 166
Local Union, 26, 27, 29t 55, 68, 73.
74. 167-169. 170
Strikes, 27, 29, 30, 31, 43. 92, 98
American Emigrant Co., 146; see also
"Labor Immigrant"
American Federation of Labor, 270
American Founders' Association, 163
American Miners' Association, 52
American N a tiona! Stove Manufacturers' and Iron Founders' Association, 167, IiO
A mericaPJ Workman, 2f17
Amnesty, u>8-uo
Anthony, Susan B., 228, 266-267
Armagh, Pa., 17, 278
Atlanta, Ga., 186
Atlantic Monthly, 144
Augusta, Ga., Local Union, 186
Badger's Foundry, 126
Baltimore, Md., 242
Cooperative, 205
Founders' League, 155, 158
Labor Congress, 83
Local Union, 26, 29, 74. ISS, 186, 187
Strike, 43
Bangor, Me., 72
P.arford, Joseph, 22
Barstow Stove Co., 141, 179
Baste Convention, 259, 264-265, 2]0
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave-Toutant,
47
Beaver Falls, Pa., Cooperative, 216,
217
Beaver Furnace, Pa., 20
Bent's Foundry, 179-18o
Berkeley, George, 249
.. Berkshire". See " Buck System"
Biddeford, Me., 72
Birmingham Speech, 235
"Black Laws", 52
Blacklist, 155, 163
Boilers' and Puddlers' Union, 258
Borie, Adolph E., 245
Boston, Mass., 62, ]1, 77
Convention of 1867, 83, IIS, uS,
1]2, 173
Daily Evming Voice, 79. 117, 223
Local Union, 22, ro6, 130, 155, 238,
'
242
Strikes, 164, 2,38
Trades Assembly, 222
Boycott, 153. 179
Rrantford, Canada, so, 61
CQoperative, 197
Local Union, 40. 131
Strikes, 43, 61, ]6, 131, 141
Bricklayers' Union, 188
Bridgewater, Mass., 72
Brooklyn, N. Y., 73
Navy Yard, 51, 73. 185
Strike, 185
Brown Anti-strike Bill, 52
Buchez, P. B. J., 196, 217
"Buck" System, 43, 132-143
" Bucksheer " System. See " Buck
System"
Buffalo, N.Y., 58, 140, 1'54
Convention of 1864, 6?, 68, 69, 70,
128, 197, 198
'
Cooperative, 199, 205
Founders' League, 163
Local Union, 26, 67, 168
Strikes, 43. 92, 98, 184
Burbridge, Stephen Gano, 51
Business Cycle. See" Depressions"
Butler, Benjamin Franklin, 236
Butler & Jackson, ]6
California (see also place names), 242
California, Ohio,
Lockout, ·168
Strike, 177
.
Cameron, Andrew C., 236, 237, 259,
264,270
Campbell, Alexander, 249. 270
Campbell, Dugald, 29, 1g8
Canada (see also place names), s6.
00, 61, 1,36. 145, 148, 181, 183
Cooperatives, 197
Founders' League, 159
Local Unions, 40
Strikes, 43, r8o
Canton, Ohio, 6o, 18]
Carey, Henry Charles, 120
Cary, Samuel F., 236, 237, 244. 251
Casey, Thomas, 209
Cavis, A. T., 237
Certificate System, I 54-155
Charleston, S. C., Local Union, 154.
183, 186
295
IND:SX
Charlestown, Mass., 72
Navy Yard, 2',38
Chase, Salmon P., 146, 2:r7
Chicago, Ill., 8o, 82, 124
Convention of 1865, 51, 78, 79, 8o,
114, 135, 139, 172, 197, Ig8
Founders' League, 159, 162, 163
Local Union, 26, 187
Lockout, 18o
N. L. U. Convention of 1867, 2o6,
219
Strikes, 74. 75, 76, 102, 153, 159,242
Christian Socialists, 1g6
Cigar Makers' Union, 88, 188
Cincinnati, Ohio; 25, 36, 47, 6o, 66,
124, 141
Convention of 1861,
44. 45,
s6,
36,
40, 41, 42,
101, 125
Cooperatives, 194. 199. 216
Founders' League, ISS, 159, 161,
163, 168, 17'5
Gazette, 45
Local Union, 22, 26, 29, 68, 85, 126,
134. 138, 139. 153. ISS. I'll,
173. 1/5, 184
Lockout, 168
Strikes, 76, 99. 102, 169, 177
Oay, Henry, 45, 233
Cleveland, Ohio, 59
Cooperative, 200, 214. 216, 2I'l
Founders' League, IS9. I63, I68
Lockout, I68, 170
Strikes, 76, g8
Trades Assembly, 223-224
Ointon Foundry; 68
Closed Shop, 84-87
Coachmakers' Union, 224
Cold Springs, N. Y., 51, 85
Columbus, Ga., Local Union, I86
"Company" Housing, 156; Stores, 24
Comstock and Collins Foundry, 76,
I40
Conciliation, I7'0- I 73
Conkling, Roscoe, 244
Connecticut, 242
Conspiracy Laws, 156, 256, 27I
" Contract " System, 43, I26
Conventions. See " Iron Molders'
Union-Conventions"
Cooke, Jay; 253
Cooperative Movement, I89-2I9, 223,
224, 225, 238, 266, 271, 273
Cooperatives: Albany, I99; Alliance,
0., 205 ; Baltimore, 205 ; Beaver
Falls, 2I6-2I'l; Brantford, 197;
Buffalo, 199, 205; Cincinnati, I94,
199. 216; Cleveland, 200, 2I4, 216,
217; Detroit, 217; Irondale, Ala.,
I99; Louisville, 199; Newark, 205;
New Orleans, 199; New York,
199, 205; Peekskill, 199; Philadelphia, 197, 200; Pittsburgh, 201-203,
205, 206-209, 2II, 214-216; Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 205; Quincy, 200;
Rochester, 199, 2II, 216; St. John,
200; Sharon, Pa., 194; Somerset,
Mass., 200; Steubenville, 0., 194;
Syracuse, 199; Troy, 198-199, 2II,
214. 216; West Troy, N. Y., 194;
Wheeling, 194; Yonkers, 205
Cordwainers' Union, 194. 221
Covington, Ky.:
Local Union, 206
Lockout, 168
Strikes, 76, 177
Cresson, Stuart & Peterson, 20, 23
Cribben, Henry, 1g8, 210, 21 I
Crittenden, John J., 45
Currency Reform. See " Money Reform"
Day, Horace, 236
Dayton, Ohio, 6o, 8o
Strikes, 103, 164, 170, 177
Democratic Party, 18, 233
Department of Labor, 2,38, 255-256,
271
Depressions: 1833-i834. 18; 1837, 18;
1854-1855, 22; 1857, 23, 25; I861I862, 182; I867, 68, 84, 182, 1g8;
I873, 210, 217
Detroit, Mich., 58, 6o, 8o, 124. 242
Cooperative, 217
Founders' League (Iron Workers'
Association of Detroit), 159,
163
Local Union, 40, 1.26, 153, ISS
Strikes, 76, g8, 159. 164
Discharge Note. See "Certificate
System"
Douglas, Stephen A., 45
Draft Dodgers, 50, 53, 54. 61, 76
Riots, so
Dues. See "Iron Molders' UnionFinances''
Dunachie, John M., 9
Dwyer, Jeremiah, 16o
Eddy, Charles, 166
Eight-hour Day, 75, I29-IJ2, 223, 224.
238-247. 270
Elizabethport, N. ]., 59, 74
Strike, 74, 103
·Employer Organization (Molders').
See "Founders' Leagues"
England
Immigration from, 147, 149
INDEX
Iron Molders' Friendly Society of,
22, 147
Molders' Societies, 22, 147-148
Strike Procedure in, roo
Erie, Pa., 58, 59
Evansville, Ind., 140, 187
Local Union, 183
Evarts, William Maxwell, 244
Factory Operators Guide l!T Labor
Advocate (Manchester), 147
Falls of Ohio, 139
Iron Founders and Machine Builders Association of the, rsS,
r6o, 163
Federal Reserve System, 271
Fifield Foundry, 179
Filley, Giles H., 147, 154, 168
Filley Foundry, 27, 147, ~1-282
Fincher, Jonathan, 54. 66, u6, 221,
222, 225, 239. 242
Fincher's Directory, 222
Fincher's Trades' Review, 59, 6o, 6r,
66, 69, 78, 79, ro6, ro8, u6, 221,
223, 258
First International. See also "International Workingmen's Association," 273
Fitchburg, Mass., 72
Flannigan, Robert, 28
Folsom, Calif., Local Union, 185
Forest Iron Works, 19
Fort Wayne, Ind., 6o, So, 187
Strike, 7(i
Founders' Leagues 65, 152-188
Albany, 157, 162, 166; Baltimore,
ISS, rs8; Canada, tS9; Chicago,
IS9. 162, 163; Cincinnati, ISS, IS9,
161, 163, r68, I7S; Cleveland, IS9,
163, r68; Detroit, IS9, 163; Falls
of Ohio, rsS, r6o, 163; Jeffersonville, rs8; Louisville, 163; Massachusetts, rss. rs8; New Albany,
rsS; Newark, IS9i New Britain,
IS9: New England, 159, 163; New
Haven, IS9: New York, IS9, 163;
Philadelphia, IS7, rs8, 162; Pittsburgh, IS9, 161, 163; St. Louis,
IS7, 163; Syracuse, IS9; Troy, 199
Free Land. See " Land Reform"
Freedmen's Bureau, 229, 261
Frey, John P., r6
German Workingmen's Association,
235
Gibson, C. William, 224. 225
Gilchrist, Robert P., 45, 56, 2o6, 223
Goddard & Co., 77
Godkin, Edwin Lawrence, 204
297
Godwin, J. S., 194
Gold. See " Money Reform"
Gompers, Samuel, 88, 270
Grant, Ulysses S., zs;, 245-247
Greeley, Horace, 194, 254
Greenbacks. See " Money Reform "
Grimshaw, J. ]., 32
Half Moon Valley, Pa., 20
Hamilton, Canada, so
Local Union, 40, 171
Strikes, 141, 170
Harding, William, 224
Harlem (N. Y. C.), Strike, 185
Hartford, Conn., Shoe strike, 43
Harvey, David, 19 ,
Hastings, Frederick H., 52, 233
Hastings Anti-strike Bill, 52, 233
Heiper, Hinton Rowan, 236
High Street Foundry, 71
Hine, Lucius A., 254
Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, 245-246
Hollidaysburg, Pa., 20, 6o, 81
Homestead Act, 255
Hoosick Falls, N. Y., Local Union,
181 ; Strike, 184
Horan, Wm., 45
House Carpenters' Union, 1941
Housing, 238
" Company," 156
Hudson, N.Y., Local Union, 73
Hunt's Merchant Magazine, 204
Illinois (See also place names), 242
Immigration. See "Labor, Immigrant"
Indianapolis, Ind.,
Gazette, 161
Local Union, 161
Lockout, 168
Strikes, j(i, 102
Interconvertible Bonds, 249-250
International Cooperative Association
of Pittsburgh, Pa. See " Pittsburgh Cooperative "
_International Industrial Assembly of
North America, 205, 206, 223
International Iron Molders' & Foundry Workers' Journal. See" Iron
Molders' Journal"
.
International Molders' and Foundryworkers' Union of North America.
See " Iron Molders' Union"
International Workingmen's Association, 259, 264-265,
274
Iron Molders' International Union.
See" Iron Molders' Union"
Iron Molders' Journal, 9. so, ro8, II3,
zzo,
INDEX
117-119. 137, 179. 262
Iron Molders' Union
Constitution, 29. 32, 42, 57, 85, 89,
90. ?1, 101
Conventions, 27, 28, 55, 11~115;
1859 (Philadelphia), 28-31, 89,
114; 186o (Albany), 29. 30, 31,
40, 128, 134, 139; 1861 (Cincinnati), 36, 40, 41, 42, 44,
45, 56, 101, 125, 128; 1863
(Pittsburgh), s6. 57, 68, 128;
1864 (Buffalo), 62, 68, 69, 70,
128,197, 198; 1865 (Chicago),
51, 78, 79. 8o, 114. 135, 139,
172, 197, 1g8; 1866 (New
York), 81, 94, 118, 129, 172,
•198, 210, 242; 1867 (Boston, 83,
115, n8, 172, 173, 179; 1868
(Toronto), 96, 115, 179, 182,
183, 20J, 204. 207, 210, 213,
216; 1870, 115; 1872, 209-210;
1882, 210
Finances, 28, 62, 66-Bo, 92, g6, 97·IOO, IIJ-114, 181-1Sz, 207.:209
Membership, 84, 87, 181, 184
Organization, 28, 57
·
Records, ¢-97, 111-112
Ironton, Ohio, 129
Lockout, 168
Strike, 164
Jackson's Foundry, 12!7
Jeffersonville, Ind., See also "Falls
of Ohio," 139. 158
Founders' League, 158
Jersey City, N. J,, 59, 73
Local Union, 26, 29
Strike, 43
Jewett & Root Foundry, 85, 168
Johnson, Andrew, 2:fl, 243-244
Johnson, "Sing Sing," 73, 144-45
Johnstown, Pa,, 20
Julian, George, 254
Juniata River, 20
Kellogg, Edward, 249, 270
Keokuk, Iowa, strike, 170 .
Kidd and Company, 68
Kingston, Canada, 61, 140
Knights of St. Crispin, 188
Knoxville, Tenn., 184
· Local Union, 187
Labor
.·
Apprentice, 27, 64. 68, 132-143, 156,
192,256
Bureau, see "Department of Labor"
Convict, 73, 143-144. 156, 192, 224.
238, zs6, 271
Feinale, 143, 193, 220, 224. 226229.238
Immigrant, 70, 144-149, 156, 257·
200, 26g
In Politics, 232-237, 241-256, 26o261
International Cooperation of, 257·
200, 267
Negro, 143,205,225,229,2P
Press, 31, IIS-II9. 223
Unity, 220-266
Land Reform, 224. 238, 254-255
La Salle, Ill., 52
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 1g6, 212, 214,
218,235
Leavenworth, Kansas, Local Union,
185
Liebrandt & McDowell, 48
Lincoln, Abraham, 29. 42, 45, 46, 47,
49. 145
Local Unions (see also place names),
32-44
Lockouts, 154. 165, 167-169, 192
Of 1866, 94. 99. 170, 2n
California, Ohio, 168
Chicago, 18o •
Cincinnati, 168
Cleveland, 168, 170
Covington, 168
Indianapolis, 168
London, Canada, 168, 170
Richmond, Va., 168
Toronto, 100
London, Canada, lockout, 168, 170
'Lord and Rafferty Machine Works,
164
Louisville, Ky. (see also "Falls of
Ohio"), 25, 45, 51, 56, 59. 124,
IZS, 145 .
Cooperative, 199
Founders' League, 163
Local Union, 26, 29. 67, 68, 138,
139. 152, ISS. 158, 173
Strikes, 67, 68, 76, g8, 175
Trades Assembly and League of
Friendship, 223
Lowell, Mass., 71, 77, 85, 154-155
Strike, 71, g8
Lowell Machine Shop, 71, 85, 140, 154
Lyon County, Nev., Local Union, 183
McKeon, James, 233
McMichael, Morton, 233
Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Union,
221,222,239
Macon, Ga., 186
Maguire, John, 236
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 120
299
INDEX
Mann, Simon F., 28
Marion County, Texas, strikes, I8o
Mansfield, 0., I8J
Marx, Karl, 241, 264
Marxism, 272
Marysville, Calif., local union, I8S
Massachusetts (see also place names)
Foundry Employers of, ISS, ISS
Labor Bureau, 256
Mechanics' Institutes, 238
Mechanics' Own, 38, 40, 46, I I6
Memphis, Tenn., local union, 40, I87
Middle Atlantic States (see also place
names), 18o, I8I
Mill, John Stuart, I20
Milwaukee, Wis., 8o, I87
Missouri (see also place names), 342
Mobile, Ala., I86
Strike, I8o
Money Reform, 22S, 226, 247-254, z;o,
27I, 273
Montgomery, Ala., local union, 186
Montreal, Canada, so, 6I, I54
Local Union, 40, 168
Morrisania (N.Y. C. )
Local Union, 73
Strike, I85
Morrissey, John, 233-234
Mullaney, Kate, 229
Myers, F. J., 264
Nashville, Tenn., 52, 184, 187
Strike, 180
Nation, The, 204
National Colored Labor Convention
of 1869, ·205
National Conference of Stove Founders, 166
National Labor Reform Party, 2,36
National Labor Union, 7, IS, zos,
220-270
Conventions: I866, Baltimore, 224.
228, 2JI, 235; 1867, Chicago,
206, 219, 225, 228, 2JI; I868,
New York, 228-229, 2,36, 255;
I86<), Philadelphia, 262, 263,
266-.267, 268
National Market, 24-27, .269
National Molders' Union (see "Iron
Molders' Union"
National Union of Iron Molders (see
" Iron Molders' Union"
National Workingman, 117
National Workingmen's Convention
of 1861, 46
Naugatuck, Conn., local union, 129
Neall, Isaac J., 36, 40, 44. 54. 8'2, 83,
89. 177. I78, 224
Negro, The, 7, SO, 229-232, 270 (see
also " Labor, Negro")
New Albany, Ind. (see also "Falls
of Ohio"), I3'9
Founders' League, I58
Newark, N. J., 6o, 73
Cooperative, 205
Founders' League, IS9
Strike, 102
.
New Britain, Conn., 62, ISS ·
Founders' League, IS9
Strike,. I02
New England (see also place names),
62, 7o-72, 7S, j'6, 8z. I'S3, 170,
I81
Founders' Lea·gue, IS9, 163
Trades Assembly, 222
New Haven, Conn., 72
Local Union, I6I
Founders' League, IS9
New Jersey (see also place names),
I87
,
New Orleans, La.,
Cooperative, 199
Local Union, I87
New York (see also place names).
I~I8S, I87, I88, 242
Workingmen's Assembly, 2,36
.
New York, N.Y. (see also "Harlem,"
"Morrisania," "Spuyten Duyvil "), zs, 59, 72, 14S, 242
Cooperative, 199, 20S
Convention of 1866, 81, 94. n8, I29
Daily News, !)8, 126
Draft Riots, so
Founders' League, I59, I63 .
Herald, 2.26
N. L. U. Convention of I868, 228229, 236,
zss
Strikes, 44. 99, 128, I64, 179-180,
I8S
Sun, z6o
Tribune, I94
North American and United States
Gazette, 6S
North American Review, 204
North Andover, Mass., 62
Oberkline, Fred, 28
" Obnoxious " Contracts, 24-27, 183
O'Brien, James D., I73-I74. I77
Ohio Plan (see "Money Reform")
Ohio River Valley (see also place
names), 25,,58, I69, I73, I77, 178,
I79. 223
Omaha, Neb.,
Local Union, I8S
Strike, 18o
Oshawa, Canada, 6I
Oswego, N. Y., I4S
300
INDEX
Ottawa, Canada, 58
Owen, Robert, 217
Pacific Coast (see also place names),
77, 8s, n6, 153
Paine, Thomas, 182
Painesville, 0., local union, 183
. Paper Money (see" Money Reform")
Parrot Sho.t & Shell Works, 51, 85
Paterson, N.J., 33, 73, 123
'
Guardian, u6
Strike, 98, 99, 129, 164
Pawling Family, 18-19
Peekskill, N. Y., 233
Cooperative, 199
Local Union, 26, 29, 73
Strike, 141, 185
Pendleton, George Hunt, 237 •
·Pennsylvania (see also place names)
, Canal, 17, 20
Senate, 242 ·
Peoria, Ill.,
Local Union, 183
Strike, 76, 242
Philadelphia, Pa., 20, 25, 59, 62, 74. &s
· Convention of 1859, 28
Cooperative, 197, 200
Evenin,g Advocate, 235
Founders' League, 157. IS8, I62
Local Union, 'IS, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27,
67, 68, 92, IOI,
Io6, 125, IJIO-I3I, I34, IJS, I37,
IJ8, I40, ISJ. ISS. IS7. 168
Mayoralty Campaign of 1864, .233
NLU Convention of 186g, .262-263,
266-267, 268
. 29, 32, 55, 58,
National Workingmen's Convention of 1861, 46
·
North American and United States
Gazette, n6
Public Ledger, ns, n6
Strikes, I85s. 23 ; I857, 24; I863,
59-67, g8,
I42, 164, I8J
Trades Assembly, 222, 223, 236
Piecework System, .34, 70, I27-I29,
I30-I32
Pittsburgh, Pa., 47, 59, 74. 1'41, ·145,
16g, 187
Cooperative, 20I-203, 205, 2o6-209,
ZII,
.214-216
Convention of I863, 56, 57, 68, I28
Founders' League, 159, 161, 163
Local Union, 22, 168, 173
Strikes, 99, 164, 177-179, 201
Port Chester, N. Y.,
Local Union, 26, z9
Strike, 27
Portland, Me., 72, 1o6
Trades Assembly, 221-222
Pottsville, Pa., 74
Powderly, Terence Vincent, 270
Printers' Union, 220, 224
Prison Reform (see "Labor Convict")
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 249
Providence; R. I., 62
Local Union, 25, 29, 126, 141, 179
Strike, 27, 71, 102
Quantitative Theory (of money), 249
(see also" Money Reform")
Quebec, Canada, 154
Quincy, Ill., 175
Cooperative, 200
Strikes, 76, 98, 140
Rea, William C., 28
Reading, Pa.,
.Local Union, 25, 74
Railroad; 51
Republican Party, 47, 232
Revolution, The, 225, 229, 267, 268
Richmond, Ind., strike, 76, 103
Richmond, Va.,
Local Union, 40, 186, 187
Lockout, 168
Rochdale Cooperative, 195-196
Rochester, N. Y., 58, 59. 68, 123
Cooperative, 199, 2II, 216
Strikes, 43. 18o, 184
Rosche, Francis, 54, 55
Rosecrans, William Starke, 51, 52,
283-.284
Roxbury, Mass., 71, 126, 171
S tri)!:e, 7'1, 102
Sacramento, Calif., local union, 185
Saffin, William, us, 209
St. John, Canada,
Cooperative, 200
· Strike, x8o ·
St. Louis, Mo., 25, 47, 51, 58, 59. 66
Founders' League, 157, 163
Local Union, 26, 29, S·S, 85, 153,
154. 174. 175
Strikes, 27, 242
St. Marys, Pa., 59
San Francisco, Calif.,
Local Union, 85, 130, 185
Strike, 77, 18o
Savannah, Ga.,
Local Union, 186
Strikes, 180
Scabbing (see also "Strikes"),
no
lOS-
Schenectady, N.Y., local union, 73
IND,EX
SchHigel (see "Schlegel"}
Schlegel, Edward, 235
Schofield, John McAllister, 244
Selma, Ala., 186
Strike, x8o
Seward, William Henry, 145
Sheppard, Isaac, 28-16o
Silver City, Nev., local union, 185
Silvius, Johan Henrich, 17, 277-279
Singer's Foundry, 127
Slavery (see also "Negro, The"),
45. 46
Smith, Adam, 120
South Reading, Mass., local union, Ii'\I
Speed-up, 126-27
Spicer and Peckham Foundry, 71, 179
Sprague, William, 236
Springfield, Mass., 72
Spuyten Durvil (N. Y. C.), 123
Local Umon, 55, 73, 85, 143
Strike, 98
"Spy" Bureau, 153
.
Stamford, Conn., local umon, 26-29
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 228-229
Stephens, Uriah Smith, 270
Steward, Ira, 239, 242
Steward, Mrs. Ira, 130
Storey County, Nev., local union. 183
Stove & Hollowware Journeyman
Molders' Union of Philadelphia
(see "Philadelphia-Local Union")
Strike Relief, 27, 29, JO-JI, 37, 66So, 92, 96-100
Strikebreakers (see "Scabbing") ·
Strikes, 24, 42-43. IOQ-104, 1<i3-154,
164, 173-181, 189-191, 192, 212213
Albany, 27, 29. 30, 31, 43, 92, 98
Baltimore, 43
Boston, 164, 238
Brantford, 43, 61, 76, 131, 141
Brooklyn, 185
Buffalo, 43, 92, 98, 184
California, 0., 177
Canada, 43, 180
Chicago, 74. 75, 76, 102, 153. 159,
242
Cincinnati, 76, 99, 102, 169, 177
Cleveland. 76, 98
Covington, 76, 177
Dayton, 103, 164, 170, 177
Detroit, 76, 98, 1·59. 164
Elizabethport, 74. IOJ
Fort Wayne, 76
Hamilton, 141, 170
Harlem, 185
Hoosick Falls, 184
Indianapolis, 76, 102
Ironton. 164
Jackson, Tenn., 18o
Jersey City, 43
Keokuk, Iowa, 170
LaCrosse, Wis., 18o
·
LaFayette, Ind., 141
Louisville, 67, 68, 76, g8, 175
Lowell, 71, g8
.
Marion County, Texis, 18o
Mobile, ·18o
Morrisania, 185
Nashville, 18o
New Britain, 102
Newark, 102
New York, 44. 99, 12'8, 164, 179- •
18o, 185
.
Omaha, 18o
Paterson, g8, 99, 129, 164
Peekskill, 141, 18'5
·
Peoria, Ill., 76, 242
Philadelphia, 23, 24, 59-67, 98, 142,
164, 183
Pittsburgh, 99, 164. 177-179, 201
Port Chester, 27
Providence, 27, 71, 102
Quincy, 76, g8, 140
Racine, Wis., x8o
Richmond. Ind., 76, 102
Rochester, 43, ·x8o, 184
Roxbury, 71, 102
St. John, 18o
.
San Francisco, 77, x8o
Savannah, 18o
Selma, 18o
Spuyten Duyvil, g8
Syracuse, 141
Toronto, 18o
Troy, 43, 44. 68, 99, 141, 164, 170
Williamsburg, 185
.
Worcester, 70-71, g8, 99
Yonkers, 185
Sumner, Charles, 146
Sylvis, Adam, 17, 278
Sylvis, Amelia Thomas, 20, 81
Sylvis, Caspar Dent, 81 .
Sylvis, Florrie Hunter, 81, 265
Sylvis, Maria Mott, 17, 18, 277
Sylvis, Nicholas, 17, 18, 19, 277-279
Sylvis, William,
Birth and Family Background, 17,
277-279
Early Years, 18-21
Joins Molders' Union. 24
Elected Treasurer of National
Union, JI, 8g
Accused of Embezzlement, 41
Acquitted, 42, S6
INDEX
Secretary of Philadelphia Working Men's Convention, 46-47
Military Experience, 47-50
Elected President of Molders'
Union, 56
Death of F1rst Wife and Remarriage, 81
Elected President of National
Labor Union, 228
Death, 262~266
Summary of Achievements, 269-274
Ideas on Cooperatives, 191-194
Eight-hour Day, 238-247
International Cooperation, 257259
Money Reform, 247-2154
The Negro, 229-232
Strikes, I7J-I8I, IB9-I9I
Wages, 1.20-127
Women's Rights, 226-229
Syracuse, N. Y., 74. 145
Cooperative, 199
Founders' League, 159
Local Union, 155
Strike, 141.
Tamaqua, Pa., local union, 74
.Tammany Hall, 81
Taunton, Mass., 621, 72
Thomas, William B., 48, 49
Tiffin, Ohio, local union, 183
Tioga County, Pa., 53
Toronto, Canada, so, 56, 61, 125
Convention of 1868, g6, us, 179,
182, 183, 203-204, 207, 210, 213,
216
Lockout, ·102
Local Union, 40, 168
Strike, 18o
_
Trades Assemblies, 221'-224
Boston, 2122 ·
Cleveland, 223-224
Louisville, 223
New England, 222
Trevellick, Richard, 237, 2144. 261
Troy, N. Y., 24, 25, 47, so, 56, 59,
124, 125, 2133
Cooperative, 198-199, 211, 214, 216
Daily Union, ·117
Founders' League, 199
Local Union, 26, 27, 29. 30, 34, 35,
ss. 73, 74. ss, 92, 106, 131, 134,
137, IJ8, 153, 154. 166-16g, 173,
175. 176, 220, 221
Strikes, 43, 44. 68, 99t 141, 164. IiO
Trades Assembly, 221
Troy-Albany District, 24, 141, 142
(see also "Troy" and" Albany")
Utica, N.Y., local union, 26, 219
Van Alstyne, Norman, 28, 44, 55, 89
Van Buren, Tunis, 144
Vicksburg, Miss., 187
Virginia State Prison, 107
Wager's Foundry, 166
Wages, 25, 26, 31, 43, 64. 71 (see
also " Money Reform " and
"Strikes")
Equalization of, 125-126, 172-178
In re Prices, 122-127
System, 191-192
Theories of, 120-122
Walls, H.]., 82
Waltham, Mass., 72, 77, 126
Washington, D. C., 48, 78, 186
Washington Foundry, 164
Water Valley, Miss., local union, 187
Weaver, Michael, 48
Welcome Workman, 237
Welles, Gideon, 146
Westchester County, N. Y. see also
\._place names), 25, 73
Whaley,]. C. C., 224. 225, 237
Wheeling, W.Va., 6o
Cooperative, 194
Whig's, 18, 233
Whistler, Ala., local union, 187
White Deer Valley, Pa., 17-18
Williamsburg, N. Y., strike, 185
Wilmington, Del., 186
Local Union, 219
Wilmington, N.C., local union, 186
Wilson, John, 37
Wilson, Samuel, 28
Wisconsin (see also place names) 242
Women's Rights (see also "Labor,
Female"), 226-229, 266-z(q, 270
Worcester, Mass., 62, 77
Local Union, 25, 70, 141
Strike, 70-71, g8, 99
Workingman's Advocate, Sz, 169,236,
237. 259. 2162, 2164, 26?, 274
"Yankee Molder," 143
Yonkers, N.Y., 18o
Cooperative, 205
Strike, 185
VITA
JoNATHAN GROSSMAN, the author of this volwne, was born
in New York City in 1915. He received his B.S.S. with honors
at the College of the City of New Y~rk .in 1936. This was
followed the next year by his M.A. At Colwnbia University
he studied in seminars on American history under Professors
Allan Nevins, Henry Steele Commager, and Harry J. Carman.
He has written articles on labor history for the New England
Quarterly, New York History, and other publications and has .
done economic and historical research for several organizations,
including the National Industrial Conference Board and the
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. ~r. Grossman teaches
history at the College of the City of New York.