Chapter 3, Section 4-5
The Market Revolution and
Reforming American Society
Inventions and economic developments in the early
19th century helps transform American society.
Opening Activity:
In a paragraph discuss what
inventions or new technologies
have improved your life. How has
these technologies affected the
American economy?
CA Social Science Content Standards: 11.2.1, 11.1.3, 11.3.1, 11.3.2, 11.10.7
Taking Notes
Directions:
On the timeline, label and date important developments in manufacturing
during the early 19th century.
1807
Define the following terms:
market revolution
free enterprise
Samuel F.B. Morse
Lowell textile mills
National Trades’ Union
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Abolition
Unitarians
Transcendentalism
William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Seneca Falls convention
I. The Market Revolution
A. U.S. Markets Expand
-Market Revolution—people buy and sell goods rather than make
them.
-In 1840s economy grow more than in previous 40 years.
-Free enterprise—private businesses free to operate for profit.
-Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries.
B. Inventions and Improvements
-Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph helps
business, railroads, communicate.
-Improved transportation systems cut freight costs, speed travel.
C. The Market Revolution Transforms the Nation
-Many manufactured goods become affordable in early 1800s.
-Transportation, communication links make regions
interdependent.
-Northeast becomes industrial, commercial; farmers go to
Midwest.
II. Changing Workplaces
A. Effect of Factories
-Families split, towns created, employer-worker relationships
change.
-Machines allow unskilled workers to do jobs of skilled artisans.
B. The Lowell Textile Mills
-In 1820s, Lowell textile mills employ young farm women.
-Women get low pay, but factories pay more than other jobs.
-Conditions worsen: work over 12 hours; dark, hot, cramped
factories.
III. Workers Seek Better Conditions
A. Workers Strike
-1830s, 1840s U.S. workers begin to strike—work stoppage over
job issues.
-Employers defeat strikes, replace workers with 3 million new
immigrants (1830-1860)—Potato Famine brought the Irish.
B. National Trades’ Union
-1830s, trade unions in
different towns join to
expand their power.
-Groups from several
industries form National
Trades’ Union (1834).
-Commonwealth v. Hunt:
Massachusetts Supreme
Court supports right to
strike.
IV. A Spiritual Awakening Inspires Reform
A. Roots of Reform Movements
-Sense of responsibility to seek salvation, improve self, society.
-Jacksonian democracy’s stress on importance, power of common
person.
B. The Second Great Awakening
-1790s-1840s, Second Great Awaking arouses religious feeling.
-Revival meetings last for days: impassioned preaching, Bible
Study.
-Membership in churches rise dramatically—new ones form based
on Restorationist and Holiness movements.
C. Unitarians and Transcendentalists
-Unitarians have faith in individual, but stress
reason, not emotion.
-Philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson develops
transcendentalism—truth in nature, emotional,
spiritual experience.
D. The African-American Church
-South: slaves interpret hymns, Bible stories differently from whites.
-North: churches are political, cultural, educational, social centers.
V. Slavery and Abolition
A. Abolition Movement
-Abolition—movement to end slavery.
-1820s over 100 antislavery societies call for
resettlement of Africa.
-William Lloyd Garrison, white abolitionist,
publishes The Liberator, demands emancipation.
-Frederick Douglass, former slave, speaks out on
slavery—begins his own antislavery newspaper,
The North Star.
B. Turner’s Rebellion
-1700s most slaves African; by 1830 most claves American.
-Few slaves are freed; lives filled with hard work, suffering.
-Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in 1831; about 60 whites killed—
Turner and followers captured and killed.
VI. Women and Reform
A. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott call women’s rights
convention.
-1848 Seneca Falls Convention approves declaration of women’s
rights.
Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The _______________ is the early industrialization of the U.S. where
people began to sell goods rather than make them.
The Second _______________ promoted an optimistic message that
inspired people to try to reform society.
The _____________ movement promoted ending the institution of
slavery.
In 1848 many women meet at the _________________ Convention
which approved a declaration of a women’s right to vote.
With the Market Revolution and factory work came the increase of
_____________.
Words:
abolition
Market Revolution
trade unions
Seneca Falls
Great Awakening