o,
:L'IA
Some contrast linkers join two contrasting ideas in the same sentence,
whereas others introduce the second idea in a separate sentence.
I only got about four hours' sleep last night, even thougfi
I went to bed early.
Using contrast [inkers
I went to bed early last night. All the same,l only got about
four hourl sleep.
Linking in one
Although
sentence
Allthe
Despite
Even
Linking over two sentences
same,
Even so,
though
However,
Much as
Nevertheless,
Whereas
On the other hand,
Rewrite the sentences using the linking words in brackets.
1
A foot of snow fell overnight, and yet the trarns were
still running . (nevertheless)
Despite not being very well off, he gives generously
to charities. (even so)
lle's not very well-0ff. Even so.he
gives generously
to
charities-
2
There were four key players missing from the team.
They managed to draw the match, though. (all the
I admire her, though I find her difficult to get on
with. (much as)
same)
He left school without any qualifications. However,
Although the painting will definitely increase in
value, you might consider selling it now if you need
the money. (on the other hand)
he's now one of the richest people in the world.
(despite)
I don't believe in miracles. Nevertheless, his recovery
seems to defr medical explanation. (ahhough)
Kate was offered a place at university immediately.
Martin, on the other hand, was rejected and is
planning to go abroad. (whereas)
My grandfather can describe in great detail events
that took place fifty years ago, although he often
can't remember what he had for breakfast. (however)
10
His watch cost
a
fortune but it's very inaccurate.
(even though)
Making time
Revision of linkers
Choose the correct linkers.
The beginning of calendars
(l) All the same / Eyen though we ale not certain of the details of time-keeping in
prehistoric eras, we do have evidence of some early attempts to measure time
(2) owing to/since the discovery by archaeologists of ancient artefacts. For
example, 2o,ooo years ago Ice-Age hunters in Europe scratched lines on sticks
or bowls, possibly (3) so that/because of they could count the days berween the
phases of the moon. And 5,ooo years ago Sumerians (in present-day Iraq) had
already divided time (4) as long
as
/in
such a way that a year had 3o-day months
and a day rz hours. (5) ln spite of/Having long had a calendar based on the
moon's cycles, the Eglptians then rcaltzed that Sirius, the 'Dog Star', rose next
to the sun every 365 days. (6) As a result, / ALI the same, tn +a6 nc they devised a
365-day calendar.
Early clocks
(7) As soon as/Unless people found a need to know the time of day, great
civilizations in the Middle East and North,{fiica began making clocks. Ir seems
that the Sumerian culrure was the first to do so, (8) ahhough/in spite of it &ed,
out before it could pass onits knowledge.
(9) Because of/ so that the many obelisks found near rhe Nile, archaeologists
believe the Egyptians were the next to develop rudimentary clocks. The
obelisks formed a kind of sun-dial - but only (10) as long as/so rhar the sun
shone! (11) consequentty/hten though the Egyptians invented water clocks
QZ) so as not to / in order to be dependent on the sun's rays.
The Greeks invented a'night clock around3z5r,c. This was a bowl-shaped
container that slowly filled up with water coming in at a constanr rate.
Markings on the inside of the bowl determined the hours so that (13) because of
/no matterhow dark it was, they could 'feel' the time with their fingers.
11
GeneraI revision
It's ten o'clock, so I think ]o will arrive in Hong
Kong at the moment. (Unit 7)
Correcting mistakes
Correct the mistakes in these sentences. (The unit in
which the particular grammar point is covered is given
in brackets.)
1A
Why did you tread on his toe?
B I didn't mean! ('tlnit 1)
2A
B
13
Your boots are all muddyl
I've worked in the garden. (rJnit 2)
3
She arrived lately for the meering.
4
I wish just you'd be quiet for
a
12 If you'd
(Unit 3)
be taller, you could reach the shelf. ( Unit g)
I wish you'll come with me to London. (Unit
....-...-..-..-.----_---.....-..-
14 I'd rather
15
you to do it yourself. (Unit
I regretted to shout at him
(Unit 9)
g)
as he was really upset.
momentl (Unit 3)
r6 I'm not used to write with my ieft hand. It,s really
difflcult. (Unit 9)
5
Don't forget to phone mum, do you? (Unit a)
6
Never I have eaten so much in one dayl (Unit 5)
17 I sincerely
Only when he collapsed I realized he was seriously
18
rvVhat a greatly delicious
19
He passed his driving test which surprised me.
t11.
(Unit 5)
(unit
8
agree
with you. (tlnit j0)
meall ( tJnit 10)
11)
He has been alleged that he had an affair. ( Unit 6)
There is expected to be 300 people at the reception.
(Unir 6)
20 Budapest that has a population of two
on the river Danub e. (unit 11)
21
1,0
S)
Do you think we can travel to other planets by the
end of the century? (Unit 7)
million lies
Climbing the hil1, the viewwas fantastic.
(Unit
tl)