Phonology 31 (2014). Supplementary materials
Compound tensification and
laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions
in Yanbian Korean
Chiyuki Ito
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Supplementary materials
These materials contain additional examples, with glosses, of the variation
in the compound tensification process discussed in §2 (Tables XXXII–
XXXVIII), as well as additional examples of the co-occurrence of di‰erent
onset types in simplex nouns considered in §4.2 ((10)–(12)).
2
Chiyuki Ito
tensification
rating
80–100%
pi+sok
‘rain+inside’
pHi+cul
‘blood+cord’
tal+pam
‘moon+night’
pam+pa.ram
‘night+wind’
£ pi.sok (0)
~ pi.s*ok (35)
‘in the midst of rain’
£ pHi.cul (1)
~ pHi.c*ul (35)
‘vein’
£ tal.pam (5)
~ tal.p*am (34)
‘moonlit night’
£ pam.param (6) ~ pam.p*aram (29)
‘night wind’
60–80%
tam.pE+cE
‘tobacco+ash’
cH@l+sE
‘season+bird’
pj@l+ca.ri
‘star+seat’
£ tam.pE.cE (8) ~ tam.p*E.cE (27)
‘tobacco ashes’
£ [email protected] (9)
~ [email protected]*E (27)
‘migratory bird’
£ [email protected] (13) ~ [email protected]*a.ri (26)
‘constellation’
40–60%
ko.ki+kuk
‘meat+soup’
pi+ku.rîm
‘rain+cloud’
mul+pi.nu
‘water+soap’
£ ko.ki.kuk (16) ~ ko.ki.k*uk (20)
‘meat soup’
£ pi.ku.rîm (20) ~ pi.k*u.rîm (20)
‘rain cloud’
£ mul.pi.nu (26) ~ mul.p*i.nu (22)
‘liquid soap’
20–40%
an.kE+pi
‘fog+rain’
pul+ko.ki
‘fire+meat’
som+ku.rîm
‘cotton+cloud’
£ an.kE.pi (24)
~ an.kE.p*i (15)
‘foggy rain’
£ pul.ko.ki (25) ~ pul.k*o.ki (13)
‘roast meat’
£ som.ku.rîm (29) ~ som.k*u.rîm (11)
‘fleecy clouds’
0–20%
kE+so.ri
£ kE.so.ri (33)
~ kE.s*o.ri (7)
‘dog+sound’
‘nonsense’
son+to.k*i
£ son.to.k*i (35) ~ son.t*o.k*i (4)
‘hand+axe’
‘hand axe’
sil+ko.cHu
£ sil.ko.cHu (34) ~ sil.k*o.cHu (3)
‘thread+red pepper’
‘shredded red pepper’
Table XXXII
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table II.
Supplementary materials
familiarity
rating
6–7
son+ka.rak
‘hand+stick’
pE+sal
‘stomach+flesh’
mil+ka.ru
‘wheat+powder’
£ son.ka.rak (2)
~ son.k*a.rak (34)
‘finger’
£ pE.sal (3)
~ pE.s*al (34)
‘abdominal muscle’
£ mil.ka.ru (6)
~ mil.k*a.ru (33)
‘wheat flour’
4–6
pHul+supH
£ pHul.supH (14)
~ pHul.s*upH (26)
‘grass+forest’
‘bush’
si.kol+sa.ram
£ si.kol.sa.ram (14) ~ si.kol.s*a.ram (25)
‘countryside+person’
‘country person’
mul+pE
£ mul.pE (15)
~ mul.p*E (26)
‘water+stomach’
‘stomach full of water’
2–4
t*[email protected]
‘soil+spider’
[email protected]
‘hand+mirror’
pam+to.tuk
‘night+thief’
1–2
non+pj@
£ non.pj@ (21)
~ non.p*j@ (20)
‘rice field+rice plant’
‘rice plant in the field’
pE+ko.toN
£ pE.ko.toN (15)
~ pE.k*o.toN (19)
‘boat+whistle’
‘boat whistle’
[email protected]îm
£ [email protected]îm (24) ~ po.ri.k*@.rîm (16)
‘barley+manure’
‘manure in the barley field’
£ t*[email protected] (12) ~ t*aN.k*@.mi (27)
‘ground spider’
£ [email protected] (16)
~ son.k*@.ul (21)
‘hand mirror’
£ pam.to.tuk (19) ~ pam.t*o.tuk (16)
‘burglar’
Table XXXIII
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table V.
3
4
Chiyuki Ito
number of
syllables
1
pam+kil
‘night+road’
pul+picH
‘fire+colour’
kil+pa.tak
‘road+flat part’
[email protected]îs
‘hand+habit’
[email protected]
‘money+pocket’
tîl+pi.tul.ki
‘field+dove’
£ pam.kil (2)
~ pam.k*il (34)
‘night trip’
£ pul.picH (3)
~ pul.p*icH (33)
‘colour of a flame’
£ kil.pa.tak (6)
~ kil.p*a.tak (32)
‘road surface’
£ [email protected]îs (6)
~ son.p*@.rîs (30)
‘habitual action of the hands’
£ [email protected] (7)
~ ton.c*[email protected] (31)
‘purse’
£ tîl.pi.tul.ki (17)
~ tîl.p*i.tul.ki (26)
‘stock dove’
2
a.rE+pE
£ a.rE.pE (6)
~ a.rE.p*E (33)
‘bottom+stomach’
‘underbelly’
[email protected]+pam
£ [email protected] (10)
~ [email protected]*am (31)
‘winter+night’
‘winter night’
pa.ta+ko.ki
£ pa.ta.ko.ki (21)
~ pa.ta.k*o.ki (19)
‘sea+meat’
‘sea fish’
pi.nu+paN.ul
£ pi.nu.paN.ul (12) ~ pi.nu.p*aN.ul (25)
‘soap+bell’
‘soap bubble’
[email protected] £ [email protected] (25) ~ mo.rE.c*[email protected] (16)
‘sand+pocket’
‘sandbag’
pa.ci+ka.rEN.i
£ pa.ci.ka.rEN.i (20) ~ pa.ci.k*a.rEN.i (21)
‘trousers+crotch’
‘trouser-leg’
3
kî[email protected]*e+pam
£ kî[email protected]*e.pam (24) ~ kî[email protected]*e.p*am (17)
‘day before
‘night of the day before
yesterday+night’
yesterday’
ka.un.te+cip
£ ka.un.te.cip (27)
~ ka.un.te.c*ip (10)
‘centre+house’
‘middle house’
[email protected]+ko.rîm
£ [email protected]îm (21) ~ [email protected]*o.rîm (15)
‘jacket+coat string’ ‘coat string of a jacket’
so.na.ki+ku.rîm £ so.na.ki.ku.rîm (29) ~ so.na.ki.k*u.rîm (12)
‘shower+cloud’
‘shower cloud’
Table XXXIV
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table VII.
Supplementary materials
5
apH+ta.ri
£ ap.tari (6)
~ ap.t*ari (29)
‘front+leg’
‘forelegs’
ip+ta.tHum
£ ip.ta.tHum (25)
~ ip.t*a.tHum (13)
‘mouth+fight’
‘dispute’
k*ocH+patH
£ k*ot.patH (10)
~ k*ot.p*atH (27)
‘flower+field’
‘flower garden’
sok+sem
£ sok.sem (12)
~ sok.s*em (26)
‘inside+calculation’
‘intention’
[email protected]@N
£ [email protected]@N (24) ~ pap.k*@k.c@N (16)
‘rice+worries’
‘to take a meal worry’
pa.k*atH+pa.ram
£ pa.k*at.pa.ram (11) ~ pa.k*at.p*a.ram (24)
‘outside+wind’
‘outside air’
Table XXXV
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table VIII.
WA consonant type
aspirated
tense
kHoN+ki.rîm
‘soy bean+oil’
tH@l+ku.m@N
‘fur+hole’
[email protected]
‘grass+insect’
£ kHoN.ki.rîm (31) ~ kHoN.k*i.rîm (15)
‘bean oil’
£ [email protected]@N (16) ~ [email protected]*u.m@N (23)
‘pores of the skin’
£ [email protected] (28) ~ pHul.p*@l.le (8)
‘insect living in wood’
s*[email protected]
£ s*[email protected] (26) ~ s*al.p*@l.le (15)
‘rice+insect’
‘rice weevil’
k*E+kom.mul
£ k*E.kom.mul (25) ~ k*E.k*om.mul (10)
‘sesame+powdered bean’ ‘powdered sesame’
s*a.um+talk
£ s*a.um.talk (24) ~ s*a.um.t*alk (13)
‘fight+chicken’
‘fighting cock’
lax/
sonorant
pal+pa.tak
‘foot+flat part’
pi+cul.ki
‘rain+stem’
pul+ki.tuN
‘fire+pillar’
non+tu.r@N
‘rice field+ridge’
mal+so.ri
‘language+sound’
£ pal.pa.tak (1)
~ pal.p*a.tak (34)
‘sole of the foot’
pi.cul.ki (5)
~ pi.c*ul.ki (32)
£ ‘great streaks of rain’
pul.ki.tuN (13) ~ pul.k*i.tuN (26)
£ ‘pillar of fire’
non.tu.r@N (7)
~ non.t*u.r@N (29)
£ ‘ridge between rice fields’
mal.so.ri (7)
~ mal.s*o.ri (31)
£ ‘voice’
Table XXXVI
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table XI.
6
Chiyuki Ito
WB consonant type
aspirated
tense
twi+pa.kHwi
£ twi.pa.kHwi (17) ~ twi.p*a.kHwi (21)
‘back+wheel’
‘back wheel’
pal+ca.cHwi
£ pal.ca.cHwi (33) ~ pal.c*a.cHwi (4)
‘foot+trace’
‘footprints’
pom+pE.cHu
£ pom.pE.cHu (34) ~ pom.p*E.cHu (11)
‘spring+Chinese cabbage’
‘spring Chinese cabbage’
mal+ko.p*i
‘horse+reins’
tol+to.k*i
‘stone+axe’
mal+tE.k*u
‘language+retort’
lax/
sonorant
£ mal.ko.p*i (25) ~ mal.k*o.p*i (12)
‘reins’
£ tol.to.k*i (32) ~ tol.t*o.k*i (8)
‘stone axe’
£ mal.tE.k*u (32) ~ mal.t*E.k*u (10)
‘retort’
mul+ko.ki
£ mul.ko.ki (6) ~ mul.k*o.ki (30)
‘water+meat’
‘fish’
son+ca.kuk
£ son.ca.kuk (4) ~ son.c*a.kuk (31)
‘hand+trace’
‘fingerprints’
non+pa.tak
£ non.pa.tak (6) ~ non.p*a.tak (30)
‘rice field+flat part’
‘flat part of rice field’
twi+ca.rak
£ twi.ca.rak (3) ~ twi.c*a.rak (32)
‘back+edges of garments’
‘rear hem of skirt’
sul+ca.ri
£ sul.ca.ri (7)
~ sul.c*a.ri (31)
‘wine+seat’
‘banquet’
Table XXXVII
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table XIII.
Supplementary materials
7
WA consonant type
aspirated/
local
can.cHi+cip
£ can.cHi.cip (8)
~ can.cHi.c*ip (28)
‘party+house’
‘banqueting house’
a.ciHm+cam
£ a.ciHm.cam (25)
~ a.ciHm.c*am (13)
‘morning+sleep’
‘morning sleep’
[email protected]
£ [email protected] (35)
~ pE.cHu.p*@l.lE (9)
‘Chinese cabbage
‘green caterpillar’
+insect’
tan.cHu+ku.m@N £ tan.cHu.ku.m@N (5) ~ tan.cHu.k*u.m@N (30)
‘button+hole’
‘buttonhole’
ko.cHu+cam.ca.ri £ ko.cHu.cam.ca.ri (34) ~ ko.cHu.c*am.ca.ri (10)
‘red pepper+
‘red dragonfly’
dragonfly’
aspirated/
non-local
tHo.mak+ko.ki £ tHo.mak.ko.ki (24) ~ tHo.mak.k*o.ki (20)
‘piece+meat’
‘meat chops’
cHi.ma+pa.ram £ cHi.ma.pa.ram (4)
~ cHi.ma.p*a.ram (33)
‘skirt+wind’
‘swish of a skirt’
ol.cHEN.i+pE
£ ol.cHEN.i.pE (30)
~ ol.cHEN.i.p*E (9)
‘tadpole+stomach’ ‘protruding belly’
tense/ local sE.k*i+cul
£ sE.k*i.cul (25)
~ sE.k*i.c*ul (15)
‘straw rope+cord’ ‘straw rope’
po.k*îm+pap
£ po.k*îm.pap (23)
~ po.k*îm.p*ap (18)
‘roast+rice’
‘stir-fried rice’
@.k*E+toN.mu
£ @.k*E.toN.mu (33)
~ @.k*E.t*oN.mu (6)
‘shoulder+friend’ ‘old playmate’
to.k*i+ca.ru
£ to.k*i.ca.ru (17)
~ to.k*i.c*a.ru (19)
‘axe+handle’
‘axe handle’
kî[email protected]*e+pam £ kî[email protected]*e.pam (24) ~ kî[email protected]*e.pam (17)
‘day before yester- ‘day before yesterday
day+night’
night’
tense/
non-local
t*al.ki+patH
£ t*al.ki.patH (29)
‘strawberry+field’ ‘strawberry field’
p*al.lE+cul
£ p*al.lE.cul (4)
‘washing+cord’
‘clothes-line’
p*al.lE+pi.nu
£ p*al.lE.pi.nu (15)
‘washing+soap’
‘laundry soap’
to.k*E.pi+pul
£ to.k*E.pi.pul (30)
‘goblin+fire’
‘will-o’-the-wisp’
~ t*al.ki.p*atH (9)
~ p*al.lE.c*ul (34)
~ p*al.lE.p*i.nu (23)
~ to.k*E.pi.p*ul (5)
Table XXXVIII
Additional examples of the variation illustrated in Table XV.
8
Chiyuki Ito
(10) Additional examples of the co-occurrence of onset type in initial and
peninitial syllables in (6)
a. Initial aspirated
pHin.cHan ‘rebuke’
pHa.ri
‘fly’
tHok.tHo.ki ‘Sminthuridae’
tHî.rim
‘belching’
tHal.tHa.ri ‘old car’
pHi.ra.mi ‘dace’
cHiN.tHuN.i ‘big bee’
[email protected] ‘base’
pHuN.ki
‘bellows’
tHo.k*i
‘rabbit’
tHî.cip
‘gap’
tHi.k*îl
‘dust’
cHi.sE
‘praise’
pHE.k*i
‘red bean’
tHe.tu.ri
‘circumference’
kHo.k*i.ri ‘elephant’
pHuN.teN.i ‘goldbug’
cHo.k*o.ci ‘small dried abalone’
cHi.ma
‘skirt’
b. Initial tense
k*a.cHi
‘magpie’
k*i.ni
‘meal’
k*@.pHul
‘skin’
s*a.wi
‘a son-in-law’
k*a.tHal
‘hindrance’
p*u.ri
‘root’
k*a.tHu.ri ‘hen pheasant’
s*a.rE.ki
‘half-crushed rice’
c*a.tHu.ri ‘remnants of cloth’ k*a.ma.kwi ‘raven’
k*a.ci
‘eggplant’
p*al.c*wi
‘bat’
t*al.ki
‘strawberry’
k*ul.t*uk
‘chimney’
s*îl.kE
‘gall-bladder’
k*a.k*a
‘confectionery’
k*u.ci.ram ‘scolding’
k*ol.t*u.ki ‘octopus’
t*îm.pu.ki ‘water rail’
c*i.k*@.ki
‘dregs’
c. Initial lax
pu.cHE
‘fan’
pa.wi
‘rock’
[email protected]
‘lice egg’
ko.nE
‘cat’
tan.cHu ‘button’
ta.rak
‘loft’
to.tHo.ri ‘acorn’
[email protected]
‘wild goose’
sa.tHu.ri ‘dialect’
sa.ma.kwi ‘praying mantis’
pa.ta
‘sea’
pa.k*atH
‘outside’
to.tok
‘thief’
sE.k*i
‘the young’
ko.ki
‘meat’
to.k*i
‘axe’
po.co.kE ‘dimple’
[email protected]*E.pi ‘phantom’
[email protected] ‘maggot’
kwi.t*u.ri ‘cricket’
d. Initial sonorant
ma.cHi
‘hammer’
mo.rE
‘sand’
u.tHi
‘clothing’
[email protected]
‘head’
ol.kHe
‘the wife of a girl’s brother’ na.mu
‘tree’
i.pHa.ri ‘leaf’
ma.nu.ra ‘wife’
ol.cHEN.i ‘tadpole’
mi.na.ri ‘parsley’
i.pul
‘bedding’
i.p*al
‘tooth’
ma.taN
‘garden’
mu.k*i
‘radish’
mo.ki
‘mosquito’
@.k*e
‘shoulder’
mu.ci.kE ‘rainbow’
me.t*u.ki ‘grasshopper’
[email protected]
‘father’
ol.p*E.mi ‘owl’
Supplementary materials
9
(11) Additional examples of the co-occurrence of onset type in peninitial and
final syllables in (7)
a. Peninitial aspirated
cE.cHE.ki
‘sneezing’
ci.pHaN.i ‘walking stick’
tam.tHa.ki ‘false charge’
so.kHu.ri ‘bamboo basket’
muN.tHe.ki ‘lump’
hE.pHa.ri ‘jellyfish’
b. Peninitial tense
to.k*E.pi
‘devil’
pu.t*u.mak
‘cooking fireplace’
caN.t*an.ci ‘calf of the leg’
pe.c*aN.i
‘katydid’
ci.p*a.kwi ‘thrush’
c*ak.c*a.k*uN ‘baby’s clapping’
mi.k*u.ri ‘loach’
cok.c*ip.k*e
‘tweezers’
~c*ok.c*ip.k*e
c. Peninitial lax
@[email protected] ‘thistle’
pa.ku.mi ‘rice weevil’
mu.ca.cHi
‘Elaphe rufodorsata’
pa.ku.ni
‘basket’
si.kîm.cHi
‘spinach’
ko.sa.ri
‘fernbrake’
co.pa.sim
‘anxiety’
hoN.tu.k*E ‘wooden roller’
[email protected]
‘chrysalis’
pu.su.k*E ‘kitchen’
[email protected]@.ci
‘insect’
kî[email protected]*e
‘day before
yesterday’
d. Peninitial sonorant
ka.ra.cHi
‘document container’
ko.ra.ni ‘elk’
pu.ra.kHwi ‘shrewd person’
[email protected]@.ri ‘leech’
ta.ra.cHi
‘colander’
[email protected] ‘chick’
ka.ri.pi
‘scallop’
to.ri.k*E ‘pole’
si.rE.ki
‘dried radish leaves’
ta.rE.k*i ‘sty’
to.ra.ci
‘balloonflower’
kî[email protected]*e ‘year before last’
10 Chiyuki Ito
(12) Additional examples of the co-occurrence of onset type in initial and final
syllables in (8)
a. Initial aspirated
cHu.ra.cHi
‘big killifish’
cHo.ko.ri
‘small hawk’
[email protected] ‘arrowroot vine’
pHi.ra.mi
‘dace’
pHo.tE.ki
‘covering’
pHi.rEN.i
‘bamboo hat’
[email protected] ‘vegetable’
[email protected]*i
‘fur’
[email protected]@.ki
‘wild field’
pHu.cip.k*E ‘cover for weapons’
b. Initial tense
t*a.ra.cHi
‘sty’
k*[email protected]
‘bundle’
k*î.na.pHul ‘a piece of string’
k*oN.mu.ni
‘buttocks’
k*wa.pE.ki ‘cruller’
c*aN.a.c*i
‘slices of radish’
k*@p.t*e.ki ‘husks’
c*ak.c*a.k*uN ‘baby’s clapping’
t*a.o.ki
‘ibis’
c*ok.c*ip.k*e ‘tweezers’
k*@[email protected] ‘young pheasant’
c. Initial lax
si.kîm.cHi ‘spinach’
ta.si.ma
‘sea tangle’
ta.ra.cHi ‘colander’
to.ka.ni
‘melting pot’
pa.ka.cHi ‘gourd’
pu.sî.r@m ‘ulcer’
ki.ci.kE
‘stretching’
pu.su.k*E ‘kitchen’
[email protected]
‘maggot’
to.ri.k*E ‘pole’
[email protected] ‘diaper’
ta.rE.k*i ‘sty’
d. Initial sonorant
o.raN.kHE
‘barbarian’
na.kî.ne ‘traveller’
mo.ka.cHi
‘share’
o.so.ri
‘badger’
@[email protected] ‘thistle’
[email protected] ‘raccoon’
me.sa.ki
‘catfish’
@[email protected]*e ‘yesterday’
[email protected]
‘rags’
a.ka.s*i ‘young lady’
i.pa.ci
‘contribution’
[email protected]*i ‘uncle’