DHIBANEXCAVATIONANDDEVELOPMENTPROJECT,
JORDAN
CourseID:ARCHXL159
Jul6-Aug10,2017
FIELDSCHOOLDIRECTORS:
Dr.BruceRoutledge–UniversityofLiverpool([email protected])
Dr.KatherineAdelsberger-KnoxCollege([email protected])
INTRODUCTION
Located40milessouthofAmmanand12mileeastoftheDeadSea,TallDhibanisoneJordan’smost
importanthistoricalsites.Amoundofmorethan30acresinareaand130feetinheight,TallDhiban
containsafascinatingrecordofsome6,000yearsofhumanoccupation.Dhibanhasbeenatowninthe
firstphaseofurbanism,capitalofthebiblicalkingdomofMoab,anoutpostofNabataeancultureatthe
timeoftheRomanconquest,athrivingcityatthepeakoftheByzantineEmpire,anearlyconquestof
firstIslamiccaliphs,andakeyagriculturalcenterintheaftermathoftheCrusades.Today,Dhibanisa
vibrantmoderntownprimarilycomposedofBedouinfromtheBaniHamidatribe.
TheDhibanExcavationandDevelopmentProject(DEDP)hasbeenworkingsince2004toboth
understandtherichandcomplexarchaeologicalrecordofTallDhibanandtohelplocalresidentsand
governmentagenciestopreserveanddevelopthisrecordasaneconomicandheritageresourceforthe
future.ThestoryofDhibanisoneof“boomandbust”,ofrapidsettlementgrowthandequallyrapid
contraction.Weareinterestedinunderstandingwhypeoplecontinuallyreturnedtoaplacethathasno
permanentwatersupply.Weareinterestedinunderstandinghowthedifficultenvironmental
conditionsatDhibanhaveinteractedwiththewidereconomicandsocialdevelopmentsintheNearEast
overthepastsixmillennia.WearealsointerestedinunderstandinghowthematerialpastofDhiban
hascontinuallyshapeditspresentanditsfuture.
In2017theDEDPwillexploretheseissuesintwoways.OntheeveoftheIslamicconquestofJordan,
Dhibanwasaboomingcity.Excavationsin2012-13uncoveredalargedomesticstructurefromthis
periodthathadbeenburnedwithitscontentsinplace.In2017wewillexcavatethislargehouse,and
documenttherichrecorditcontainsoflifeinthe6th-7thcenturiesCE.Inparticular,wewillaskifthe
localautonomythatissaidtocharacterizethelastphaseoftheByzantineEmpireinJordancanbeseen
intheeconomicorganizationofDhiban.Wewillalsoaskwhetherornottheburningofthishouseand
thechangesindietandeconomicstrategiesthatseemtofollowcanberelatedtotheIslamicconquest
ofDhiban.
1|P a g e In2017wewillalsocontinueourgeoarchaeologicalstudyofhowtheexpansionandcontractionof
Dhibanimpactedslopeerosiononthesiteandinthesurroundingvalleys.
2017willalsoseetheinaugurationofasitedevelopmentplanatTallDhiban,inwhichDEDPteam
memberswillworkwiththeDepartmentofAntiquitiesofJordantocleanandconsolidatebuildings
excavatedinthe1950s,erectinformationsignsonsite,prepareinformationalbrochuresandother
resourcesforbothstudentsandadultsinDhiban,andupgradethedisplaycasesdedicatedtoDhibanin
theMadabaArchaeologicalMuseum.
ACADEMICCREDITUNITS&TRANSCRIPTS
CreditUnits:Attendingstudentswillbeawarded12quartercreditunits(equivalentto8
semesterunits)throughouracademicpartner,UCLAExtension.UCLAisatoprankedresearch
universityanditsarchaeologyprogramisrankedamongstthebestinthecountry.AllIFRfield
schoolsinstructorsandcurriculaareapprovedbothbythecorrespondingacademicdepartment
andtheAcademicSenateatUCLA.Thisfieldschoolprovidesaminimumof160direct
instructionalhours.
Transcripts:TranscriptsareavailablethroughUCLAUnEXandinstructionsforordering
transcriptsmaybefoundathttp://bit.ly/2bD0Z3E.Gradeswillbepostedandtranscript
availableusuallywithinsixweeksaftertheendofthisfieldschool.AllIFRfieldschoolsare
designatedXLclasses–coursesthatareequivalenttoundergraduatecoursesofferedbythe
UCLAregularsession.AllXLcoursesaretransferableforunitandsubjectcredittowardthe
Bachelor'sDegreeatallcampusesoftheUCandCSUsystems.Classesnumbered100to199are
consideredupperdivision(junior/senior).Formoreinformation,gotohttp://bit.ly/2bjAqmy.
UCLAstudents:StudentscantakeclassesthroughUCLAExtensiontocompleterequirements.
Howevercertainconsiderationsmustbetakenintoaccount.Formoreinformation,goto
http://bit.ly/2bJWeHK.
CreditUnitsTransfer:MostuniversitiesacceptUCLAcreditunits–thereareveryfew
exceptions.Studentsarestronglyencouragedtodiscussthetransferabilityofthecreditunits
withschoolofficialsBEFOREattendingthefieldschool.
COURSEOBJECTIVES
Theaimofthiscourseistofamiliarizestudentswiththecoreconcepts,skills,andpracticalandethical
challengesofarchaeologicalfieldresearchwithinthecontextofthearchaeologicalrecordofJordan
sincetheMiddleHolocene.Thiswillbeachievedbyeachstudentthroughtheirguidedparticipationin
allaspectsoftheexcavationprocess,suchas:excavationonthesiteofTallDhiban;manual
documentationincludingthecompletionoflocus(i.e.context)formsandthedrawingofplansand
sections;digitaldocumentationthroughtheuseofatotalstationsurveyinginstrumentfollowedby
mappinganddatabasemanagementinaGISenvironment,aswellasdigitalphotographyand
photogrammetry;findsprocessingincludingthewashing,labelling,identificationandregistrationof
excavatedfinds;andenvironmentalsampling,includinggeo-archaeologicalsedimentanalysisandthe
recoveryofbotanicalremainsbymeansofwaterflotation.
Studentswillalsoachievethecourseaimsbyattendinglectures,weeklyprojectmeetingsand
weekendfieldtripstoarchaeologicalsitesofrelevancetotheresearchgoalsoftheDEDP.Thefield
schoolwillcommenceonJuly7th,2017withtwodaysofintroductorylectures,afterwhichlectureswill
occuronceperweek(onWednesdays).OnThursdays,allstudentsandstaffwillparticipateinaweekly
reviewoftheproject’sprogressinrelationtoitsresearchgoalsanddesign.Courseactivitieswillrun
2|P a g e everydayfromSundaythroughThursdayuntilAugust9,2017,withfieldtripsonatleastonedayeach
weekend(FridayorSaturday).
DISCLAIMER–PLEASEREADCAREFULLY
Archaeologicalfieldworkinvolvesphysicalworkintheoutdoors.Youshouldbeawarethatconditionsin
thefieldaredifferentthanthoseyouexperienceinyourhome,dormsorcollegetown.Thisprogram
operatesinatypicalsemi-aridEasternMediterraneanenvironment.Averagedailyhightemperaturesin
JulyandAugustrangefrom85-89˚F.However,in2016dailyhighswereover100˚FmostdaysinAugust.
Ourworkdayrunsfrom5:30-13:00toavoidtheworstoftheheat,buttemperaturescanalreadybehigh
andthesunstrongby9:00AM.Dehydration,sunstrokeandseveresunburnareveryrealdangersif
careisnottakeninregularlydrinkingwater,andcoveringyourskinandhead.Thesedangersare
exacerbatedwhenexertingyourselfintheoutdoors.Bothforthisreason,andinkeepingwithJordanian
standardsofmodesty,youwillnotbeallowedtoworkinshortsorsleevelessshirts.
Stingingwaspsandscorpionsarepresentonthesite.Whiletheirbitesarepainfulratherthan
dangerousformostyoungadults,theycanpresentaseriousrisktothosewithheartconditionsorwho
sufferallergicreactionstoinsectbite.Mosquitosarepresentatnightwhenitcoolsoff.Mosquitosin
JordanarenotknowntocarryinfectiousdiseasessuchasMalariaorDengueFever.However,we
recommendtheuseofinsectrepellantandmosquitonetsforcomfortwhensleeping.
Ifyouhaveanymedicalconcerns,pleaseconsultwithyourdoctor.Forallotherconcerns,please
consultwiththeprojectdirector–asappropriate.
PREREQUISITES
Therearenoprerequisitesforparticipationinthisfieldschool.Thisishands-on,experientiallearning
andstudentswillstudyon-sitehowtoconductarchaeologicalresearch.Archaeologyinvolvesphysical
workandexposuretotheelementsandthus,requiresameasureofacceptancethatthiswillnotbethe
typicaluniversitylearningenvironment.Youwillgetsweaty,tiredandhavetoworkintheoutdoors.
Studentsarerequiredtocomeequippedwithsufficientexcitementandadequateunderstandingthat
thearchaeologicalendeavorrequiresreal,hardwork–inthesun,onyourfeet,andwithyourtrowel.
LEARNINGOUTCOMES
Uponsuccessfullycompletingthiscourse,studentswillhaveacquired:
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Abasicunderstandingoftheprocessofarchaeologicalresearch,includingtheinter-relationship
betweenresearchquestions,researchdesign,datacollectionandprocessingmethods,andthedata
themselves
Thebasicmanualandintellectualskillsnecessaryessentialtocarryingoutarchaeologicalexcavation
toahighstandard.
Afirmgraspofthefundamentalprinciplesandproceduresforfindsprocessingandregistration.
Agoodappreciationandbasicknowledgeofthemethodsandimportanceofenvironmental
samplinginitsvariousforms.
Abasicgraspofdigitaldocumentationprocedures.
Abasicunderstandingoftheprinciplesocialandcultural-historicaldevelopmentsinJordanfromthe
mid-HolocenetotheOttomanEmpire.
AbasicfamiliaritywiththematerialcultureofcentralJordanintheperiodsunderexcavationin
2017.
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Abasicappreciationoftheethicalresponsibilitiesandsignificantchallengesinvolvedinpreserving
thearchaeologicalrecordofJordanasavaluedculturalandeconomicassetforitscitizens,andthe
worldatlarge.
GRADINGMATRIX
45%Attendanddemonstrategoodcitizenship(i.e.engagement,punctuality,collegialcontributionsin
discussions,andactiveparticipationingroupexercises)indailyfieldandlabwork,lectures,practical
training,projectmeetingsandfieldtrips.
15%Reflexiveskillssurveyandinterview.Studentswillreflectonwhatskillstheyhavelearnedinthe
fieldschoolandhowwelltheyhavemasteredtheseskillsinaninterviewwithseniorstaffmembers.(to
bescheduledduringweek5)
15%Fieldtripreport.Studentswillwriteupa<500wordreportononeofthesitesvisitedonaproject
fieldtrip.Studentsareexpectedincludepersonalobservationsfromvisitingthesiteaswellas
informationprovidedintheassignedbackgroundreadings.(dueAugust9,2017)
15%Excavationreport.Studentswillwriteupa<500wordreportoutliningthemaindevelopmentsand
resultsintheexcavationunittowhichtheywereassignedinthe2016seasonandhowthesecontribute
totheoverallgoalsoftheDEDP.(dueAugust9,2017)
10%Quizcoveringthebackgroundreadingsassignedpriortothestudents’arrivalinJordan.(July13,
2017)
TRAVEL&MEETINGPOINT
StudentsenrolledinthefieldschoolareexpectedtoarriveonJuly 6,2017atQueen‘Aliya
InternationalAirport(AmmanJordan)wheretheywillbemetbyprojectstaff.Pleaseemailyourtravel
itinerarytothefieldschooldirector([email protected])assoonasitisconfirmed.Students
whoarriveoutsideoftheagreedarrival“window”willneedtotakeataxitoourbasebesidethe
MadabaArchaeologicalMuseum(inMadaba).Theairporttaxistandisimmediatelyoutsideofthe
arrivalsgateandthe30-minutetriptoMadabahasafixedpriceregulatedbythegovernment(22
JordanianDinaratthetimeofwriting).
Thedirector’sJordaniancell/mobilenumberwillbeprovidedtoallstudentsneareryourdeparturedate.
Usethatnumberand/orthedirector’semailaddresstomakecontactwiththeteamifyoumissyour
flight,aredelayedorarescheduledtoarriveoutsideofthearrival“window”onJuly6,2017.
VISAREQUIREMENTS
AllU.S.,CanadianandEUcitizenswillrequirebothasingleentrytouristvisaforJordanandapassport
validforatleast6monthsfromthedatethatthevisaisissued.Visascanbepurchasedviathe
Jordanianembassyinyourcountryofcitizenshiportheycanbepurchasedatthepassportcontrolpoint
inQueenAliyaAirportuponyourarrivalinJordan.ThecurrentpriceforNorthAmericanandEuropean
citizensis40JordanianDinars(JoD).PleasenotethatthefeemustbepaidinJoD.Ifyouhavenot
purchaseddinarspriortoyourarrival,therearemoneychangersadjacenttothepassportcontrolarea
thatyoucanuse.Youvisaisinitiallyvalidforonemonthandcanonlybeextendedforasecondmonth
ifyoucheckinatapolicestationwithinyourfirst30daysinthecountry.Thiswillbearrangedonyour
behalfbytheproject.
Inadditiontothetouristvisa,allforeignparticipantsonarchaeologicalexcavationsinJordanmustbe
reviewedbythegovernment.Thisinvolvessubmittingyourpassportinformation,aphotographand
somebasicpersonalinformation(address,occupation,previousexperienceetc)atleastthreemonths
priortothebeginningoftheexcavationpermit.ForDEDP2016thismeansnolaterthanApril2,2017.
4|P a g e Onceyouhavebeenacceptedontothe2016DEDPFieldSchoolDr.Routledgewillcontactyoutocollect
thisinformation.
ACCOMMODATIONS
OurprojectbaseisinMadaba,acityofc.80,000(c.1/3Christianand2/3Muslim)15milesnorthof
Dhibanwithgoodtouristinfrastructure,includingrestaurants,hotels,banksandawiderangeofshops.
FreeWiFiisavailableinanumberofcafesandinternetUSBdonglescanbepurchasedinMadabafor
yourlaptoporsmartphone.Teammemberswillsleep3-4perroomingendersegregatedapartments
thathaveelectricity,runningwater,showersandwestern-styletoilets.Waterisinshortsupplyin
Jordan,soallteammembersareexpectedtoconservewateratalltimes.Breakfastisprovidedonsite
andalargelunchwillbepreparedeachweekdaybyour(excellent)cook.Eveningandweek-endmeals
arelessstructured,withstudentsfreetoeatfoodavailableintheprojectkitchenorpurchasetheirown
foodinMadaba.Mealswillbeprovidedduringfieldtripswhereappropriate.Wecanaccommodate
vegetariandietsasamatterofcourse.Morestrictdietaryrestrictions(vegan,kosher,allergies,lactose
orglutenintolerance,etc.)aremoredifficulttoaccommodateandwillneedtobenegotiatedonacaseby-casebasis.PleasecontactDr.Routledgebyemail([email protected])ifyouhaveanysuch
dietaryrestrictions.
ETIQUETTE
ItisimportanttorememberthatwhilelivingandworkinginJordanweareguestsandshouldalwaysbe
respectfultowardsourhosts.Thismeansmaintainingalevelofmodestyanddecoruminourdress,
publicbehaviorandconsumptionofalcohol.Forbothmenandwomen,ourmodestdresscodein
publicspacesincludessleevedshirtsandlongtrousers/skirts(nobarechests,shorts,shortskirts,low
necklines,sleevelessorbacklessclothing).Notonlywillyouavoiddrawingattentiontoyourself,you
willalsohelptoprotectyourselfagainstsunburn,sunstrokeandskincancer.
Theroofandpatiosoftheproject’sapartmentsareconsideredpublicspaces.Bemindfulofwhatyou
wearandsay,asourneighbourswillbelivingnearby.Also,bediscrete--watchyournoiselevels,since
neighbourswillbedisturbedbythenoise.Nosunbathingontherooforonpatios.
TeammembersareforbiddenfromconsumingalcoholwheninDhibanandmustlimittheir
consumptionelsewhere.Jordan’sofficialreligionisIslam,anddrinkinginthestreetisagainstthelaw.
ConsumingalcoholisacceptableoutsideofDhiban,forexample,inrestaurantsinAmmanandMadaba.
However,eveninlargertownsyourbehaviourwillreflectupontheprojectasawhole.Reportsofpublic
displaysofdrunkennesswillleadtoyourdismissalfromtheproject.Basicguidelinestoremember:1.Be
discreet2.Donotdrinktoomuch--publicdrunkennessisunacceptable3.Teammembersareexpected
towork,regardlessofself-inflictedfatigue.4.Alcoholcontributestodehydration.StudentsareNOT
permittedtodrinkalcoholduringtheworkweek,andstaffmembersareencouragedtolimittheir
consumption.
ITEMSTOBRING
Required:
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A4"or4.5”pointingtrowel—(PhiladelphiaorLondonstyle).MarshalltownorWHS-Tyzackare
thebestbrandsforarchaeology.
Sturdyboots/hikingshoeswithanklesupport.Steeltoesarenotnecessary,butnoonewillbe
allowedtoexcavateinsneakersorsandals.
Workgloves.
Ahatorappropriatehead-coveringforsunprotection.
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Long-sleevedworkshirt(teammembersarenotpermittedtoworkonsiteinsleeveless
garments).100%ishighlyrecommendedforcomfortintheheat.Pleasebesurethattheshirt
tailsarelongenoughtopreventyourbuttocksand/orunderwearand/orlowerbackfrom
beingexposedwhenyoubendovertoexcavate!
Cottont-shirtstowearunderyourworkshirt.Thishelpscreateacoolingmicro-climatenextto
yourskin.
Cottonlong-leggedworkpants(trousers)(teammembersarenotpermittedtoworkonsitein
shorts).Pleasebesurethattheriseofyourpants(trousers)issufficienttocoveryour
buttocksand/orunderwearwhenyoubendovertoexcavate!
Daybackpackappropriateforcarryingpersonalequipmenttoandfromthesite.Warning:this
itemwillexperienceconsiderablewear&tear&dirt.DonotbringaVuitton!
Waterbottle(24–32oz.)
SunglasseswithUVprotection
SunblockwithahighSPF
InsectRepellent
Lightsleepingbagorsheetsandpillowcase.Foampillowsandmattressesaresuppliedbythe
project.
Towelandwashcloth
Recommended:
• LipbalmwithhighSPF
• Bandanaorscarftoprotectthebackofyourneckfromthesun.(Manyoptionstopurchasein
Madaba).
• Flipflopsthatcanbewornintheshower(canbepurchasedinMadaba)
• Flashlight&batteries
• Personalfirstaidkit,includingTylenol/Advil,cold/sinusmedication,Imodium,etc.(Theproject
willalsohaveacollectivefirstaidkitforeachapartment).
• Mosquitonet
• Clothespinsforhanginglaundry(availableinMadaba)
• Personaltoiletries(MostareavailableinMadaba,butbrandsarelimited.Women:tamponsare
difficulttopurchaseoutsideAmman.)
• Stuff-sackstostorelaundry,toiletries
• laptopcomputer(usefulbutnotrequiredforfieldschoolassignments)
• UnlockedcellphonethatcantakeaJordanianSIMcard(thiswillsaveyoualotofmoneyin
roamingcharges).
• Atleastonesetof“restaurantworthy”clothing.
• Swimwear.(Note:strictlyforswimmingathotelpools,theDeadSeaetc.Sunbathinginor
aroundtheprojectapartmentsorinanypublicspaceisnotallowed).
ITEMSNOTTOBRING
• AnyformofGPSdevices
• Walkie-talkies
• Anyelectronicdevicethatemitsaradiosignal
AlloftheseobjectsareillegalinJordanwithoutexplicitwrittenpermissionfromthegovernment.These
deviceswillbeconfiscatedattheairportuponarrival.
COURSESCHEDULE
Orientation
6|P a g e Jul06-ArrivalatQueenAliyaInternationalAirportandtransporttoMadaba
Jul07–AM:Jetlagrecoverytime
PMLecturea)–WelcometoJordan(staffandstudentintroductions;geography,environment,
history,language,religionandcurrentissuesforJordan).
Read:JordanCurrentIssuesReadingPack.
PM:Lectureb)–IntroductiontotheDhibanExcavationandDevelopmentProject(health&
safety,thesite,researchgoals&researchdesign2016).Read:Porteretal.(2007)
PM:Projectwelcomedinner
Jul08–AMLecturea)–ThePlaceofArchaeologyinJordanToday.
Read:Abu-KhafajahandBadran(2015);BurtenshawandPalmer(2014)
AM:Lectureb)–Excavation:(WhatwillIbedoingtomorrowandwhy?).Read:Routledgen.d.
PM:Lecturea)–Geo-archaeologyRead:Stein(2001).
PM:lectureb)–EnvironmentalarchaeologyRead:WilkinsonandStevens(2003).
Weeks1-5(July9-August9)
Standardworkday(Sunday–Thursday)
4:15AM–Wakeup.Light“first”breakfast(coffee/tea,bread,jametc.)
4:45M–Rollcallandtransportbybustosite.
5:25AM-Arriveatsite
5:30AM-9:00AM–Firstperiodofexcavation
9:00-9:30AM–Secondbreakfastinshadetent.
9:30-11AM–Secondperiodofexcavation
11-11:15AM–Breakinshadetent.
11:15-12:30–Thirdperiodofexcavation
12:30-12:50–Unitscleanedandinspected.Toolsgatheredandstoredforthenight.
(OnThursdaysclean-upwillstartat12:00andthelast30minsofthedaywillbespentvisitingother
excavationunitsonsitetoseetheirprogress).
13:00–TransporttoMadaba.
13:45-14:30Lunch
14:30-16:00:Freetime(i.e.nap)
16:00-19:00:Labwork.Normallythisentailscleaningandprocessingfinds.Onedayperweekstudents
willworkinsmallgroupslearningskillsandassistingstaffmembersinoneofthefollowingareasofdata
collectionandanalysis:i)Geo-archaeology;ii)Paleo-ethnobotany;iii)DigitalsurveyandGISmapping;iv)
Findsregistrationandanalysis;v)Photographyandillustration.
19:00-19:45Dinner
21:00:Lightsout
EveryWednesdaytherewillbealecturefrom18:00-19:00.Eachlecturewilladdressmajorinterpretive
ormethodologicalissuesinthearchaeologyofcomplexsocietiesbymeansofthearchaeologicalrecord
ofJordan.
Week1:ThemesforEnvironmentalarchaeologyinJordan:Land,waterandfood.
Read: Cordova,Carlos(2007):176-204.
Week2:ThemesforIronAgeJordan:Socialchange,identityandstate-formation.
Read: Routledge,Bruce(2003).
Week3:ThemesforHellenistic,NabataeanandRomanJordan:Tradeandimperialism
Read: Schmid, Stefan “The Hellenistic Period and the Nabataeans”. Pp. 353-411 in Adams
2008.
Freeman,Philip“TheRomanPeriod.”Pp.413-441inAdams2008
7|P a g e Week4:ThemesforByzantineandEarlyIslamicJordan:Money,religion,andpower.
Read: Watson,Pamela“TheByzantinePeriod”.Pp.442-481inAdams2008.
Whitcomb,Donald“TheUmayyadandAbbasidPeriods”.Pp.483-493inAdams2008.
Week5ThemesforMiddleIslamicandOttomanJordan:Agriculture,pastoralnomadismand“collapse”.
Read: Walmsley,Alan“TheMiddleIslamicandCrusaderPeriods”.Pp.495-537inAdams2008.
McQuitty,Alison“TheOttomanPeriod”.Pp.539-568inAdams2008.
EveryThursday(exceptJuly27–thePetraWeekend)therewillbeaprojectteammeetingfrom18:0019:00toreviewoftheprogressofresearchthatweekandplanfortheweektocome.
Eachweekendtherewillbeafieldtriptoarchaeologicalsitesrelevanttothiscontentofthiscourse:
Week1:Friday-WalkingtourofMadaba(MadabaArchaeologicalmuseum;“Churchofthemap”;
MadabaArchaeologicalPark;ChurchoftheApostles).
Saturday–SitesintheMadabaregion(Mt.Nebo;Kh.Mukhayyat;Mukawir(Macherus);Kh.
Ataruz;Ummar-Rsas).
Week2–Jerash
Week3–PetraandtheWadiDananaturereserve(Longweekend–Friday-Sunday).
Week4–AmmanandtheDesertCastles
(OptionaltriptotheDeadSea)
READINGS
CourseTextbook:
Adams,Russell(ed.).2008Jordan:AnArchaeologicalReader.London:Equinox.
OtherReadings:
AbuKhafajah,ShathaandArwaBadran.2015“FromHeritagetoArchaeologyandBackAgain“.Pp.91112inThePalgraveHandbookofContemporaryHeritageResearchEditedbyE.WatertonandS.
Watson.Basingstoke:Palgrave-Macmillan
Burtenshaw,PaulandCarolPalmer.2014“Archaeology,LocalDevelopmentandTourism–aRolefor
InternationalInstitutions”CouncilforBritishResearchintheLevantBulletin9:21-26.
Cordova,Carlos.2007MillennialLandscapeChangeinJordan.Tucson:UniversityofArizona
DEDPn.d.Jordan–CurrentIssuesReadingPack(acollectionofbriefUN,Jordaniangovernment,NGO
andnewsmediainternetsourcesprovidingbasicdataandperspectivesoncurrentissuesinJordan,esp.
withtheSyrianrefugeecrisis,Islam,government,environment,economy,anddemography).
Porter,Benjamin,BruceRoutledge,DanielleSteenandFirasKwamlah.2007“ThePowerofPlace:The
DhibanArchaeologicalProject.”Pp.315-322inCrossingJordan:NorthAmericancontributionstothe
ArchaeologyofJordan.EditedbyP.M.Daviau,T.Levy,R.Younker.London:Equinox.
Routledge,Bruce.n.d.TheDhibanExcavationManual.
Routledge,Bruce.2003EvolutionisasHistoryDoes:OnStateFormationinIronAgeTransjordan.Pp.
231-261inOneHundredYearsofAmericanArchaeologyintheLevant:ProceedingsoftheASOR
Centennial.EditedbyD.ClarkandV.Matthews.ASORPublications,Boston.
Stein,J.K.(2001).“Archaeologicalsedimentsinculturalenvironments.”Pp.1-28inSedimentsin
ArchaelogicalContext.EditedbyJ.K.SteinandW.R.Farrand.SaltLakeCity,UniversityofUtahPress.
8|P a g e Wilkinson,KeithandStevens,Chris.2003“Palaeoeconomy:ancientsubsistenceandproductionfrom
biologicalevidence”.Pp.135-208inK.WilkinsonandC.Stevens,EnvironmentalArchaeology:
Approaches,TechniquesandApplications.London:Tempus.
RECOMMENDEDREADINGS
Robins,Philip.2004AHistoryofJordan.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.
9|P a g e