Index
A
Abbott, David, 49, 60
Abourezk, James G., 146
absolute majority of popular vote, requiring,
488–90, 496–97
Adams, Brockman, 152
Adams, John, 73, 76, 78, 80, 112, 124, 125
Adams, John Quincy, 112
administrative clearinghouse, and electoral reform
compact proposal, 277
advertising expenditures, 12, 13t, 22, 23t, 24, 28t,
725–29. See also campaign spending
advisory compacts, 209
Aghazarian, Gregory G., xix, xxxv
Agreement Among the States to Elect the President
by National Popular Vote. See National
Popular Vote compact
Agreement on Detainers. See Interstate Agreement
on Detainers
agricultural compacts, 209
Agricultural Grain Marketing Compact, 211
Aiken, George D., 145
Air Quality Act of 1967, 252
Alabama
1960 presidential ballot, 108–9f, 262, 264
1968 election, 127
electors, 108–10, 112, 270
interstate compacts, 221
whole-number proportional approach and, 175
Alabama Democratic Party, 108–9
Alabama Republican Party, 109
Alaska
Ballot Measure 4, 336
citizen-initiative process, 279, 300n, 328, 335, 336
election of U.S. senators, 336
fusion voting, 272
implementation of 17th Amendment, 336
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
Alaska-Vermont interstate compact, hypothetical,
487–88
Alcorn v. Wolfe (1993), 532–33
Amar, Akhil Reed, 281
Amar, Vikram David, 281, 403
Amending of the Federal Constitution, The
(Orfield), 309
American Enterprise Institute, 278
American Independent Party, 112
American Samoa, interstate compacts, 216
Anderson, John B., xix, xxvii–xxviii
Anderson, Wendell, 146
Anti-Federalist Party, 324, 367, 385, 648
Anuzis, Saul, xix, xxxvi–xxxvii
Appalachian Regional Compact, 214
Arizona
citizen-initiative process, 279, 299, 315, 328
constitutional provisions, 299, 299n
interstate compacts, 211, 217, 222, 223, 228, 243
presidential ballot, 89
protest-referendum process, 299
whole-number proportional approach and,
173–75
Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission,
316
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent
Redistricting Commission et. al., 316
Arkansas
1968 election, 127
citizen-initiative process, 335
implementation of 17th Amendment, 335
television advertisements in, 729t
whole-number proportional approach and,
171–72
Arkansas River Compact, 241, 250
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 251
Articles of Confederation, xxvii, 205–6, 208, 243
artificial crises, in winner-take-all system, 51–53,
255, 607, 608
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Compact, 210, 212,
221, 228, 248
Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act, 212
Attorney General, U.S., 215
audits, post-election, 564–65
Aveline v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and
Parole (1999), 525–26, 528
B
Babcock, Lewis, 322n, 323
Bailey, Lloyd W., 112
Baker, F. A., 379–81, 398–400
Baker, Howard, 146, 147
Baker, James, 129
ballot access requirements, variation across states
in, 503–11
1039
1040 | Index
ballot questions
interstate compacts, 219
pre-election judicial challenges, 339–41
ballot(s)
Massachusetts, 328
presidential, 89–91, 102f, 103, 103f, 105, 106,
108–9f
short presidential ballots, 85–87, 88f, 121,
261–62, 686–93
provisional, 565–70
See also under specific states
Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 232
Bartlett, Dewey R, 146
battleground states/swing states, 45, 129, 578–80
2000 election, 14
2004 election, 16f, 16t, 18t–19t, 186–91, 188f,
188t, 190f, 190t
2012 election, 24, 25t, 26, 27, 28f, 30t, 32, 33t
campaigns solicit votes based on issues of
concern to, 447–50, 452–55
defined, 44
identifying, 12
and the irrelevance of voters in non-battleground
states, 33, 35
spectator states becoming, 452–55
whole-number proportional approach and, 184t,
185–92
winner-take-all system and, 54, 55
Bayh, Birch, xix, xxix–xxxi, 53, 128, 129, 145–47,
743, 928–39
bed-sheet ballots, 85
Belenky, Alexander S., 687–88, 690, 692, 693, 717
Belle Fourche River Compact, 230–31
Bellmon, Henry, 145–47, 149–50, 464
Bennett, Robert W., 60, 281
Benton, Thomas Hart, 753
Bentsen, Lloyd, 113
Best, Judith A., 60
Best, Judith Vairo, 60
bi-state compacts, 220–21, 253, 279
Bible, Alan, 145
Biester, Edward George, Jr., 144
big cities. See large cities
big states. See large states
black suffrage, 363
Blackmun, Harry, 239, 636
Blackwell, Morton C., 468–69
“bloc voting” proposal, Jay Wilson’s, 283. See also
Wilson, Jennings “Jay”
Boggs, Thomas Hale, 142
Bonneville Power Administration, 214
Book of the States, The, 218
Boren, David L., 152
Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928, 222–23, 228
boundary compacts, 209
Braun, Alan G., 61
Breaking the Deadlock (Posner), 331–32
Brod, Laura, xx, xxxviii–xxxix
Brooke, Edward W., 146
Brookings Institution, 37
Brown, Sherrod, 271
Brulte, James L., xx, xl
Buchanan, John, xx, xxxii–xxxiii
Buckson, David P., 465–66
Bugh, Gary, 60
Burdick, Quentin, 145, 147, 152
bureaucracy, federal election, 658–60
Burr, Aaron, 73, 80n, 124, 125
Bush, George H.W., 144, 386, 408–9, 508
Bush, George W., 12, 15, 17, 47–48, 51–53, 54n, 87,
88, 93, 105, 116, 129, 185–87, 195, 271, 456,
568, 607, 707, 707t
Bush v. Gore (2000), 5n, 67, 97, 266, 329–32, 395
Butts v. City of New York Dept. of Housing
Preservation and Development (1985),
655–56
Byrd, Harry F., 112
Byrd, Robert C., 142, 145
C
Cabazon Band of Mission Indians v. California
(1987), 215
Cahill, William, 144
California
1876 election, 53, 126, 608
1880 election, 85
1896 election, 85
1912 election, 85
2000 election, 183, 183f
citizen-initiative process, xl, 292, 300, 300n, 316,
340
congressional-district approach and, 201, 204
disadvantages of winner-take-all system, 55, 56,
56n
interstate compacts, 211, 217, 220, 222, 228, 243
Proposition 80, 341
public opinion in, 286–87
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 190
California-Nevada Water Apportionment Interstate
Compact, 220–21
Camejo, Peter Miguel, 106, 107, 277
campaign events, post-convention, 20, 21t, 22,
32–33, 34t, 35f
campaign spending, 557–60. See also advertising
expenditures
campaigns, presidential
length of, if candidates had to travel to all 50
states, 559–60
states receiving most candidate visits, 12–14, 14t
Campbell, Tom, xx–xxi, xxxiv
Canada and interstate compacts, 216, 221–22
Cannon, Howard, 128, 130–33
Carrico, Charles, 679
Index | 1041
Carter, Jimmy, 47, 128–29, 456
Carter-Baker Commission, 129
Case, Clifford P., 145
Case Against Direct Election of the President, The
(J. V. Best), 60
case names
Alcorn v. Wolfe (1993), 532–33
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona
Independent Redistricting Commission
et. al., 316
Aveline v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation
and Parole (1999), 525–26, 528
Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 232
Bush v. Gore (2000), 5n, 67, 97, 266, 329–32, 395
Butts v. City of New York Dept. of Housing
Preservation and Development (1985),
655–56
Cabazon Band of Mission Indians v.
California (1987), 215
Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Commission, State of Nebraska v.
(1995), 532, 533
Chandler v. Miller (1997), 324n
Chapman v. Meier (1975), 331
Colorado General Assembly v. Salazar (2004),
313n
Cook v. Gralike (2001), 313n
Cuyler v. Adams (1981), 229
Davis v. Hildebrandt, State of Ohio ex rel.
(1916), 310–13, 313n, 315, 323n, 866–69
Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission
v. Colburn (1940), 229
Delaware v. State of New York, State of (1966),
465–66
Dillard v. Crenshaw County (1987), 656
Dover v. Portsmouth Bridge (1845), 232
Dummit v. O’Connell, Commonwealth ex rel.
(Kentucky, 1944), 328–29
Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc. (1976),
331
Ely v. Klahr (1971), 340
Florida v. Georgia (1854), 232
Georgetown v. Alexander Canal Company
(1838), 249
Gillette v. Franchise Tax Board (California,
2012), 526–28, 550–51, 1008–29
Green v. Biddle (1823), 229
Hawke v. Smith (1920), 306, 307, 307n, 308n,
310, 312–13, 313n, 914–18
Hellmuth and Associates v. Washington
Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
(1976), 409–10, 525, 528, 552
Hinderlider v. La Plata River and Cherry Creek
Ditch Company (1938), 229, 410, 414
Hollingsworth et al. v. Virginia (1798), 306–7,
306n
James v. Valtierra (1971), 331n
Kansas v. Colorado (2001), 241
Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency (1979), 532
Libertarian Party v. Buckley (Colorado, 1997),
324n
Louisville Bridge Company v. United States
(1917), 242
Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly (1964),
331
McClendon v. Slater (Oklahoma, 1976), 328,
328n
McComb v. Wambaugh (1991), 240, 526, 528–30,
556, 643
McPherson v. Blacker (1892), 5, 6, 7n, 67, 69,
75–76, 82, 84, 127, 157, 318, 320, 329, 331,
354–55, 359, 367, 379–82, 395, 396, 400,
412–13, 417, 627, 633, 649, 848–65
Murdock v. City of Memphis (1874), 229–30
Napolitano v. Davidson (2004), 322
New Hampshire v. Maine (1976), 232, 238, 549,
632, 635
Northwestern States Portland Cement
Company v. Minnesota (1966), 213
Opinion of the Justices, In re (Maine, 1919), 5n,
321–22, 321n, 327, 870–75
Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), 253, 279, 412, 628
Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge
Company (1855), 242
Petty v. Tennessee-Missouri Bridge
Commission (1959), 206
Ray v. Blair (1952), 111–12, 369, 513
Salizar v. Davidson, Colorado ex. rel. (2003),
313, 313n
Smiley v. Holm (1932), 310–11, 313, 313n,
919–27
Southern Leadership Conference v. Siegelman
(1989), 656
Stenberg v. Moore, State ex rel. (1996), 554–55
Texas Learning Technology Group v.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue
(1992), 410
Tobin v. United States (1962), 228
Trust the People Initiative Committee, State of
Alaska et al. v. (Alaska, 2004), 336n
U.S. Steel Corporation v. Multistate Tax
Commission (1978), 231–32, 238–40,
549–51, 556, 630–32, 634–37, 641–43,
969–96
U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995), 317, 318n,
340n, 414–18
Virginia v. Tennessee (1893), 206, 226, 232–39,
294–95, 549, 551, 630–35, 951–68
West Virginia ex rel. Dyer v. Sims (1950), 411,
531, 532, 553–54
Williams v. Virginia State Board of Elections
(1968), 404, 640, 1000–1007
Catholic Church, 367
1042 | Index
Celler, Emmanuel, 128, 142–44
Center for Voting and Democracy (FairVote), 12n,
24n, 62
Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Commission, 241, 243, 301
Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Commission, State of Nebraska v. (1995),
532, 533
Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Compact, 218, 222, 229, 241
Certificates of Ascertainment, 92–97, 266–67, 269,
273, 273n, 506, 573, 581, 583, 584, 659
copies and distribution, 98
dates appearing on, for 2000-2008 presidential
elections, 819–20
Florida, 407, 505, 583
Maine, 94–95, 97, 802–5
Minnesota, 93–94, 94f, 95f, 102, 273, 794–801
Mississippi, 105, 817–18
Nebraska, 94–95, 806–8
New York, 97, 105–7, 107f, 271, 272, 277, 809–16
Ohio, 97, 408
Vermont, 267, 268f
Certificates of Vote, 98–100
certification of elections, state statutory deadlines,
912–13
Chafee, John H., 146, 147
Chandler v. Miller (1997), 324n
Chapman v. Meier (1975), 331
Cheney, Dick, 87, 88, 93, 105, 265, 271
Chesapeake Bay, interstate compact, 208, 243
chief executive, definition of, 260
Choice of the People? Debating the Electoral
College (J. A. Best), 60
Choosing a President (Schumaker and Loomis), 61
Church, Frank P., 145, 146
cities. See large cities
citizen-initiative process, 257, 275n
description of, 297–300
enactment by electoral reform compact
proposal, 292–94, 301–41
enactment by interstate compacts, 300–301
filling U.S. Senate vacancies, 333–37
jurisdictions with, 292–94, 293t
“legislature” (as used in U.S. Constitution) and,
319–32
as limitation on state legislatures, 331
limitations on subject matter, 300
national popular vote compact and, 297–341
post-election litigation and, 339–41
pre-election challenges and, 339–41
provisions regarding electors and, 328
state constitutional provisions regarding, 297–
300, 297n, 876–78
See also protest referendum
Civil Defense Compact, 210
civil defense compacts, 209–10
Clark, Richard, 146
Clayburgh, Ben, 89
Cleveland, Grover, 84, 127, 500–503
Clinton v. New York (1998), 415, 418–21
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S., 251
Coats, Daniel R., 152
Cohn, Nate, 759
Colorado
1876 election, 10
electors, 6, 83, 87, 119n, 261, 322–24
interstate compacts, 216, 217, 222, 241
presidential ballot, 90
whole-number proportional approach and,
173–75, 192
Colorado, Constitution of the State of
Amendment 36, 158–59, 192–93, 322–24
election provisions in, 69n, 83, 83n
Colorado General Assembly v. Salazar (2004),
313n
Colorado River Compact, 212, 215, 217, 222, 228,
243
Columbia River Gorge Compact, 212
Compact for Education, 220
Compact on Agricultural Grain marketing, 209
compound republic, 391–92, 756
Conant, James B., 217
Congress, U.S.
actions for District of Columbia, 225–26, 661–63
contingent elections, 101, 125, 126
counting electoral votes, 100–101, 269
election reform hearings, 59–60
H. J. Res. 36 (109th Session), 154
H. J. Res. 681 (91st Session), 128, 143–46
H.R. 1579 (109th Session), 278
interstate compacts
amendments to, 242
consent and involvement in, 223–29, 231, 281,
281n, 629–44, 661
consent to specific compacts, 827–40
effect of consent, 229–30
when consent is not required, 231–40
joint resolutions, 223–24
not mentioned in National Popular Vote
compact, 630
S. J. Res. 1 (91st Session), 145, 146
S. J. Res. 11 (109th Session), 154–55
S. J. Res. 12 (91st Session), 141–42
S. J. Res. 28 (96th Session), 129, 147, 152
S. J. Res. 33 (91st Session), 130–33
S. J. Res. 302 (102nd Session), 152–53, 155
sponsors of election reform constitutional
amendments, 879–911
supporters of nationwide popular vote, 56,
129 (see also national popular vote:
supporters of)
the word “Congress” (as used in U.S.
Constitution), 306, 662
See also reapportionment of congressional
districts
Index | 1043
91st Congress
H. J. Res. 681, 128, 143–46
S. J. Res. 1, 145, 146
S. J. Res. 12, 141–42
S. J. Res. 33, 130–33
96th Congress, S. J. Res. 28, 129, 147, 152
102nd Congress, S. J. Res. 302, 152–53, 155
109th Congress
H. J. Res. 36, 154
H.R. 1579, 278
S. J. Res. 11, 154–55
congressional-district approach, 194–204, 257,
669–72, 675
as applied to 2000 election, 195–96
Connecticut interstate compacts, 210, 212, 252
defined, 158
and district competitiveness, 197, 199
electors, 71
impediment to, 203–4
popular vote nationwide and, 196–97
and voter inequality, 201–3
what it would not do, 195
whole-number proportional approach and,
173–75
congressional-district proposals
in Michigan, 677–78
in Pennsylvania, 672–77
in Virginia, 679
in Wisconsin, 679–80
Connecticut, 485–86
presidential ballot, 90
Connecticut Compromise. See Great Compromise
of 1787
Connecticut River Basin Atlantic Salmon Compact,
210
Connecticut River Basin Atlantic Salmon
Restoration Compact, 212
Connecticut River Compact, 226
Conservative Party, 105, 271–72
Constitution, U.S.
5th Amendment, 242
10th Amendment, 629
11th Amendment, 241
12th Amendment, 66, 100–101, 126, 392–94
14th Amendment, 69, 397–409
15th Amendment, 69
17th Amendment, 66, 304, 308–9, 333–37
18th Amendment, 307–8, 307n, 309
19th Amendment, 322n
20th Amendment, 66, 69, 101, 276
21st Amendment, 309
23rd Amendment, 2n, 13n, 332, 660
24th Amendment, 69
26th Amendment, 69
art. I § 2 cl. 1, 2, 302n
art. I § 2 cl. 2, 2
art. I § 3 cl. 1, 303n
art. I § 3 cl. 2, 303n
art. I § 4, 313n
art. I § 4 cl. 1, 68, 303n–305n, 309–11, 333
art. I § 4 cl. 4, 315, 317
art. I § 9 cl. 17, 304n, 337n
art. I § 10, 206, 242
art. I § 10 cl. 3, 231
art. II § 1, 5n, 322–23
art. II § 1 cl. 1, 64n
art. II § 1 cl. 2, 4n, 64n, 67n, 68–69, 270n, 301,
304n, 317n, 318, 332
art. IV § 3 cl. 1, 304n, 338n
art. IV § 4, 304n, 339n
art. V, 303n, 305, 306, 308
art. VI, 242
art. VI cl. 2, 302n
Compact Clause, 208, 232, 238–40, 549, 551,
631–36, 642, 644–45
enclaves clause, 337–38
Guarantee Clause, 338–39, 388–92, 752
Impairments Clause, 206, 257, 524–37, 550, 626,
664
interstate compacts and contracts provisions,
644–45, 789
National Popular Vote proposal and, xlv
presidential elections provisions, 2–10, 305n,
777–81
presidential electors provisions, 68, 97, 256
ratification of amendments, 303t, 305–8
See also constitutional amendments: for election
reform
constitutional amendment process, 292, 294, 302,
306–7, 421–23
National Popular Vote bill as circumventing,
433–34
as superior way to change the system, 425–27
constitutional amendments
changes implemented in presidential election
system without, 118–21
for election reform
district allocation of electoral votes, 141–42,
256
fractional proportional approach, 130–41, 257
not necessary for changing method of electing
president, 351–64
overview of proposed, 123–29
popular vote nationwide, 143–55, 256
ratification of, 303t, 305–8
See also under Constitution, U.S.
Constitutional Convention (federal), 67–68, 303t,
308–9, 373–76, 419–20
“Constitutionalists in the House and Senate,”
665–66
constitutions, state
providing constraints on withdrawal from
compact enacted by citizen-initiative
process, 544–45
See also Colorado, Constitution of the State of
Continental Congress, 205–6
contingent elections, 101, 125, 126
Conyers, John, 144
1044 | Index
Cook, Charlie, 12, 15, 448
Cook, Marlow, 145
Cook v. Gralike (2001), 313n
“core” states, defined, 44
corruption, 740–45
Cotton, Norris H., 142
“Could Terrorists Derail a Presidential Election”
(Goldfeder), 279
Council of State Governments (CSG), 207, 215, 216
Cranston, Alan, 145–47
crime-control and corrections compacts, 210
Crime Control Consent Act of 1934, 212, 227, 240
C.T. Hellmuth and Associates v. Washington
Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
(1976), 409–10, 525, 528, 552
cultural compacts, 210
Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., 7, 8, 78–79, 81
Curtis, Carl T., 142
Cuyler v. Adams (1981), 229
D
Dalrymple, Betsy, 89
D’Amato, Alfonse M., 152
Danforth, John C., 146, 147
Davis, Tom, 274
Davis v. Hildebrandt, State of Ohio ex rel. (1916),
310–13, 313n, 315, 323n, 866–69
DeConcini, Dennis, 146, 147
Delaware
electors, 70, 82
methods of awarding electoral votes, 357
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
Delaware River Basin Compact, 213, 245
Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission v.
Colburn (1940), 229
Delaware v. State of New York, State of (1966),
465–66
democracy, 422–23
vs. republicanism, national popular vote and,
387–92
Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, 93, 94, 105
Democratic Party, 105, 112, 127, 271, 272, 703, 704t
Democratic-Republicans, 73, 112
Democrats, 73
Dewey, Thomas, 87
Dillard v. Crenshaw County (1987), 656
direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machines,
622–25
disenfranchisement of voters, 12–47, 53–54
district allocation of electoral votes, 141–42
district courts (federal), 98–99
District of Columbia
2004 campaign events, 13, 13n, 103
2004 presidential ballot, 103, 103f
citizen-initiative process, 292, 297
Congress and, 661–69
electors, 89, 113
interstate compacts and, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217,
219–20, 224–26, 260, 291, 660–63
number of electoral votes, 13n, 64
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
District of Columbia Council, 220, 661–67
District of Columbia Home Rule Act of 1973, 220,
291, 661–66, 668
District of Columbia (non)statehood
and District of Columbia entering insterstate
compacts, 660–61
and District of Columbia voting for president, 660
Dixiecrats, 112
Dixon, Alan John, 152
Dobracki, Thaddeus, 764
Doherty, Brendan, 39
Dole, Robert E. “Bob,” 128–29, 146–49, 465
Dominick, Peter H., 142
Donohue, Harold D., 144
Dorr Rebellion, 339
Douglas, William O., 340
Dover v. Portsmouth Bridge (1845), 232
Dowd, Matthew, 49–50
Driver License Compact, 248
Due Process Clause (14th Amendment), 401
Dukakis, Michael, 113
Dummit v. O’Connell, Commonwealth ex rel.
(Kentucky, 1944), 328–29
Durenberger, David, 147, 151–52, 600–601
E
Eagleton, Thomas F., 145, 277n
Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc. (1976),
331
Edgar, Jim, 38, 47, 449
education compacts, 210
Edwards, Don, 144
Edwards, George C., III, 48, 60, 68, 109–10, 436,
438, 730
Edwards, John, 87, 93, 94, 105, 113, 272
Eilberg, Joshua, 144
Eisenhower, Dwight D., li
election officials, chief, 260, 263, 276, 561
burdening of, 561–63
election reform
bi-state compact proposal, 253
factors favoring, 53–56
as inappropriate for state legislatures to
consider, 427
organizations that support, xlix
previous proposals for multistate electoral
legislation, 279–83
Schumer-proposed Texas-New York electoral
compact, 253, 279
state-level action, 157–204
Stewart on possibility of compact for, 253, 279
See also constitutional amendments: for election
reform
Index | 1045
election reform interstate compact. See National
Popular Vote compact
elector slates, 259, 260, 264, 269–72, 561–62
Electoral College
as buffer against popular passions, 647–49
electoral reform compact proposal and, 258
federal constitutional and statutory provisions,
63–67
Founding Fathers’ intent, xxvii, xxx, 73–75, 78,
82, 120–21, 256, 365–69, 376–84, 479–81,
511–12, 648
meetings, 66, 97–98, 273, 562
National Popular Vote compact would not
abolish, 364–65
Republican Party as having a lock on, 732–36
as trending toward favoring Republicans,
713–15
See also presidential electors; specific topics
Electoral College, The (LeVert), 61
Electoral College and the Constitution, The
(Hardaway), 60
Electoral College Reform (Bugh), 60
“Electoral-College Reform Requires Change of
Timing” (Shambon), 277
Electoral College,.The (Wilmerding), 61
Electoral Vote Act, 127
electoral votes
accidental votes, 100, 113
allocation methods, 55n, 141–42, 256 (see also
specific methods)
awarded to candidate not on state’s own ballot,
509–11
certification of votes, 98–100
counting, in Congress, 100–101, 269
distribution among states, 64, 65t
in election of 1796, 76
electoral-majority threshold, 282
national popular vote winner and, 264
number of, 64
who impacts the allocation of, 730–32
electors, presidential. See presidential electors
electronic communications, 266
Ely v. Klahr (1971), 340
Emergency Management Assistance Compact,
209–10, 223–24, 841–47
enclaves, federal purchase of, 304t, 337–38
energy compacts, 210
England, Trent, 370, 501–2, 597, 658
Enlightened Democracy: The Case for the
Electoral College (Ross), 61, 377–79
Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment), 401–9,
700, 752
ethnic minorities. See racial and ethnic minorities
Evans, Martin G., 701, 702
“Every Town Counts” bus tour (Romney), 29, 30f
ex-felon eligibility requirements, variation across
states in, 503–11
Exon, J. James, 152
extremist candidates proliferaing under national
popular vote, 497–99
F
facilities compacts, 210
Fadem, Barry F., xxi
faithless electors, 111–13, 114–15t, 115–18, 127–28,
514–17
as problematic under National Popular Vote
compact, 511–14
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 215
federal census
1990, 138, 195
2000, 138, 195
2010, 713
federal-interstate compacts, 212, 213–14
federal laws
3 USC §1, 66n
3 USC §5, 95, 97, 266, 269, 330
3 USC §6, 273n
3 USC §7, 66n, 98n, 263
3 USC §9, 98n
3 USC §11, 98n
3 USC §13, 99n
3 USC §14, 99n
3 USC §15, 100n, 269
election laws, 64, 66, 97–100, 129, 263, 266,
782–88
interstate compacts contingent on, 230–31
presidential vetoes, 226–27, 295
Public Law 91-538, 225
See also specific laws and interstate compacts
federal military assistance to quell domestic
violence, 304t, 338–39
federal multistate commissions, and interstate
compacts, 251–52
federal sovereignty, National Popular Vote compact
as encroaching on, 394–96
federalism, 385
national popular vote would not undermine,
384–86
Federalist Party, 73, 80, 81, 85, 112, 124, 125, 261,
324
Feeley, Kristin, 390
Feighan, Michael, 144
Feinstein, Dianne, 154
Ferling, John, 8, 124
Fish, Hamilton, Jr., 144
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 212
fisheries compacts, 210
Fleischer, Ari, 47, 448
flood-control compacts, 210–11
Florida
1868 election, 10
1876 election, 53, 126, 607
2000 election, 51, 97, 181–82, 182f, 329–32,
521–22, 607, 766
2004 campaign events, 13
1046 | Index
Florida (continued)
2012 election, 766
advertising expenditures, 12
citizen-initiative process, 292, 294, 297n
congressional-district approach and, 201, 204
electors, 83, 119n
interstate compacts, 248
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 191
Florida v. Georgia (1854), 232
Fong, Hiram L., 142
Ford, Gerald, 47, 112, 128–29, 456
Ford, Wendell H., 146–47
Ford-Carter Commission on Election Reform, 277
Fortier, John C., 278
Founding Fathers, and Electoral College, xxvii,
xxx, 73–75, 78, 82, 120–21, 256, 365–69,
376–84, 479–81, 511–12, 648
fractional proportional approach, 130–32, 135,
137–41, 257
2000 election under, 132–33, 134t, 135, 136t
inequalities inherent in, 135, 137–39
non-competitive states and, 135
popular vote nationwide and, 132–35
whole-number proportional approach and,
158–60, 680–86
Francis, Leslie, 670, 693
Frank, Barney, 154
Frankfurter, Felix, 208, 213
fraud, 745–46
French presidential system, 770–72
Fuller, Melville, 82
fusion voting, 105–7, 271, 272, 272n
G
Gallup polls, 285–86, 486, 691
Gans, Curtis, 670, 693, 695
Garn, E. J., lvi, 146–47
Garn, Jake, xxi
Georgetown v. Alexander Canal Company (1838),
249
Georgia
1968 election, 127
electors, 70, 73, 81, 82
whole-number proportional approach and, 178,
178f, 178t, 191, 192
gerrymandering, 197, 199, 670–71
Gillespie, Ed, 716
Gillette Company et al. v. Franchise Tax Board
(California, 2012), 526–28, 550–51, 1008–29
Gleason, Rob, 674
Glenn, John, 146, 152
Goldfeder, Jerry H., 278–79
Goldwater, Barry, 142
Golisano, B. Thomas, xxi, xli–xlii, 712
Goodell, Charles E., 145
Gordon, James D., 339n
Gore, Al, 51–53, 113, 607, 749–50
Grant, George, 60
Grant, Ulysses S., 115
Gravel, Mike, 145–47
Great Compromise of 1787, distribution of political
influence invisioned by, 474–76
Great Lakes Basin Compact, 215, 216, 219–22, 250,
821–26
Great Lakes Interstate Sales Compact, 213
Greeley, Horace, 115, 277n
Green v. Biddle (1823), 229
Gregg, Gary L., II, 60, 459, 659
Greve, Michael S., 239–40
Griffo, Joseph, xxi, xliii
Gringer, Dave, 654, 656, 757–58, 761
Grueskin, Mark, xxi
gubernatorial vetoes, 218, 257, 291, 299, 310, 314,
315, 324, 325, 337–38
Gulf States Marine Fisheries Compact, 210, 221
H
Hamilton, Alexander, 8–9, 74, 366–67, 428, 480, 648
on current system of electing president, 369–73
Hancock, John, 314, 324
Hansen, Clifford P., 142
Hardaway, Robert M., 60, 458, 580, 701
Harris, Fred R., 145
Harrison, Benjamin, 84, 127
Hart, Philip, 146
Hartke, Vance, 145
Haskell, Floyd, 146
Hatfield, Mark O., 145–47
Hathaway, William, 146
Hawaii, 39
1976 election, 47, 129
2004 campaign events, 13n
2012 election, 39
interstate compacts, 216
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and,
167–69
Hawke v. Smith (1920), 306–7, 307n, 308n, 310,
312–13, 313n, 914–18
Hayes, Rutherford B., 52, 126, 607
Haynes, Ray, xxii, xliv–xlvi
health compacts, 211
Hellmuth and Associates v. Washington
Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
(1976), 409–10, 525, 528, 552
Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002, 129
Hickey, Walter, 496
Hinderlider v. La Plata River and Cherry Creek
Ditch Company (1938), 229, 410, 414
History of American Presidential Elections 18782001 (Schlesinger and Israel), 61, 78–81
History of the Presidency from 1788 to 1897, A
(Stanwood), 61, 77–79, 83, 125
History of the Presidency from 1897 to 1916, A
(Stanwood), 61
Index | 1047
Hitler, Adolf
rise to power, 650–51
Hollings, Fritz, 152
Hollingsworth et al. v. Virginia (1798), 306–7,
306n
Holmes, Robert A. “Bob,” xxii, xlvi–xlix
Holtzman, Elizabeth, 242
Home Rule Act. See District of Columbia Home
Rule Act of 1973
Hoover, Herbert, 217, 222
Hospers, John, 112
House of Representatives, 427–32. See also
representatives
Hruska, Roman L., 142
Hudak, John, 43–45
Huddleston, Walter, 146–47
Hughes, Charles Evans, 85
Humphrey, Hubert H., 127, 146, 286
Hungate, William, 144
Hunt, Albert, 51
Hurricane Sandy, 576, 765–67
I
Idaho, 449–50
2004 presidential ballot, 102f, 103
interstate compacts, 214
political party leanings, 54
presidential ballot, 89
whole-number proportional approach and,
167–69
“If Terrorists Attack Our Presidential Elections”
(Fortier and Ornstein), 278
Illinois
1960 election, 608
1968 election, 127
2000 election, 181, 181f
citizen-initiative process, 292, 300, 300n
electors, 82
interstate compacts, 210, 220, 222
protest-referendum process, 300
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 190
Importance of the Electoral College,.The (Grant),
60
inauguration of president and vice president, 101
incumbent president, current system as giving lead
to, 652–53
Independence Party, 106, 107, 277
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, 215
Indian tribe-state gaming compacts, 215
Indiana
electors, 82
interstate compacts, 210, 220, 222
whole-number proportional approach and, 177,
177t
Indianapolis, television advertisements in, 728, 728t
information sources, 59–62
Initiative: Citizen Law-Making,.The
(Zimmerman), 218, 293
Inouye, Daniel K., 145–47
Interpleader Compact, 247–48
Interstate Agreement on Detainers, 210, 216, 225–
26, 246, 827–33
Interstate Bus Motor Fuel Tax Compact, 248
Interstate Compact Creating a Multistate Lottery
(MUSL), 247
Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision,
216
Interstate Compact for Education, 216
Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees
and Probationers, 212–13, 220
Interstate Compact on Juveniles, 213, 216, 246
Interstate Compact on Licensure of Participants in
Horse Racing with Parimutuel Wagering,
244
Interstate Compact on Mental Health, 211
Interstate Compact on Parolees and Probationers,
216
Interstate Compact on Placement of Children, 526,
556, 643
Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children
in Interstate Adoption, 212, 216, 246
Interstate Compact to Conserve Oil and Gas, 210
interstate compacts, 205–53, 257–58, 625–29
administration of, 248
adoption methods of states, 218–21
amendments to, 242
conflicts with state laws, 257–58, 261
congressional consent and involvement in,
223–30, 281n
compacts that do not receive congressional
consent, 547–57
See also under Congress
constitutional basis for, 206
constitutional provisions regarding, 257, 644–45,
789
contingent nature of, 221–23, 257
contingent on federal legislation, 230–31
District of Columbia and, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217,
219–20, 224–26, 260, 291, 661–63
duration of, 243
effect of, 257
election reform proposals, 252–53, 255–83
enactment of, 257
by citizen-initiative process, 300–301
enforcement of, 241, 257
examples of, 625–26 (see also specific compacts)
federal government as party to, 210, 213–14, 216,
217, 224–26
federal multistate commissions and, 251–52
formulation of, 216–17
future of, 252
history of, 208–9
legal standing of, 206–8
list of, 834–40
1048 | Index
interstate compacts (continued)
nature of, 626
non-congressional consent compacts, 231–40
parties to, 215–16
previous proposals for multistate electoral
legislation, 279–83
Schumer-proposed Texas-New York electoral
compact, 253, 279
Stewart on possibility of compact for electoral
reform, 253, 279
style of, 248
subject matter, 209–16, 257
termination of, 243
treaties and, 249
uniform state laws and, 249–51
vetoes, 218, 226–27
withdrawal from, 243–48, 258, 641
See also specific compacts
Interstate Compacts: A Question of Federalism
(Ridgeway), 217
Interstate Corrections Compact, 213
Interstate Environmental Commission, 212
Interstate Identification Index System, 215
Interstate Oil and Gas Compact of 1935, 228
Interstate Oil Compact, 216, 250
Interstate Sanitation Compact, 212
Interstate Taxation of Motor Fuels Consumed by
Interstate Buses, 244
Iowa
2004 campaign events, 13
advertising expenditures, 12
interstate compacts, 222, 227
whole-number proportional approach and,
172–73, 191, 192
Irwin, Henry D., 112
Israel, Fred L., 61
J
Jackson, Henry M., 145–47
Jackson, Jesse, Jr., 154
Jackson, Robert, 531
Jacobs, Andrew, Jr., 144
James v. Valtierra (1971), 331n
Javits, Jacob K., 145–47
Jay, John, 366, 373, 480, 647–48
Jefferson, Thomas, 7, 9, 73, 76, 78, 79–80, 112,
124–26, 193–94, 203
Johnson, Andrew, 115–16
Johnson, Gary, 751
Johnston, John B., Jr., 147
Jones, Walter B., 112
Jordan, Leonard Beck, 142
K
Kansas
2004 campaign events, 13n
interstate compacts, 210, 220, 222, 241, 252
presidential ballot, 90
whole-number proportional approach and,
171–72
Kansas v. Colorado (2001), 241
Kastenmeier, Robert, 144
Kennedy, John F., 48, 49, 52, 110, 521, 575–76, 607,
608, 764
Kennedy, Ted, 146, 147, 152
Kentucky
1796 election, 76
1896 election, 85
electors, 72, 82
interstate compacts, 229, 242
whole-number proportional approach and,
173–75, 190, 192
Kentucky-Pennsylvania Interstate Compact, 242
Kerry, John F., 15, 47–48, 87, 93, 94, 105, 129, 186–
87, 195, 271, 272, 335–36, 456, 568, 707, 708t
King, Samuel Ward, 339
Kirby, J., 332
Koza, John R., xxii, xxxiii, 282n, 580, 645, 658, 712
L
Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional
Planning Agency (1979), 532
Landis, James, 208, 213
large cities
candidates campaigning only in, 479–81
control over national popular vote, 477–79
role of, 723–25
large states, 179t, 424, 718–19, 718t, 719t
congressional-district approach and, 201, 201t
erroneous statements about, 722–23
fractional proportional approach and, 135
population, 724–25, 724t
results of 2012 election in, 722t
whole-number proportional approach and,
190–91
winner-take-all system and, 55–56
Law and Use of Interstate Compacts,.The
(Zimmerman), 240
Leach, Daylin, 45, 673
Leach, Margaret, 112–13
Leahy, Patrick, 146, 147
Legislative Bill 507, 554–55
legislative chambers that have approved National
Popular Vote bill, 292
“legislature” (as used in U.S. Constitution)
application for constitutional convention, 303t,
308–9
appointment of electors, 304t, 317–32
citizen-initiative process and, 319–32
consent to formation of new states, 304t, 338
court cases regarding, 319n
election of U.S. representatives, 304t, 310–15
federal purchase of enclaves and, 304t, 337–38
meanings of, 304, 333, 334–35t
ratification of constitutional amendments, 303t,
305–8
Index | 1049
requesting federal military assistance to quell
domestic violence, 304t, 338–39
See also representatives; senators
Lehman, Herbert H., 219
Lett-Simmons, Barbara, 113
LeVert, Suzanne, 61
Levin, Carl, 147, 150–51
Levine, Clifford B., 686
Levine, James P., 49, 60
Libertarian Party, 112
Libertarian Party v. Buckley (Colorado, 1997), 324n
Lieberman, Joe, 152
Lighthouse Act, 337
Lincoln, Abraham, xxxii, 506
Line Item Veto Act of 1996, 414, 418–21
Lips, Evan, 89
Lodge-Gossett amendment, 139–41
Longley, Lawrence D., 61
Loomis, Burdett A., 61
“lost cause” states, defined, 44
Louisiana
1876 election, 126
1968 election, 127
electors, 82
whole-number proportional approach and, 175
Louisville Bridge Company v. United States
(1917), 242
low-level radioactive waste compacts, 211
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act of 1980,
211, 228
Lowenstein, Daniel H., 385, 697–99
Loy, Brendan, 597–98
Lucas v. Forty-Fourth General Assembly (1964),
331
Lund, Pete, 677–78
M
MacBride, Roger L., 112
MacGregor, Clark, 144
Madison, James, 10, 387–88, 390–91
Magleby, David B., 339n
Magnuson, Warren G., 145–47
Maine
2004 campaign events, 13n
2004 Certificate of Ascertainment, 94–95, 97,
802–5
allocation of electoral votes, 10, 160n
citizen-initiative process, 294, 300, 327, 328
congressional-district approach and, 195
electors, 6, 82, 84, 85, 92, 116, 319–22, 327, 561
interstate compacts, 210, 214, 221, 301
political party leanings, 54, 54n
protest-referendum process, 319
state election laws, 116
whole-number proportional approach and,
167–69
Mandell, Michael S., xxii
Mansfield, Mike, 145
marketing and development compacts, 211
Marshall, John, 232
Maryland
1796 election, 76
1904 election, 85
2004 campaign events, 13n
electors, 70, 73, 82
interstate compacts, 208, 211–12, 214, 216, 226,
243, 248
whole-number proportional approach and, 175,
176f, 176t
Massachusetts
1796 election, 76, 80
1800 election, 80, 261, 264, 277
2004 campaign events, 13n
citizen-initiative process, 292, 294, 300n, 328
constitutional provisions, 314
election of U.S. senators, 314, 335–36
electors, 71, 73, 80, 82, 261, 324
gubernatorial powers, 314, 324, 336, 338
implementation of 17th Amendment, 335–36
interstate compacts, 210–11
methods of awarding electoral votes, 356–57
presidential ballot, 90
whole-number proportional approach and, 177,
177t
Massachusetts ballot, 328
Mathias, Charles McC., Jr., 146, 147, 151
Matsunaga, Spark, 146, 147
McCain, John, 20, 483–84
McClendon v. Slater (Oklahoma, 1976), 328, 328n
McClory, Robert, 144
McComb v. Wambaugh (1991), 240, 526, 528–30,
556, 643
McConnell, Mitch, 458, 716
McCulloch, William, 144
McGovern, George, 146
McIntyre, Thomas J., 146
McPherson v. Blacker (1892), 5, 6, 7n, 67, 69, 75–76,
82, 84, 127, 157, 318, 320, 329, 331, 354–55,
359, 367, 379–82, 395, 396, 400, 412–13, 417,
627, 633, 649, 848–65
media campaigns, presidential campaigns as,
693–94
media markets, candidates campaigning only in, 481
Meeting Clause of 12th Amendment, 392–93
member states
defined, 260
reasons for not receiving all electoral votes
from, 270–72
voting rights of people in, 259, 699–703
See also under National Popular Vote compact
Merrimack River Flood Control Compact, 226
Merrimack Valley Flood Control Commission,
210–11
Meskill, Thomas, 144
Metcalf, Lee, 146
metropolitan areas. See large cities
1050 | Index
metropolitan problems compacts, 211
Metzenbaum, Howard, 146
Michigan
1888 election, 84
1890 election, 127
1892 election, 10, 84
2000 election, 180, 180f
2004 presidential ballot, 91, 91f
2008 election, lii
citizen-initiative process, 294, 298–99, 300n, 328
congressional-district approach and, 201
constitutional provisions, 298–99, 299n
electors, 84, 92, 318, 328
interstate compacts, 210, 220, 222
presidential ballot, 90, 91
protest-referendum process, 298–99
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83
Mid-Atlantic States Air Pollution Control Compact,
252
mid-year enactment, politically motivated, 756–61
Midwest Energy Compact, 210
Midwest Interstate Passenger Rail Compact, 222
Midwest Nuclear Compact, 211
Mikva, Abner, 144
Miles, Samuel, 78, 112, 113, 371
Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
(MOVE), 570
military compacts, 211
Miller, Jack Richard, 142
Minnesota
2004 Certificate of Ascertainment, 93–94, 94f,
95f, 102, 273, 794–801
2004 Certificate of Vote, 99
2004 presidential ballot, 87, 88f
attorney general opinions, 103
certification of presidential vote, 92–94, 95f
election laws, 87–89, 88n, 89n, 92–94, 92n, 93n,
98, 101–4, 272n, 790–93
electors, 87–89, 100, 104, 113
fusion voting, 105
gubernatorial vetoes, 310
interstate compacts, 220, 222, 227
whole-number proportional approach and, 175,
176f, 176t
winner-take-all system, 92, 94–95
Minnesota Electoral College, 649f
minorities, power and influence of, 656, 657. See
also black suffrage
Mississippi
1968 election, 127
2004 Certificate of Ascertainment, 105, 817–18
citizen-initiative process, 292, 294, 297n, 300n
electors, 104, 110–11
presidential ballot, 90
state election laws, 104–5, 110–11
whole-number proportional approach and,
172–73
Mississippi River Commission, 251
Mississippi River Parkway Compact, 211
Missouri
1968 election, 127
citizen-initiative process, 294, 300n
interstate compacts, 209, 210, 222, 252
whole-number proportional approach and, 176,
177f, 192
mob rule, national popular vote as, 646–47
Mondale, Walter F., 146
Monroe, James, 7, 79–80, 112, 193, 203
Montana
citizen-initiative process, 300n
interstate compacts, 214
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
Montoya, Joseph M., 146
motor vehicle compacts, 211
multi-state compacts, 221
Multistate Lottery Agreement, 216, 218, 250
Multistate Tax Compact, 213, 221, 238, 245–47
Mundt, Karl, 128, 141–42
Murdock v. City of Memphis (1874), 229–30
Murkowski, Frank H., 152, 336
Murkowski, Lisa, 336
Murray, Dean, xxiii, l–li
Muskie, Edmund S., 146
N
Nader, Ralph, 106–7, 277
Napolitano v. Davidson (2004), 322
National Archivist, 98
National Center for Interstate Compacts (NCIC),
215
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform
State Laws (NCCUSL), 249, 250
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL),
216
National Criminal Prevention and Privacy Compact
Act, 214
National Guard Mutual Assistance Compact, 211,
248
National Indian Gaming Commission, 215
national popular vote, 119, 143–55, 255, 256
from 1932 to 2008, 703–4, 704t
current system does not accurately reflect, 11,
47–51
supporters of, xlix, 56, 129, 144–45, 147–52, 286,
286t, 879–911 (see also public support
for National Popular Vote compact)
unintended consequences of, 772–74
See also specific topics
National Popular Vote bill (NPV)
history, 949–50
impact on candidates’ decisions, xlv–xlvi
jurisdictions that have enacted, 291
legislative chambers that have approved, 292
See also specific topics
Index | 1051
National Popular Vote compact, 255–83
administrative clearinghouse and, 278
administrative issues, 561–80
awarding electoral votes and, 269–70
blackout period and, 276
as conspiracy, 645–46
costs related to, 563
and curability of the invalidity of popular voting,
341
definitions, 260, 276–77
effect of, 562
effective date, 250, 276, 282
“eleven colluding states” as trying to impose,
423–25
enactment of, 258
by citizen-initiative process, 292–94, 301–41
by congressional action, 294–95
by state legislative action, 294
strategies for, 285–95
federal legislation regarding, 278–79
fiscal impact, 563
governing clause, 273–75
hypothetical application to 2004 election, 265
issuance and communication of official
statement, 265–66
left-wing funding for, 712
legal issues concerning, 297–341
and manner of appointing electors in member
states, 259, 262–75
model voting rights of people in member states,
259, 260–62
motivation for proposal, 255–58
notice requirements, 276
one state as capable of derailing, 686–93
other provisions, 259, 275–76
parties to compact (membership), 259, 260
post-election litigation and, 339–41
pre-election challenges, 339–41
and problems of earlier proposals, 282–83
problems with schedule of events, 278
procedures for tie votes, 269
question of perfection of, 774
and reasons for not receiving all electoral votes
from member states, 270–72
recount procedures and, 602–10
“safe harbor” date and, 266
savings clause, 277
self-executing nature of, 278
severability clause, 276
termination, 276
text, 258–60
when member states no longer have a majority
of electoral votes, 274
withdrawal from, 275–76
would not abolish Electoral College, 364–65
National Popular Vote organization, first press
conference of the, 129
national popular vote total, 263, 264
national popular vote winner, 264, 561–62
natural resources compacts, 211–12
Nebraska, 470–71, 483–84, 532
2004 Certificate of Ascertainment, 806–8
allocation of electoral votes, 10, 160n, 357
Certificate of Ascertainment, 94–95
citizen-initiative process, 300n
congressional-district approach and, 195
electors, 6, 84–85, 561
interstate compacts, 209, 218, 222, 227, 241,
301
Legislative Bill 507, 554–55
public opinion in, 288–89, 289t, 290t
state election laws, 84–85
whole-number proportional approach and,
169–71
Nelson, Gaylord, 146
Nelson, Suzanne, 278
Nevada
1876 election, 53, 126, 607
2004 election, 48n
citizen-initiative process, 294, 300n
interstate compacts, 217, 220, 222
whole-number proportional approach and,
167–69
New England Compact on Radiological Health
Protection, 211
New England Higher Education Compact, 210
New England Water Pollution Compact, 218
New Hampshire, liv
1789 election, 71
1796 election, 76
1800 election, 81, 261, 264, 277
1988 election, 11n
1992 election, 11n
1996 election, 11n
2000 election, 11n
2004 election, 11n
disadvantages of winner-take-all system, 54
electors, 70, 80–81, 81n, 112, 261
interstate compacts, 210–11, 214, 221, 252
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and,
167–69, 191
New Hampshire Supreme Court, 232
New Hampshire v. Maine (1976), 232, 238, 549,
632, 635
New Hampshire-Vermont Interstate School
Compact, 210, 252
New Jersey
2000 election, 180, 180f
electors, 70, 80n, 82
interstate compacts, 208–9, 212, 213, 237, 238,
242, 252
methods of awarding electoral votes, 357
presidential ballot, 90
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 190
1052 | Index
New Mexico
2000 election, 51
2004 election, 48n
electors, 116
interstate compacts, 217, 222
whole-number proportional approach and,
169–71, 191, 192
New York
1789 election, 325
1792 election, 325
1796 election, 124
2000 election, 182, 182f
2004 campaign events, 13n
2004 Certificate of Ascertainment, 97, 105–7,
107f, 271, 272, 277, 809–16
2004 presidential ballot, 105, 106, 106f, 277
congressional-district approach and, 201
constitutional provisions, 314–15
Council of Revision, 325, 338
disadvantages of winner-take-all system, 55
election of U.S. representatives, 314–15, 324–25
election of U.S. senators, 314–15, 324–25
electors, 6n, 71–72, 80n, 82, 324–25
fusion voting, 105–7, 271, 272
Governor’s Council, 314–15
gubernatorial powers, 324, 338
interstate compacts, 208–9, 212–14, 219–21, 226,
237, 242, 252, 253, 279
presidential ballot, 90
public opinion in, 287
Schumer-proposed Texas-New York electoral
compact, 253, 279
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 190
New York City, television advertisements in,
726–27, 727t
New York State Board of Elections, 577–78
Nixon, Richard M., 48, 49, 52, 110, 112, 127, 128,
286, 575–76, 607, 608
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), 43
nonpartisan blanket primary. See primary system
Nonresident Violator Compact, 248
Norris, George, 251
North Carolina
1796 election, 76
1968 election, 128
2000 election, 180, 180f
2004 campaign events, 13n
congressional-district approach and, 201
electors, 72, 82, 112, 117–18
hurricane vote in 2008, 765, 765t
methods of awarding electoral votes, 357
state election laws, 117
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 191
North Dakota
2004 presidential ballot, 90, 90f
2008 Certificate of Ascertainment, 257f
citizen-initiative process, 300n
interstate compacts, 211, 222, 227, 243
political party leanings, 54
presidential ballot, 89
presidential slate, 277
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact, 209, 228
Northeast Interstate Forest Fire Compact, 216
Northern Forest Lands Council, 214
Northern Forest Lands Council Act, 214
Northwestern States Portland Cement Company v.
Minnesota (1966), 213
O
Obama, Barack, 20, 456, 483–84. See also
presidential elections: 2008 election;
presidential elections: 2012 election
Ohio
1892 election, 85
1948 election, 86
1976 election, 47, 129
2000 election, 181, 181f
2004 campaign events, 13
2004 election, 47, 48, 48n, 129, 271, 568, 612–13
advertising expenditures, 12
Certificate of Ascertainment, 97
citizen-initiative process, 294, 299, 300, 300n
congressional-district approach and, 201
constitutional amendments, 307–8
constitutional provisions, 299, 299n
disadvantages of winner-take-all system, 54
electors, 271
Great Lakes Basin Compact, 215, 216, 219–22,
250, 821–26
interstate compacts, 219, 220, 222
presidential ballot, 86–87
protest-referendum process, 299, 307–8
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83
Ohio River Basin Commission, 251
“Ohio Vote Count Could Be a Mess, The” (Roarty),
569, 579–80
Oklahoma
electors, 112, 116
presidential ballot, 89
whole-number proportional approach and, 173–75
Ontario, Canada, interstate compacts, 216, 222
Opinion of the Justices, In re (Maine, 1919), 5n,
321–22, 321n, 327, 870–75
Oregon
1876 election, 53, 126, 608
1892 election, 85
citizen-initiative process, 299
election of U.S. senators, 362
interstate compacts, 214
presidential ballot, 90, 91
whole-number proportional approach and,
172–73, 191, 192
Index | 1053
Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), 253, 279, 412, 628
Orfield, Lester Bernhardt, 309
Ornstein, Norman, 278
out-of-state electors, 768–70
Owens, Bill, 193
P
Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Conservation
Planning Council, 214
Pacific States Marine Fisheries Compact, 210
Packwood, Robert W., 146, 147
Palisades Interstate Park Agreement of 1900, 237
Palisades Interstate Park Compact, 212
Parks, Preston, 112
parks and recreation compacts, 212
Pastore, John O., 146
Pataki, George, 105
Paul, Ron, 768
Peace and Justice Party, 106, 107, 277
Pearce, Thomas L., xxiii, lii–liii
Pearson, Christopher, xxiii, liv–lv
Pearson, James B., 146
Peirce, Neal R, 61
Pell, Claiborne, 146, 147
Pennsylvania
1796 election, 77, 85
2000 election, 181, 181f
2004 campaign events, 13
advertising expenditures, 12
congressional-district approach and, 201
electors, 70, 81n, 89, 112, 117, 270, 270n
interstate compacts, 214, 220, 221, 226, 242
presidential ballot, 90
state election laws, 117
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 191, 683–86
Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 230
Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge
Company (1855), 242
People’s President: The Electoral College in
American History and Direct-Vote
Alternative,.The (Peirce), 61
Perot, Ross, 129, 495
Petty v. Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Commission
(1959), 206
Pierce, Jan D., 106–7, 277
Pika, Joseph, 364
Pileggi, Dominic, 37, 672–75, 679, 683–85. See also
Pennsylvania: whole-number proportional
approach and
Pinckney, Thomas, 73, 124
plurality voting system, 491, 493–96, 499, 500, 752,
753
political parties on the ballot, 750–52
politics, the art and science of, xliv
Politics of Electoral College Reform,.The (Longley
and Braun), 61
poll-closing times, variation across states in, 503–11
polls and surveys of voters, 12, 285–86
popular support for National Popular Vote
compact. See public support for National
Popular Vote compact
popular vote nationwide. See national popular vote
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 210,
242
Port of New York Authority Compact, 208–9,
237–38, 250
Posner, Richard, 331–32
Potomac River, interstate compact, 208, 243
Potomac River Compact, 208, 217, 243
Potomac River Fisheries Commission, 211
president
national popular vote as changing the powers of
the, 653–54
See also specific topics
presidential ballots. See ballot(s)
presidential candidates, 277n
current system does not ensure that they reach
out to all states, 434–50
delay in finding out the winner, 570–78
nomination at national political party
convention, 73n, 120
notice of candidacy, 89
proliferation of, 491–95
replacement of dead, disabled, and discredited,
697–98
travel and campaign events, 12–14, 39, 40t, 41,
42t
presidential election system
changes implemented without a federal
constitutional amendment, 118–21
as preventing demgogues from coming to power,
650–51
procedures, 4, 258
See also specific topics
presidential elections
1789 election, 6, 70–72, 124, 255, 261, 324–25
1792 election, 73, 124, 325
1796 election, 7, 73–78, 80–81, 85, 112, 113,
124–26, 367–68
1800 election, 9, 78–81, 81n, 125, 260–61, 277
1804 election, 126
1808 election, 82
1812 election, 82
1816 election, 82
1820 election, 82, 112
1824 election, 47, 82, 126
1828 election, 82
1832 election, 82
1836 election, 6, 10, 82
1868 election, 10, 83
1872 election, 115, 277n
1876 election, 6, 10, 47, 52–53, 83, 126–27, 607–8
1880 election, 85, 502f
1888 election, 47, 84, 127, 500–503
1890 election, 84, 127
1054 | Index
presidential elections (continued)
1892 election, 10, 84–85
1896 election, 85
1904 election, 85
1912 election, 85, 608
1916 election, 85
1948 election, 49n, 86–87, 112, 129
1956 election, 112
1960 election, 49n, 52, 108–10, 112, 129, 262, 521,
575–76, 607–8
1964 election, 262
1968 election, 49n, 52, 112, 127–29, 286
1972 election, 10, 112, 277n
1976 election, 47, 49n, 112, 129
1984 election, 301
1988 election, 11n, 54n, 112–13, 301
1992 election, 10, 11n, 138
1996 election, 11n, 138
2000 election, 11n, 15t, 51–52, 54, 97, 113, 129,
132–33, 134t, 135, 136t, 138, 160–85,
197, 198–99t, 279, 329–32, 521–22, 607,
746–50, 758–59, 997
2004 election, 11n, 12–19, 16t, 47, 49–50, 49n,
52–54, 113, 116, 129, 185–90, 195,
200–201t, 201, 271, 272, 322, 335, 336,
436, 568, 607, 707, 707t, 708t, 719, 719t,
720t, 998
2008 election, 20–24, 85, 195, 436–41, 460t, 471t,
483–84, 709t, 710, 765, 765t, 999 (see
also Shrinking Battleground: The 2008
Presidential Election and Beyond)
2012 election, 26–47, 50–51, 462t, 503f, 574t,
675, 675t, 709–10, 711t, 720–22, 722t,
734, 735t, 736, 754, 755t, 1030 (see also
specific topics)
constitutional provisions regarding, 2–10,
777–81
contingent elections, 101, 125, 126
federal laws, 782–88
history of troublesome, 124–29
lack of official national count for, 580–83
Minnesota laws, 790–93
“near-miss,” 49n
in which candidate with most poular votes did
not win presidency, 47–48, 48t
winning margins between 1900 and 2008, 608–9,
609t
presidential elector certifying official, 260, 264, 276
presidential electors
in 1789 election, 70–72
in 1792 election, 73
in 1796 election, 73–78
in 1800 election, 78–81, 124
abandoning NPV winner in favor of winner of
popular vote in state, 515–17
citizen initiatives and referenda regarding, 328
defined, 260
developments since 1876, 84–85
difficulty coercing them to vote for national
popular vote winner, 514–15
district and statewide electors, 84–85
emergence of current system, 82–83
expectation to act, not think, 78, 120–21
faithless, 111–13, 114–15t, 115–18, 127–28,
511–17
fusion voting, 105–7, 271, 272, 272n
notice of candidacy, 89
out-of-state, 768–70
selection/appointment of, 64, 66–67
appointment power of states, 4, 5
attempting to appoint them after November
vote, 542–43
electoral reform compact proposal, 262–75
method of counting votes cast, 4, 6
methods of, 67–78, 87–91
nomination procedures, 89, 270–72
popular election by district, 70, 71, 73, 76, 82
separate voting for individual electors, 104
by state legislatures, 69, 70, 76, 80–81, 81n, 83,
304t, 317–32
tie votes for electors, 92
voting by the people, 6, 67
who votes for electors, 4
statewide popular election (“general ticket”
system) and, 70, 76, 77, 82, 84, 260, 277
succombing to outside pressure, 515–17
unpledged, 108–11, 264
voting procedures, 100
See also electoral votes; winner-take-all system;
specific topics
presidential slate, 260–62, 269–70, 277, 561–62, 689
presidential vetoes, 218, 226–27, 295
Price, David, 278
primary system, multi-party, 770–72
Privileges or Immunities Clause (14th
Amendment), 400–401
Progressive Party, 86, 299–300
limitations on subject matter, 300
protest referendum (see citizen-initiative
process)
property qualifications for voting, abolition of, 361
proportional approach. See fractional proportional
approach; whole-number proportional
approach
protest-referendum process, 298–300, 307–8, 319.
See also citizen-initiative process
Proxmire, William, 146, 147
Pryor, David H., 147
public opinion, role of, 285–90
public support for National Popular Vote compact,
691, 705, 762
in various states, 690, 705t, 763t
See also national popular vote: supporters of
Puerto Rico, interstate compacts, 210, 212, 216
Index | 1055
Q
Quebec, Canada, interstate compacts, 216, 221–22
R
racial and ethnic minorities, power and influence
of, 656, 657. See also black suffrage
Railsback, Thomas, 144
Randolph, Jennings, 146–47
Ray v. Blair (1952), 111–12, 369, 513
Reagan, Ronald, 112
reapportionment of congressional districts, 64, 138,
275, 315
recounts of presidential elections, 571t
current system as firewall to isolate recounts to
particular states, 596–97
features of effective federal, 614–17
federal legislation and, 610, 614–22
frequency, 586–96
mechanism for conducting national, 610–22
under national popular vote, 599–601, 606–9
percentage differences and changes resulting
from, 594–95, 595t
(im)possibility of timely, 602–6
procedures for, 602–10
proposed federal recount bill, 618–22
schedule for 2016 under proposed federal
recount legislation, 617t
state laws regarding timely, 609–10
Reeves, Andrew, 43
Referendum: The People Decide Public Policy,.The
(Zimmerman), 219
regionalism, Electoral College as check against,
500–503
regulatory compacts, 212
Rehnquist, William H., 313
Reid, Harry M., 152
Removal of Causes Act of 1920, 241
Rendell, Ed, 46, 674
representative democracy. See republican vs.
democracic government
representatives, U.S.
election of, 304t, 310–15, 324–25
See also House of Representatives
republic, compound, 391–92, 756
Republican Party, 73, 93, 105, 112, 116, 124, 125,
127, 270, 271–72, 328, 703–4, 704t, 706–11,
713–15, 732–36
Republican River Compact, 226, 231
Republican voters, 705
republican vs. democracic government, national
popular vote and, 387–92
Rhode Island
Dorr Rebellion, 339
electors, 72, 81
political party leanings, 54
presidential ballot, 90
whole-number proportional approach and, 167–69
Ribicoff, Abraham, 146–47
Richie, Robert, xxiii, 675
Ridgeway, Marian E., 217, 409, 412
Riegle, Donald, 146–47
river basin compacts, 210, 212–14, 226, 245, 251.
See also Great Lakes Basin Compact
Roarty, Alex. See “Ohio Vote Count Could Be a
Mess”
Robb, Richie, 116
Rodino, Peter, 144
Rogers, Byron, 144
Roman Empire, 367
Romney, Mitt, 26, 27, 29–33, 35, 50, 336, 441, 456,
736, 737t
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 226, 227
Roosevelt, Theodore, 85, 608
Ross, Dana, 43
Ross, Tara, 61, 370, 377–79, 395, 396, 406–8, 415,
418–21, 423, 424, 428, 435, 453, 457–58, 467,
488, 490, 492, 494, 497–99, 504, 506, 507,
509–11, 581, 587–88, 603, 610, 634, 637, 638,
645–46, 665, 668, 696, 738, 745, 768, 769
Rove, Karl, 31
run-off, 490–91
rural states, 738–40
Ryan, William, 144
S
“safe harbor” date (electors), 95–97, 266, 278, 522,
564, 566, 570–71, 576, 577, 599, 600, 605,
606, 612–14, 616–19
“safe harbor” provision of federal law, 266, 269,
330, 536–42, 562–63, 601, 613
Salizar v. Davidson, Colorado ex. rel. (2003), 313,
313n
Samples, John, 358, 373–74, 385, 433, 450, 488–89,
519, 726
Sandman, Charles, 144
Sanford, Terry, 217
Scalia, Antonin, 313
Schleifer, Adam, 428
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 61
Schumaker, Paul D., 61
Schumer, Charles, 253, 279
Schweiker, Richard S., 146, 147
secret election returns, 583–86
Secretary of State, U.S., 98, 545–47
Secretary of the Interior, U.S., 214, 215
Securing Democracy: Why We Have an Electoral
College (Gregg), 60
Senate, U.S.
equal representation of states in, 473–74
senators, U.S.
election of, 303t, 304t, 305, 310–15, 324–25, 362
filling vacancies in office, 303t, 304t, 305, 333–37
service compacts, 212
Shambon, Leonard M., 277
1056 | Index
Shaping Education Policy (Conant), 217
Sherman’s Compromise. See Great Compromise
of 1787
Shrinking Battleground: The 2008 Presidential
Election and Beyond,.The (FairVote), 24n,
62
Silver, Nate, 759
Singal, Daniel J., 497–98
S.J. Resolution, xxix
slave states, xxvii
small states, 424–25
(not) disadvantaged by national popular vote,
457–68
as being opposed to national popular vote,
472–73
campaign events in 2008, 471t
disadvantages of winner-take-all system and,
54–56
inequalities of fractional proportional approach
and, 135, 137–39
political party leanings, 54, 706–11
power under national popular vote, 468–69
results of 2004 election in, 720t
results of 2012 election in, 720–21, 721t
as too small to attract attention under any
system, 469–72
Smiley v. Holm (1932), 310–11, 313, 313n, 919–27
Smith, Henry, 144
Smith, William, 115–16
Solgard, Tony Anderson, 280
South Carolina
1796 election, 124
1876 election, 53, 126, 607
1960 election, 608
electors, 6, 70, 82, 83, 116, 119n, 126
whole-number proportional approach and,
173–75, 191, 192
South Dakota
citizen-initiative process, 299, 300n
constitutional provisions, 299
interstate compacts, 209, 211, 222, 227, 230, 243,
301
political party leanings, 54
presidential ballot, 89
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
South Dakota-Nebraska Boundary Compact, 209
Southern Interstate Nuclear Compact, 210
Southern Leadership Conference v. Siegelman
(1989), 656
Southern Regional Education Compact, 210, 240
Southern States Energy Compact, 210
Southwestern Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Disposal Compact, 211, 243
sovereignty. See federal sovereignty; state’s
sovereign power(s)
Sparkman, John Jackson, 142
Specter, Arlen, 45–46, 673–74
St. Onge, William, 144
Stack, Kevin, 45
Stafford, Robert T., 147
Stanwood, Edward, 61, 83, 125
state actions for election reform
Amendment 36 (Colorado), 158–59, 192–93,
322–24
congressional-district approach, 194–204
constitution amendments for term limits, 340
reasons it is preferable to federal constitutional
amendment, 425–26
whole-number proportional approach, 158–94,
257
See also state legislatures
state identity, casting electoral votes on state-bystate basis to provide sense of, 482–88
state laws
earliest possible effective date for new, 540t
logistical nightmares arising from differences in,
503–11
See also state legislatures
state legislatures
citizen-initiative process as limitation on, 331
concurrent resolutions, 307n, 309
electoral reform compact proposal, 291, 294, 301
gubernatorial vetoes, 218, 257, 291, 299, 310, 314,
315, 324, 325, 336, 337–38
interstate compacts and, 218–20, 261
withdrawing from NPV compact after people
vote but before Electoral College meets,
517–45
See also “legislature” (as used in U.S.
Constitution); state laws
state size. See large states; small states
state sovereignty. See state’s sovereign power(s)
state(s)
appointment of electors (plenary power), 4, 5,
68–69, 255 (see also presidential electors:
selection/appointment of)
constitutional provisions regarding citizeninitiative process, 876–78
definitions, 260
formation of new, 304t, 338
judging election returns from other states, 601–2
non-competitive, 54, 129, 135, 255, 279
as party to interstate compacts, 206–8, 215–16,
260
statutory deadlines for certification of elections,
912–13
that allegedly would lose power under national
popular vote, 468–69
that voted for same party in last six elections,
733–34, 734t
voters effectively disenfranchised in four-fifths
of the, 11
See also large states; small states
“states’ righters,” xxvii
Index | 1057
state’s sovereign power(s)
may be delegated by interstate compact, 410–13
NPV as encroaching on state sovereignty, 396–97
NPV as impermissibly delegating, 409–14
NPV does not delegate, 413–14
statewide popular election (“general ticket”
system), 70, 76, 77, 82, 84, 260, 278, 688–89
Steinhorn, Leonard, 731
Stenberg v. Moore, State ex rel. (1996), 554–55
Stennis, John C., 142
Stevens, John Paul, 415–16, 419
Stevenson, Adlai, III, 147
Stevenson, Adlai E., 112
Stewart, Potter, 253, 279, 412, 628
straight-party vote, 328
Susquehanna River Basin Compact, 214, 226
swing states. See battleground states/swing states
T
Taft, William Howard, 608
Taming the Electoral Challenge (Bennett), 60
Tancredo, Tom, 710–11, 742–43
tax compacts, 213
Tea Party, l
television advertisements, 726–27, 727t, 728, 728t,
729t. See also advertising expenditures
Tennessee
1796 election, 76n
electors, 6, 6n, 73, 82, 112
interstate compacts, 237
presidential ballot, 90
state election laws, 73n
whole-number proportional approach and, 176,
177f, 191, 192
Tennessee Valley Authority, 251
term limits
state constitutional amendments for, 340
See also U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
Texas
2000 election, 182, 182f
2004 campaign events, 13n
congressional-district approach and, 201
disadvantages of winner-take-all system, 55
interstate compacts, 253, 279, 301
Schumer-proposed Texas-New York electoral
compact, 253, 279
whole-number proportional approach and,
178–83, 190
Texas Learning Technology Group v.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1992),
410
Texas Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal
Compact, 219, 301
Thinking About Political Polarization (Brookings
Institution), 24
Thomas, Clarence, 313
Thompson, Fred, 387, 389
“Three-Month Period Imperils Presidency”
(Nelson), 278
Thurmond, Strom, 112, 142, 494, 495, 498–500, 506
tie votes
in Electoral College, 427–32
for electors, 92
in national popular vote count, 269
Tilden, Samuel J., 52, 126, 607
Tobin v. United States (1962), 228
Tokaji, Danial, 613
top-two primary. See primary system
Tower, John, 142
treaties, and interstate compacts, 249
Tri-State Lotto Compact, 221, 242
Truman, Harry, 86, 112
Trust the People Initiative Committee, State of
Alaska et al. v. (Alaska, 2004), 336n
Tsongas, Paul, 147
Tures, John A., 439
Turner, W. F., 112
Turzai, Mike, 579
two-party system, breakdown of, 491–95
Tydings, Joseph D., 146
Tyler, John, 339
tyranny of the majority, 752–56
U
Uhlmann, Michael, 726
Uniform Faithless Presidential Electors Act, 118,
513
uniform state laws, and interstate compacts,
249–51
unit rule. See statewide popular election
Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission, 251
U.S. Steel Corporation v. Multistate Tax
Commission (1978), 231–32, 238–40, 549–
51, 556, 630–32, 634–37, 641–43, 969–96
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), 317,
318n, 340n, 414–18
Utah
2000 election, 51
interstate compacts, 217, 222
whole-number proportional approach and,
169–71, 191, 192
V
Valarauko, 750–51
Vermont, liv
1964 presidential ballot, 86f, 87, 262
electors, 72, 82
interstate compacts, 210, 214, 218, 221, 252, 291
National Popular Vote bill, 942–48
political party leanings, 54, 54n
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
See also Alaska-Vermont interstate compact
veto power. See gubernatorial vetoes; presidential
vetoes
1058 | Index
vetoes
gubernatorial, 310
presidential, 218, 226–27
See also Line Item Veto Act of 1996
vice presidential candidates, travel and campaign
events, 12–14
Virgin Islands, interstate compacts, 210, 212, 216
Virginia
1796 election, 76
1800 election, 80
electors, 6, 71, 79–80, 112
interstate compacts, 208, 211–12, 226, 229, 237,
243, 248
whole-number proportional approach and, 178,
178f, 178t
winner-take-all system, 7–8, 79–80, 193, 203
Virginia-Kentucky Interstate Compact of 1789,
229
Virginia v. Tennessee (1893), 206, 226, 232–39,
294–95, 549, 551, 630–35, 951–68
von Spakovsky, Hans A., 479–80, 567, 642, 644, 712,
716, 738, 753, 762
Voter Confidence and Increased Accessibility Act
of 2009 (H.R. 2894), 564, 565
voter initiatives. See citizen-initiative process
voter turnout, 37
diminished, 693–96
effects of, 137–39
voter-verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT), 623–25
voters
disenfranchisement of, 11–47, 53–54
permitting the people to vote for president,
359–61
vote(s)
certification of presidential vote by the states,
92–97
(in)equality of, 11
straight-party, 328
value of a, 51, 201–3
write-in, 101–4, 272
See also electoral votes
voting age, 362–63
voting rights
under electoral reform compact proposal, 261
of people in member states, 259, 699–703
See also black suffrage; women’s suffrage
Voting Rights Act, xxvii–xxviii
section 2, 654–56
W
Wabash Valley Compact, 228
Waldie, Jerome, 144
Wallace, George, 112, 127, 128, 494, 495, 498–500,
506
Wallace, Henry, 86, 495
“Want a Scary Scenario For Presidential Chaos?
Here Are a Few” (Ornstein), 278
Washington (state)
citizen-initiative process, 292
constitutional provisions, 327n
electors, 112, 116, 327n
interstate compacts, 214
whole-number proportional approach and, 176,
177f
Washington, D.C. See District of Columbia
Washington, George, 73, 124
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Regulation
Compact, 211, 226, 228
Water Resources Planning Act of 1965, 251
weather, effects of bad, 763–67
web sites, 940–41
West, Paul, 41
West Virginia
1916 election, 85
2004 campaign events, 13n
constitutional provisions, 327n
electors, 112–13, 116, 327n
whole-number proportional approach and,
169–71
West Virginia ex rel. Dyer v. Sims (1950), 411, 531,
532, 553–54
Western Interstate Energy Compact, 210
Western Interstate Nuclear Compact, 210
Western Regional Education Compact, 210
White, Byron, 239, 636
White, Theodore, 764
Who Picks the President? (FairVote), 12n, 62
whole-number proportional approach (WNP),
158–94, 257
2000 election under, 163t, 168t, 170t, 172t–174t,
176t–179t, 183, 184t, 185
battleground states and, 184t, 185–92
Bush campaign strategies for 2004 election and,
185–87
defined, 157–58
fractional proportional approach and, 158–60,
680–86
impediments to, 193–94
Kerry campaign strategies for 2004 election and,
186–87
nationwide analysis of, 183–92
states with 3 electoral votes, 162–66
states with 4 electoral votes, 167–69
states with 5 electoral votes, 169–71
states with 6 electoral votes, 171–72
states with 7 electoral votes, 172–73
states with 8 electoral votes, 173–75
states with 9 electoral votes, 175
states with 10 electoral votes, 175–76, 176f, 176t
states with 11 electoral votes, 176–77
states with 12 electoral votes, 177, 177t
states with 13 electoral votes, 178, 178f, 178t
states with 14 or more electoral votes, 178–83
what it would and would not do, 160
Index | 1059
Why the Electoral College is Bad for America
(Edwards), 60, 61, 68
Williams, Harrison A., Jr., 146, 147
Williams, John J., 142
Williams, Norman R., 374, 375, 381–82, 402–3, 406,
533–36, 548–50, 553–55, 584–85, 640, 687,
688, 690–93, 770, 771
Williams, Walter E., 458
Williams v. Virginia State Board of Elections
(1968), 404, 640, 1000–1007
Wilmerding, Lucius, 61
Wilson, James, 375
Wilson, Jennings “Jay,” 282, 283, 403
Wilson, Woodrow, 85
winner-take-all system (WTA), lii, 6–10, 119–20,
193–94, 203–4, 255–56, 363–66
2000 election under, 163t, 168t, 170t, 172t–174t,
176t–179t
administrative issues, 561–80
artificial crises in, 51–53, 255, 607, 608
and disenfranchisement of voters, 12–47, 53–54
District of Columbia, Congress, and, 662–63
exceptions to, 84–85
as minimizing the effects of hurricanes and bad
weather, 763–67
in Minnesota, 92, 94
nationwide popular vote and, 47–49
as producing good presidents, 698–99
as protecting freedom, security, and prosperity,
696–97
the real problem with, xxxv
recount procedures, 602–10 (see also recounts of
presidential elections)
shortcomings of, 10–53, 129
remedies to, 53
smallest number of voters who could have
elected president under current, 717,
717t
votes diverted by, in 2012, 754, 755t
See also specific topics
Wisconsin
2004 campaign events, 13
advertising expenditures, 12
interstate compacts, 210, 216, 220, 222, 227, 228
whole-number proportional approach and, 176,
177t, 191, 192
withdrawal procedure. See interstate compacts:
withdrawal from
women’s suffrage, 319, 322n, 327, 361–62
Working Families Party, 105, 272
write-in votes, 101–4, 272
Wrong Winner: The Coming Debacle in the
Electoral College, 49, 61
“wrong winner” elections, prevalence of, 455–56
Wyoming
2004 campaign events, 13n
citizen-initiative process, 300n
disadvantages of winner-take-all system,
56, 56n
interstate compacts, 217, 222, 230
political party leanings, 54
whole-number proportional approach and, 162
Y
Young, Milton Ruben, 142
Young, Stephen M., 146
Z
Zimmerman, Joseph F., xxiii, 218, 219, 240, 293
Zorinsky, Edward, 147