Enhanced 3D-GIS: Documenting Insula V 1 in Pompeii
1. Introduction
The use of the third dimension as an additional field of analysis in the study of ancient buildings can
dramatically contribute to explore new ways of data visualization, leading to a real breakthrough in the
overall documentation and interpretation process. In this regard some experiments have been recently
conducted with the purpose of investigating the use of 3D models in fieldwork activity. These were
mainly aimed at assessing how 3D affected the interpretation process of an archaeological excavation
(Callieri et al. 2011; Dellepiane et al., 2013; Forte et al., 2012; Opitz, 2012). In addition, the potential of
3D in support of documentation methods has been widely discussed (Dell‟Unto 2014; De Reu et al. 2014;
Doneus and Neubauer 2005; Doneus et al. 2011; Forte et al., 2012; Losier et al., 2007) along with a set of
related technical issues (Allen et al. 2004; Barcelò et al. 2003; Frischer 2008; Gillings and Goodrick
1996). Aim of the paper is thus to define an effective and solid work pipeline to integrate even
geometrically complex 3D surface texturized models, in a GIS and to take advantage of the threedimension to improve the quality of data analysis in an fully-functioning 3D space. These models, mainly
deriving from laser scanner acquisition and Image Based 3D modelling, have been hence analyzed and
studied by means of spatial-analysis techniques. This research activity was developed in the framework of
the Swedish Pompeii project, and allowed defining limitations and potentials of such a methodological
approach.
2. The Swedish Pompeii Project: previous work
Since fall 2000 the Swedish Institute in Rome started a field investigation campaign with the aim of
documenting and studying a full Pompeian city block, Insula V 1. From the very beginning, different
types of documentation techniques were tested in order to define an efficient investigation method, which
would comprise the different aspects that characterize the ancient buildings. Goal of this work was
procurring an infrastructure capable to visualize the structures of the insula not as separate entities, but as
part of a total. This approach highlighted the importance of focusing on the relation between the different
typologies of elements that characterize Pompeian domestic architecture (Leander Touati 2010; Staub
2009). In the frame of this work, a digital research platform was realized. This infrastructure proved to be
capable to manage the data detected in the field and to visualize and highlight the relations between
different typologies of data. All the information collected during the investigation campaigns are
organized and published on a website (www.pompejiprojektet.se/insula.php), that allows rapid access to
different levels of data, going from general information toward more detailed documentation, such as
photographs, ortho-mosaics, ground or section plans and excavation reports. Since autumn 2011, Lund
University (Institute of Archaeology and Ancient History together with the Humanistic Laboratory), in
collaboration with the National Research Council of Italy (Institute of information Technology and
science “A. Faedo”), started a project of digital acquisition by means of integrated spatial technologies,
such as Phase Shift Laser Scanners and Image Based 3D Modelling of the Insula V 1. (Dell‟Unto et al.,
2013). Goal of this work was to acquire in high-resolution the Pompeian city block to document in three
dimensions the structures that characterize the insula, and increasing the possibilities, for studying the
relationships between the different parts that characterize Pompeian domestic architecture. The digital
material developed in the framework of this new project was used to design a data model capable to
manage -in three dimensions- most of the information detected during the investigation of the insula V 1,
combining into a 3D-GIS platform (i) 3D surfaced models of the ancient structures, (ii) the 3D
interpretation (virtual reconstruction) of the structures, (iii) the previous documentation realized in the
frame of the Swedish Pompeii Project such as: ground and section plans. Moreover, once processed, the
3D models of the actual structures of the insula have been made available on line using WebGL to
visualize the high resolution models of the insula directly through web browsers (Fig. 1). The
development and the experimentation of this tool allowed connecting this work with the classic
documentation disseminated during these years through the internet.
Figure 1: to add
The development of such web access to visualize the 3D data would allow anyone interested in studying
insula V1 a direct access to the information elaborated by the project team. On the other hand, the set up
of a 3D-GIS was tested on the house of Caecilius Iucundus as a case study and was aimed at (i)
developing an effective documentation pipeline to be extended to the rest of the insula (ii) making an
assessment of GIS as a tool for monitoring and quantifying the conservation status of ancient structures
(iii) delivering new solutions to obtain more accurate information about geometrical relations of walls
shared between adjacent rooms. In addition, the spatial analysis tools which are available in GISs, have
been tested to make a quantitative assessment of the spatial configuration of the virtual buildings. Such an
analysis was intended to provide some insights into the visual properties of specific objects, like wall
inscriptions or paintings, placed at their actual location inside the 3D environment. Archaeologists can
thus obtain some clues about the cognitive framework and the visual impact that particular categories of
objects could have exerted on the ancient inhabitants of the building.
3. 3D-GIS implementation
3.1 Dataset framework
One of the primary goals in this research was to improve current site documentation strategies by
implementing geometrically complex texturized 3D models in a GIS platform. In this respect, it was
crucial to develop an effective 3D Geographic Database Management System (GDBMS) to collect and
store most of the archaeological documentation gathered in the context of the Swedish Pompeii Project. A
GIS system was thus set up with the purpose of interconnecting different categories of data (3D models,
raster, vector, images etc.). Although the potentialities offered by GIS in documenting the archaeological
record do not need to be mentioned as they are well known, using the three-dimension as a further
informative layer can dramatically enhance the analytic performance of the system. Due to the strong
limitations occurring in traditional bi-dimensional GISs (Llobera 2003), archaeologists are not usually
allowed to effectively investigate and fully understand the spatial configuration of the ancient buildings.
This research was partly focused on developing an effective methodology to overcome these limitations.
The strategy was to setup a fully-functioning GIS platform that could be used to manage, store and
analyze those geometrically complex 3D models, derived both from laser scanner acquisition and imagebased 3D modelling. In this regard, ESRI ArcGIS software has been chosen to conduct this research. This
choice was due to the significant technical improvements produced on 3D Analyst extension, that gave us
the possibility of testing an enhanced data visualization experience, a rendering speed-up along with
better performing allocation settings (ESRI 2010). In addition, the geodatabase structure, a native data
format for ArcGIS, constitutes a de facto standard for the geo-spatial dataset management, providing a lot
of solutions for different categories of users (Zeiler 2010). Here, specific functions can be defined in order
to maintain data integrity, to define topological rules and to set relations between features. Another
relevant improvement is given by the editing functions that enable users to digitize in 3D. Unlike bidimensional GISs, in which 3D-related information is stored in the form of a feature's attribute, here the
height information is stored directly inside vector feature's geometry so that each shape is defined by
three different coordinates: x, y, z (ESRI 2012). Such an aspect enables users to take advantage of a 'real'
three-dimension to perform advanced analysis on the 3D models imported within the GIS environment.
Moreover, a general ease-of-use of software, made ArcGIS the ideal platform to be adopted in this
project. In the context of the Swedish Pompeii Project archaeologists are indeed encouraged to use the
tools available in GIS to perform different kinds of analysis on the 3D models without receiving any
technical support. In brief, the process of knowledge can be increased by the joint work of scientists
creating their own interpretation in the same digital environment; at the same time, different
interpretations can be shared and compared, enhancing the aspects of multi-vocality and reflexivity.
3.2 The Caecilius Iucundus' South House Case Study
As a project case study the southern part of the house of Caecilius Iucundus was chosen. As afore
mentioned, different datasets have been imported into the geodatabase, which was set at the local Italian
coordinate system, as it is the current standard format in use by the Archaeological Superintendence of
Pompeii (Foss and Dobbins 2007). According to the scheme showed in (Fig. 2), (i) a ground plan, (ii) the
3D models and (iii) the digitized features derived from the topographical survey were integrated into the
systems. A dataset of raster maps spanning in scale from 1:1000 to 1:20 was added; a general map of
Pompeii‟s archaeological area was completed with the recently established plan drawn in the field by
means of total station survey during the work of the Swedish Pompeii project, and verified by
comparisons with the scanned maps, in particular, with a detailed plan of Caecilius Iucundus‟ South
House. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the house was obtained by interpolating elevation values
from vector points digitized over the scanned house plan. On a broader scale, a less resolute DEM (one
spot per 20 meters) provided the topography of the Pompeii area.
Figure 2: to add
In regard with 3D model GIS implementation, as already mentioned, few attempts have been made thus
far to implement such complex 3D models on a GIS platform. Among these, it is worth mentioning the
work carried out by Koehl and Lott (2008), which illustrates an integrated approach of 3D acquisition
techniques and GIS implementation. Recently, Opitz and Nowlin (2012) and Dell‟Unto (2014) described
the data import of image-based 3D models into a GIS. Similarly, our case study constitutes one of the few
systematic attempts to integrate geometrically complex 3D data in a geo-referenced system and to analyze
and interpret the data collected in a fully three-dimensional space. In the framework of the Swedish
Pompeii Project, one of the purpose was actually to draw from scratch an innovative methodology to use
the third dimension as an additional field of analysis. Firstly, 3D meshes were optimized and texturized
using high resolution images acquired in the framework of the Swedish Pompeii Project. Then, the
resulting models were scaled based on a scale factor of 0.001, according to the difference in measurement
units used in data acquisition (millimeters) and GIS data visualization (meters). Subsequently, data were
imported as COLLADA files into the ArcScene 3D Analyst extension, a visualization tool based on
OpenGL, that supports texture mapping, complex 3D line symbology, surface creation and display of
Digital Terrains models (ESRI 2013). Here the previously geo-referenced maps were used as a reference
to place the 3D models at their absolute coordinates. Each COLLADA file was thus imported in
ArcScene and transformed into a multipatch file, a data format designed for the boundary representation
of 3D objects (ESRI 2012). Then each room‟s model was set at its actual location based on the Caecilus
Iucundus‟ house plan as a reference. In addition, an accuracy less than 1 millimeter was reached by using
the snapping tool to match the models together; the final result was a very precise alignment of Caecilus
Iucundus‟ south house at its absolute x, y coordinates. A further issue addressed was the actual alignment
along the z axis; for this purpose, additional data had to be implemented based on the height information
available for the house. Subsequently, in order to get the necessary reference for the 3D building
alignment, a set of elevation spots was drawn over the 1:20 scale scanned map. Based on the interpolation
of those vector points, a Digital Elevation Model was thus produced. Next, the DEM was set as a base
level for the house plan which was moved at its absolute z coordinates. Finally, the whole multipatch
model of the house was „lifted up‟ to match its ground floor based on the DEM plan (Fig. 3).
Figure 3: to add
A further part of the process was made by the web connection between the 3D models and the database
structure featured on the Swedish Pompeii Project website (http://www.pompejiprojektet.se/insula.php).
The room was chosen as the basic database entity and subsequently, all the metadata architecture was
designed based upon the original framework defined by the project website. Thus, each room entity was
related both to the 3D object (one-to-one relationship) and to other entities, namely single architectural
structures (N wall, floor, etc.). Each structure was in turn connected to different sets of photographs,
drawings (one-to-many relationship) that were used to store more detailed information related to the
single structure itself. Therefore, specific topological rules were defined so as to improve the operational
performances as well as to increase the general database consistency. Additionally, each attribute table
associated to each feature was provided with a specific hyperlink field; this was made to connect the
selected record to its corresponding descriptive webpage available on the Swedish Pompeii Project
website. As a final result, a three-dimensional environment directly connected to the currently available
project documentation was obtained. Users are thus enabled to interrogate the objects, query the database
and retrieve information from the website (Fig. 4).
Figure 4: to add
3.3 Results
One of the main goals was to develop a solid data implementation pipeline to explore, analyze and
measure in a geo-referenced system, all the geometric elements that characterize the structures of the
house. A crucial achievement resides in the new scenarios that open for what concern site documentation
strategies, as all of the architectural features detected in the course of the building investigation can be
surveyed in 3D. The possibility to edit directly in 3D enables archaeologists to bypass analysis through
bi-dimensional drawing in the form of plans and elevations. Instead they may conduct their work by
annotating the results of the analysis performed in the field directly on the 3D replica of the surveyed
object. By recording information directly in the field, - using the 3D-GIS as main
documentation/interpretation tool - archaeologists are enabled to keep a direct visual relation with the
object and make a real-time assessment of the quality of their own observations. The only limitations -in
terms of accuracy- are due to the sampling choices made by the surveyor (i.e. the number of points chosen
to draw the 3D polygon or polyline). In addition, the 3D-GIS provides a platform on which archaeologists
can use the acquired models as a geometrical reference for data analysis, thereby significantly improving
the quality of their own interpretation. This combination of 3D and GIS provides archaeologists with a
direct access to the entire dataset of spatial information previously collected in the geodatabase. They also
have the opportunity to benefit (already during fieldwork activity) from a system that allows “dynamic”
comparison; that is, to access all data detected in the same area, notwithstanding if retrieved at different
stages of the investigations, by other team members and by other teams. This potential significantly
increases the ability of exploiting the multi-temporal dimension (often recalled as 4D); that is to examine
chronological dimensions pertaining to the history of the studied structures, to the field investigation itself
(Fig. 5) and to monitor the degree of degradation affecting architectural features over time. Among the
analytical improvements due to this kind of 3D-GIS is worth to mention also the possibility to connect
and measure stratigraphic units belongings to different sides of a same wall (Fig. 6).
Figure 5: to add
Figure 6: to add
To sum up, the obtained results advance a powerful instrument of analysis able to significantly improve
the strategies of documentation in the field. The 3D-GIS favors fast comprehension of relationships
between different architectural entities or buildings. The system has been set up with the purpose of
managing the 3D-related information together with the existing datasets previously realized, such as plans
and elevation maps. In a diachronic perspective this is an important achievement that enables
archaeologists to obtain a complete status presentation and a complete picture of all information recorded
in the field.
4. A tool for 3D Visual Analysis
In the frame of this research line, some preliminary experiments have been conducted with the purpose of
testing 3D-GIS as a possible new way to make an assessment of the visual properties of certain categories
of objects placed in the three-dimensional space of the Roman house. In the following two kinds of
analyses will be presented. The use of 3D-GIS for interpretation and virtual reconstruction of the ancient
environment and for defining viewing lines, that is cognitive aspects pertaining to how the ancient viewer
may have apprehended this environment.
4.1 Virtual Reconstruction in 3D-GIS
The framework of this examination, the virtual reconstruction of the domus was performed by using
several types of archeological and architectural data. The interpretation was realized with the support of
experts from the Archeological Department of Lund University. As first, the documentation regarding the
archaeological remains, (pictures, archaeological reports, stratigraphic interpretation, etc.) were collected
and organized, as described in the earlier parts of this article. The integration of all materials was
supplemented by using various range-based and image based data-gathering techniques, involving both
digital photographic straightening techniques, enabling acquisition of “rectified” images of the elevations
(eliminating distortion arising from the camera lens), and “laser scanning” techniques for 3D modelling.
Subsequently, the reconstruction process was developed combining and integrating the three dimensional
information with the archaeological data previously collected during the site investigation, such as
previous publications, bibliographic resources, hypothetical scientific-based reconstructions, drawings,
paintings, etc. Virtual hypotheses, concerning parts of the domus for which we lack archaeological
evidences or other trustworthy sources, were complemented by a procedure pertaining to different levels
of consistency, based on general knowledge of Pompeian construction techniques and building or
decorative modules, or on comparative data identified in other, nearby Pompeian buildings. After the
interpretative studies, the scanned model of the domus and the rectified photos were used as references to
draw up the 3D reconstructive model (Fig. 7).
Figure 7: to add
The computer graphics-based reconstruction was developed using Autodesk 3DStudio Max, a 3D
computer graphics program used to create 3D animations, models and images. The 3D modelling work
was carried out by using the imported 3D model derived from the laser scanning survey as geometrical
reference (Dell‟Unto et al., 2013). The volumes of the domus and the frescoes have been reconstructed
following the construction lines of the scanned model. This approach allowed great accuracy and control
during the modelling processes. The model was unwrapped and mapped with textures that simulate the
wall decoration and the frescoes. The textures have been designed “ad hoc”, using photographic
documentation for the existing frescoes still “in situ”, integrating the missing parts with information
derived from archaeological evidence, historical photographs and water color representations, the “model
of Pompeii” (a 1:100 scaled model of the roman city preserved in the Archaeological museum of Neaples
which shows the state of conservation at the end of the XIX century) and parallels found in the
surrounding domus. The first 3D drafts were used as a basis for discussion and analysis for further
interpretative decisions, in order to refine interpretation and reconstruction. This part of the workflow was
crucial as it permitted to verify some hypotheses and to reject others, proved wrong. The 3D models were
not only the end result of the work, but also a scientific instrument for interrogating the architectures, and
understanding their original shapes. The virtual reconstruction made of the Caecilus Iucundus house, as
previously described (Dell‟Unto et al. 2013), has been imported into the 3D-GIS and used as a spatial
reference for the visualscape analysis (Fig. 8).
Figure 8: To add
4.2 Visualscape Analysis
In recent years, some attempts have been made by integrating the use of GIS and 3D software for the
analysis of the so-called „visualscape‟ (Llobera 2003; Paliou 2013:1-4; Paliou and Knight 2013). The
symbolic dimension of Roman domestic space constitutes an interesting case study to test 3D-GIS as an
analytic tool to make a quantitative assessment of the cognitive structure related to specific objects (Lake
and Woodman 2003:694). As a test case to experiment this analytic approach, a couple of wall
inscriptions, originally placed in two different rooms within the house of Caecilius Iucundus have been
examined within the setting provided by the virtual reconstruction of the house. As a form of
communication, wall inscriptions are among those symbolic objects that could be better „understood‟
through a visual approach. There are major advantages to carry on this kind of analysis in fully-3D space.
Firstly, the perspective of the ancient space is examined in such a way that the primary role in the analytic
process is given the original inhabitants of the house and their potential viewing-lines. The 3D
representation immediately reveals any visual obstacle that could have affected or impeded the view from
a chosen position in the house towards the chosen target. In our case study, the choice of targets was
decided by their difference and thereby in terms of what they reveal about their original audience of
observers: the first target is a very small (0.9 x 10 cm) alphabet inscription, originally located on a column
in the peristyle of the South House of Caecilius Iucundus. The second is a quite big electoral programma
(30 x 100 cm), originally placed in a courtyard of the North House. In this simulation process a 3D vector
grid (1 point per 20 cm) of sampled observing points was placed in ArcScene at a height of 1.60 meters
above ground floor (Fig. 9) – a height based on the estimated average stature of ancient inhabitants of the
Vesuvian area (Feemster Jashemski and Meyer 2002:455).
Figure 9: to add
Next, the use of a line-of-sight algorithm provided an effective means to calculate which portions of the
wall inscriptions were visible from the specified viewpoints and which visual obstacles prevented targets
from being viewed. Not surprisingly, the final analysis showed us quite different percentages of visibility
by comparing the alphabet inscription and the electoral programma (respectively 0.6% vs. 6.7%),
reflecting their different purposes (Fig. 10).
Figure 10: to add
Thanks to the combined use of line-of-sight and intervisibility algorithms, available with the latest version
of ArcGIS (ESRI 2014), it is now possible to perform a fully-3D analysis inside a GIS environment. The
reliability of this kind of analysis is further improved by the quality of the 3D models imported in GIS
and used as basis to provide the „original‟ spatial context in which the symbolic objects were placed.
Basically, despite that this was just a case study (with just two examples on which visual analysis was
tested), the results are encouraging and it would be useful to extend this methodological approach on a
large scale sample (in order to detect some significant statistical patterns, it is better to have a high
quantity of data to test). At least three distinct objectives could be achieved: (i) to formulate hypotheses
about inscriptions‟ original location; (ii) to generate insights on the most „suitable‟ areas to view the
inscriptions; (iii) to compare different categories of inscriptions in terms of their visual impact. Similarly
to any other GIS project dealing with the landscape, it is crucial to identify patterns (Bevan and Connolly
2006; Chapman 2006) that could allow us to formulate some solid interpretations of the archaeological
record. To reach this point it is necessary to extend the scale of analysis to a wider sample of data. In this
sense, part of the ongoing research activity is targeted at identifying the original spatial distribution of
wall inscriptions inside the Caecilius Iucundus‟ house and its implementation in 3D-GIS. Then, most of
these data will be available to be analyzed by means of visual analysis tools so as to produce new insights
about any possible cognitive pattern and visual connectivity detected inside this Pompeian house.
5. Final Remarks
The case of the Pompeian house of Caecilius Iucundus clearly shows how the third dimension, used as an
additional exploratory field, can dramatically increase the analytical potential of GIS. The different
achievements in the documentation process outlined, increase what Gillings and Goodrick (1996)
described as being one of the ultimate scopes of GIS: meeting the unique demands of archaeology
problematic. As Goodchild recalls (1995), GIS systems have been used by archaeologists mainly as a
mapping tool, and 3D has often been introduced in the frame of the archaeological projects with the
exclusive purpose of improving the qualitative experience of a user in terms of visualization (Landeschi
and Carrozzino 2011; 2013). As Frischer still notes (2008), a sort of separation seems to characterize the
domains of GIS and 3D in archaeology, with GIS users focusing on the application of tools for spatial
analysis and 3D specialists more concerned with data visualization. In this regard, part of the project was
aimed at overcoming this methodological divide in order to integrate the potential of GIS in conjunction
with 3D technology so as to improve and enhance the overall analytic capacity. the implementation of
high quality models along with a virtual interpretation provided in the form of a 3D model of the
reconstructed house based on the information coming from the acquired models (Dell‟Unto et al. 2013) is
a notable achievement in terms of data accuracy. It allows us to define a well documented and clear
awareness of the degree of uncertainty in the reconstruction process which is the essential basis for further
research lines, such as cognitive and visual analysis. According to Lake and Connolly (2006:8-10), the
integrated use of GIS and 3D can provide a „localized experience of past material conditions'.
Remarkably, in the framework of the case study presented above, the 3D experience has been
contextualized so as to provide not only a mimetic representation of reality but also an effective means for
depicting the dynamic complexity of a past social landscape (Gillings and Goodrick 1996). This kind of
approach can generate new insights into the phenomenological study of the ancient space, by considering
it not just as a neutral backdrop of action (Tilley 1994:7-11) which would have been hardly recognized by
the original inhabitants (Connolly and Lake 2006:8) but the means through which events and activities
actually took place. The high level of precision of the acquired 3D models implemented in GIS provides
the opportunity to enhance the reliability of the reconstructed ancient space (in our case the Roman house)
reconstructed based on this dataset of information. In turn, this reconstruction is an essential premise to
develop a work methodology that allows archaeologists to explore the cognitive dimension of the ancient
space, a dimension that always needs to be based on a careful analysis and examination of the
archaeological record (Renfrew 1993:259). In this respect Merlo (2004) stresses the importance of
considering the concept of „contemporary mind‟ where any possible bias in the process of understanding
the ancient perception of space is due to the a priori interpretative paradigms of the archaeologists, which
are strongly affected by the way digital technology has been used in the analysis of the research context.
In this regard it is crucial to be very clear about the sources employed in the virtual reconstruction
process, so as to state different degrees of reliability connected to each single element inside the virtual
space. Accordingly, the Caecilius Iucundus residence, made at a former stage of the project in the GIS,
was reconstructed with this specific purpose in mind (Dell‟Unto et al. 2013) (Fig. 8). Remarkably, this
research line opens up to innovative research paths in the frame of computer-based simulation within an
ancient space. The technological developments previously mentioned could partially satisfy the demand
for a more „sensual‟ and „phenomenological‟ approach (Brück 2005:51-64; Shanks and Tilley 1992:103115). Considering the social significance intrinsically embedded in the ancient space of the Roman
buildings (Allison 1997; Foss 1997; Grahame 1997; George 1999), the use of advanced visual analysis
tools can significantly improve our understanding of any symbolic content connected to specific
categories of objects. These are remains with unquestionable symbolic value, which still may be
associated with their original spatial location and which may be examined in new cognitive depth thanks
to the use of 3D-GIS analytic tools.
Acknowledgements
This research activity was funded by the Swedish Research Council Grant (340-2012-5751)
Archaeological information in the digital society (ARKDIS), the Birgit och Sven Håkan Ohlssons
Foundation, the Fondazione Famiglia Rausing, the C.M. Lerici Foundation and the Marcus and Amalia
Wallenberg Foundation. The authors also would like to thank Renée Forsell for her precious consultancy
during all the phases of the project.
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