Zur Bedeutung des Vergleichs in Eichendorffs

ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS
STOCKHOLMER GERMANISTISCHE FORSCHUNGEN
–––––––––––––––––––– 67 ––––––––––––––––––––
Ragni Behrens
…ihm war,
als spiegelte sich wunderbar
sein Leben wie ein Traum
noch einmal wieder
Zur Bedeutung des Vergleichs
in Eichendorffs Erzählwerk
Almqvist & Wiksell International
Stockholm
Akademische Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde (‚filosofie doktorsexamen’)
an der Universität Stockholm
Germanistisches Institut, Universität Stockholm, S-10691 Stockholm
ABSTRACT
… it seemed to him, as would his life once again be mirrored wonderful like a dream
On the Importance of Similes in Eichendorff’s narrative work
The present dissertation investigates similes and their importance in Eichendorff’s narrative
work. The sources of the investigation consist of seven of Eichendorff’s narratives. Their 734
similes make up the corpus, which is presented in its entirety in the appendix. The context of
the similes is partly included as well.
Initially, I define the concept of “simile” more precisely, partly distancing myself from the
definitions found in classical dictionaries of literary terms. After this, I describe my procedure
for analysis in detail. This turned out to be necessary, since there was no similar study to be
found on this topic in the extensive literature on Eichendorff. The search for models of types
of similes brought me back to antique rhetoric as well as to Middle High German epic poems.
In the first analysis, the types of similes occurring in the corpus are presented. The syntactic
structures of image receivers and image givers are used as criteria. Four structures of similes
occurred: a) classical similes and b) similes with image givers, which represent adverbial
clauses and c) as / as if – clauses or are d) subject-related. The frequency and the
development of frequency of types of similes are presented as well.
In the second step of the thesis, I investigate whether similes tend to depict
conditions/qualities or procedures/actions. It turned out that similes reflecting
conditions/qualities, i.e. epic similes, dominated strongly. The high number of similes could
possibly be explained by the functions carried out by epic similes in narrative texts.
In the third part, I concern myself with the question whether the similes of the corpus are
imaginative representations only and what kind of sensorial perceptions they express.
Admittedly, the dominating percentage of the similes proved to be images, but more than
fifteen per cent consist of sounds and other sensorial perceptions. Furthermore, imaginative
similes, but also sounding similes express motion, so that they illustrate pictures in motion
and sounding motion respectively. These come close to synaesthesia, whereas only five
similes illustrate „pure“ synaesthesia. In contrast, subject-related similes are perceptions of
different sensations and feelings, illustrating the inner life of a character not shared by any
other character.
Finally, the semantic content of the similes is investigated in order to determine the
metamorphosis, i.e. the trope transfer from proprium to improprium. It turned out that only
the classical simile originating in antique rhetoric is suitable for a semantic analysis. Above
all, there is great variation in the trope transfer. The metamorphosis human being → nature
dominates strongly, which makes the narrative text appear as a palimpsest, in which yet
another world glimmer in front of the human being behind every character. However, the
many trope transfers that convey reality → unreality could be interpreted as transitions and as
a “magical code” of Eichendorff.
Furthermore, the semantic analysis uncovers content and motives of classical similes. It
becomes clear that pre-constructed – and only pre-constructed - content is imitated here.
Consequently, it can be asserted that Eichendorff’s great number of similes constitute or at
least contribute to the formulaic manner (according to Kohlschmidt) and the intertextuality
(according to Nienhaus) in Eichendorff’s narrative work.
Above all, the subject-related simile type turns out to be a typical representative of
Romanticism because of its subjectivism. Together with its preformed semantic content, it
constitutes the “romantic formula” of Eichendorff’s work.
Keywords: Eichendorff, Eichendorff’s narrative work, similes, types of similes, classical
similes, non-classical types of similes, if-/ as if-similes, adverbial similes, subject-related
similes, proprium, improprium, image giver, image receiver, tropes, antique rhetoric, Middle
High German epic poem, Romanticism, functions of similes, pictures in motion, sounding
motion, formula, formulaic manner, synaesthesia, formulas, intertextuality
© Ragni Behrens, 2005
ISSN 0491-0893
ISBN 91-85445-05-03
Intellecta DocuSys AB, Nacka 2005
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort
1. Einleitung .................................................................................................... 3
Von der Formel zum Vergleich: Zur Wahl des Themas....................... 3
Ziel der Arbeit ....................................................................................... 4
Gliederung der Arbeit ........................................................................... 5
Quellen ................................................................................................. 7
Korpus ................................................................................................... 8
Theoretischer Teil ........................................................................................ 9
Definitionen einiger für die Arbeit grundlegender Begriffe................. 9
Zum Begriff Formelhaftigkeit............................................................. 10
Topik und Topos: traditionelle und neue Interpretation ..................... 11
Die antike Rhetorik ............................................................................. 12
Tropen und rhetorische Figuren.......................................................... 14
Zur Verwandtschaft von Metapher und Vergleich ............................ 15
Der Vergleich ...................................................................................... 16
Similitudo: der Vergleich der antiken Rhetorik.................................. 19
Mikrotext............................................................................................. 21
Motiv, Stoff und Thema...................................................................... 22
Zur Methode .............................................................................................. 22
Stand der Forschung .................................................................................. 26
Allgemein zu Eichendorff .................................................................. 26
Zum Sprachstil Eichendorffs ............................................................. 27
Zu Motiven in Eichendorffs Prosa ..................................................... 30
Die sieben Erzählungen: Stoff, Motive, literarische Vorbilder .......... 31
Zusammenfassung .............................................................................. 41
2. Die Vergleichs-Typen im Korpus
Eine Analyse ihrer syntaktischen Struktur ................................................ 45
Kategorisierungs-Argumente ............................................................. 45
Klassische Vergleiche ........................................................................ 46
Adverbiale Bildspender ...................................................................... 48
Als/als ob- Sätze als Bildspender ....................................................... 50
Subjektbezogene Bildspender ............................................................. 51
Zweifelsfälle ....................................................................................... 52
Zur Frequenz der Vergleiche ..................................................................... 52
Zur Frequenz der Vergleichs-Typen: Tabellen und Diagramme ....... 52
Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................... 63
3. Handlung oder Eigenschaft?
Kategorisierungs-Argumente und -Kriterien ...................................... 66
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Das ‚Bezugs-Wort’ und seine Bedeutung als Kriterium .................... 68
Zum Tertium comparationis
69
Zur semantischen Diskrepanz der Lexeme ‚Vorgang’ und ‚Handlung’
bzw. ‚Zustand’ und ‚Eigenschaft’....................................................... 69
Schlussfolgerungen ............................................................................. 74
Frequenz der Veranschaulichung von Handlung bzw. Eigenschaft .......... 75
Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................... 85
4. Stellen Vergleiche nur Bilder dar?
Allgemeines, alle vier Vergleichs-Typen Betreffendes...................... 88
Einteilung der Vergleiche nach den Sinneseindrücken, die sie
darstellen ............................................................................................. 88
Zu Zeitliches oder Örtliches darstellenden adverbialen Vergleichen 90
Schlussfolgerungen ............................................................................. 92
Zur Frequenz der Darstellungen der Sinneseindrücke........................ 93
Zusammenfassung .................................................................................... 100
5. Semantische Analyse klassischer Vergleiche des Korpus
Motivation und Ziel .......................................................................... 101
Zur Einteilung in semantische Bereiche ........................................... 103
Konkrete bzw. übernatürliche Sinneseindrücke ............................... 104
Natur.................................................................................................. 105
Kultur ................................................................................................ 106
Zeit- und Raum.................................................................................. 108
Übergänge......................................................................................... 109
Zusammenfassung............................................................................. 110
Eine dreiteilige semantische Analyse. Anteile der Wortbereiche .... 110
Die Propria ............................................................................................... 111
Propria bildlicher Vergleiche. Anteile der Wortbereiche................. 111
Der Bereich Mensch ......................................................................... 119
Ausnahmen........................................................................................ 125
Propria Laute darstellender Vergleiche ............................................ 126
Propria der Synästhesien und übrige Propria .................................... 130
Ausnahmen........................................................................................ 131
Die Impropria ........................................................................................... 133
Impropria bildlicher Vergleiche. Anteile der Wortbereiche............. 133
Impropria Laute darstellender Vergleiche ........................................ 150
Impropria der Synästhesien und übrige Impropria............................152
Die Metamorphosen
Analyse der semantischen Sprünge von Proprium zu Improprium .. 154
Bilder darstellende klassische Vergleiche ........................................ 154
Propria aus dem Bereich Mensch und ihre Metamorphosen ........... 173
Metamorphosen der Figuren in absoluten Zahlen ............................ 174
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Tropensprünge Laute darstellender Vergleiche ................................ 188
Die Metamorphosen der Synästhesien und übriger Vergleiche........ 195
Ausnahmen........................................................................................ 197
6. Semantische Analyse adverbialer nichtklassischer Vergleiche
Zur Analyse der Tropensprünge adverbialer Vergleiche ..................200
Die Bildempfänger adverbialer Vergleiche...................................... 205
Zusammenfassung............................................................................. 209
Die Bildspender adverbialer Vergleiche .......................................... 209
Zu verschiedenen Adverbial-Typen als Bildspender........................ 212
Semantische Herkunft adverbialer Bildspender................................ 213
Zusammenfassung .................................................................................... 214
7. Zur Funktion der Vergleiche .................................................................... 216
Eindruck durch Quantität .................................................................. 216
Bilder und Klänge als Entwurf, „Roter Faden“ und Quintessenz .... 216
Poetische Steigerung als Funktion der Aufzählung von Propria ...... 219
Bewegte Bilder, bewegte Klänge...................................................... 221
Zuhörer erwünscht. Höhepunkt und Verzögerung der Erzählung.... 223
Vom erhabenen Vergleich zur Burleske. Funktion des Stils ............ 224
Verschiedene Vergleichs-Strukturen – verschiedene Funktionen .... 225
Die große Geste des klassischen Vergleichs..................................... 225
Die kleine Geste des nicht-klassischen Vergleichs........................... 226
Funktionen der Verunsicherung bzw. der Exaktheit ........................ 227
8. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................... 234
Vier Vergleichs-Typen...................................................................... 235
Hohe Frequenz der Vergleiche ......................................................... 237
Starke Dominanz epischer Vergleiche.............................................. 238
Nicht nur Bilder................................................................................. 239
Wahrnehmungen und Empfindungen................................................239
Schwache oder fehlende Repräsentation...........................................240
Der Tropensprung Mensch Æ Natur ................................................ 241
Der „magic code“ Eichendorffs ........................................................ 241
Vorgebildetes – und nur Vorgebildetes– als Bildspender ................ 242
Das Eichendorff Eigene .................................................................... 243
Eine romantische Formel .................................................................. 245
Dank .............................................................................................................. 247
Literaturverzeichnis....................................................................................... 249
Anhang .......................................................................................................... 258
Klassische Vergleiche ....................................................................... 258
als/als ob-Sätze.................................................................................. 270
Adverbiale Bildspender..................................................................... 278
Subjektbezogene Vergleiche ............................................................ 286
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort
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@
#[@!+!!

STOCKHOLMER GERMANISTISCHE FORSCHUNGEN
Veröffentlicht von der Universität Stockholm
Begründet von Gustav Korlén (Nr. 1-26), fortgesetzt von Birgit Stolt (Nr. 27-46) Helmut
Müssener (Nr. 47-58) Synnöve Clason (Nr.59-64) Elisabeth Wåghäll Nivre (65-).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Emil Weiss. Tun: Machen. Bezeichnungen für die kausative und die
periphrastische Funktion im Deutschen bis um 1400. Stockholm, 1956. 272 S.
Els Oksaar. Semantische Studien im Sinnbereich der Schnelligkeit. Plötzlich,
schnell und ihre Synonymik im Deutsch der Gegenwart und des Früh-, Hoch- und
Spätmittelalters. Stockholm, 1958. 553 S.
Jacob Steiner. Rilkes Duineser Elegien. Bern und München, 1962. 375 S. (Nur im
Austausch.)
Birgit Stolt. Die Sprachmischung in Luthers Tischreden. Studien zum Problem der
Zweisprachigkeit. Stockholm, 1964. 314 S.
Agi Lindgren. Ein Stockholmer mittelniederdeutsches Arzneibuch aus der zweiten
Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Stockholm, 1967. 249 S.
Birgit Stolt. Studien zu Luthers Freiheitstraktat mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das
Verhältnis der lateinischen und der deutschen Fassung zu einander und die
Stilmittel der Rhetorik. Stockholm, 1969. 152 S.
Walter A. Berendsohn. Die künstlerische Entwicklung Heines im Buch der Lieder.
Struktur- und Stilstudien. Stockholm, 1970. 209 S.
Axel Mante. Eine niederdeutsche Birgitta-Legende aus der Mitte des XV.
Jahrhunderts. Stockholm, 1971. CLXIX + 429 S.
Werner Koller. Grundprobleme der Übersetzungstheorie. Unter besonderer
Berücksichtigung schwedisch-deutscher Übersetzungsfälle. Bern und München,
1972. 198 S. (Nur im Austausch.)
Bo Ullman. Die sozialkritische Thematik im Werk Georg Büchners und ihre
Entfaltung im "Woyzeck". Mit einigen Bemerkungen zu der Oper Alban Bergs.
Stockholm, 1972. 186 S.
Gisela Berglund. Deutsche Opposition gegen Hitler in Presse und Roman des
Exils. Eine Darstellung und ein Vergleich mit der historischen Wirklichkeit.
Stockholm, 1972. 411 S.
Lars W. Freij. ’Türlosigkeit’. Robert Musils "Törless" in Mikroanalysen mit
Ausblicken auf andere Texte des Dichters. Stockholm, 1972. X + 221 S.
Birgit Stolt. Wortkampf. Frühneuhochdeutsche Beispiele zur rhetorischen Praxis.
Frankfurt, 1974. 136 S. (Nur im Austausch.)
Helmut Müssener. Exil in Schweden. Politische und kulturelle Emigration nach
1933. München, 1974. 604 S. (Nur im Austausch.)
Jürgen Happ. Arnold Zweig. "Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa". Probleme
des Aufbaus mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung der
Grischagestalt. Stockholm, 1974. 243 S.
Germanistische Streifzüge. Festschrift für Gustav Korlén. Herausgegeben von
Gert Mellbourn, Helmut Müssener, Hans Rossipal, Birgit Stolt. Stockholm, 1974.
288 S.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Traugott Schiebe. Über Präsuppositionen zusammengesetzer Sätze im Deutschen.
Stockholm, 1975. 95 S.
Göran Inghult. Die semantische Struktur desubstantivischer Bildungen auf mäßig. Eine synchronisch-diachronische Studie. Stockholm, 1975. 206 S.
Synnöve Clason. Die Welt erklären. Geschichte und Fiktion in Lion
Feuchtwangers Roman "Erfolg". Stockholm, 1975. 188 S.
Birgit Stolt. Hier bin ich! — Wo bist du? Heiratsanzeigen und ihr Echo,
analysiert aus sprachlicher und stilistischer Sicht. Mit einer soziologischen
Untersuchung von Jan Trost. Kronberg, 1976. 154 S. (Nur im Austausch.)
Agi Lindgren. Das Utrechter Arzneibuch. Stockholm, 1977. 199 S.
Helny Alstermark. Das Arzneibuch des Johan van Segen. Stockholm, 1977. 174
S.
Göran Kristensson. Angloamerikanische einflüsse in DDR-zeitungstexten.
Stockholm, 1977. 365 S.
Agi Lindgren. Die ’aquae medicinales’ des mittelniederdeutschen Gothaer
Arzneibuches. Stockholm, 1979. 118 S.
Helmut Müssener (Hrsg.). Nicht nur Strindberg. Kulturelle und literarische
Beziehungen zwischen Schweden und Deutschland 1870-1933. Stockholm, 1979.
392 S.
Gösta Björn. Deutsche Literatur in den Deutschbüchern des schwedischen
Gymnasiums 1905-1970. Stockholm, 1979. 343 S.
Helmut Müssener/Gisela Frandsen. Deutschsprachige Publikationen in
schwedischer Übersetzung 1870-1933. Stockholm, 1981. 431 S.
Helmut Müssener (Hrsg.). Aspekte des Kulturaustausches zwischen Schweden und
dem deutschsprachigen Mitteleuropa nach 1945. Stockholm, 1981. 349 S.
Dagmar Neuendorff. Studie zur Entwicklung der Herrscherdarstellung in der
deutschsprachigen Literatur des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts. Stockholm, 1982. 345 S.
Barbro Eberan. Luther? Friedrich "der Große"? Wagner? Nietzsche? ...? ...? Wer
war an Hitler schuld? — Die Debatte um die Schuldfrage 1945-1949. München,
1983. 281 S. (Nur im Austausch.)
Helmut Müssener. Deutschsprachige Belletristik in schwedischer Übersetzung
1870-1979. Bibliographie und Kommentar. Stockholm, 1985. 400 S.
Astrid Stedje (Hrsg.). Die Brüder Grimm — Erbe und Rezeption. Stockholmer
Symposium 1984. Stockholm, 1985. 256 S.
Bo Andersson. "Du Solst wissen es ist aus keinem stein gesogen". Studien zu
Jacob Böhmes Aurora oder Morgen Röte im auffgang. Stockholm, 1986. VI und
272 S.
Lars-Eric Lundgren. Frauengestalten im Frühwerk Heinrich Manns.
Interpretationen im Werkzusammenhang. Stockholm, 1986. 468 S.
Helmut Müssener (Hrsg.). Anti-Kriegsliteratur zwischen den Kriegen (1919-1939)
inDeutschland und Schweden. Stockholm, 1987. 201 S.
Anneliese Stawström. Studien zur Menschwerdungsthematik in Irmtraud
Morgners Leben und Abenteuer der Trobadora Beatriz nach Zeugnissen ihrer
Spielfrau Laura. Roman in dreizehn Büchern und sieben Intermezzos . Stockholm,
1987. 192 S.

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