Acta Arachnologica,
52(2): 91-102, December 31, 2003
On the identity
and synonymies of some Asiatic
(Opiliones:
Opilioninae
Phalangiidae)'
Wojciech Starcga
Instytut Biologii Akademii Podlaskiej, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
[for correspondence. Kinowa 24/77, 04-017 Warszawa]
Abstract - A review of the subfamily Opilioninae, with several new combinations and many synonyms based mainly on type material or original descriptions is presented. The subfamily, as delimited here, consists
of following genera: Bidentolophus, Egaenus, Himalphalangium, Homolophus, Opilio, and Scleropilio. Most
genera and species are distributed in Central and East Asia, with only few species reaching West Asia and
Europe. There are following new combinations: Egaenus pakistanus (Rwr.), Himalphangium spinulatum
(Rwr.), Homolophus serrulatus (Ksch.), Bidentolophus adungius (Rwr.), Homolophus consputus (Sim.), H.
nigridorsus (Cap.), H. turcicus (Rwr.) [the last three not quite clear], H, martensi (Star.) and new synonyms:
Egaenus carpaticus Avram = E. convexus (C.L.K.), Euphalangium afghanum Rwr. and Euphalangium
chitralense Rwr. = Egaenus kashmiricus Cap., Opilio nigerrimus Schkl. = Himalphalangium spinulatum
(Rwr.), Phalangium tricolor Kulcz., Phalangium bidentatum Kulcz., Opilio Kishidai Saito, 0. quadridentatus
Wang and 0. tricolor var, modestus Schkl. = Homolophus serrulatus (Ksch.), Opilio hexa-spinulatus Saito
and Opilio koreanus Chant. = Bidentolophus bidens (Sim.), Opilio birmanicus Rwr. = Bidentolophus
adungius (Rwr.), Opilio sunuitensis Nakats. and 0. nipponensis Rwr. = Homolophus arcticus Bks.,
Euphalangium trinkleri Rwr. and Opilio insolitus Rwr. = Homolophus tibetanus (Rwr.), Phalangium
coronatum Red. and Opilio redikorzevi Rwr. = 0. lederi Rwr., 0. turcicus Rwr. = 0. saxatilis C.L.K., 0.
reginae Star. = 0. hemseni Rwr., Egaenus rugosus Schkl. = Scleropilio insolens (Sim.).
Key words - Opiliones, Opilioninae, Central Asia, East Asia, new synonyms, new combinations.
Introduction
The first author who seriously used the structure of genital organs (originally of males, later also of females) as a
crucial criterion in the taxonomy of the present-day
Opilioninae was V. Silhavy (1938, 1948). At that time it
was not so obvious because the greatest authority in
Opiliones, C.F. Roewer, did not recognize (1912, 1923,
1956) the differences in structure of genital organs, anyway
on species level, and did not see the necessity to use them
in distinguishing the species which were in masses described by him.
In Central and East Asia there are many names of species
belonging to Opilioninae, described mainly by C.F. Roewer
but also by L. Koch, F. Karsch, E. Simon, W. Kulczynski
and L, di Caporiacco - to mention only some of the
"classical" authors. Some of the species were partly revised
by Starcga (1964) and Silhavy (1972), some other described
or redescribed by Martens (1973), Gricenko (1975, 1979,
1980), Tchemeris et al. (1998), Tchemeris (2000) and
' Revision of the Phalangiidae
Tsurusaki et al. (2000 a, b) but many were never revised and
their position remains not quite clear, obscuring therefore
the systematics and geographic range of the subfamily as a
whole and the actual genera within it. I have had possibility
to investigate several of those "obscure" species and to clear
their place in the system of Opilioninae.
The material I have been studied (since October 1971) is
stored in the following Museums: Zoologisches Museum
der Humboldt-Universitat Berlin (ZMB), SenckenbergMuseum Frankfurt a.M. (SMF; coll. Roewer), Zoologisches
Institut and Museum der Universitat Hamburg (ZMH),
Zoologicheskiy Institut Akademii Nauk Sankt-Petersburg
(ZIN), Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm (NRS),
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW) and in the reference collections of J. Martens (Mainz; CJM) and my own
(Warszawa; CWS).
, IV. For the previous parts look: I (1972)-Annales
30: 361-373; III (1984)-Annales zoologici, 38: 1-79.
zoologici, 29: 461-471; II (1973)-Annales
zoologici,
W. Stargga
92
"E
Remarks
on some more interesting
Egaenus kashmiricus Caporiacco
species
1935
(Figs. 1--5)
Egaenus asiaticus Roewer 1923: 818 (part.: from Yarkand), non
Roewer 1911,
Egaenus kashmiricus Caporiacco 1935: 247, pl. 7, fig. 6,
Euphalangium afghanum Roewer 1956: 260, pl. 37, figs. 36-38,
syn. H.,
Euphalangium chitralense Roewer 1956: 260-261, pl. 37, figs.
39-41, syn, n.,
Homolophus afghanus: Cokendolpher 1987: 91,
Homolophus chitralensis: Cokendolpher 1987: 91-92.
Material. 1d' -"Egaenus
asiaticus Rwr. - 1 Expl. ex typ. C. Asien: Yarkand." [SMF R I/1236]. ld' -
uphalangium afghanum Rwr. - 1d' - Typus. Afghanistan:
Kabul." [SMF R 11/2823/110]. 3d', 1~ - "Euphalangium
chitralense Rwr. - 4d' - Typus. Centr. Asien: Chitral."
[SMF R II/6501/242]. 1, ', 1~, 1 j - India, Ladakh:
Lamayuru, 3800 m, 28.8.1981 leg. P. Beron. 1984. det. W.
Starcga [CJM].
Remarks. Male [SMF R 11/2823/110]. Very strongly
armed: in front of eye mound a thick group of denticles, abdomen thickly and irregularly covered with numerous
denticles. Coloration sandy-yellow with brownish variegation. Legs short (BLI2 1.000), the first pair strongly thickened, all femora to tibiae with sharp edges (femur I with 7!)
and with rows of denticles on them (only tibia II with
pointed granules ventrally and short setae dorsally).
Metatarsus I with saw-shaped longitudinal row of big granules ventrally. Penis shaft with beginning of a subapical
keel ventrally and slightly marked lateral pockets. Glans
about the shape of a cucumber, not flattened ventrally (Figs.
Figs. 1-5. Egaenus kashmiricus Cap. (holotype of Euphalangium afghanum Rwr. - SMF R/II/2823/110). (1) Right chelicera, mesa!
view; (2) right palpus, mesa! view; (3) penis, dorsal view; (4) penis, lateral view; (5) apical portion of penis. lateral view. Scale lines:
1-4 - 0.5 mm, 5 - 0. l mm.
2 "Beinlangenindex" [index of legs length] as proposed by Stargga (1972) = proportion of femur I length (measured laterally) to the width
of carapace (measured dorsally, between coxa II and III).
Acta Arachnologica, 52(2), December 2003 ©Arachnological Society of Japan
On some
Asiati
1-5).
The types of E. chitralense are even stronger armed: the
whole carapax in front of eye mound is thickly covered with
denticles (the same in female!). Legs slightly longer: BLI
d' 1.083, 1.095, 1.160; - 0.957. Femur I with 6 edges.
Male from Ladakh: body length 4.6, coloration quite
typical (as in Fig. 6 in Caporiacco 1935), body and palps armature as in type specimen of E. afghanum, BLI 1.214,
femur I with five edges, penis 2.9 long.
Distribution.
Afghanistan: Kabul (Roewer 1956);
Pakistan: Chitral (North West Frontier Prov.; Roewer 1956),
Garhi (Northern Areas; Caporiacco 1935); India: Lamayuru
(Ladakh; herein); China: Shache (= Yarkand, W Sinkiang;
Roewer 1923).
Egaenus pakistanus (Roewer 1956), comb. n.
Opiliopakistanus Roewer 1956:293, t. 41, ff. 142-144.
Material. l d - "Opilio pakistanus Rwr.-1 d'- Typus.
Pakistan: Punjab." [SMF R II/6500/241]. 1Od, 6~ Pakistan, Punjab: Patriata SE Murree, 2200 m, 6-7.VIII.
1982, Heinz leg. 1984, det. W. Stargga. [CJM].
c pl ionmae
93
Remarks. Very similar to E. kashmiricus, but different:
larger, darker (thickly brown variegated and with brown appendages, segments of legs with not so sharp edges.
Abdomen with only single transversal row of denticles on
every tergite. Coxae apically with transversal rows of
denticles; their surfaces (particularly I and II) with numerous large pointed granules. Ventral surface of abdomen
with numerous brown dots, coxae with so many they are
nearly brown. BLI 1.059. Penis shaft less broadened as in
Fig. 3, more slender, although with nearly identical
subapical structure. Glans clearly longer: as long as the lateral pockets (in E. kashmiricus relatively much shorter).
In the series from Patriata: one male - body length 6.7,
penis length 4.3, BLI 1.143, another - body length 7.3,
penis length 4.8, BLI 1.044.
Distribution. Known only from Northern Pakistan.
Himalphalangium spinulatum (Roewer 1911), comb. n.
(Figs. 6-10)
Opilio spinulatus Roewer 1911:42,
Opilio spinulatus Roewer 1912: 143-144, pl. 4, fig. 5,
Opiliopentaspinulatus Suzuki 1950:45-48, pl. 1, figs. 1-11,
Figs. 6-10. Himalphalangium spinulatum (Rwr.) (syntype - SMF R 1/582). (6) Right palpus , mesal view; (7) penis, dorsal view; (8)
penis, lateral view; (9) apical portion of penis, ventrolateral view; (10) glans, lateral view. Scale lines: 6-8 - 1.0 mm, 9 - 0.25 mm, 10
0.1 mm.
Acta Arachnologica, 52(2), December
2003 OArachnological
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W. Starcga
94
Opilio
nigerrimus
Schenkel
1953:
94-95,
fig. 43, syn.
n.
Material. "Opilio spinulatus Rwr. - 1d, 1 - Type.
China: Tschuschin" [SMF R I/582]. "Opilio spinulatus
Roewer. Japan. - leg. (ob Roretz leg., 1879.II.?; Roewerr
det. (1911): (Paratypoide): 2 (d, ~)" [NMW 3879].
Remarks. Male [SMF R I/582]. Body large, thickset,
Egaenus-shaped; legs short, robust (BLI d 1.057, - 0.778).
The middle longitudinal row of denticles on abdominal
tergites in both sexes strongly enlarged. The other most important diagnostic characters - see figures 6-10. Though
the palpal tarsus of male does not point apically, the species
should be transferred to Himalphalangium on the ground of
the penis structure with characteristic subapical-ventral keel
on the shaft - exactly as in Martens's (1973) figs. 19-24.
Opilio pentaspinulatus and 0. nigerrimus are according
to the figures accompanying their original descriptions (and
the descriptions themselves!) identical with the species in
question.
Distribution. Described from three localities in China
and from Japan (Roewer 1911). According to Roewer
(1923), Saito (1936), Wang (1941), Schenkel (1953),
Tsurusaki & Song (2000) probably common in China
(Provinces: Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Heilongjiang,
Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan), known also from
South Korea (Suzuki 1972) and Japan (many localities in
Kyushu Island - Suzuki 1950, Ehime Prefecture in
Shikoku - Suzuki & Kunita 1972; Tsurusaki 2002 and
Hiroshima Pref. in S Honshu - Suzuki 1986).
H spinulatum is the first representative of its genus outside Himalayas. It is a new thing among the Opiliones but
known e.g. in the spider family Salticidae, where either one
or two species of a genus are endemic to the Himalayas and
the other live in East Asia, or even the same species can live
in area extending from Himalayas over China to Korea and
Japan. A good example offers here the genus Synagelides
Strand (Jastrzcbski in press).
'
Prov. Hopei: Hsiao-Wu-Tai-Shan, X.1933, Koo Tung-Yao
leg. Wang Feng-Chen det. 1?-Holotypus. don. Wang FengChen" [NMW 11676]. 1 - "Opilio bidentatus (Kulcz.) 1~ - Cotype [sic!]. China: Shanghai." [SMF R I/584]. 1d
- "Opilio tricolor (Kulcz .) - 1c - China: Peking. Rwr.
det. 1911." [SMF R 11585].
Remarks. Many times described by different authors; the
best figure is that in Roewer 1912 (pl. 3, fig. 12 - sub
Figs. 11-13. Bidentolophus adungius (Rwr.) (holotype - SMF
R II/5416/202). (11) Penis, dorsal view; (12) penis, lateral view;
(13) glans, lateral view. Scale lines: 11-2 - 0.5 mm, 13 - 0.1
mm.
Homolophus serrulatus (Karsch 1881), comb. n.
Phalangium
serruulatum
Phalangium
tricolor
Phalangium
bidentatum
Karsch
1881:
Kulczynski
Kulczynski
Opilio
bidentatus:
Roewer
1912:
139-140,
Opilio
serrulatus:
Roewer
1912:
142, pl. 3, fig. 25,
Opilio
Kishidai
Opilio
quadridentatus
Opilio
tricolor
var,
137-139,
syn.
1936:
10-11,
Wang
1941:
modestus
n.,
357-359,
tricolor:
Saito
1912:
355-357,
1901:
Opilio
syn.
Roewer
220,
1901:
syn.
n.,
pl. 3, figs. 8, 9, 24,
pl. 3, figs.
12, 26,
fig. 5, pl. 1, fig. 7, syn.
109, fig. 6, syn.
Schenkel
1953:
n.,
n.,
101-102,
fig. 46,
n.
Material. 1d, 1~ - "Phalangium serrulatum Karsch,
1881. 1d, 1~ Syntypen. Peking. Brandt leg." [ZMB 3819].
1d, 2 - "Opilio tricolor (Kulczynski). 3 Expl. China
(Peking). 0. v. Mollendorf. Roewer det. 1911" [ZMB
3699]. 1~ - "Opilio quadridentatus Wang 1941. China,
Figs. 14-18. Egaenus oedipus (Thor.) (SMF R I/646). (14)
Right chelicera, mesal view; (15) right palpus, mesal view; (16)
penis, dorsal view; (17) penis, lateral view; (18) glans, lateral
view. Scale lines: 14-15 - 0.5 mm, 16-17 - 0.5 mm, 18 - 0.1
mm.
On some
Asiatic
Opilio bidentatus). Characteristic is the variegated carapace
with an irregular group of denticles between front margin
and the eye mound. Legs sometimes very long - in male
SMF R I/585 BLI reaches 2.695.
Distribution. S Mongolia, China (Provinces: Bejing,
Hubei, Liaoning, Shanghai).
Full list of genera and species of Opilioninae
Bidentolophus Roewer 1912
bidens (Simon 1880) (= Opilio hexa-spinulatus Saito
1936, Opilio koreanus Charitonov 1957, syn. n.) - E
& SE Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea [Opilio
trispinifrons Rwr. in Nakatsudi (1943) and
Homolophus pallens (Kulcz.) in Tsurusaki et al. (2000
a) also belong here]. Legs of various length, in specimens from China BLI was 1.050-1.500 in d' and
0.800-1.316 in ~, body length 7.3-9.1 in d' and 7.79.5 in ~. Penis length 5.4-6.3. Coloration mostly
sandy-yellow with dark brown pattern. There is a difference beween the eastern and western populations (in
Opilioninae
95
China): the eastern ones are stronger armed (long but
blunt denticles on front margin, longer denticles on abdomen), have weaker chelicerae and slimmer but
stronger armed palps; coxae with numerous denticles,
value of BLI relatively higher, penis a little longer and
not broadened at the base.
adungius (Roewer 1956), comb. n. (= Opilio birmanicus
Roewer 1956, syn. n.) - Burma (Figs. 11-13). Glans
without dorsal depression (characteristic for
Homolophus), conically-elongated. Chelicerae and
palps not armed, only palpal tarsus and tibia ventrally
with sensual granules. Legs long, BLI d' (SMF R
11/5333/191)1.700.
Egaenus C.L. Koch 1839
convexus (C.L. Koch 1835) (= Egaenus carp aticus
Avram 1978, syn, n.) - SE Europe (up to N Italy,
Austria, Czech Rep., Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine), ?N
Uzbekistan.
Oedipus (Thorell 1876) - Iran, ?Turkmenistan (Figs.
Figs. 19-23. Homolophus tibetanus (Rwr.) (types, ZMH). (19) Right chelicera, mesal view; (20) right palpus, mesal view; (21) penis, dorsal view; (22) penis, lateral view; (23) glans, lateral view. Scale lines: 19-20 - 0.5 mm, 21, 22 - 0.5 mm, 23 - 0.1 mm.
Acta Arachnologica,
52(2), December
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of Japan
W. Starcga
96
14-18). Supracheliceral laminae with big tubercles.
Metatarsus I of male spindle-shaped, covered ventrally
with thick setae (bunches of thinner ones fused together?) with splitted tops. Femur IV of male ventrally
with three rows of powerful denticles (the largest on
prolatero-ventral edge), dorsally with smaller
denticles, similarly as patella and tibia (here only the
latero-apical much larger). Coxa and trochanter also
with small denticles. Leg IV in female similar but the
armature not so strong. BLI d' 0.818, 0.822.
kashmiricus Caporiacco 1935 Afghanistan, N
Pakistan, N India, W Sinkiang.
pakistanus (Roewer 1956), comb. n. - Pakistan.
lindbergi (Roewer 1960) - Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan,
Iran, Afghanistan [tranferred to Egaenus and
redescribed by Silhavy (1968)].
charitonovi (Gricenko 1972) - Kazakhstan.
Himalphalangium
Martens
1973
palpale (Roewer 1956) - Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan. BLI of
the type series
1.125-1.417, - 0.696-1.174.
spinulatum (Roewer 1911), comb. n. - China, Korea, S
Japan.
nepalense (Suzuki 1972) - Nepal.
dolpoense Martens 1973 - Nepal.
suzukii Martens 1973 - Nepal.
unistriatum Martens 1973 - Nepal.
Homolophus Banks 1893
arcticus Banks 1893 (= Opilio sunuitensis Nakatsudi
1943, Opilio nipponensis Roewer, 1956, syn. n.) Sakhalin, N Japan (Hokkaido), Korea, E & S Siberia,
Mongolia, Tibet.
nordenskioeldi (L. Koch 1879) - N Russia, Siberia,
Kazakhstan, Mongolia, N China, Korea.
serrulatus (Karsch 1881), comb. n. - China.
?consputus (Simon 1895), comb. n. - Mongolia [systematic position not quite clear].
potanini (Simon 1895) - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tadjikistan, S Siberia [Tsurusaki et al. (2000 a) tried to
transfer the species to Opilio but it is a Homolophus
with enormously long legs and typical penis - see
Gricenko (1979, 1980 sub Opilio asiaticus)].
tibetanus (Roewer 1911) (== Euphalangium trinkleri
Roewer 1956, Opilio insolitus Roewer 1956, syn. n.)
- Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, E Sinkiang, E Tibet, N
Pakistan (Figs. 19-23). Legs short, BLI d' 0.8851.208, BLI 0.767-1.080.
nepalicus (Roewer 1912) [= Egaenus asiaticus Roewer
1914 and Opilio aborensis Roewer 1956 synonymised
already by Martens (1973)] - NE India (Assam),
Nepal (Figs. 24-26). Very similar to previous species
but penis slightly different: shaft and glans without lateral keels, shaft flattened subapically and with maximum breadth about 1/4from its base. Legs also short BLI 0.875-1.000.
?nigridorsus (Caporiacco 1935), comb, n. - N Pakistan
[described in Opilio, never revised].
?turcicus (Roewer 1959), comb. n. - E Turkey [described in Euphalangium but systematic position not
clear].
thienshanensis (Silhavy 1967) - Kazakhstan [original
description (Silhavy 1967 - sub Euphalangium) sufficient].
vladimirae (Silhavy 1967) - Kazakhstan [original description (Silhavy 1967 - sub Euphalangium) sufficient].
suzukii (Silhavy 1972) - Kazakhstan (Figs. 27-31).
Penis shaft subapically broadened forming bent ventral
"winglets" . BLI d' 1.484.
betpakdalensis (Gricenko 1976) - Kazakhstan.
przewalskii (Stargga 1978) - S Siberia, Kazakhstan.
martensi (Stargga 1986), comb. n. - Tibet.
rishiri Tsurusaki 1987 - N Japan.
hunan Zhu, Song & Kim 1999 - China.
gobiensis Tsurusaki, Tchemeris & Logunov 2000 Mongolia.
Opilio Herbst 1798
parietinus
(De Geer 1778) Iran, Georgia,
?Afghanistan; introduced to all European countries,
Kazakhstan, W Siberia, North America and Tasmania.
saxatilis C.L. Koch 1839 (= Opilio turcicus Roewer
1956, syn. n.) - Europe (except Iberian Peninsula),
Turkey, Israel.
canestrinii (Thorell 1876) - Italy, Tunisia, Algeria; a
very expansive species - known from many European
countries (up to Germany, Denmark and Poland in the
North).
?ejuncidus (Thorell 1876) - Iran [never collected
again].
Figs. 24-26.
Homolophus nepalicus (Rwr.) (holotype of
Opilio aborensis Rwr., SMF R II/3703/174). (24) Penis, dorsal
view; (25) penis, lateral view; (26) glans, lateral view. Scale
lines: 24, 25 - 0.5 mm, 26 - 0.125 mm.
On some
Asiatic
Opilioninae
97
Figs. 27-31. Homolophus suzukii (Silh.) (d from series SMF R I1592). (27) Carapace, lateral view; (28) penis, dorsal view;
(29) penis, lateral view; (30) apical portion of penis, lateral view; (31) lateral portion of penis, ventral view. Scale lines: 27-29
- 0.5 mm, 30, 31 - 0.1 mm.
?lepidus (L. Koch 1878) - Turkmenistan [doubtful,
never collected again].
lederi Roewer 1911 (= Phalangium coronatum
Redikorzev 1936, Opilio redikorzevi Roewer 1956,
syn. n.) - Northern Osetia, Georgia, Armenia,
Aserbaidshan, Iran (herein).
coxipunctus (Sorensen 1912) Cyprus, Israel,
Lebanon, Jordan (herein), Syria, Iraq. In the type series
of 0. cypricus BLI 3' 2.250-2.578 and body length
3.1-3.6.
?rutilus Morin 1934 - Ukraine [doubtful, probably
identical with 0. ruzickai].
dinaricus Silhavy 1938 - C & E Europe. Body length
4.0-5.7, legs long and slender BLI d' 1.971-2.517 (in
series SMF R II/8194/277).
ruzickai Silhavy 1938 - SE Europe.
hemseni Roewer 1952 (= Opilio reginae Starega 1966,
syn. n.) - E Ukraine, SW Russia, Georgia, NE
Turkey, Iran.
insulae Roewer 1956 - islands of Greece (Crete,
Acta Arachnologica, 52(2), December
2003 ©Arachnological
Rhodos, Karpathos, Samos etc.). Small (body length
3. 1), resembling 0. saxatilis, but with clearly defined
dark "saddle", weaker armed palps and BLI d' 1.886.
Penis similar as in saxatilis (with ventral "pockets")
but without setae; glans very long, cylindrical. Penis
1.85 long, max. 0.35 broad, glans 0.30, stylus 0.12
long.
transversalis Roewer 1956 - Greece, Montenegro,
Slovenia, Italy. Coloration very characteristic: all
tergites (also the carapace) with very clear silverywhite transverse lines with dark back margin. BLI 1.850-2.000.
validus Roewer 1959 - Turkey.
afghanus Roewer 1960 - Afghanistan [redescribed by
Silhavy (1966) - closely related to 0. parietinus but
different].
?magnus Hadzi 1973 - Hercegovina [doubtful, needs
revision].
?pictus Hadzi 1973 - Hercegovina [doubtful, possibly
identical with 0. ruzickai].
Society of Japan
98
W. Starcga
Figs. 32-35. Scleropilio coriaceus Rwr. (holotype - SMF R 1/903). (32) Right palpus, mesa! view;
(33) penis, dorsal view; (34) penis, lateral view; (35) glans, lateral view. Scale lines: 32-34 - 0.5 mm,
35-0.1mm.
himalincola Martens 1973 - Nepal.
grasshoffi Stargga 1986 - E Tibet.
Scleropilio Roewer 1911
coriaceus Roewer 1911 - S Kazakhstan (Figs. 32-35).
Frontal margin of carapace with blunt thorns directed
obliquely frontwards and upwards. Body covered with
solid dorsal scutum coarsely granulated. Coxa I with
numerous tubercles, coxa II retrolaterally and IV
prolaterally each with one long, blunt tooth. Thorns
also on small buckles between coxae. Chelicera small
and weak, completely without any denticles or granules, with short setae. Legs very short - BLI 0.667.
insolens (Simon 1895) - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Tadjikistan, Kyrgyzstan, S Siberia, Mongolia, N China
(Figs. 36-40). After Tsurusaki et al. (2000b) there
should be only one species in Scleropilio - insolens
- and all the others , listed in their paper, fell in its
synonymy. Their opinion was based on the mistake of
Gricenko (1980) who described and figured a species
called by him Scleropilio coriaceus which in fact was
S. insolens. I agree that the species described by
Roewer (1911, 1956), Nakatsudi (1943) and Gricenko
(1975) are identical with S insolens but S. coriaceus is
definitely different (compare Figs. 32-35 and 36-40).
Another synonym of S. insolens (syn. n.), omitted by
Tsurusaki et al. (2000b), is Egaenus rugosus Schenkel,
1963, described from "Fluss Taschitu, innere
Mongolei" and regarded by myself (Starcga 1964) as
subspecies of Egaenus armauus (Rwr.). The shape and
armature of body similar as in previous species. Eye
mound hemispherical, with a pair of blunt tubercles
frontally and at the back side, 1.5 its length from frontal margin. Trochanter of palps (not drawn) also with
dorsal and ventral teeth. Femur-tibia I strongly thickened, dorsally and ventrally with rows of strong teeth.
Numerous coarse granules on femur I (between rows
of teeth), tibia I apically, metatarsus and four basal
segments of tarsus I ventrally. All coxae covered with
tubercles, coxa II retrolaterally with one large apical
tooth, coxa IV prolaterally with much smaller and
blunt one. Legs very short - BLI (d') 0.652.
Acta Arachnologica, 52(2), December
2003 ©Arachnological
Society
of Japan
On some
Asiatic
Opilioninae
99
Figs. 36-40. Scleropilio insolens (Sim.) (holotype of Scutopilio tibialis Rwr., SMF R II/2825/112) . (36) Right chelicera, mesal view; (37)
right palpus, mesa! view; (38) penis, dorsal view; (39) penis, leteral view; (40) glans, lateral view. Scale lines: 36, 38, 39 - 0.5 mm, 37
- 0 .5 mm, 40 - 0.1 mm.
Misplaced species (the whole subfamily,
not only from Asia)
As a starting point I use the Roewer's (1923) monograph.
The species described or revised (earlier) by him will not be
repeated.
Egaenus ephippiatus Roewer 1911= Phalangium punctipes
(L. Koch 1878) [Stargga 1984].
Egaenus gulosus Simon 1878 = Zacheus lupatus (Eichwald
1830) [Rafalski 1960, 1961].
Egaenus kabylicus Roewer 1956 = Metaphalangium
tuberculatum (Lucas 1846) [Starcga 1984].
Opilio angulatichelis Roewer 1952 = Phalangium opilio
Linnaeus 1758 [Cokendolpher & Lee 1993].
Opilio bolivianus Roewer 1956 = Cristina bispinifrons
Roewer 1917 [Cokendolpher & Rylander 1986].
Opilio buniger Roewer 1956 - Coptophalangium [Starcga
1984].
Opilio chickeringi Roewer 1956
- Lanthanopilio
[Cokendolpher & Cokendolpher 1984].
Opilio coronatus Roewer 1911 -~ Odiellus [Martens 1978].
Opilio gertschi Roewer 1956 > Metopilio [Cokendolpher
& Cokendolpher 1984].
ActaArachnologica,
52(2),December
2003 OArachnological
Society
Opilio hewittius Roewer 1956 - Rhampsinitus [Starcga
1984].
Opilio Kochi Rambla 1956 = Bunochelis canariana (Strand,
1911) [Starcga 1972].
Opilio laevis Roewer 1956 - Paroligolophus [herein].
Opilio lettowi Roewer 1923 > Cristina [Starcga 1984].
Opilio mexicanus Roewer 1956 > Metopilio [Cokendolpher
& Cokendolpher 1984].
Opilio punctatissimus Roewer 1959 = Dacnopilio armatus
Roewer, 1911 [Starcga 1984].
Opilio rhodesius Roewer 1956 = Rhampsinitus hewittius
(Roewer 1956) [Starcga 1984].
Opilio villiersi Roewer 1953 - Cristina [Stargga 1984].
Type and other material studied
1) Bidentolophus adungius. 1d' - "Opilio adungius
Rwr. - 1c;' - Typus. N. Burma: Adung-Tal" [SMF RII/
5416/202], 1d' - "Opilio birmanicus Rwr. -1 d - Typus.
Birma: Pegu" [SMF R II/533/191].
2) Bidentolophus bidens. 1d' - "Opilio bidentatus
Kulcz. conform. Typ. Kulcz. China (Peking). 0. v. Mollend.
1 Exempl. d' Roewer det.1911" [ZMB 9570].1 - "opilio
trispinifrons Rwr. 1~: Syntypus. Tsingtau, Glaue leg."
[ZMB 9577]. 4 j - "Opilio trispinifrons Rwr. 4 Expl.
of Japan
100
W. Stargga
subad. Syntyp. Kiautschou, Glaue leg." [ZMB 9576]. 1~, 2
j - "Opilio trispinifrons Rwr. 2 Expl. (~),1 pullus. Roewer
det. 1916. Yao Schang bei Tschingtschoufu, 23.XI.1912,
leg. H. Schwede" [ZMB 9578]. 1~ - "Opilio peipingensis
Wang 1941. China: Bergwiese bei Peking, 13.IX.1934,
Wang Feng-Chen leg., det.: 1 Holotypus. don. Wang
Feng-Chen" [NMW 11679]. ld - "Opilio tchangi Wang
1941. China: Peking, Sommer 1933, Wang Feng-Chen leg.
ld Syntypus. don. Wang Feng-Chen" [NMW 11677]. 6~ "Opilio tchangi Wang 1941. China: Peking, Sommer 1933,
Wang Feng-Chen leg. det. 6 Ex. Syntypen, don. Wang
Feng-Chen" [NMW 11678], ld - "Opilio spinulatus
Roewer. China, Prov. Szechuan: Chungking, 23.X.1934,
Wang Feng-Chen leg., det. - 18. don. Wang Feng-Chen"
[NMW 11675]. 1? - "Opilio trispinifrons Rwr. - 1~.
China: Nanking." [SMF R 11/2826/113]. id', 1~ - "Opilio
bidentatus (Kulcz.) - 2 (a). Yunnan. Rwr. det. 1916."
[SMF R I1224]. 1 - "Opilio trispinifrons Rwr. - 1 China: Peking. Rwr, det. 1955." [SMF R 11/8102/273]. 2,
1~ - "Opilio trispinifrons Rwr. - 1d, 2~. Hongkong.
Rwr. det. 1955." [SMF R II/8104/275]. 1~ - "Opilio
trispinifrons Rwr. -1 ~. China: Shanghai. Rwr. det. 1955."
[SMF R II/8105/276]. 2 j - "Opilio trispin frons Rwr. 1c?', 1 ~. China: Tientsin. Rwr. det. 1955." [SMF RII/
8103/274]. 1, , 1 - "Opilio pallens (Kulcz.) -1 cr, 1. S.
Mongolei. Rwr. det. 1933." & "S. Mongoliet 1927." [SMF
R III 4750/182]. 1 - Novaya Tambovka, distr.
Khabarovsk, 6.VI.1979, leg. A.B. Egorov. "Euphalangium "
bidens (Sim.). 1984. det. W. Starcga [CJM].
3) Egaenus oedipus. I d, 1 - - "Diabunus oedipus Thor.
- 1c?, 1 - Persien: Kehresang. Roewer det. 1912" [SMF
R I/646].
4) Himalphalangium palpale. 2, , 4~ - "Opilio palpalis
Rwr. - 2d, 4~ - Typus. Tibet: Tropde." [SMF R
11/2156/99].
5) Homolophus arcticus. 7, , 4 - - "Euphalangium nordenskioldi (Kulcz.) - 7, , 4~, Malaise leg. Sept. 1920.
Kamtschatka: Achomten-Bay. Roewer det. 1929" +
"Achamter Bay
, 12/9 20, a 700 m, Kamtschatka Malaise"
[NRS 6834]. 1d, 1 - "Euphalangium nordenskioldi
(Kulcz.) - 1d, 1. Kamtchatka: Achomten Bay. Malaise
leg. Rwr. det. 1929." [SMF R II/1280/88]. 2 - - "Opilio
zichyi Rwr. - 1', 1~. China: S.Kansu. Rwr. det. 1933."
[SMF R II/4749/181]. 2d - Opilio nipponensis Rwr. - 2
d - Typus. Japan: Tokio." [SMF R II/5881/212 but locality
doubtful!].
6) Homolophus nepalicus. 1d - "Zacheus nepalicus
Rwr. Type - 1d. Nepal: Thamaspur, Terai. Roewer det.
1912" [SMF R 1/666]. 1d - "Egaenus asiaticus Rwr. 1d
Cotype. Assam: Samaguting. Roewer det. 1914" [SMF RI/
1042]. ld - "Egaenus asiaticus Rwr. -1 Expl. - ex typ.
Assam: Samagooting" [SMF R I/1237]. Id' - "Opilio
aborensis Rwr. -1 d - Typus. Assam: Abor-Distr." [SMF
'
,
R II/1703/174]. 1d' - "Opilio aborensis Rwr. - 1d' Typus. Assam: Abor-Distr." [SMF R II/1703/174].
7) Homolophus nordenskioeldi. "Expeditionen till
Novaja Zemlja och Jenissej 1875 - det L. Koch
Phalangium Nordenskioldi L. Koch" [common jar label]: 1
d' - "24. Selivaninskoj, 65°55', 12.9.1875"; 2 - "S v.
Troitzkoj, 65°45', 13.9.1875"; 2~ - "27. Pupkowskij,
64°42', 14.9.1875"; 1d - "Baklanowskij, 64°25', 15.9.
1875"; 6d, 2~ - "Worogowo Selo, N°37"; 2~ "Krasnojarsk
, 6.10.75"; 1~, 1 "40. 2 mil. 0
Krasnojarsk,
56°, 8.10.1875" [NHRS].
ld
"E
uphalangium nordenskioeldi (L. Koch. Sibirien:
Krasnojarsk. Ex Coll. L. Koch; Steindachner don. - 1d
("Typus")" [NMW 4256]. 1~ - "Phalangium personatum
L. Koch. Glas 8. Krasnojarsk 56°" [NRS].
8) Homolophus potanini. 1 (syntype)3 - Phalangium
Potanini E.S., [Kazakhstan:] Chernyy Irtysh, above mouth
of Kran River, 15.VIII. (n. st.) 1876 G. Potanin [ZIN 232].
1d', 4~ - Kyrgyzstan: Fergana Mts, Uzun-akhmat Range,
Kichik-Saray on Turduk River, l2.-13.VIII.1930, L. Bianki.
Euphalangium potanini (Sim.),1976. det. W. Starega [ZIN].
9) Homolophus suzukii. 1d - "Euphalangium krausi
Silhavy 1d Holotypus. Turkestan: Kustri - Tekkes. Sig.
Roewer. Silhavy rev. 1967" [SMF R I/690 - the first name
given by Silhavy, later changed by himself; so krausi remained a nomen museorum]. Id, 3~, 7 j - "Opilio
parietinus Hbst. - 13 (d, ~, pull.). Turkestan: Kustri Tekkes. Euphalangium suzukii Silhavy, 1972, det. W.
Stargga 1984" [SMF R I/592].
10) Homolophus tibetanus. 1d - "Egaenus tibetanus (ex
typ.) n. sp. Walton leg. 1904. Ygantse Tibet. Roewer det.
09". 2~ - "Egaenus tibetanus Rwr. Cotyp. Turkestan:
Kustri. 2 Stuck - Roewer ded. 1915. No. 672" [both
ZMH]. 2d - "Egaenus tibetanus Rwr. 1d, 1 - Cotype.
Tibet: Yangtse-Tal. Roewer det. 1911" [SMF R I/677]. 2d
Egaenus tibetanus Rwr. 2 (d~) Type. Indus: Nirda &
Rongo. Roewer det. 1911" [SMF R I/674]. 18~, 2 j "E
gaenus tibetanus Rwr. 20~. Turkestan: Kustri. Roewer
det. 1911" [SMF R I/672]. 1d, 2~ - "Euphalangium
trinkleri Rwr. - 18', 1~, 1 pull. [Typen]. Afghanistan: ostl.
Kabul, Trinkler leg." [SMF R II/2824/111]. 1d', 1~ "O
pilio insolitus Rwr. - 1d, 1? - Typus. O.Turkestan:
Kaschgar." [SMF R 11/5883/214]. 7~ - "Opilio insolitus
Rwr. - 1, , 6 - Paratyp. O.Turkestan: Yarkand." [SMF
R II/2882/213]. 9, , 2 - - "Euphalangium nordenskioldi
(Koch) - 11(d'~). Karakorum. Roewer det. 1955" [SMF R
II/6222/226]. 3, , 1~ - "Euphalangium nordenskioldi
(L.K.) - 6d, 4~, 5 pull. Ost-Tibet. Roewer det. 1955."
[SMF R II/ 8660/287 - only a part, the other specimens belong to Euphalangium martensi and Opilio grasshoffi described by myself (Starcga 1986)].
I1) Opilio canestrinii. 3, , 3~, 1 j - "Phalangium
Canestrinii Thor. Italia: Caserea (Julia Thorell. J. Gruber
3According to the files of ZIN there should be another original specimen (a male) Nr 231 "Zaysanskiy post
, 15.-30.VII. (n. st.) 1877, Po-
tanin" but it is lacking in the collection.
Acta Arachnologica, 52(2), December 2003 OArachnological Society of Japan
On some
Asiatic
rev. 1979: 1c' (Lectotypus), 2, , 3-, 1 j (Paralectotypen)"
[NRS 60 a]. Id', 1~ - "Phalangium Canestrinii Thor.
Calabria: Canestrini: l d, 1 (Paralectotypen, J. Gruber rev.
1979)" [NRS 60 b]. 1, , 1 j - Switzerland: Lugano,
X.1946, leg. A.F. Gronberg. 1983. det. W. Starcga.
12) Opilio coxipunctus. 1 - "Opilio parietinus 1~.
Palastina: Jordan, Taufstelle. 23.XI.1911, Bri hl leg.
Roewer det. 1922" [ZMB 9561]. 1 - "Opilio parietinus 1
~. Beirut. Ehrenberg leg. Roewer det. 1922" [ZMB 9562].
2d' - "Opilio cypricus Rwr. - 1d, 1 - Typus. Cypern:
Famagasta." [SMF R II/7414/256]. 2d, 4~, 2 j - Jordanien:
Fuhais, IV.1980, leg. F. Krupp et W. Schneider. 1984 det.
W. Starcga [CJM]. 1d, 1~, 2 j - Cyprus: Agia Napa,
10.12.2001 leg. J. Sawoniewicz [CWS 11/0021].
13) Opilio dinaricus. 3d - "Opilio dinaricus Silh. - 2
~, 1 - Cotyp. Jugoslawien: Grotte Crnulja." [SMF R
11/8194/277].
14) Opilio hemseni. 1d - "Opilio hemseni Rwr. - 1d
- Holotyp. Iran: Pirbakran. Coll. Loffler." [SMF R
II/10721/322]. 1~ - Northern Caucasus: Khamyshki, near
Raskol-skala, 29.VIII.1937, A. Dyakonov. Opilio reginae
Star., 1976, det W. Starcga [ZIN]. 1~ - Turkey, Vii.
Artvin: Arsian [Arsyanskiy post], 30.VII.1909, K. Satunin.
Opilio reginae Star., 1976. det. W. Starcga [ZIN]. Id' USSR, Georgia, Abkhazia: Kelasuri nr. Suchumi, near cave
Kelasuri, litter, 27.X.1981, leg. S.I. Golovatch. Opilio
reginae Star., 1984. det. W. Starcga. [CJM].
15) Opilio insulae. 13' - "Opilio insulae Rwr. - ld Typus. Samos." [SMF R II/5412/198].
16) Opilio laevis. Id' - "Opilio laevis Rwr. - Id' Typus. Karakorum." [SMF R II/4808/183]. Does not belong
to Opilioninae (a Paroligolophus species near to agrestis mislabelled?).
17) Opilio lederi. 1 - (holotype) - "Opilio lederi
Roewer. Kaukasus: Kussari. - Leder leg. (I.1886)".
Roewer det. (1911) (Holotypus - 1) ) [NMW 3880]. 1~,
1 j - Opilio lederi Rwr. - 1, , 1 - Type. Kaukasus:
Kussari. 1~, 1 j - rev. J. Gruber" [SMF R 1/583]. 1 (holotype of Phalangium coronatum) Armenia:
Aleksandropol, firing ground, 16.IX.1921 Shelkovnikov
[ZIN 139]. 1d - Caucasus [South Georgia], Manglisi,
Gorbachev. Opilio redikorzevi Rwr. 1976. det. W. Starega
[ZIN]. 1 - NW Azerbaidshan: Aresh [near Shamkhor],
VI.-VII. 1893, [A.] Shelkovnikov. Opilio redikorzevi Rwr.
1976. det. W. Stargga [ZIN]. 1d - Iran, Elbursgebirge:
Shemshah (Moschee), 2700 m, 18.VI.1978, leg. J. Martens
et H. Pieper. 1984. det. W. Starcga. [CJM]. 6~ Azerbaidshan: Djafarkhan list. Saatly, cotton plantation,
pitfall traps, l4.VII.1983, leg. A.A. Mamedov. 5, , 2,~1 j same place, 19-22.VIII.1983; Id, 3~ - same place,
6.VII.1983; 3d', 5~, 1 j - same place, 14.VII.1983. 1984.
det. W. Starcga. [CJM].
18) Opilio saxatilis. 1c?' "Opilio cavernarum Rwr. 1d' Typus. Jugoslawien: Grnkovaca Pecina" &
"Grnkovaca pecina, 15-8-36." [SMF R 11/9242/302]. 1c?
-
"Opilio
turcicus
Rwr .
-
2d
-
Paratyp.
Taurus."
Opilioninae
101
[SMF RII/11196/341].
19) Opilio transversalis. 3 - - "Opilio transversalis
Rwr. - 3~ - Typus. Cypern: Famagasta." [SMF RII/
7415/257].
20) Scleropilio coriaceus. 13' - "Scleropilio coriaceus
Rwr. 1d - Type. Turkestan: Tekkes. Roewer det. 1911"
[SMF R I/603].
21) Scleropilio tibialis. 13' - "Scutopilio tibialis Rwr. 1
d. Turkestan: Ferghana. Genotypus. Roewer det. 1955"
[SMF R 11/2825/112]. Id, 1~ - Tadjikistan, Pamir: HodjaNazar (between Sassyk-kul Lake and Koytezek Pass). 1976.
det. W. Starega [ZIN].
Moreover the data on all material revised or described in
my previous papers (Starcga 1964, 1965, 1966, 1973, 1978,
1986).
Acknowledgments
My thanksare due firstof all to my friendDr. ManfredGraBhoff
(Senckenberg-Museum,
Frankfurta.M.) for his hospitalityand cordial
help duringmy manystaysin his museum.Also the curatorsfrom:
Zoologisches Museum Berlin (then Dr. Manfred Moritz),
ZoologischesInstitutand MuseumHamburg(then:Prof.OttoKraus
andDr. GiselaRack),Zoologicheskiy
InstitutAkademiiNauk(at that
time Leningrad,now St. Petersburg;then Dr. Natalya Zhilcova),
Zoologiska Riksmuseet Stockholm (Dr. Torbjorn Kronestedt),
Naturhistorisches
MuseumWien (Dr. JUrgenGruber)I owe my best
thanks.A specialpositionholds Prof.JochenMartens,who not only
placedhis interestingcollectionat mydisposalbutalsodiscusseda lot
of problems.
Mystudiesinmuseumsin FrankfurtandHamburg,as wellas some
visits in Mainz were possibleowingto the grantsof the Deutscher
AkademischerAustauschdienst
(DAAD)in 1971and 1984.
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Received
Acta Arachnologica,
November
19, 2003 / Accepted
November
30, 2003
52(2), December 2003 OArachnological Society of Japan