BAT list: Microbiology
Part I: Chapter 18 Viruses and Bacteria
Bacteria & Virus Vocabulary
Diplo
Antibiotic
HIV/AIDS
Retrovirus Capsid
Zone of Inhibition
Strepto
Staphylo
Pathogen
Toxin
Lytic
Lysogenic
Helper T-cell Aerobic
Anaerobic
Nitrogen-fixing in bacteria and fungus
Coccus
Antibody
Vaccine
Binary fission
Influenza
Bacillus
Antigen
Bacteriophage
Spirillum
Ch 18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes (pg 528-529)
NOTE: the answers to the first two
1. What are the main differences between living cells and viruses?
pages are on
Cells have membrane/wall, nucleus, organelles
Virus has capsid of protein, nucleic acid
www.biologybynapier.weebly.com in
2. Why is a virus considered to be nonliving?
the bacteria and viruses ppt on the
Needs a host to reproduce, doesn’t obtain and use energy
Virus and Bacteria Unit page. You
3. Viruses, viroids, prions, and some bacteria can all be considered pathogens.
will need to find the answers!
What do all pathogens have in common?
They cause disease
Ch 18.2 Viral Structure and Reproduction (pg 531-535)
4. Name and describe the main parts of a typical virus
Capsid made of protein, nucleic acid inside capsid to be injected, proteins surrounding capsid to attach to cell or tail (as in
bacteriophage)
5. How do viruses replicate?
Inject nucleic acid to be replicated by cell
6. Identify the viral replication cycles below
Lysogenic
7.
Lytic
What are the differences between a lytic cycle virus and a lysogenic cycle virus? Include the effects of each type of infection on
the cells of the host organism in your answer.
Lytic is a slow constant reproduction and invasion, Lysogenic is slow – first replicated within the host cells before invasion – this
can alternate between activity and dormancy.
8. Compare HIV and AIDS in terms of viral replication.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (the disease)
9. Explain how viral replication is similar to recombinant DNA technology.
Both involve nucleic acid being inserted into another cell’s nucleic acid and being replicated with it
10. Describe the state of a herpes virus in a person who had cold sores several years ago but who does not have them now.
It’s in the dormancy state
11. What is a provirus and where can it be found?
The "provirus" is the form of the virus which is capable of being integrated into the host genome. In the case of HIV it means
the DNA "copy" of the HIV genome
12. What is a retrovirus? Give an example of a known retrovirus.
A retrovirus contains RNA and uses reverse transcriptase enzyme, HIV is an example
13. How do retroviruses convert their RNA into DNA?
uses reverse transcriptase enzyme
Ch 18.3 Viral Diseases (pg 536-538)
14. What are vaccines and what is their purpose?
A killed or weakened version of viral infection to promote an immune response to avoid future infection
15. Why might you get a mild case of the flu after getting a flu vaccine?
Because you are getting a mild form of the flu in the vaccine
16. Compare active immunity with passive immunity; give an example of how each could be acquired.
Active immunity lasts a lifetime, passive immunity lasts a few months
17. What is the role of viruses in HIV and flu? How does the HIV affect helper T-cells?
Viruses role is to use host cells to successfully reproduce, in the process they destroy cells. HIV destroys T-cells that are used to
fight immunity, therefore the body can’t fight other infections off
18. Why do you have to get an annual flu shot but you are only vaccinated against chicken pox one time?
The flu virus can rapidly modify itself – there are many strands
Ch 18.4 Bacteria and Archaea (pg 539-542)
19. How are archaebacterial and eubacteria different?
Archae – no peptidoglycan in cell wall, live in extreme environments. Eu-peptidoglycan in cell wall, decomposers and Nitrogen
fixers, more common
20. What is the function of a flagellum?
Used for movement
21. Draw and label the common structures of a bacterium.
22. What are endospores and how do they help bacteria survive?
An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria. The primary function of
most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.
23. Compare: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative aerobes
Obligate aerobes need oxygen, obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, facultative aerobes can either use Oxygen or
function without oxygen.
24. Draw the following bacterial shapes: coccus, spirillum, and bacillus
25. Draw the following: streptococcus, staphylococcus, diplobacillus
Ch 18.5 Beneficial Roles of Prokaryotes ( pg 543- 545)
26. What are two roles prokaryotic organisms play in the cycling of elements in an ecosystem?
Decomposers to recycle nutrients, transform Nitrogen into usable form for plants
27. How is the nitrogen cycle affected by bacteria?
Bacteria converts Nitrogen into different forms
28. Describe two ways bacteria can provide nutrients for humans.
By breaking down detritus to put nutrients back in soil, also bacteria can aid in digestion of foods
Ch 18.6 Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics (pg 547- 549)
29. Explain how an antibiotic, such as Penicillin, affects a bacterial cell.
Lyses/cuts the cell wall allowing water to enter killing the bacteria
30. Explain how the zone of inhibition is used to determine antibiotic effectiveness.
The zone is the area where no growth occurs (see diagram below) due to the antibiotic preventing the growth of bacteria. The
larger the zone, the more effective the antibiotic is.
31. Identify which antibiotic is A) most effective and B) least effective against the bacteria in the image below. How do you know?
5 is most effective because zone of inhibition is
larger
1 is least effective because zone of inhibition is
smaller
32. What is antibiotic resistance, and how does it occur?
When a bacteria is no longer affected by an antibiotic, it occurs due to mutations
33. What are some examples of diseases that are caused by bacteria and what are some beneficial roles of bacteria?
Strep throat, staph infection – beneficial as decomposers and in Nitrogen cycle
34. What is the purpose of gram staining? What does a purple gram stain result indicate?
OMIT!
Test date: WEDNESDAY 3/25/15
Name:____________________________
BAT list: Microbiology
Part II: Chapter 19 Protists and Fungi
Protist & Fungi Unit Vocabulary
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Chitin
Cilia
Flagella
Saprophyte
Mycorrhizae
Extracellular digestion
Contractile vacuole Food vacuole
Pseudopod
Hyphae
Lichen
Intracellular digestion
Ch 19.1 – 19.4 Protists (pg 555-571)
1. What are the main three groups of protists? Include a representative of each
group.
Animal like – paramecium, plant like – euglena, fungi like – amoeba/slime mold
2. What are the identifying characteristics of these groups?
Most unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic, must live in moist area
3. Identify the three protists below; label any identifying features that help you
identify them
Oral groove
Mycelium
Autotroph/Heterotroph
NOTE: the answers are on
www.biologybynapier.weebly.com in
the notes and assignments on the
Protista and Fungi Unit page. You
will need to find the answers!
Paramecium – cilia/oral groove
Euglena – chloroplasts, flagella
Amoeba - pseudopoda
Identify and include an example of a common parasitic symbiotic relationship between protists and other organisms.
Lichen is protist (algae) and fungus both benefiting each other/ Some protists are parasitic to mammals
5. Draw or explain the means of locomotion for an amoeba, paramecium and euglena.
See image above – para uses cilia, eugl uses flagella and amoe uses pseupoda
6. How do amoebas obtain their food?
Phagocytosis – engulfing particles
7. Explain how euglena are unique in their mode of nutrition.
They are unique because they are both heterotrophic and autotrophic
8. In what way are algae and cyanobacteria important to all living things on earth (think gas production)?
Produce more oxygen than land plants combined
9. What is a contractile vacuole?
Removes water from protist
10. Explain how a contractile vacuole can help a protist, such as a paramecium, maintain homeostasis.
It removes water that entered by osmosis to keep it stable
4.
TURN OVER TO COMPLETE BAT LIST
Ch 19.5-19.6 Fungi (pg 571- 581)
11. What characteristics are used to identify an organism as a member of the Kingdom Fungi?
Cell wall of chitin, sexual and asexual reproduction, eukaryotic, nonmotile, muticellular
12. What are the structural characteristics of fungi?
Hyphae are reproductive organs that make up mycelium
13. Describe how a fungus obtains nutrients.
Excretes digestive enzymes and absorbs digested material, extracellular digestion
14. Compare/contrast fungi with plants.
Both are nonmotile, eukaryote, multicellular/ fungi has cell wall of chitin, plant has cell wall of cellulose
15. Use the diagram below to explain how hyphae and mycelium are related?
hyphae underground make up mycelium
16. Explain how fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Produce spores (sperm and egg) and asexually by budding and fragmentation
17. MMMM…you are having a nice portabella mushroom with your dinner. Identify what part of the fungus you are actually
consuming. The cap – the reproductive portion (hyphae)
18. What is the primary role of fungi in the environment?
Decomposers – saprophytes that return nutrients to soil
19. Who are the partners in mycorrhizae relationship? Describe how each partner benefits.
Fungus provides better nutrition and water intake, plant provides shelter and carbon
20. What is a lichen? Fungus provides water to algae and algae/cyanobacteria provides nutrients to fungus
21. Identify common symbiotic relationships that fungi have with other organisms.
Common parasitic relationships, lichen