Chapter 10
Foreign Policy and Internationalism
Chapter Issue: To what extent can foreign policy promote internationalism?
Related Issue #3: To what extent should internationalism be pursued?
Name: ______________________________
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
Social 20-1: Chapter 10
Foreign Policy and Internationalism
Chapter Issue: To what extent can foreign policy promote internationalism?
LOOKING AHEAD:
* How do countries set foreign policy?
* How can states promote internationalism through foreign policy?
* How does Canadian foreign policy try to balance national interest and
internationalism?
Please read the opening paragraph on pages 230 and 231 about Canada creating the
Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal. The medal is the same as a peacekeeping
monument in Ottawa that is called Reconciliation. This name captures the central
purpose of peacekeeping: to keep the peace long enough for reconciliation to take
place.
How do countries set foreign policy? (page 232)
We will skim briefly over pages 232, 233, and 235 to gain a better understanding of
how countries set foreign policies.
Influences on Foreign Policy Decisions (pages 232 and 233)
Foreign Policy Goals (page 233)
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
Foreign Policy in a Globalizing World (page 235)
How can nation-states promote internationalism through foreign policy?
(page 236)
Countries can use foreign policy strategies to promote internationalism in many
ways. These may include peacekeeping, international law and agreements, and
foreign aid.
Promoting Peace (page 236)
Using foreign policy to build world peace is a powerful strategy for promoting
internationalism. Two major foreign policy tools that nation-states use to achieve
this goal are....
Incentives - offering closer international relations,
provided certain conditions are met
Sanctions - cutting off relations, such as trade, with a
state until hostile behaviour stops
Peacekeeping and Internationalism (page 237)
After World War II, members of the newly created United Nations decided they
needed an effective way to maintain international peace and security. To do this,
they formed the Security Council, a subgroup of UN members with the authority to
investigate and monitor potential crises. The council would use various strategies
to negotiate solutions. It could, for example, order sanctions or, as a last resort, ask
some members to launch military action.
Peacekeeping is the Security Council’s key military strategy. The council consults
with countries in need of peacekeepers and authorizes all UN peacekeeping
missions. All UN members MUST make some armed forces available for
peacekeeping missions, but every country has the right to decide which missions it
will join. In this way, the UN peacekeeping process is an internationalist effort to
meet the challenge of bringing peace to troubled parts of the world.
Continue reading on page 237 to learn the extent of Canada’s role as a peacekeeping
nation and the things that it takes to be a PEACEKEEPER.
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
As a class, we will examine briefly the role of peacekeepers and look at how
peacekeeping failed miserably in the country of Rwanda.
International Law and Agreements (page 239)
The foreign policies of various countries can sometimes conflict. To help resolve the
disputes that arise when his happen, a large body of international law and
agreements has been developed. The UN’s International Court of Justice (World
Court) interprets these laws and tries to settle disputes peacefully. But some
countries, like the USA, refuse to recognize this court as these countries DO NOT
want to give up their right to make their own decisions based on their own national
interest.
We will examine briefly the International Law of the Sea, the International
Agreements and Antarctica, and the International Agreements of the Arctic.
Foreign Aid and Internationalism (page 243)
Countries also promote internationalism by delivering foreign aid. Every year,
developed countries give billions of dollars to developing countries for humanitarian
and other purposes. This money provided medical supplies, food, clothing, building
supplies, and expertise.
We will examine the 0.7% Solution and see how many countries actually adhere to
this policy. We will also look at what some international aid organizations like the
Red Cross are doing to help out those who are in need.
Criticism of Foreign Aid Policy (page 244)
Humanitarianism is often the main motive for providing aid to other countries. But
over the years, the foreign aid strategies of DEVELOPED countries have often been
criticized. Here are some examples of criticisms:
Competing Motives
Tied Aid
Lack of Consultation
Complex Diversity systems
Bureaucracy
Corruption
Brain Drain
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
Comparing Foreign Policy Strategies
Darcy Owen
Strategy
Example
Benefits to a
Country’s National
Interest
Peacekeeping
Sanctions
Sanctions
NATO
NATO
United
Nations
United
Nations
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
How It Promotes
Internationalism
*If peacekeepers are
able to keep the
groups that are
fighting separated,
maybe reconciliation
can occur between
the fighting groups
*brings nations of the
world together in
trying to help solve a
difficult or crisis
situation in another
territory
*helps bring PEACE to
troubled parts of the
world-tries to stop
people from fighting
and killing one
another
International
Law and
Agreements
United Nations
Convention on
the Law of the
Sea
*At 1 time, Grand
*all waters within 370
Banks was the
km off the coast are
world’s richest
under the rules and
fishing grounds - was regulations of the
good for Canadian
nation
fishing industry
Laws of the Sea
off the coast of
Newfoundland
(Grand Banks)
*Antarctica is an
international
continent - any UN
1959: 7
member is free to
countries claimed join the Antarctica
Antarctica but Treaty
agreed to place
their land claims
on hold
*all the countries that
exist in the region of
Antarctica are
working together and
putting their national
interests aside for the
greater good of the
continent
*countries are NOT
promoting
internationalism *Arctic has 5 nations Arctic region is
FIGHTING over who plagued by conflict as
Arctic -area
controls which partsaround North these 5 nations are countries struggle to
meet 2013 deadline
Pole is also in trying to extend their to lay claim to Arctic
international territory into the
territory - these 5
waters North Pole
nations are more
countries of the
concerned with their
own national interest
Arctic region are
in dispute over
Arctic territory
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
Foreign
Aid
0.7%
solution
Red Cross
DART
UNICEF
Doctors
Without
Borders
Amnesty
International
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
*Lester B. Pearson
suggested that
DEVELOPED nations
spend 0.7% of their
GN income on
foreign aid to help
developing countries
*developed nationstates can use their
excess goods and
services to help
relieve the stress on
people of the
developing world
*there are many
criticisms of foreign
aid delivery
*most of the
developing world is in
economic turmoil
because of what
developed countries
did to them in the
past = IMPERIALISM
How Does Canadian Foreign Policy Try to Balance National Interest and
Internationalism? (Page 245)
Like other countries, Canada tries to promote both its national interest and
internationalism. Trade agreements between countries are a form of
internationalism as trading partners cooperate to increase trade. Increased trade
creates a stronger economy, which is in the national interest.
Foreign aid is another tool that Canada uses to promote internationalism. Foreign
aid involves many countries cooperating to help those less fortunate. This form of
internationalism serves Canadian national interest and reflects Canadian values
because it creates a safer and more secure and more prosperous world.
Different circumstances require different approaches when dealing with the world.
Canada may take a nationalist approach to defend its interests, for example,
defending its border or being tough when negotiating a treaty. Canada may take an
internationalist approach to serve its interests, for example, supporting
INTERPOL to help fight crime on a worldwide scale.
Developing foreign policy can be a difficult process of deciding which aspects of the
national interest to serve. An international agreement may serve Canada’s
national interest in creating a cleaner world environment but if the agreement
drastically curbs a domestic industry such as the oil and gas industry, then
Canada’s national interest in promoting a healthy economy might NOT be served.
READ THE GREEN - IMPACT: CANADA AND PEACEKEEPING (pages 246-247)
Landmines and Foreign Policy (page 248)
The international agreement to ban landmines is an example of Canada’s serving
its national interest by promoting internationalism. Landmines are bombs buried
in the ground. They are set to explode when someone steps on them or when a
vehicle drives over them. Troops involved in conflicts plant these bombs to protect
their bases, as well as on public roads and in fields. They are cheap and effective
weapon in guerilla warfare.
Questions:
1. How many people are killed by land mines everyday? Look at FYI on page 248.
2. What percent of these victims are civilians?
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
3. What percent of these victims are children?
4. What is the cost to make a landmine?
5. What does it cost to remove a landmine?
6. Thinking about “Right To Play” from Chapter 9, when do children tend to step on
them?
7. What happened in 1980 concerning landmines?
8. What was one of the rules established?
9. What did the UN try to do in 1996? What was the result?
10. What happened in 1992?
11. What organization was founded and who supports it?
12. Looking at “Figure 10-19”, what information stands out to you about the map
and the statistics?
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT
The Ottawa Treaty (page 249)
Questions:
1. Who was Canada’s foreign affairs minister in 1997?
2. What was the result of his meeting with Jody Williams?
3. What did the treaty ban?
4. How many countries had signed it by mid-2007?
5. Which countries had refused to sign it? Why?
6. What happened in 2002?
7. How many Afghans were trained to remove the mines?
8. Which international terrorist organization continues to use landmines?
Darcy Owen
Tuesday, January 28, 2014 2:21:10 PM MT