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German edition:
Standortbeschreibung Gorleben Teil 2
Die Geologie des Deck- und Nebengebirges des Salzstocks Gorleben
ISBN 978-3-510-95963-1, Price: 58.00 €
More information/Purchase: http://www.schweizerbart.de/9783510959631
© Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
Geozentrum Hannover
Stilleweg 2
30655 Hannover
Germany
www.bgr.bund.de
ISBN 978-3-9813373-5-8
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Tertiary, Upper Oligocene
Tertiary, Lower Oligocene
Tertiary, Middle and Upper Eocene
Tertiary, Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene
Upper Cretaceous
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Bunter and Muschelkalk
Upper Bunter salt
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Lower and Middle Bunter
Zechstein, Leine and Aller sequence
Zechstein, Stassfurt sequence
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fault
Pre-Cretaceous cap rock
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direction of salt flow
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