Contents
ORIGINS
T-
• T H E BACKGROUND O F WORLD W A R I
b y FLOYD A . CAVE
3
T h e European State System After 1870
General Causes of the W a r
T h e Balance of Power
T h e Russian-Austrian Conflict in the Balkans
Nationalism as a Cause of the W a r
Economic Conflicts Among the Powers
T h e Prelude to W a r
T h e Course of the W a r
(
2
• T H E PEACE CONFERENCE A N D T H E TREATIES
b y FLOYD A . CAVE
T h e Setting
T h e Leaders
Plans and Purposes o f the Victors
,
Previous Commitments of the Victors
Organization and Procedure of the Conference
Critical Problems of the Conference
T h e Economic Provisions of the Treaty
Germany Forced to Sign the Treaty
Mistakes of the Treaty
Other World W a r Treaties
Power Politics and the Peace Treaties
1s 3 • T H E LEAGUE T O E N D W A R
Origins
T h e Covenant of the League
Functioning of the League
Weaknesses of the League
T h e League and Post-War Peace
T h e League as Administrator
T h e League and Imperialism
T h e League and Minorities
Auxiliary Activities of the League
T h e Failure o f the League
T h e League's Influence
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b y GLENN S . DUMKE
65
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b y W . LEON GODSHALL
87
5 • T H E RISE O F T H E SOVIET U N I O N
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b y GEORGE WASKOVICH AND FLOYD A . CAVE
113
.4 • A M E R I C A C H O O S E S I S O L A T I O N •
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Reversion to Isolation
Regulation
Rearmament, Clandestine and Open
T h e Renunciation of W a r
Rejection of the World Court
Appraisal of American Policy
>
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,
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T h e Great Debacle
T h e Formation of the Provisional Government
Lenin and Trotsky
T h e Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Foreign Intervention and the Counter-Revolution
T h e Development of W a r CommunismTheoretical Basis of Communism
T h e Third International
Attempts to Isolate Russia
T h e N e w Economic Policy
T h e Five-Year Plans
Soviet Foreign Policy Between T w o Wars
Hitler's Plans to Conquer Russia
6 • T H E FASCIST COUNTER-REVOLUTION I N ITALY
^
b y FLOYD A . CAVE
Material Conditions Determining Italy's Course
T h e Historical Background
Problems of the N e w Kingdom
T h e Impact o f World W a r I upon Italy
Maladjustments in the Post-War Period
T h e Fascist Counter-Revolution
T h e Doctrines of Fascism
Government under the Fascists
Italy under the Fascist Dictatorship
T h e Corporative System
Plan or N o Plan?
W e r e the Workers Better Off?
149
Fascist Experiments in Agriculture
Social and Educational Developments
Fascism and the Church
Cultural Developments under Fascism
Mussolini's Foreign Policy'
Mussolini's Overthrow
7 • T H E QUESTION O F REPARATIONS A N D LOANS T O
b y GLENN S . DUMKE
GERMANY
179
Introduction
T h e Bill for Damages
Default and Occupation
Occupation of the Ruhr
T h e Dawes Plan
T h e Young Plan
&
T h e Great Depression
T h e United States and Its W a r Credits
T h e Hoover Moratorium
T h e Lausanne Conference
T h e London Economic Conference
Economic Nationalism
8 • T H E DRIVE FOR SECURITY A N D DISARMAMENT
b y EMIL LENGYEL
197
France Seeks Security
T h e Revolt of the Pariahs
Mutual Assistance and Protocol
T h e Locarno Agreements
Swords into Plowshares
Europe United?
9 • T H E SUCCESSION STATES-TERRITORIAL A N D
CULTURAL CONFLICTS
b y GEORGE WASKOVICH
215
T h e Historical Task of the Hapsburgs
T h e Treaty Settlements after the First World W a r
Political and Cultural Conflicts Arising out of the Boundary Settle­
ments
Blocs Versus Federations i n Central-Eastern Europe
10 • P O S T - W A R P O L I T I C A L R E A L I G N M E N T S A N D
POWER MOVES
b y JAMES L . GLANVILLE
243
T h e N e w Balance of Power
Germany and Russia Checkmate the Balance
Balancing hy Multilateral Pacts
Western Imperialism and the Stabilization of the Near East
Central-Eastern Europe Seeks Security
Franco-Italian Rivalry
T h e Collapse of Stability
Pactomania
[?
11- GERMANY BETWEEN T W O WARS
b y FLOYD A . CAVE
271
Physical and Cultural Determinants of German Foreign Policy
Crisis at the End of World W a r 1
T h e Weimar Constitution
T h e Problems Confronting the N e w Republic
Economic Developments During the 'Twenties
Politics under the Republic
Reasons for the Downfall of the Weimar Republic
Seizure of Power by the National Socialists
T h e National Socialist Party
National Socialist Doctrines
T h e Program of the Party
Government Institutions under National Socialism
T h e Treatment of the Jews
T h e Nazi Attack on the Church
Reorganization in Agriculture
Nazi Policies in Industry
T h e Labor Front
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V X 12 • T H E A S S A U L T U P O N D E M O C R A C Y - N A Z I - F A S C I S T
'
IDEOLOGIES A N D PROPAGANDA T E C H N I Q U E
b y RAYMOND G . COWHEBD
Introduction
Fascist Ideology
Nazi Ideology
German Racial Theories
Nazi Propaganda Techniques
Conclusion
311
b y GLENN S . DUMKE 3 3 5
13 • D E M O C R A C Y O F F G U A R D
Introduction
Britain Muddles Through
France Races Toward Collapse
T h e United States Tries Isolation
T h e Lesser Democracies
Latin America as a Frontier for Totalitarian Expansion
China
Axis Methods
Underlying Democratic Strength
14 • G E R M A N Y ' S W A R F O R H E G E M O N Y O F E U R O P E
A N D T H E W O R L D : 1933-1938
b y OSCAR G . DARLINGTON 3 5 9
T h e Nazi Program
Germany's Withdrawal from the League of Nations
German Rearmament
Occupation of the Rhineland
T h e "Anschluss" -with Austria
Anti-Czech Moves
Anti-Polish Moves
T h e Communist Bogey
Immobilization of England and France
Formation of the Axis
15 • M U N I C H A N D I T S C O N S E Q U E N C E S
b y OSCAR G . DARLINGTON
Hitler's Propaganda War against Czechoslovakia
British and French Motives
T h e Reaction of Czechoslovakia
Hitler's "Sport-Palast" Speech
German Mobilization
T h e Munich Conference
Effect on the W e s t
Effect on Czechoslovakia
T h e Year of Grace
Reaction i n Germany
Germany's Violation of the Pact
Expansion of the Reich
Poland's Position after March 15, 1938
T h e Final Stage of Peace
387
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16 • T H E M I L I T A R Y C A U S E S O F W O R L D W A R I I
b y STEFAN T . POSSONY
411
Influence of A r m y Leaders on Political Decisions for W a r
T h e Relation between the Advice of Russian Military Leaders and
the Political Decisions of Russia i n World W a r I
Military Influences on German Policy Preceding World W a r II
Military Decisions as Causes of the German-Polish W a r
German Military Decisions in the Russo-German W a r
Soviet Calculations Prior to World W a r 11
Can the Causes of W a r Be Abolished?
17 • T H E A M E R I C A S U N I T E D F O R D E F E N S E
b y HAROLD E . DAVIS
462
Influence of World W a r I on United States Interest in Latin America
Investments and Trade, 1913-1939
Latin-American Nationalism between the Wars
European Political Influences
T h e Good Neighbor Policy
T h e Buenos Aires Conferences and Its Aftermath
Hemisphere Defense: T h e First Campaign of the W a r
^
18 • T H E T R E N D T O W A R I N T H E O R I E N T
b y W . LEON GODSHALL
A Decade of Conciliation
Sino-Japanese Friction in Manchuria
Japanese Pressure in North China
T h e Attack on China
A N e w Order in Asia
Totalitarianism i n Japan
Russo-Japanese Relations
T h e Southward Thrust
Japan Joins the Axis
Decision forW a r
485
CONSEQUENCES
19 • T H E D E F E A T A N D D I S M E M B E R M E N T O F T H E
b y FLOYD A . CAVE
AXIS PARTNERS
529
GERMANY
Germany in World W a r I I *
T h e Allied Occupation of Germany
Preliminary Decisions Regarding Cessions of German Territory and
Population
Political Reconstruction i n the American Zone
ITALY
Occupation of Italy hy the Allies
Problems of Italy i n the Post-War World
JAPAN
Japan i n World W a r II
Japan Under the Occupation
20 • FRANCE A N D T H E LESSER POWERS O F W E S T E R N
EUROPE
b y CHARLES A , MCCLELLAND
579
Introduction
T h e German Invasion
Causes o f Collapse
Vichy France
Resistance and the Free French
Liberation
T h e Fourth Republic
T h e Netherlands and Belgium
Results o f World W a r II i n Western Europe
21 • C E N T R A L - E A S T E R N E U R O P E A F T E R T H E W A R
b y GEORGE WASKOVICH
Some General Considerations
T h e Status of the Slav States
Social and Economic Forces in Revolution
Poland
613
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
T h e Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
Romania
Bulgaria
22 • L A T I N AMERICA'S ROLE I N T H E POST-WAR W O R L D
b y HAROLD E . DAVIS
643
Mexico City Conference, 1945
Latin America Comes of Age
Economic Problems
National Problems
T h e Problem of United States Policy
23 • POST-WAR C H I N A A N D H E R PROBLEMS
b y W . LEON GODSHALL
675
T h e Evolution of the Kuomintang
T h e Nanking Government
Impediments to Fulfilment of the Kuomintang Pledges
Proposals for Coalition Government
Constitutional Revision
Foreign Relations
China's Needs
24 • T H E SUPER-POWERS A N D T H E I R SATELLITES
b y GLENN S . DUMKE
Introduction
T h e United States of America—Giant Among Giants
T h e British Empire—Power Through Paradox
Soviet Russia—Young Goliath
T h e Policies of the Super-Powers
T h e Satellites of the Great Powers
Areas of Co-operation Among the Great Powers
Conclusion
709
^
2
5 • CONFLICTS A N D ISSUES BETWEEN T H E
SUPER-POWERS
b y RAYMOND E . LINDGREN
737
T h e Ideological Conflict
Cultural Differentiation
Objectives and Conflicts
Warfare Between the Big Three
Summary
26 • T H E U N I T E D N A T I O N S A N D T H E Q U E S T F O R P E A C E
b y RAYMOND E . LINDGREN 7 7 3
T h e Reaction Against the League of Nations
T h e Movement for a World Peace Organization
T h e San Francisco Conference
Structure of the United Nations
T h e United Nations in Operation
Summary
INDEX
805