ZHANA DAUIR ELECTRIC LTD
PAKPAS GROUP OF COMPANIES-REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
EMBA-JEM
POWER PLANT 2X120 MW
AKTUBINSK REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN
BOOK-I0
E N V I R O N M E N TA L I M PA C T S T U D Y
NEXT GENERATION CLEAN ENERGY
9282.503.545.528.123 EMBA
This document containing confidential information is property of PAKPAŞ and not be reproduced or used without PAKPAŞ’s written authorization
EMBA POWER PLANT- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Project Description
Project Impacts
Recommendations
2.0
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.3
POLICY LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORKS
Policies
National Environmental Impact Assessment
World Bank Policy on Environmental Assessment
Legal and Regulatory Frame Work
Institutions
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.9.2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Location
Fuel
Gas Turbines
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Steam Turbine
Cooling Tower
Main Stack
Construction Activities
Water Usage
Waste Water
4.0
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.2
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.1.10
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA
Physical Environment
Geology
General Geological Structure
Stratigraphy
Soil Characteristics
Climatology
Topography
Ambient Air Quality
Noise
Flora and Fauna
Archaeological and Cultural Resources
Land Use
Sensitive Zones
Biological Environment
Wetlands
Vegetation
Wild Life
Social Environment
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5.0
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.3
5.1.1.4
5.1.1.5
5.1.1.6
5.1.1.7
5.1.1.8
5.1.2
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.1.3
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.4
Construction period
Physical and Chemical
Geology and Soils
Topography and Land Forms
Climate and Meteorology
Air Quality
Noise
Hydrology
Water Quality
Solid Waste
Biological
Flora and Fauna
Ecosystems
Socio-Economic
Demographic
Land Use
Occupational Health and Safety
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
5.2.1.2
5.2.1.3
5.2.1.4
5.2.1.5
5.2.1.6
5.2.1.7
5.2.1.8
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
Operation Period
Physical and Chemical
Geology and Soils
Topography and Landforms
Climate and Meteorology
Air Emissions
Air Pollution
Hydrology
Water Quality
Solid Waste
Biological
Flora and Fauna
Ecosystem
Socio-Economic Structure
Demographic
Land Use
5.1.4
Occupational Health and Safety
6.0
MITIGATION MEASURES
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Site
Fuel Types
Technology
2014
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LIST OF TABLES
Table-1
Table-2
Table-3
Table-4
Table-5
Table-6
Table-7
Table-8
Table-9
Table-10
Table-11
Table-12
Table-13
Table-14
Table-15
Table-16
Table-17
Table-18
Table-19
Table-20
Table-21
The Composition of Natural Gas
Main Operating Data
Project Time Table of the Power Plant
Number of Workers
Yearly Temperature Variations of the Site
Precipitation
Average Clear, Cloudy and Closed out days in Site
Humidly Monthly Graphic
Wind condition
Air Pollution Monitoring
Environmental Situation Report
List of Flora at the area
List of Fauna at the Area
Population Development
Units Characteristics
Emission to Air
Noise Standards
Water consumptions
Construction Phase Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Operation Phase Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Legal Frame Work
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ZHANA DAUIR ELECTRIC. is proposing to construct a 240 MW natural gas driven
Power plant in Emba-Jem, Aktobe in order to meet the increasing power demand in the
region. The Company acquired approximately 70 ha of land neighboring the organized
industrial district of Jem Region.
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to provide information on the potential
Negative and positive environmental and social impacts of the project. It also aims to make
Recommendations for the mitigation of the potential negative impacts and enhancement of
the positive ones. A field survey of the project site was conducted and potential
environmental impacts of project activities were identified, assessed, and documented. The
EIA Team carried out consultations with various stakeholders, particularly lead agencies, local
authorities and(www.pakpas.org) the affected people.
Both the Kazakh and World Bank's social safeguard policies have been considered during the
assessment. The EIA study has been carried out according to requirements of the current EIA
Regulation of Kazakh Government, and the Environmental Assessment Policies and
Procedures of the World Bank OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment (Annex B - Content of EA
and Annex C - Environmental Management Plan).
Aim of the EIA study is to meet both the requirements of the Kazakh EIA Legislation and
World Bank for a "Category A" Environmental Assessment Study (OP 4.01 Annex B Content of
an EIA Category A Report). For this purpose, EIA has been prepared according to the special
EIA format regarding the requirements of the World Bank and Kazakh Ministry of
Environment.
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1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The intended power plant will comprise 2 units of 262.6 MW SIEMENS SGT5-4000F gas
Turbines and 1 unit of 256 MW SIEMENS Steam Turbine, yielding a total capacity of 781.2
MW, which will be operated as combined cycle turbines that will be driven by natural gas
only.
The plant will be constructed near the organized industrial district of Jem-Emba. The plant will
Cover a land of 700,000 m2 (70 ha).
1.2 PROJECT IMPACTS
The potential ecological impacts identified in the operation of the power plant are:
(i)
water pollution related to disposal of domestic solid wastes generated by the
personnel and domestic wastewater generated by the personnel,
(ii)
(ii) water pollution from oil type wastes and/or spills used for the maintenance of
equipment
(iii)
(iii) noise pollution resulting from the operation of turbines and other equipment
(iv)
(iv) air pollution resulting from the stack emissions during energy generation. All
those wastes with potential impacts on the environment will be treated with most
recent
technology
available in
accordance
with
the
relevant
national
and
international legal framework. The positive impacts that will be benefited from the
project are the additional power availability and reliability in the region which is
currently experiencing frequent power outages. The impact of power reliability will
improve infrastructural conditions for further investments, basically related to oil
sector, in the area. Accordingly, this will enable increased employment opportunities
to the youth in the area and hence help to improve the social well being also with
improved life standards due to satisfactory electricity supply.
The project will contribute positively to air and noise quality of the whole Jem-Emba region
with
a
modern centralized combined cycle power plant. This will bring economical
advantages by the reduction of the energy costs to end users which are mainly in oil and
heavy industry sector.
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2014
RECOMENDATIONS
A number of mitigation measures are recommended against the adverse activities during
the construction and operation phases of the project. Measures recommended during
the construction phase include control of noise pollutions from heavy equipment and
vehicles through proper inspection and maintenance, and use of noise suppressors or
mufflers for heavy equipment, control of air pollution from construction works and
movement of vehicles through proper inspection and maintenance to reduce exhaust
emissions, watering of unpaved roads, control of adverse impacts from construction debris
by proper handling and immediate removal, control of water pollution through proper
storage and handling of oil wastes and treatment of wastewaters at site, control of solid
wastes through sanitary storage and frequent collection for sanitary disposal. Quality of air
and water will be monitored on a regular basis where noise will be measured periodically.
While during the operation phase, emphasis has been on the control of; emission levels
which will be treated with the use of gas turbine equipped with dry low-NOx technology,
noise pollution (particularly for the workers) which will be treated with building a noise
insulated power room and satisfactory maintenance of related equipment, possible water
pollution from oil wastes which will be treated with employing proper handling and storage
of oils/oil wastes and stringent management of oil spills, all of which will be assured with
periodic monitoring of noise and emission levels and drinking water quality. All precautions
against fire accidents and electrocution will also be taken. In all phases occupational
health and safety will be carefully considered and controlled through continuous inspection
to prevent disease and accidents, and workers will undergo an environmental and safety
briefing on safety, sanitation measures, and emergency rescue procedures before
development begins. Adequate sanitary facilities, potable water, and garbage bins will be
provided. From the study findings, it has been concluded that the impacts of the proposed
project are minor and easily mitigable. The developer is strongly advised to implement
the recommendations made by the EIA Team.
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2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
2.1 Policies
This chapter discusses the policy, legal and institutional arrangement/ framework within
which this EIA was drawn.
1.1.1 National Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation
The Kazakh Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation
was enacted in view of
the national environmental policies as a result of the accepted need of identifying
environmental impacts of the defined types of plants, before they are realized (Code
No:212 9 January 2007).
OTHER RELATED CODES (Attached to this EIA
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The EIA process in Kazakhstan starts with applying to the Ministry of Environment with a
file prepared according to the General Project Presentation Format given in the Annex IV
of the EIA Regulation, designed for projects under the categories defined in Annex I of
the regulation.
Thermal power plants which require an EIA report are specified in Annex I of the EIA
regulation as:
Article 2- Thermal power plants
a) Thermal power plants and incineration systems with a total thermal power of 300
MWt and over.
This EIA has been prepared in strict compliance with the requirements of the Kazakh
environmental regulations.
1.1.2 World Bank Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The World Bank requires EIA of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that
they are environmentally sound and sustainable in order to improve decision making of the
Bank on the project. The Environment Strategy outlines the Bank’s approach to address
the environmental challenges and ensures that Bank projects and programs integrate
principles of environmental sustainability.
This study is in line with the Bank's
requirements. The Bank's guideline regarding the conduct of an EIA has been adequately
followed by the EIA Team.
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2.2. Legal and Regulatory Framework
The relevant laws that promote environmental management in Kazakhstan have been
adequately reviewed and applied by the EIA Team including the following:
1. Regulation on Prevention and Control of Industrial Air Pollution
2. Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise Pollution
3. Water Pollution Control Regulation
4. Regulation on Water for Human Consumption
5. Solid Waste Control Regulation
6. Environmental Impact Assessment regulation
7. Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes Regulation and Guidelines
8. Occupational Health and Safety
9. Regulation on Control of Waste Oils
10. Groundwater Law
11. Electricity Market Law
12. Natural Gas Market Law
13. Environment Law
14. Regulation on Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Debris Waste
15. Related EU Directives
16. Related International Conventions (as summarized below)
17. Bern Convention on Protection of Wildlife and Natural Habitats
This convention aims to protect the wild plant and animal species together with their
natural living environments, putting special emphasis on the endangered species.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
CITES Convention has developed a system which set up a condition of government
permission for the trading of endangered species of wild fauna and flora.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
The basic aim of the Convention is to emphasize the fact that ‘wetlands are important
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economic, cultural, scientific and social resources and their loss is irreversible’.
Biodiversity Convention (Rio Conference)
The Convention establishes three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity,
the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
from the use of genetic resources.
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Paris
The convention considers adoption of new provisions in the form of a convention
establishing an effective system of collective protection of the cultural and natural heritage
of outstanding universal value, organized on a permanent basis and in accordance with
modern scientific methods.
The Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution
The Convention aims to protect the Mediterranean Sea against all sorts of pollution by
the Mediterranean countries.
Convention on Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal The convention aims to protect human health and the environment against the
adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, trans boundary movements
and disposal of hazardous and other wastes.
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
To create an essential framework for controlling and reducing the damage to human health
and the environment caused by transboundary air pollution.
2.3 Institutions
The related institutions related to the installation of a new natural gas driven power plant
are listed as below:
• Ministry of Environment and Forestry
• Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
• Ministry of Labor and Social Security
• Ministry of Industry and Trade
• Electricity Market Regulation Authority
• State Planning Organization
• General Directorate of Petroleum Works
• General Directorate of Petroleum Transmission Lines Co.
• Power Resources Development Administration
• General Directorate of Turkish Electricity Transmission Lines Co.
These institutions listed above are actually the stakeholders that form the framework
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3.0PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed plant consists of 2 Groups of 124 MW combined cycle system and
each group has 2 times SGT -800 combustion gas turbine and one piece SST 400 condensing steam turbine, and cooling tower and main stack yielding a net
total capacity of 248 MW, which will be operated as combined cycle turbines that will
be driven by natural gas only.
The structures and buildings in the plant will be as followed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Gas turbine building/power house
Steam turbine building/power house
Heat recovery steam generator with stack,
Gas turbine’s main unit transformers and auxiliary transformers
Steam turbine’s main unit transformers
Electrical and electronic/control container
Water treatment plant building
Cooling tower cells with main cooling water pumping station and associated chemical
Auxiliary boiler
The proposed power plant will not use materials that are classified as hazardous or toxic
during the construction and operational phases of the project.
Oil tanks will be isolated with concrete lining to prevent any leakage and the waste
3
oils, generated less than 10 m /year, will be removed by a licensed hauler.
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3.1
2014
Project Location
The plant will be installed in Jem city near Emba covering a total of 70000 m
2
on
surveyed land, neighboring the Jem Organized Industrial District. The general location
of the power plant is illustrated in Figure 1.
The nearest residential area is at approximately 3 km distance from the power plant. The
project site is identified as agricultural land in the land registry. The plant layout, road
map and the 1/25000 scaled map showing the plant site is shown in Figure 2. The site
is reached by land road which takes approximately 150 km from the Aktobe City centre.
Location of the Power Plant
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EMBA POWER PLANT- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
3.2 FUEL
The natural gas will be taken from the national natural gas transmission lines at a 5 km
distance from the plant. The natural gas will be piped directly to the system with branching
from the main line without intermittent storage.
Natural gas is a mixture of light molecular weight hydrocarbons (C1-C5) such as
methane (CHH), ethane (C2), and propane (C6H384). A major portion of natural gas is
methane. It may be found in underground alone, or as gas on top of petroleum reservoirs,
or as dissolved in petroleum. Like petroleum, natural gas is present in the microscopic
pores of rocks and it reaches the production wells flowing through the rocks. Natural gas
is separated from the heavy hydrocarbons on surface. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil
fuel that is used for domestic purposes. When natural gas is burnt, CO2, water vapor
and NOx are formed. The composition of natural gas is given in Table 1.
Natural
gas
is
an
odorless,
smokeless,
economical,
high
efficiency,
clean
and
environmental friendly gas which is free from toxic materials. The utilization of natural
gas has been increasing among other energy resources and it is anticipated that it will
continue to be an alternative energy resource in the 21. Century. The share of natural gas
grown to 22,5 % in 1982 from 16 % in 1960s, whereas the share of solid fossil fuels
dropped to 32 % from 52 % in the same
to
be followed
in
the
time
interval.
This
trend
is
likely
future.
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3.3
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Gas Turbines
Thermal energy is produced in the existing Siemens Gas Turbines type SGT-800 through
the combustion of natural gas, which is converted into mechanical energy that drives the
combustion turbine compressors and electric generators. Each gas turbine system consists
of a stationary combustion turbine generator, supporting systems, and associated auxiliary
equipment (see Figure 3: Schematic gas turbine section). The gas turbine will be equipped
with but not limited to the following required accessories to provide safe and reliable
operation:
10.
Inlet air filters
11.
Metal acoustical enclosures
12.
Double lube oil coolers
13.
Dry low NOx combustion system
14.
Compressor wash system
15.
Fire detection and protection system
Figure 3.Schematic gas turbine section, source: SIEMENS SGT-800
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3.4 HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATION (HRSG)
The HRSG transfers heat from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine to the feed water, which is
turned into steam. The concept applied herein is based on a three-pressure, natural or forced
circulation unit equipped with inlet and outlet ductwork, insulation, lagging, and separate
exhaust stack.
The concept of the condensate/feed water heating/deaeration system used herein is based on
the classical concept, i.e. having a feed water tank/deaerator.Major components of the threepressure level HRSG include a condensate preheater, Low Pressure (LP) drum, LP uperheater,
Intermediate Pressure (IP) economizer, IP evaporator, IP drum, IP superheaters/ reheaters,
High Pressure (HP) economizers, HP evaporator, HP drum,and HP superheaters. In the
conventional set-up the condensate preheater receives condensate from the condenser hot
well via the condensate pumps and forwards it to feed water tank/deaerator. Feed water is
pumped through the economizers by feed water pumps of different pressure levels. The
condensate preheater is the final heat transfer sections to receive heat from the combustion
gases prior to their exhausting to the atmosphere.
Feed water from the HP boiler feed pump is sent to the HP section of the HRSG. Highpressure feed water flows through the HP economizers where it is preheated prior to entering
the HP steam drum.
Within the HP steam drum, a saturated state will be maintained. The water will flow through
down comers from the HP steam drum to the inlet headers at the bottom of the HP
evaporator.
Steam will be formed in the tubes as energy from the combustion turbine exhaust gas is
absorbed. The HP saturated liquid/vapour mixture will then return to the steam drum where
the two phases will be separated by the steam separators in the drum. The water will return
to the HP evaporator, while the vapour continues on to the HP superheater. Within the HP
superheater, the temperature of the HP steam will be increased above its saturation
temperature (superheated) prior to being admitted to the HP section of the steam turbine.
Feed water will also be pumped to the IP section of the HRSG by the IP boiler feed pumps.
Similar to the HP section, feed water will be preheated in the IP economizer, and steam will
be generated in the IP evaporator. The saturated IP steam will pass through an IP uperheater
and then be mixed with “cold reheat” steam from the discharge of the steam turbine HP
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section. The blended steam will then pass through two additional IP superheaters reheating
the steam to a superheated state. The “hot reheat” steam will then be admitted to the steam
turbine IP section.
Feed water from deaerator will be forward direct to the LP steam drum. The steam will be
separated in the LP drum and super-heated in the LP superheater. The superheated LP steam
will then be admitted to the LP section of the steam turbine along with the steam exhausting
from the steam turbine IP section.
3.5 Steam Turbine
The steam turbine system consists of the HP, IP and LP turbine section with gland steam
system, lubricating oil system, hydraulic control system, and steam admission/induction
valves (see Fig.5: Schematic steam turbine section).
For the three-pressure concept, steam from the HRSG HP, IP, and LP superheaters enters the
associated steam turbine sections through the inlet steam system. The steam expands
through multiple stages of the turbine, driving the generator. After exiting the turbine, the
steam is directed into the surface condenser usually below the turbine.
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3.6 Induced Draft Cooling Tower
The induced draft cell type units are of the counter flow type, consisting of 14 - 16 identical
cells, arranged in one row (see Figure 6: Scheme of wet type cooling cell).
Air at ambient temperature is drawn into the base of the tower through two large openings
on each long tower side. The air is used as the cooling medium for reducing the temperature
of the circuit water.
As the air is induced vertically through the cooling tower internals it comes into contact with
low fowling film package which exposes a maximum surface area of water to the cooler air
draught, thus transferring the heat from the water to the air by evaporation.
Axial fans at the top of the cooling cells induce the required amount of air through the tower
and an inclined series of eliminators fitted above the water distribution level ensures that any
stray droplets of water which would otherwise be carried out of the cooling tower with the air
stream are forced to impinge on the inclined surfaces within the eliminator and fall back into
the cooling tower basin.
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3.7 Main Stack
The HRSG- stacks are directly after HRSG (horizontal HRSG) and are made of steel with heat
insulation and outside cladding. The wall thickness will be defined by the static calculation.
The inner diameter will be app. 7m. A ladder up to the top with safety devices allows access
for maintenance. Emission measurements are mounted at suitable location. The stack height
is defined to be 62 m. According to the dispersion calculation for flue gases and its
contaminants (see Annex-2, Air Pollution Modelling), the height is sufficient.
3.8 Construction Activities
The construction works will be completed in 1,5 years. The economical life of the plant is
estimated as 30 years. The project time table is given in Table 3.
The numbers of workers to be employed during the operation phases are given in Table 4. In
the operation phase personnel will be a total of 37 workers.
It is planned to work in 3 shifts. In the operation phase 37 people will work in the plant. In
the operation phase it is planned to arrange the working hours as 667 hours per month and
for 12 months a year. Hence the plant will be able to work in full capacity.
National Occupational Health and Safety Regulation will be strictly complied during the
construction and operation phases of the Project.
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3.9 Water Usage
The plant will consume water for the process and cooling. The cooling and process water will
be supplied from the water wells
For the domestic water usage by the plant’s personnel, the water will be supplied from wells
to be drilled on and around the site.
The cooling water system will be of the closed circulating water type. Waste heat transmitted
from the main condenser and from the closed cooling system into the circulating water will be
extracted through a cooling tower system consisting of 14 - 16 cells. Re-circulation will be
provided by the main cooling water- and auxiliary cooling water pumps.
Water losses in the closed circulating system - mainly due to evaporation and blow-down –
will be refilled by the make-up water system.
The main cooling water pump station is arranged as an extension to the cooling tower basin
in a pit shape. The cooling water will be conveyed by the pumps to the condenser and the
auxiliary cooling system heat exchangers.
Without treatment and dosing measurements the quality of the extracted raw water will not
be suitable for the cooling water system refilling and cooling purposes. Therefore water for
cooling purposes shall be treated as follows:
Filtration of raw water
Dosing into make-up water of biocide or chlorine for the prevention of organic growth
within the cooling system.
Sulphuric acid and anti-scaling inhibitor dosing into the cooling water circulation
system for pH control and to avoid scaling on the components, e.g. cooling tower and
heat exchangers.
3.9.1 Water Treatment
The water treatment unit supplies treated water for Siemens CCPP. The treatment technology
is proven anion/cation exchanger technology.
The water plant consists of followings;
1. Pre-treatment unit
2. Anionic and cationic ion exchanger columns
3. Degasifier unit
4. Mixed bed columns
5. Neutralization unit
There are three different quality water produced at the plant, because of production costs of
the different quality levels.
High conductivity water for (Poor quality)
Cooling towers make up water Semi conductivity water for (Good quality)
Turbine evaporative cooling system make up Low conductivity water for (Best quality)
Boiler make up water
3.9.2 Wastewater
According to present situation of design and general components of waste waters no special
chemical or biological waste water treatment is foreseen. As there is a small likelihood of
contamination of surface waters with oils and greases, these waste waters are conducted via
an oil separator. The waste waters will finally be discharged from “Discharge water terminal”
at site via an existing line where the outflow from existing site-WWTP is installed. All required
measurements will be installed to assure quality below emission limits.
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4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA
This chapter provides information on the physical, biological and socio-economic elements of
the environment, which shall be used as benchmarks for future monitoring. The area
considered for assessment of baseline conditions span the whole Antalya region which will be
large enough in extent to include all potential impacts from the proposed project. Data were
obtained as a result of literature and field surveys.
4.1. Physical Environment
4.1.1 Geology and Geomorphologic Characteristics
4.1.1.1. General Geological Structure
Stratigraphic and formational characteristics have been identified, the 1/25000 scale maps
have been partially completed and the 1/100000 scale geological map of the region has been
prepared.
4.1.1.2. Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It
is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy includes two
related
subfields:
lithologic
stratigraphy
or
lithostratigraphy,
and
biologic
stratigraphy
or biostratigraphy.
http://www.lithosphere.igg.uran.ru/pdf/16819004_2013_1/16819004_2013_1_102127eng.pdf
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EMBA POWER PLANT- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
Download
2014
www.pakpas.org/EMBA.LIB/EMBA.STRATIGRAPHY.pdf
PALEOGENE DINOCYSTS FROM THE EASTERN CASPIAN
DEPRESSION (THE USPENSKAYA SP-1 WELL, KAZAKHSTAN)
© 2013, O. N. Vasilyeva
Institute of geology and geochemistry, Urals Branch of RAS
7, Pochtovy pereulok, Ekaterinburg, 620075, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
Received August 18, 2011
A sort extract is given below for EIA group information. Full text can be downloaded from:
EMBA.LIB of pakpas web site.
Organic-walled microphytoplankton has been studied in Uspenskaya SP-1 key well (Aktobe
Region, Kazakhstan) drilled through the 252 m thick Paleogene section of the east of Caspian
Depression. Dinocyst successions have been analyzed in a number of formations: the Tassai
(the Cerodinium striatum Zone, Danian), the Kamsaktykol (the Deflandrea oebisfeldensis Zone,
Lower Ypresian), the Bailisai (the D7b Dracodinium solidum, D7c Dracodinium varielongitudum
Zones, Middle Ypresian), the Sholaksai (D9a Areosphaeridium diktyoplokum, D9b Dracodinium
pachydermum, Upper Ypresian–Lower Lutetian) and the Shubarsai (D10b Rhombodinium
draco, Bartonian, D12a Rhombodinium perforatum, Priabonian). Direct correlations of the
dinocyst and nannoplankton Zones have been made in some section intervals. The first and the
last occurrences of the stratigraphically important species are designated as biotic events
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applicable for intra- and interregional correlations. Dynamics of the species diversity in
microphytoplankton complexes has been shown as a reflection of the sea level fluctuations and
the changes in the paleoecological settings. Peculiarities have been specified of the organicwalled microphytoplankton associations within the Azolla layers recognized in the Sholaksai
formation. Correlating levels in Eocene deposits of Eastern Caspian Depression with Northern
Caspian Depression and Northern Ustyurt regions are shown on dinocysts. Four new dinocyst
species have been described from the Eocene beds: Soaniella kulkovae sp. nov., Rhombodinium
magnum sp. nov., Rhombodinium fimbriatum sp. nov., Dracodinium parcilimbatum sp. nov.
4.1.2. Soil Characteristics
Natural - anthropogenous processes in Caspian Sea region of Western Kazakhstan (as
exemplified by Emba Oil region)
Asyma Galimzhankyzy Koshim1,, Rose Tleulesovna Bekseitova1
, Larisa Konstantynovna Veselova1 , Mariyash
Zharylgasynovna Imangalieva1, Aigul Мaksatovna Sergeyeva2
1
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty, 050040, Republic of
Kazakhstan 2 K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional State University, Moldagulova Ave 34, Aktobe,
030000, Republic of Kazakhstan
Download:
www.pakpas.org/EMBA.LIB/EMBA.SOIL.pdf
Abstract. Modern relief-forming processes, which originated not earlier than 5-6 thousand
years ago are still unfinished. They are determined by particularities of geological and
geomorphologic structure of the territory, climate and a number of anthropogenic factors. All
processes changing morphology of earth's surface can be divided into 3 groups: natural,
natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic. Natural (endogenous and exogenous) processes
take place independently from man's activity. Natural-anthropogenic are processes, which are
caused by economic activity of man. Anthropogenic processes are those related to direct
influence of a man on earth's surface, which result in relief changes. In this work we consider
only natural-anthropogenic processes in the limits of Emba oil
region where anthropogenic activity is especially active, because most part of oil and gas
deposits are located here
(39 or 40% of deposits) and anthropogenic impact on natural exogenous processes and on
environment has
increased.
[Koshim A.G., Bekseitova R.T., Veselova L.K., Imangalieva M.Z., Sergeyeva A.М. Natural anthropogenous
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Keywords: relief-forming processes, oil deposits, anthropogenic impact, natural-anthropogenic
processes, exomorphogenesis, Aeolian processes, sor-forming, underflood, environment.
Introduction
Emba oil and gas producing region (area of 118,6 km2) is situated in the desert zone
characterized by very unstable balance between climate changes and relief-forming
processes.
In geo-morphological terms the region is situated on Caspian Sea depression - a see bed
flatland of accumulation situated below zero horizontal. On the surface of the flatland inclined
to the side of Caspian sea absolute height marks change in the range from minus 14 to minus
27,5 m (2005) [1] near Caspian coast, in western part of the region.
The sediment’s contents are mainly sand and clay rocks.
The plain is characterized by big number of sor-affected depressions in form of internaldrainage dents of stretched form (0,5-0,7 km) which were formed after sea withdrawal,
thanks to unevenness of its bed [2]. On sandy sections the surface of the plain
was subject to Aeolian processes, deep enough which resulted in formation of big sandy
massives: Taisogan, Caspian Karakumy. Section with Baer knolls near delta of Zhem
river is located on a special place within analyzed region: these are ridges in parallel rows, in
sublatitudinal, rarely - in latitudinal direction. The surface of ridges is made of sands and
sandy clays with broken shells. Inter-hill depressions during spring floods are covered with water and
when they dry out they turn into sors and takyrs. The sea plain encircles first oil deposits in
the Republic: Dossor and Makat which are being explored for more than 100 years (since
1908) and one of the biggest deposits in the world – Tengiz deposit. On Caspian shelf
included into the territory of the region the biggest deposit - Kashagan – was found. Side by
side with these deposits there are more than 30 explored oil deposits [3] forming the
economy of the Republic: Royal, Prorva, Koshkar, Baishonas, Kolsary, Besbolek, Tenteksor
etc. That is why oil exploration and almost any kind of anthropogenic impacts activate many
relief-forming processes and as a result, lead to great
transformations of modern relief.
Methods and materials
The work is based on the results of many year field surveys of the authors (2000-2012); we
also used published and stock materials, the materials of Ecology department of Atyrau
region, Kazgidromet, scientific and technical libraries of Atyrau, scientific results of
Aristarkhova L., Faizov K., Abdullin A., S. Gorshkov, M. Diarov, Anhert F.,Derbyshire E.E.,
Jahn A. and others.
In the course of our study we used comparative-geomorphological method of study of
natural processes with the use of space images (Landsat-7, 2009, 2012) and the maps of
different
years, topographic maps (1:50 000, 1:200 000,1:500 000, 1:1 000 000), method of expert
estimates of processes and phenomena, system analysis.
Main part
By character and intensity of manifestations the most common natural-anthropogenic process
in the given region is Aeolian process. Key reasons of activity of this processes are
anthropogenic impacts, determined by reconnaissance. and exploration of the deposits.
Almost all oil deposits of the region are concentrated in central and coast parts of the
territory formed predominantly by sandy and sand and clay sediments [2].
Because of exploration of oil deposits in accordance with current regulatory norms 2,5
hectares of land are taken out from agriculture in order to make wells [4]. In fact, taking into
account transport ways, machinery and equipment allocation they exceed the norms by 1020 times and more.
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In 2010 the area of intervened lands in Atyrau region including analyzed region was 2300
hectares. Most part of this area is under activity of Tengyzshevroil (area of intervened land 1881,6 hectares, recultivated - 3,2 hectares), oil and gas company Kolsaryneft (14,1 and
7,929 hectares), oil and gas company Prorvaneft (14,02 and 2,7 hectares) [4].
While transporting drill equipment to these new sections mainly heavy vehicles are used (4080 tons, the width of the track - 20-40 cm), producing load up to 12 kg/cm3, while bearing
capacity of low buffer desert soils is not more than 1,5 kg/cm3. This deforms and eliminates
all humus horizon of soil in the depth of 20-40 cm in the radius of 50-100 m at the distance
of several km. The result: constantly blowing strong winds, in winter and summer (average
wind speed - 4,8-7,1 m/sec) blow away sandy materials [5, 6]. Illustration of Aeolian process
is sections around Komsomolsk and Kosshagyl oil deposits and along liner facilities in central
part of the region where not fixed barkhans (sand ridges) are spread. In the process of
industrial exploration and taking out of crude hydrocarbons positive sand ridges were
created, with length from 200 to 1000 meters and more and height about 1,5 m [7]. Total
area of separate sections of Aeolian sands in the region of deposits is 2812 km2 [8].
Activization of Aeolian process is facilitated also by building of new and use of already existing
transport network, laying of oil and gas pipeline, hitand-miss use of transport through littlebound and non-bound soils with rare vegetation. Such misuse resulted in increase in deflation
of sand on the section of earth road, on the sor plain, at the distance of 20 km to north-west
of former village Karaton, made with the purpose of reduction of the way to the Terenozek
deposit. Deflation depth is 20-30 cm [7].
Here quick breakage of soil-vegetarian cover is determined by the fact that frequent traffic
increased load on the soils, increasing the dust rate of the participles. Sometimes moving on
such loosened and broken roads is not possible, in such case it is much easier to ride in
parallel to main road on more dense soil with un-intervened soil cover. This way of
transportation results in forming of several roads (the width of surfaced portion is 6-7 m), the
area of intervened soils grows and further activation of wind erosion takes place. Finally relief
forms look like cups and blowing-out streaks.
Anthropogenic intervention into soils and active deflation of sand is noticed also in South-East
part of Kolsary station. In this region all populated places are connected with each other by
dense piping network, automobile roads (mainly earth roads) which increase anthropogenic
load on soil-vegetarian cover. The profile of soil is broken, its genetic features change, winddust blow-out of fine materials takes place, sand deflation increases. Every 100 km
of oil and gas piping eliminate from 500 to 1000 hectares of soil cover. The zone of total
elimination of soil-vegetarian cover due to traffic on the roads is 80%. The surface of soil is
destroyed not only in the zone of direct impact, but in all zone of influence. On the pipelines
the width of intervened zone varies from 40 to 400 m [8]. The deflation centers are most
common along soil roads Kolsary-Zhem village, Kolsary-Kosshagyl, Turgyzba - Tasshagyl,
Shockpartogai -Koisary. Such deflation sections can be met along track Karaton-Sarykamys,
Makat-Kolsary-Oporny. The area of Aeolian transformation of sand is 3750 m3 [9].
One of the factors influencing development of Aeolian process, side by side with exploration
of deposits, is agriculture, namely, cattle-breeding. Proportion of pastures of season use in
the region is rather high. They all-year use (overgrazing) resulted in their extreme exhaustion
and pollution which increased the area of naked easily blown away sands.
Area of lands imposed to wind erosion is 1,8 hectares [10].
So, Aeolian process is strongly activated because of increased anthropogenic load, which can
be easily seen in the photos from space - most light,sometimes white spots. They go along
railways and automobile roads (village and earth ones), especially at their crossing, along
communication lines, oil-and gas pipelines and other engineering and technical facilities.
FOR CONTINUATION:
http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1106s/020_24047life1106s14_112_117.pdf
Or download from www.pakpas.org/EMBA.LIB/EMBA.SOIL.pdf
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4.1.3. Climatology
Ambient Temperature
As the project site falls within the borders of Aktobe city, meteorological data of Aktobe city
obtained from the State Meteorological Institute and Hong Kong Observatory were considered
in this study. Monthly average ambient air temperatures recorded in Aktobe are given in
below table.
Aktobe has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), with wide
seasonal variations in temperature. In winter, temperatures can reach a low of −48 °C
(−54 °F), with an daily average minimum of −16 °C (3 °F). Summer temperatures can reach
a high of 43 °C (109 °F), with an average maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 °F). The
weather can change rapidly, especially during spring and autumn (the especially windy days
in March when the weather changes are known locally as the Бес Қонақ, or "Five Guests").
Precipitation usually occurs in early spring and late autumn/early winter, and is otherwise
sporadic throughout the year. Overall, Aktobe receives about 330 millimetres (13 in) of
precipitation per year.
Above table is giving Aktobe region additionally to monthly average temperature, precipitation,
rain and humidly figures. Temperature information received from:
http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Emba-weather-averages/Aqtobe/KZ.aspx
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Average rainfall of Emba (mm) and average precipitation is given at below table extracted from
http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Emba-weather-averages/Aqtobe/KZ.aspx
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapourthat falls under
gravity.[1] The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupeland hail. Precipitation occurs
when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour, so that the water condenses and
"precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions because the water vapour does not
condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated:
cooling the air or adding water vapour to the air. Generally, precipitation will fall to the surface; an exception
is virga which evaporates before reaching the surface. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision
with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Rain drops range in size from oblate, pancake-like shapes for
larger drops, to small spheres for smaller drops. Unlike raindrops, snowflakes grow in a variety of different shapes
and patterns, determined by the temperature and humidity characteristics of the air the snowflake moves through
on its way to the ground. While snow and ice pellets require temperatures close to the ground to be near or below
freezing, hail can occur during much warmer temperature regimes due to the process of its formation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation
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Cloudiness
https://weatherspark.com/averages/33768/Aktyubinsk-Aktobe-Province-Kazakhstan
The annual average number of cloudless days in Emba is average 158.7, whereas the
average number of cloudy days was recorded as 26.3 (Table 7).
The median cloud cover ranges from 47% (partly cloudy) to 97% (overcast). The sky is
cloudiest on December 1 and clearest on August 10. The clearer part of the year begins
around April 29. The cloudier part of the year begins around October 9.
On August 10, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly
cloudy 43% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 21% of the time.
On December 1, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly
cloudy 66% of the time, and clear or mostly clear 11% of the time.
The fraction of time spent in each of the five sky cover categories. From top (most blue) to
bottom (most gray), the categories are clear, mostly clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy, and
overcast. Pink indicates missing data. Outside of the United States clear skies are often reported
ambiguously, leading them to be lumped in with the missing data.
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SNOW
The likelihood of snow falling is highest around January 11, occurring in 63% of days. The
season in which it is relatively likely for snow to fall spans from October 28 to April 9.
During peak snow season, accumulation at this location on a given day is about as likely as
not. The chances of there being snow on the ground are highest around January 31,
occurring 49% of the time. The season in which snow is relatively likely to be on the ground
spans from November 21 toApril 3.
The snow is typically at its deepest on February 25, with a median depth of 26.4 cm; the depth
exceeds 33.6 cm only one year out of ten.
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Wind
Over the course of the year, typical wind speeds vary from 0 m/s to 7 m/s (calm to moderate
breeze), rarely exceeding 11 m/s (strong breeze).
The highest average wind speed of 3 m/s (gentle breeze) occurs around April 1, at which
time the average daily maximum wind speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze).
The lowest average wind speed of 2 m/s (light breeze) occurs around July 27, at which time
the average daily maximum wind speed is 5 m/s (gentle breeze).
The wind is most often out of the south east (12% of the time), west (11% of the time),
and east (11% of the time).
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Average Weather For Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan
Location
This report describes the typical weather at the Aktyubinsk Airport (Aktyubinsk,
Kazakhstan) weather station over the course of an average year. It is based on the
historical records from 2000 to 2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or
unreliable.
Aktyubinsk has a humid continental climate with hot summers and no dry season. The
area within 40 km of this station is covered by grasslands (96%).
https://weatherspark.com/averages/33768/Aktyubinsk-Aktobe-Province-Kazakhstan
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4.1.4. Topography
The topography of Kazakhstan is varied. There are three mountain regions, the Altay Shan in
the northeast, the Tian Shan in the southeast, and the Ural Mountains in the northwest. In
the center of the country are vast stretches of desert and steppe (arid grassy plains). Most of
the country is desert, semidesert, or steppe.
The highest point in the country is Khan Tangiri Shyngy, a peak at 6,398 m (20,991 ft) in the
Tian Shan. The lowest point is Vpadina Kaundy, which is located in the southwest region
known as the Karagiye Depression and dips to 132 m (433 ft) below sea level. Severe
earthquakes are periodically experienced in the seismically active region along the Tian Shan.
The Irtysh River, near the northeast border, is the longest river to pass through Kazakhstan.
It has a length of 4,441 km (2,760 m). Two of the world's largest lakes are shared by
Kazakhstan: The Caspian Sea (the world's largest lake) and the Aral Sea (the fourthlargest in
the world). The largest inland lake completely within the borders of the country is Lake
Balkhash, with an area of 18,200 sq km (7,300 sq mi). It is the fifteenth-largest in the world.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kazakhstan.aspx
Aktobe Region is located in Western Kazakhstan, and is the second largest region by area in
Kazakhstan. The city of Aktobe is located where the Kargala and Ilek rivers meet. It is in the
north-central part of Aktobe Region. The Russian city of Orenburg is located some 200 km to
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the northwest, while the Russian city of Orsk is about 150 to the northeast. The area around
the city of Aktobe is mostly flat steppe, with low hills rising to the northeast. Other rivers, such
as the Emba and the Ural River, flow through the region. The region is bordered on the south
by the Aral Sea. The natural vegetation cover around Aktobe city is steppe, while the southern
parts of the region are semi-desert.
The administrative center of Aktyube Region is the city of Aktyubinsk (Aktobe in Kazakh). Its
history dates back to 1869, when a military fort was founded at the junction of two rivers: the
Kargaly and Ilek. According to legend, the hill neighboring the fort was white due to cretaceous
sediments.
That is why the city was named Aktobe, or "The White Hill" in Kazakh. The rivers Emba, Uil and
Ilek cross the Aktyube region as well. The well-known Ilek burial mounds are located on the
banks of the Ilek River. Archeological excavations of the area have provided historians with
evidence that modern Aktyube is where the legendary Aryan civilization was born.
Aktubinsk is a large industrial and cultural center of north-western Kazakhstan. It was founded
in 1869 on the fortifications of Aktube (the white hill). Local factories produce ferro-alloy, Xray equipment, agricultural machinery and oil processing equipment. There are also medical
and pedagogical universities and a summer academy.
Topography. The majority of the territory consists of hilly plains with the southern Ural range
in the north and the Mugodzhar mountains in the center, a plateau in the west, the sands of
the Karakum, Ulken and Kishi Borsyk in the southeast and the Turgai plateau in the northeast.
Soil. The northwestern part of the region is covered by feather-grass and steppe on dark
chestnut soil, the central and northeastern parts with sandy steppe on light chestnut and grey
soil and the southern part with feather-grass sands and sands on uneven soil with sand dunes
and salt flats.
RIVERS
The Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by a wide variety of water objects
possessing more than 39 thous. of rivers and ravines. They belong to the internal
closed basins of the Caspian (Ural, Emba), and Aral (Syr-Daria) seas and the lakes
Balkhash (Ili, Lepsy, Aksu, Karasu and others), Alakol (Emel) and Teniz (Nura), and
only the river Irtysh refers to the basin of the Northern Ocean.
The most density of the river network (0.4 – 1.8 km/km2 ) is characteristic for alpine
districts of the Altay, Dzhungar, and Zailiysk Alatau, and the least one for the districts
of the Aral and Caspian (less than 0,03 km/km2) sand deserts; by the nature of
sources the rivers refer in principal to three types: of primarily snow, glacier, and
mixed sources. In correspondence with the majority of river sources of the Republic
of Kazakhstan, flood-time at the rivers with glacier sources takes place mostly during
the summer period. Glaciers and eternal snow play a considerable role as sources of
rivers in alpine zones.
The following 7 rivers have the length of more than 1.000 km: Irtysh, Ural, Syr-
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Darya, Ili, Ishim, Chu, and others. 155 rivers are more than 100 km long, and more
than 6 thous. of rivers are more than 10 km long. There are only 6 rivers in
Kazakhstan with water consumption of 10 to 1.000 m3 / sec.
Aqsû River
The Aqsû River in eastern Kazakhstan which flows into Lake Balkhash
Chu River
The Chu (or Chui or Chuy) (Russian: Чу, Kyrgyz: Чүй, Kazakh: Шу) is one of the
longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and drains the northern Kyrgyz ranges of the western
Tian Shan, flowing through the Chuy valley near the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek before
leaving Kyrgyzstan and flowing into Kazakhstan. It total length is approx. 1,030 km.
For some of its length it forms the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Along
its course, much of its water is diverted to irrigate the fertile black soils of the Chuy
Valley for farming. Like many other rivers and streams that drain northern
Kyrgyzstan, the Chu eventually dries up in the Kazakh steppe. The Chu River flows
through the capital Bishkek and the mining town of Kara-Balta. Chuy Oblast, the
northernmost and most populous administrative region of Kyrgyzstan, is named after
the river.
Emba River
The Emba River (Kazakh: Zhem) in west Kazakhstan rises in the Mugodzhar Hills
and flows some 400 miles (640 km) southwest into the Caspian Sea. It flows through
the north of the Ust-Urt plateau, and reaches the Caspian by a series of shallow
lagoons, which were navigable in the 18th century. The lower course traverses an
area of salt domes and the petroleum-rich Emba fields. It is considered by some
experts as a boundary between Asia and Europe and was first proposed as such by
Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.
Ilek River
The Ilek River is a tributary of the Ural River and lies in the Orenburg Oblast in
Russia and Republic of Kazakhstan. Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River:
Alga and Aqtöbe (alternate spelling: Aktöbe, Aktyubinsk). The Ilek River remains the
most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin. The content of boron and
chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via
ground water. The quality class of water in the Ilek River changes from 4 – “polluted
water” to 6 – “very polluted water” ("Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new
millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002). A further tributary of the Ilek
River is the Bol'saja Chobda.
Ili River
The Ili River (Russian: Или; Chinese: 伊犁河, Yili He) is a river in northwestern China
(Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region) and
southeastern Kazakhstan (the Almaty Province). It is 1,439 km (870 miles) long,
815 km of which in Kazakhstan. It takes its beginning in eastern Tian Shan from the
Tekes and Kunges (or Künes) rivers. The Ili River drains the basin between the Tian
Shan the Borohoro (P'o-lo-k'o-nu) Mountains to the north. Flowing into Lake Balkhash
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it forms an immense delta with vast wetland regions of lakes, marches and junglelike vegetation.
Irtysh River
Irtysh (Russian: Иртыш ; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс ; Tatar: İrteş / Иртеш ;
Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a river in Siberia, the chief tributary of the river Ob. Its
name means White River. It is actually longer than the Ob to their confluence.
Irtysh's main affluent is Tobol River. The Ob-Irtysh form a major basin in Asia,
encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.
Ishim River
Ishim River (Russian: Иши́м; Kazakh: Esil) is a river running through Kazakhstan
and Russia. Its length is 2,450 km (1,530 mi). It is a left tributary of the Irtysh River.
The Ishim River is partly navigable and passes through Astana, the capital of
Kazakhstan. According to the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Astana
was chosen as the capital in part due to the presence of the river. The city is also
divided into two sections, the Right Bank of the Ishim or the old town, and the Left
Bank, where the new government buildings such as Ak Orda, the House of the
Government, and the Supreme Court are located, as well as many prestigious
apartment and living complexes.
Karatal River
The Karatal River (Russian: Каратал) rises in the Dzungarsk-Alatau Mountains near
the border of Kazakhstan and China. The river flows generally northwestward turning
generally northward when it reaches the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert, a large sand desert
south of Lake Balkhash. The river empties into Lake Balkhash. Karatal freezes up in
December and stays icebound until March.
Syr Darya
Syr Darya (Uzbek: Sirdaryo; Kazakh: Сырдарья; Tajik: Сирдарё; Persian: ‫ سيردريا‬,
also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia, sometimes known
as the Jaxartes or Yaxartes from its Ancient Greek name ὁ Ιαξάρτης. The Greek
name is derived from Old Persian, Yakhsha Arta ("Great Pearly"), a reference to the
color of the river's water. In medieval Islamic writings, the river is uniformly know as
Sayhoun (‫ ) سيحون‬- after one of the four rivers of Paradise. (Amu Darya was likewise
known as Jayhoun, the name of another one of the four).
The name, which comes from Persian and has long been used in the East, is a
relatively recent one in western writings; prior to the early 20th century, the river
was known by various versions of its ancient Greek name. It marked the
northernmost limit of Alexander of Macedon's conquests. Greek historians have
claimed that here in 329 BC he founded the city Alexandria Eschate (literally,
"Alexandria the Furthest") as a permanent garrison. The city is now known as
Khujand. In reality, he had just renamed (and possibly, expanded) the city of
Cyropolis founded by king Cyrus the Great of Persia, more than two centuries earlier.
The river rises in two headstreams in the Tien Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and
eastern Uzbekistan -- the Naryn River and the Kara Darya River -- and flows for some
2,220 km (1,380 miles) west and north-west Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to
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the remains of the Aral Sea. The Syr Darya drains an area of over 800,000 square
kilometres, but no more than 200,000 square kilometres actually contributes water to
the river. Its annual flow is a very modest 28 cubic kilometres (23 million acre feet)
per year - half that of its sister river, the Amu Darya.Along its course, the Syr Darya
irrigates the most fertile cotton-growing region in the whole of Central Asia, together
with the towns of Kokand, Khujand, Kyzyl-Orda and Turkestan.
Talas River
The Talas River crosses the territory of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. It is formed
from the confluence of the Karakol and Uchkosha, running down the Kyrgyz Ridge
and the Talas Alatau. It runs through the city of Taraz in Zhambyl region of
Kazakhstan and vanishes before reaching Lake Aydyn.
Tobol River
Tobol (Russian: Тобол) is a river in Kazakhstan and Kurgan and Tyumen Oblasts in
Russia, left tributary of the Irtysh. The length of the Tobol River is 1591 km. The area
of its drainage basin is 426,000 sq km. The lower reaches of the river freeze up in
late October - November, the upper reaches - in November. It stays under the ice
until the second half of April - early May. The Tobol River is navigable within 437 km
from its estuary.
Tuolba River
Tuolba is a small river running through the town of Alexeyevka in Kazakhstan.
Turgai (Turgay) River
Turgai (Turgay) (Russian: Тургай) is a river in Kazakhstan. It is 825 km long, the
surface is 157,000 square km. Average water consumption is around 9 cubic
meters/second. The Turgai disappears in the sinkless hollow of Shalkarteniz. The river
sits in the Turgai Valley.
Ural River
The Ural (Russian: Урал, Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq), known as Yaik before
1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural
Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,509 mi (2,428 km). It
forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia.
3-2- Lakes
There are more than 48.462 lakes and ponds with a total area of about 45.000 km2
on the territory of Kazakhstan. There are 3.041 lakes with an area of more than 1
km2 , and the average ratio of lake water is about 1.65%. The total reserve of water
in them makes up about 83 km3. The largest lakes are Balkhash, Zaisan, Sileteniz,
Teniz, and others.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan there are 2 main types of lake hollows: of tectonic and
exogenous origin. Large lakes such as the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea, Tengiz,
Balkhash, Alakol, Sassykkol, Markakol, and others are located in tectonic cavities.
Siletiniz, Teke, Zhalauly, Kyzylkak, Ulken, Karay, and others refer to the second type
of lakes. In terms of water exchange lakes without an outflow are prevailing. In the
period of spring snow melting the level of lakes rises from 0.2 to 6 m due to the
inflow of large quantities of water. By the middle of spring due to huge evaporation
and filtration the level of lakes sharply goes down, and some reservoirs completely
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dry up.
The Balkhash Lake has an area of about 18.300 km2. It is a valuable fish supplier in
the south of Kazakhstan. The rivers Ili, Aksu, Karatal, Lepsy, and others are flowing
into it. At the coast of the lake there is the Balkhash copper-smelting factory that is
contaminating the lake with industrial waste.
Lake Alakol
Lake Alakol (located at 46°10′N, 81°35′E) is a lake located at 347 m altitude in east
central Kazakhstan, is the northwest extension of the region known as the
Dzhungarian Gate. This narrow valley connects the southern uplands of Kazakhstan
with arid northwest China. The Dzhungarian Gate is a fault-bounded valley (see
vertical line on the image along the southwest side of the lake) where the elevation of
the valley floor is between 350-450 m above sea level and the peaks of the
Dzhungarsky Alatau range (lower left) reach 4,463 m above sea level. Two, welldefined alluvial fans are visible where mountain streams cut through the faulted
landscape (southwest side of lake).
Lake Alakol, a salt lake, has a drainage basin of 65,200 km² and receives water
periodically from the southerly draining Urdzhar River at the north end of the lake.
The surface area of the lake is 2,650 km², and is 54 m deep at its maximum depth,
with a volume of 58.6 km³. A swampy, lowland connects the northwest end of Lake
Alakol with the lighter-colored Lake Sasykkol (bottom center).
The Alakol State Sanctuary has been created to protect the area for the lake is an
important breeding and nesting ground for various wetland birds, notably the very
rare Relict Gull.
Agricultural activity in this arid region is limited to areas where adequate moisture is
available, mainly along ephemeral streambeds and in the deltas and alluvial fans.
Lake Balkhash
Lake Balkhash (Kazakh: Balqash Köli) is a lake in southeastern Kazakhstan, the
second largest in Central Asia after the Aral Sea. It is a closed basin that is part of
the endorheic basin that includes the Caspian and Aral seas.
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Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea (Persian: ‫ دریای خزر‬Daryā-ye Khazar) is the largest lake on Earth by
area, with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume
of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18,761 cu mi). It is a landlocked endorheic body of water
and lies between Russia and Iran. It has a maximum depth of about 1025 meters
(3,363 ft). It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted
the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a
third the salinity of most water from the ocean.
Lake Chagan
Lake Chagan (or Lake Balapan), Kazakhstan, is a lake created by the Chagan
nuclear test. It is roughly 10,000,000 m3 in volume, or 2.6 billion gallons.
As of 2006, the area is still radioactive, and has been called the Atomic Lake. As at
the Trinity site of the first United States nuclear weapon test in Alamagordo, New
Mexico, the exposed rock was melted into a glassy substance.
Kaindy Lake
Kaindy Lake is a 400 meter long lake in Kazakhstan that reaches depths near 30
meters in some areas. It is located 320 km from the city of Almaty and is 2000
meters above sea level. It was created by the result of an enormous limestone
landslide. The track to Kaindy lake has many scenic views to the Saty Gorge, the
Chilik River valley and the Kaindy gorge. The dried-out trunks of submerged picea
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schrenkiana trees rise above the surface of the water like masts of a sunken ship.
Lake Kamyslybas
Lake Kamyslybas is a large saltwater lake in the Qyzylorda Province, Kazakhstan. It
has an area of 176 km², water level in the lake often fluctuates. It lies in the northern
part of Syr Darya's delta, to which it is connected by a canal. Lake Kamyslybas is
used to fishery.
Lake Sasykkol
Lake Sasykkol is a lake in eastern part of Kazakhstan. It is located at around
46°35′0″N, 81°0′0″E. It has an area of 600 km² (736 km² when water level in the
lake is high), average depth of 3.3 m and maximum depth of 4.7 m. Fishery on the
lake is common.
Lake Tengiz
Lake Tengiz (Russian: Тенгиз) is a salt lake in north-central part of Kazakhstan. It is
located at around 50°26′23″N, 68°54′0″E. It has an area of 1,382 km², average
depth of 2.5 m and maximum depth of 6.7 m. Lake Tengiz is an important wetland
site for birds. It is designated a Ramsar wetland site of international importance. 295
species of birds have been recorded at Lake Tengiz, 22 of which are endangered.
Lake Zaysan
Lake Zaysan (Russian: озеро Зайсан) is a freshwater lake, ca. 1,810 km² (700
mi²), in eastern Kazakhstan, in a hollow between the Altai and Tarbagatay
Mountains.
The lake lies at the altitude 420 m, is 105 km long and 22-48 km wide, with the
maximum depth 15 m. Its major tributaries are the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) and
Kendyrlyk from the east, its only outlet is the Irtysh River (or White Irtysh).
It abounds in fish. The lake is generally frozen from the beginning of November to the
end of April. Since the construction of the Bukhtarma dam the lake has risen 6 m (20
ft) above its natural level.
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3-3- Glaciers
Analysis of the status of the Zailiysk Alatau northern slope glaciers on the basis of
mapping materials, air photos of different years (1955, 1979, and 1990) testify to the
Northern Tien-Shan freezing destruction. The data given in the table testify to the
speed and intensity of the freezing degradation of this region in 1955 to 1990, and
the direction of the glaciers evolution and mass exchange during 35 years.
Indicators of the degradation of the Zailiysky Alatau northern slope modern
freezing in 1955 – 1990.
Indicator
Quantity of glaciers
Area of freezing,
km2
Volume of glaciers,
km3
Average length of
glaciers, km
1955
307
1979
267
1990
330
1955-90
+23
287.3
229.05
203.54
-83.76
11.540
8.829
7.814
-3.726
1.47
1.29
0.99
-0.48
Increase of the quantity of glaciers in the region during this period taking place
simultaneously with reduction of their total area, is caused by the disintegration of
large glaciers into smaller ones and separation of tributaries. In total during this
period 56 glaciers have melted, and 57 ones have disintegrated, out of which 131
new glaciers appeared. The other three dozens glaciers approximately are on the
brink of such disintegration. The disintegration process was especially intensive in
1979-90, when the quantity of glaciers increased 63 times.
Increase of the quantity of glaciers causes increase of the freezing fractions, the
indirect indicator of which is an average glacier area. It has changed in the following
manner: 1955- 0.94, 1979 – 0.86, and 1990 – 0.62 km2 , i.e. the average size of a
glacier has decreased during 35 years by 0.32km2 , or by 34%.
The average speed of the glacier area reduction during 35 years has made up almost
2.4 km2/year, and the freezing area during this time has reduced by 29.2%, i.e. by
0.8% per year. No increase of glaciers has been recorded. Reduction of the ice area
takes place not only at the glacier frontier and boards. High parts with a minimum
thickness of ice very often also degrade intensively, i.e. there is not only frontier but
also area degradation of glaciers, resulting in decreasing of their length and area both
at the bottom and at the top.
Freezing degradation also showed in the decrease of their thickness and ice volume.
Relative decrease of the glacier volume in the system in overall has made up 32.3%
i.e. 1/3 of the initial ice stock. The average speed of the volume decrease is
approximately 0.1 km3/year, or by 0.9%/year.
According to the data on the change of such degradation indicators, both the area
and the volume of glaciers, their balance amount has been evaluated for the whole
system. During 35 years their mass average annual balance has turned out to be
considerable negative, and made 390 mm, i.e. the total unrecoverable loss of the
mass from the whole glacier area during this time is equal to 13.65 m in the water
layer.
Thus a clear trend of degradation of the region modern freezing has been revealed,
that shows in the reduction of the area, receding of the ends, volume decrease, and
negative balance of the glacier mass. The glacier fluctuations take place as forced
ones, which are caused by the directed change of climatic conditions in the direction
of warming.
Presently, in 1998 the Zailiysk Alatau northern slope freezing area, according to our
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estimates (E.M.Vilesov) makes up already 185 km2 (without a moraine of the Fernau
stage).
The same full information on the changes of the deglaciation indicators is available
now for the glacier system of river Chilik basin, that covers the Zailiysky Alatau
southern slope and the Kungey Alatau northern slope (within the Republic of
Kazakhstan).
As for the changes of morpho-metric and mass-balance glacier indicators for the
years 1955-1990 throughout the whole territory of Kazakhstan, their quantities can
be approximately assessed on the analogy with the results obtained for the Zailiysky
Alatau. The work in this direction is being carried out.
4.1.5. Ambient Air Quality (Current Status)
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/coop/c_report/kazakhstan_h17/english/pdf/008.pdf
Air pollution in Kazakhstan is common in the major cities and industrial areas where about a
half of the population is concentrated. The major pollution sources include non-ferrous
metallurgy, thermal power plants, steelmaking plants, petroleum and natural gas extraction
and motor vehicles.
In the rapidly progressing extraction of petroleum and natural gas in the Caspian Sea coasts,
emissions of air pollutants caused by the combustion of associated gas are serious. In addition,
in the metallurgical plants in the non-ferrous industry in the eastern industrial area, poorquality fuel is used and the conventional, inefficient pollution control equipment has not
been improved. Therefore, it is reported that increasing numbers of workers are flowing into
urban areas and seeking employment without the risk of pollution-related health damage. In
the urban areas, in turn, traffic restrictions and fuel regulations are not yet improved in spite
of the recent rapid increase in motor vehicles, and the air pollution from car exhaust emissions
has become serious.
Baraboye National Park (Akmola Oblast) 31 Air pollution observation post (Almaty City)
Current Status of Air Pollution
Monitoring of ambient air pollution is carried out at observation posts installed by the Hydrometeorological Office (Kazhydromet) in 20 major cities and villages. The items measured
include suspended dust, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol, and
formaaldehyde. Samples are collected once to three times every day and analyzed based on
the gravimetric method or colorimetric method. As the environmental quality standards for
ambient air, Kazakhstan has defined the Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for a total
of 14 substances (See Table 6.4). In addition, the degree of the overall ambient air pollution is
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indicated by the Index of Air Pollution (IAP). This is a composite index determined using an
excess multiplication factor for the MPC in measured pollutants.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
Table 6.5 provides a comparison of the Index of Air Pollution (IAP) averaged over 9 months for
individual cities in 2005 against the measured results in 2003 and 2004. In addition, Table 6.6
provides details on the measured results in 2005.
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Of the points ranking the most highly for severe air pollution in 2005, formaldehyde was found
to be in excess of MPC more times than other pollutants, which implies that the pollution is
primarily attributable to car exhaust emissions. The city of Almaty, which is
Exposed to the most serious ambient air pollution, exhibited concentrations of 0.07 mg/m3 of
nitrogen dioxide and 0.019 mg/m3 of formaldehyde in the first half of 2005, indicating that air
pollution caused by car exhaust emissions is serious. The city of Almaty is located in a basin,
which causes a climate condition conducive to pollutant build up throughout the year. There
are days in which the concentration of formaldehyde per hour exceeds the 0.035 mg/m3
Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) by 10 times.
In addition, in the industrial cities, Karaganda, Shymkent, Aktobe and Ust-Kamenogorsk, due
to the higher ash content of coals used as fuel and the inefficient flue-gas treatment facilities
in the plants and power stations, emissions of pollutants are increasing with the recent brisk
economic activities. Furthermore, in Atyrau Oblast, crowded with petroleum and natural gas
extraction enterprises, the air pollution is worsening due to the sulfur oxides (SOx) and soot
and dust (fly ash) from the combustion of associated gas.
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Emissions of air pollutants
Emissions of pollutants from factories, plants and other stationary sources constitute the
major factors for air pollution in the industrial areas.
Table 6.7 provides per-capita emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources in
Kazakhstan. With the brisk economic activities in recent years, the emissions are increasing.
Fig. 6.2 shows emissions by oblast. Greater emissions occurred in the oblasts of Karaganda,
Pavlodar, Atyrau, Mangystau, Kostanay and West-Kazakhstan, and it is in these oblasts that
the enterprises of mining and metallurgy industries are concentrated.
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Air pollutant emission control
In Kazakhstan, there is no established emission standard to be applied commonly to all air
pollutants emitted from plants, but the emission control is based on the Maximum Permission
Concentration (MPC) defined by the department of environment in individual oblasts or cities.
MPC is determined based on a simulation model for the spread of air pollutants to limit the
concentration of pollutants to the environmental quality standards at a point 2 m above the
ground on the border of a hygienic protected area, 1,000 m distant from a plant. The oblasts
or cities carry out annual in-plant inspections of plants to which the emission control is
applied. The items inspected include the concentration of exhaust gas, wastewater, waste,
soil, in-plant ambient air, neighboring ambient air, and water quality of neighboring rivers.
FOR CONTINUATION:
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/coop/c_report/kazakhstan_h17/english/pdf/008.pdf
4.1.6. Noise
The area proposed for the construction of the power plant close to the Jem Organized
Industrial district. The closest residential area is 3 km away from the plant site. Currently, the
national noise standards of 70 dBA for day and 60 dBA for night conditions given for
commercial/residential areas are not exceeded.
NOISE SOURCES
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KZ ENVIRONMENTAL CODE:212 http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K070000212_/compare
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4.1.7. Flora and Fauna
General information
Western Kazakhstan includes Western-Kazakhstani, Atyrau, Mangistau and Aktobe
regions; it is located in the far western and southwestern part of the republic. Climate is
sharply continental, dry. Average temperature in summer is about +27Cº, at times can
reach +40Cº.
Major rivers are Ural and Emba. The biggest lakes are Inder, Aralsor, Kamysh-Samarskie
lakes. Caspian Sea has a crucial role in the region. For more than 100 years oil is being
extracted here; Atyrau city is the center for mining and canning of caviar.
Exceptionally attractive landscapes, diverse fauna of Ustyurt reserve, many historical
and cultural monuments, picturesque places of Caspian coast are of considerable interest
for potential tourist:
Karagiye (“black hollow” from Kazakh) is the lowest point in Kazakhstan and CIS (132
meters below sea level). It is remarkable for its fantastic beauty.
Following the Great Silk Road. One of the most attractive routes in Mangistau is the trip
along the Great Silk Road, which in ancient times passed through these places from south
to the coast of Caspian Sea. Caravanserais, small settlements survived here: Sartash, Alta,
Ketyk. There is a legendary sacred mountain Sherkala, and not far away from the mountain
there are ruins of the fortress, which belonged to Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan.
There are a lot of historical and architectural monuments: carved out of rock underground
mosques Beket-Ata, Eset Batyr (Eset warrior) memorial complex and many others.
Ustyurt national biospheric reserve has the area of 70,000 ha; desert landscapes of
Turan Lowland and Ustyurt plateu are typical for this place. The reserve is a safe shelter for
rare animals, such as: ustyurt moufflon, cheetah, saiga, gazelle, jackal, fox, long spined
hedgehog, ferret and others.
Archaeological sights of Ustyurt. Ruins of ancient settlements, ancient cemeteries with
magnificent mausoleums-mazars are spread along the plateau. There are also prehistoric
monuments. More than 60 Neolithic Sights are known on the plateau.
Cities of Western Kazakhstan
Aktobe, Aktau, Atyrau, Uralsk
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Over six thousand kinds of plants are growing in Kazakhstan (from them 515 - only here),
on its open spaces it is possible to meet about 500 kinds of birds, 178 kinds of animals, 49
kinds of reptiles, 12 kinds of amphibians, and in the rivers and lakes - 107 kinds of fishes. A
variety of invertebrate animals here is even more: not only there are more then thousand
kinds of insects. Mollusks, worms, spiders, crustaceous and others living in Kazakhstan are
not less than 30 thousand kinds.
Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally
occurring orindigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animal life
is fauna. Flora, fauna and other forms of lifesuch as fungi are collectively referred to
as biota. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms gut
flora or skin flora.[1][2][3]
The study of natural habitat of the flora types of Aktjubinskaya flora region defined 79
species with real disjunctive natural habitats that made up 6.05% of the total number of our
flora species. According to the spatial disjunction 3 groups of disjunctive natural habitats
were revealed: a mega-disjunctive group, a macro-disjunctive group and a meso-disjunctive
one. The ratio of disjunctive natural habitat groups of Aktjubinskaya flora region proves the
heterogeneity and heterochroma of the flora.
http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dizyunktsiya-vo-flore-aktyubinskogo-floristicheskogo-okruga
Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term
for plants is flora. Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred
to as biota. Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of
animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess
Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages, which is a
series of rocks all containing similar fossils.
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Northern Kazakhstan is fertile chernozem forest-steppe; to the south - steppe, behind them
semi-deserts and sandy deserts with saxaul thickets. On slopes of mountains are located the
coniferous woods.
The plateau Usturt of Kazakhstan, located between Caspian and Aral seas, is a slightly hilly
deserted plain, faintly covered by a wormwood; only in widely widespread hollows are black
saxauls. Unique beauty of a landscape give steep benches - chinks. Western chink is
especially picturesque, which height achieves 340 meters; the breakages, destroyed by a
wind, accept him whimsical form.
Only in Kazakhstan live such rare animals as Transcaspian urial, long-needle hedgehog and
some wild cats: caracal and desert cat. Here is a lot of slim goitred gazelles, deserted birds black-tailed sand grouse, Pallas sand grouse, wheatear and larks.
The slopes of Northern Tien Shan are covered with fur-tree woods, and Western Tien Shan with the low bushes and meadows; the gorges have apple- and nut-trees with woods, the
tops are covered with eternal snows and glaciers.
Only here it is possible to meet fury ounce, Tien Shan brown bear, Siberian ibex, and from
birds - famous lammergeyer, the scope of which wings reaches more than three meters,
Snow cock (it calls also mountain turkey), snow vulture, griffon vulture, favorite of the
Kazakh hunters - golden eagle, high-mountainous finches, chough and Alpine chough.
In the Altai mountains of Kazakhstan, covered with taiga woods you will meet a giant moose,
beautiful maral, our smallest deer - musk deer, famous sable, chipmunk.
Here is possible to see capercaillie, hazel grouse, partridges. On high-mountainous lake
Markakol in Southern Altai of Kazakhstan was founded a national park for protection of flora
and fauna, especially of fishes. On lakes there are a lot of waterfowl birds. And in the woods
on its coast were kept nesting-places of such rare birds as fish hawk and black stork; at tops
are living very rare here snow cock.
The steppes of Kazakhstan are magnificent. The special charm to them is given by fresh and
salty lakes, on which are thousands of waterfowls and coastal birds submitted tens kinds of
ducks, geese, gull, sea swallow, herons.
Besides lakes most southern here in Kazakhstan is protected unique pine wood. A lot of
predatory birds are living in Kazakhstan steppes - imperial eagle, falcons.
The deserts of Kazakhstan are rather original. Basically, it is extensive clay plains, covered by
bushes and warmot. For Kazakhstan deserts are most typical reptiles - Central Asian turtle,
the largest lizard - grey monitor lizard (lives only in Kyzylkum desert), sand- and toad
agama, many kinds of gecko and 17 kinds of the snakes, from which only three are
poisonous: steppe and ordinary adder and mocassin.
For further Information, refer to: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/kaz/index.stm
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4.1.8. Archaeological and Cultural Resources
There are no archeological sites or recreational areas in or near the project site.
4.1.9. Land Use
The power plant is planned to be constructed in the Emba city, Aktobe District. The intended
Project area is neighboring the Emba Organized Industrial District named Jem. The map
showing the site of 1/25000 scale is given in Figure 1. The proposed project site is industrial
land according to the Land Registry. The scanned copies of land registry documents are given
in www.pakpas.org/EMBA.LIB/zcd.pdf
4.1.10. Sensitive Zones
The project site and its surroundings, upon investigation considering the Annex-V (List of
Sensitive Zones) of the EIA Regulation, is not classified as ‘Protection Zones as required by
National regulation’ according to the Article 1 of the list, not classified as Protection Zones.
Local government has allocated subject plot to “Zhana Dauir Invest” to build named Power
Plant after checked suitability.
4.2. Biological Environment
4.2.1. Wetlands
There are no wetlands in or around the project area.
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of
a distinct ecosystem.[2] Primarily, the factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the
characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants,[3][4] adapted to its unique hydric soil. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment,
principally water purification, flood control, and shoreline stability. Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all
ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.[5] Wetlands occur naturally on every continent
except Antarctica,[6] the largest including the Amazon River basin, the West Siberian Plain,[7] and the Pantanal.[8] The water found
in wetlands can be freshwater, brackish, orsaltwater.[4] The main wetland types include swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens;[9] and
sub-types include mangrove,carr, pocosin, and varzea. They can also be constructed artificially as a water management tool, which
may play a role in the developing field of water-sensitive urban design. The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined
that
environmental
degradation
is
more
prominent
within
wetland
systems
than
any
other
ecosystem
on
Earth.
International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to inform people
about wetland issues.[citation needed]
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4.2.2. Vegetation
The project site neighbors the “Jem” Organized district on one side. The land located in the
west part of the plant consists of short plantation.
The remaining side is devoid of any vegetation of conservation concern.
4.2.3. Wildlife
The land proposed for the project is highly modified by human activities that there is no
wildlife of major conservation concern in the area.
4.2.4. Social Environment
The selected location for the plant is near the Emba-Jem Organized Industrial District, and
there are no residential areas in the 5 km radius of the plant.
DEMOGRAPHY
According to the 2011 census, the population of Kazakhstan is 16,207,000.
Population 1,181,000 live in rural sites. Population data is shown in below Table
Aktobe (Kazakh: Ақтөбе облысы, Aqtöbe oblısı) is a region of Kazakhstan. The Aktobe
regional capital is the city of Aktobe, with a population of more than 340,000. The region
itself has a population 678,900. The area of the region is 300,600 square kilometers, making
it the second largest region of Kazakhstan, afterKaraganda Region. Aktobe Region
borders Russia to the north and Uzbekistan to the south, and also borders six other Kazakh
regions: the Atyrau Region to the west, the Mangystau Region to the south-west,
the Karaganda Region to the east, the Kostanay Region to the north-east, the Kyzylorda
Region to the south-east, and the West Kazakhstan Region to the north-west. The Ilek River,
a tributary of the Ural River, flows through the region. The name "Aktobe" comes
from Kazakh "Ақ" (white) and "төбе" (hill); supposedly, Aktobe's initial settlers were able to
see white mountains far to the north.
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Demographics
According to the national census of 2009, the area's population was 779,542 people, 407,217
women and 372,325 men. Kazakhs — 614,961 people (79%), unlike in other areas of the
country they form an overwhelming majority of the population of the area. There are a lot of
Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Germans, Koreans, Moldavians, Jews, Armenians, Chechens and
others in the area as well.
END OF SECTION-4
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CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
5.1. Construction Phase
5.1.1. Physical and Chemical
This section of the report describes the potential environmental impacts, both negative and
positive, that are likely to result from the construction and operation of the thermal-power
plant in “Emba-Jem”. The possible mitigation measures identified for the significant negative
impacts are
presented in the next section of this report. Physical and chemical impacts of power plant
Construction may include those on geology, soils, topography, landforms, and meteorology,
Climate, air and water quality, and noise. Potential environmental impacts on each are
presented as the following:
5.1.1.1. Geology and Soils
There will be no significant soil disturbances and no significant impacts on local geology since
the site will not need any preparation activities such as drilling, blasting. The whole system
will be brought to site as a compact unit requiring no heavy construction at site. There will be
minor work in the construction of the site, which will cause insignificant amount of excavation
soil, construction and debris waste, which will be handled according to the Regulation on
excavation soil, construction and debris waste.
5.1.1.2. Topography and Landforms
Local topography will not be altered.
5.1.1.3. Climate and Meteorology
Impacts on the microclimate and meteorology of the local area will be negligible. There will
be no changes in surface albedo and no aerodynamic disturbances.
5.1.1.4. Air Quality
Air quality emissions problems resulting from the construction activities will be limited to
fugitive windblown dust, internal combustion engines in heavy equipment and onsite power
Generators. These impacts will be low and short-lived. There will be no burning of vegetation
and/or other refuse.
5.1.1.5. Noise
Noise impacts may occur as a result of operation of heavy equipment, pile drivers, and onsite
power generation. Estimated noise level outputs were obtained from equipment manufacturers,
the impacts are assessed to be insignificant since the national, and World Bank standards will
not be exceeded. The article of national ‘Evaluation and Management of Environmental Noise
Regulation’ (Code-212)
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.
5.1.1.6. Hydrology
Groundwater Fresh water required by the personnel will be supplied from the wells to be dirilled
at and/or around the site with necessary permissions taken from the State Hydraulic Works as
required by the Groundwater Law. The daily discharges from the well will not have any adverse
affect on the local hydrology.
The water demand is estimated based on the assumption of 75 l/cap/day consumption. The
number of workers together with possible visitors is estimated as 250 people. Hence the
waterdemand is calculated as:
250 x 75 lt/cap/day= 18 750 lt/day
Surface Water
There will be no surface water use. There will be no discharges to a receiving surface body.
Independent compact treatment units will treat the wastewater generated at the site and the
treated wastewater will be used for irrigation.
5.1.1.7. Water Quality
Water quality issues associated with power plant construction are often minor. In this
particular case, there will be no liquid or solid wastes generated from the plant which will be
disposed directly to cause any adverse effect on environment.
The amount of domestic wastewater generated by the plant’s personnel is assumed equal to
the estimated amount of water usage, which is approximately 20 m3/day. The wastewaters
generated at the plant will be treated with individual treatment units to give an effluent
appropriate for irrigational purposes.
Use of treated wastewater for irrigation and the possible percolation will not be a problem
since the treatment unit will ensure safe use for irrigation pursuant to the Article 28 of the
Water Pollution Control Regulation (Date: 21.12.2004, no: 25687) and the standards set out
in Technical Procedures Notification (Code-212)
Storm water will be channeled and removed through the storm drains.
5.1.1.8. Solid Waste
Solid waste during the construction phase will be minimal since the system will be installed as
a whole (mostly skid mounted) unit. Solid wastes such as rejected components and
materials, packing and shipping materials (pallets, crates, Styrofoam®, plastics, etc.), and
human garbage will be disposed properly to sanitary landfills as required by the national Solid
Waste Control Regulation.
The amount of solid was generated by the personnel is estimated based on 1 kg/cap/day
solid.waste generation assumption. Hence the generated solid waste is calculated as:
250 x 1 kg/cap/day= 250 kg/day
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5.1.2. Biological
The presence of local flora and fauna were determined and evaluation of construction impacts
was made.
5.1.2.1. Flora and Fauna
There are no endangered flora and fauna determined on the project site; therefore,
construction should have no adverse affects on endangered flora and fauna.
The plant patterns in the project site will be removed from as a result of clearance for
Construction. The project site is near the industrial zone, therefore there will be no concerns
for wild life disturbance as there is no suitable habitat in terms of suitable natural flora cover
and related fauna. There are no endangered species present at the project site. There will be
very minor impacts on fauna due to the construction of the plant
5.1.2.2. Ecosystems
Impacts of construction on ecosystem will be negligible since there will be:
•No removal or interference with prey of predatory animals;
•No effluent discharges;
•No significant siltation from run-off, altering aquatic and marine flora and fauna populations
and hence population dynamics of dependent organisms;
•No noises disrupting breeding behavior or use of breeding grounds, resulting in shifts in
population dynamics; and
•No removal of predatory animals resulting in increased prey populations that exceed the
carrying capacity of the local environment.
5.1.3. Socio-economic
5.1.3.1. Demographic
The construction of plant will have limited effects on the demographic conditions since the
Number of workers in the construction phase will be 200 people. There will be no permanent
Living quarters associated with this power plant. Hence there will be no increased demand on
local infrastructure, such as utilities, housing, medical facilities, schools, water, and food. The
Project will not cause any displacement of individuals whose livelihood depends on the land
that will be occupied by the Project. The labor force for the construction of the plant will be
supplied also from Aktobe, which will result in increased disposable income of plant
employees.
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5.1.3.2. Land Use
The primary changes in land use during the construction will be basically at the plant site,
which is currently registered industrial land.
Outside the project site, change in land use will be limited to infrastructures that will be
installed to support the plant such as the road access and storm water
Collection system.
5.1.4. Occupational Health and Safety
Health and safety impacts of the project on workers and communities in the area of influence
of the project will be reasonably managed according to the national Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation in order to reduce the likelihood of accidents and work-related illnesses on
the job as well as accidents occurring between construction related equipment and local
vehicles. Since the project site is near the industrial district and minimum 3 km away from
the nearest residential area possible impacts on local people and pedestrians are assumed to
be negligible.
OPERATION PERIOD
5.2. Operation Phase
Environmental impacts from the power plant operation that will be quantified and reported
include those on existing air, water, and soil quality, and the disposal of solid wastes. Long
and short-term impacts on flora, fauna, human populations, and the health and safety of
workers in the surrounding community were evaluated.
5.2.1.1 Geology and Soils
Soil impacts consist of negligible effects of windblown fugitive dust. Since the plant will run on
natural gas only, and the plant will be equipped with dry low NOx technology hence
deposition of sulphates, nitrates and metals from the stack plume, as adsorbed or
incorporated into particles, will cause negligible effects.
5.2.1.2. Topography and Landforms
Local topography will not be altered and there will be no possible effects on landforms such
as swamps and shorelines.
5.2.1.3. Climate and Meteorology
There will be no significant impact on the microclimate and meteorology of the local area
caused by changes in surface albedo and aerodynamic disturbances. There will be no
significant impact on precipitation patterns by increased availability of condensation nuclei
downwind of the power plant as there will be no particulates in the stack plume.
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5.2.1.4. Air Emissions
Air quality impacts during operation of a thermal power plant consist primarily of stack gases
emitted following fuel combustion. Emissions will be comprised of particulate matter (PM),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), the greenhouse
gases (GHGs), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4), trace amounts of various metals,
and trace amounts of organic and inorganic compounds.
The proportions and amounts of pollutants emitted depend on the fuel quality and
combustion strategy.
In this particular case, the plant will operate on natural gas only, which proves the
advantages of low carbon dioxide and NOx emissions, negligible release of SO2 and TSPM
(Total Suspended Particulate Matter), and no ash or other hazardous wastes. The
characteristics of SIEMENS SGT-800 gas turbine are given in previos pages under heading of
Gas Turbines.
Rated Capacity:
Stack Height:
Stack Inner Diameter:
Stack gas average velocity:
Stack Gas flow rate:
Stack gas density:
Stack gas temperature:
210 MW (average)
62 m.
7,34 m
23,20 m/s
687 kg/hr
0,7 kg/m3
85 C
Air Pollution Modeling Studies
The aim of the modeling studies is to determine the effects of exhaust gases discharged by
the natural gas power plant on the air quality of Emba-Jem region and determine the highest
average concentration values and their coordinates on monthly and annual bases.
The air pollution modeling results of SIEMENS SGT-800F model gas turbines are compiled
in a separate report given in EMBA.LIB. In this report, the impacts of three pollutants of
concern, which are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide compounds (NOx) and
hydrocarbons (HC) have been investigated according to the meteorological and topographical
data of Emba-Jem region and the proposed power plant parameters with the help of ISCST 3
(Industrial Source Complex Model - Short Term) Modeling Program.
The following table shows the current maximum values of the 2 main pollutants calculated.
POLLUTANT
EIA (µ𝑔/𝑚3)
EU STANDARDS (µ𝑔/𝑚3)
EMBA (% of EU)
CO
NOX
0,0513
0,0762
10
40
0,5
0,19
5.2.1.5 Noise
Noise sources from the plant during energy production will include the generators and
turbines.
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However the power house will be insulated for noise and vibration and hence it is estimated
that the workers will not be affected. The Power Plant will be located approximately 5 km
away from the nearest residential area and the gas turbine packages are equipped with
standard silencing to keep noise levels below 85 dBA at 1 meter and below 55 dBA at 154
meter. In addition, the noise insulation will ensure compliance with the Turkish Standards and
World Bank Guidelines as shown in below Table.
Kazakh Standards
LOCATION CATEGORY
Day
Time
World Bank Guide
Lines
Limits in dB (A)
Night
Time
Day Time
Night Time
Residential/Institutional/Educational
60
50
55
45
Commercial/Industrial
70
60
70
70
5.2.1.6. Hydrology
Groundwater
Groundwater will be exploited from the wells to be drilled at and around the site with
necessary permissions taken from the State Hydraulic Works as required by the Ground water
Law Groundwater use during the operation phase will be limited to domestic use by the
personnel. The estimated total amount of water use by the personnel is calculated on the
basis of assumed per capita water consumption rate of 75 lt/cap/day. The total number of
people using freshwater is assumed as 80, of which 37 will be the staff and the rest is
assumed to be visitors. 80 x 75 l/cap/day = 6 000 L/day The water discharge rates from the
wells will not affect local hydrology.
Surface Water
There will be no use of surface water during the operation of the plant.
5.2.1.7 Water Quality
The plant will consume water for the process and cooling. The cooling and process water will
Works will determine the point of supply from the channels. This water will be circulated in
the plant after demineralization. The water consumption values of the plant are given in the
below Table.
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The combined cycle power plant will have some main systems which causes additional
emissions to the water:
a. Drum blow town
b. Steam flash
c. Cooling cells blow down
All process waste water will be neutralized before discharged into the power plant channel
system. The design of the neutralization system will be in a way that the discharged water
will be according the Turkish regulations.
Oil tanks will be isolated with concrete lining to prevent any leakage and the waste oils,
generated less than 10 m3/year, will be removed by a licensed hauler.
New storm water drains will be constructed at the site which will be used together with the
existing drains to direct storm water to the main drainage system.
5.2.1.8. Solid Waste
The solid waste generated by the plant will be only domestic solid waste which will be
properly disposed of in sanitary landfills as required by the national Solid Waste Control
Regulation (Code-212) The amount of solid waste generated in the operation phase is
estimated based on the daily generation rate of 1 kg/cap/day. Accordingly the amount of
solid waste generation is estimated as: 80 x 1 kg/cap/day = 80kg/day.
5.2.2. Biological
5.2.2.1. Flora and Fauna
It is accepted that the air emissions majorly affect the land biota. Whereas the fauna specie
can move away from the discomforting sources, plants will have to respond physiologically.
Pollution damaged their tissues and may even kill them.
In the operation phase, the effects on flora will be from NOx emissions. NOx
Emissions were found to be causing discoloration in plant leaves and then to lesions (Brown
or dark Brown spots). The loss of carotene and reduction of chlorophyll are the major
responses from plant exposed to NOx emissions. The type, severity and extend of the impact
of NOx on plants vary depending on both internal and external factors. Environmental
conditions, presence of other pollutants and the existing plant condition affect the responses
of the plant to NOx exposure.
The results of emission estimates show that the NOx emissions will be below the limit values
set out in the Air Pollution Prevention Regulation Bank standards.
Accordingly, NOx emissions originating from the plant will not have any adverse effects on
the flora and fauna. Operation of the plant will supply reliable electrical energy to the users in
the region which will limit the use of operation of diesel type or other type of energy
production units i.e. diesel generators that have adverse effects on the environment. Hence
the current pollution load that arises from the use of other fossil fuels will be reduced. There
are no endangered flora and fauna on the project site to be affected from air emissions.
There will be no particulate emissions and no cooling water discharges to affect flora and
fauna.
5.2.2.2. Ecosystems
Impacts of operation of the plant on ecosystem will be negligible since there will be:
No removal or interference with prey of predatory animals;
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No wastewater discharges to receiving bodies;
Limited emission of stack gases well below the national and World Bank standards;
No significant siltation from run-off, altering aquatic and marine flora and fauna populations
and hence population dynamics of dependent organisms;
No noises disrupting breeding behavior or use of breeding grounds, resulting in shifts in
Population dynamics; and No removal of predatory animals resulting in increased prey
populations that exceed the carrying capacity of the local environment.
5.2.3. Socio-economic Structure
5.2.3.1. Demographic
The operation of plant will have limited effects on the demographic conditions since the
number of workers in the operation phase will be around 100 people. There will be no
permanent living quarters associated with this power plant. Hence there will be no increased
demand on local infrastructure, such as utilities, housing, medical facilities, schools, water,
and food.
The project will not cause any displacement of individuals whose livelihood depends on the
land that will be occupied by the Project.
The labor force for the operation of the plant will be supplied also from Aktobe, which will
result in increased disposable income of plant employees.
5.2.3.2. Land Use
The plant’s site is currently unimproved agricultural land; hence, the shift in land use is from
Unimproved land to industrial area. Additional changes in land use may occur as a result of
the development of new industries in the area, constructed to take advantage of local,
reliable, and oftentimes cheaper electrical power.
There may be increased local industrial development because of additional power availability
and reliability in the future.
5.1.4. Occupational Health and Safety
Health and safety impacts of the project on workers and communities in the area of influence
of the project will be reasonably managed according to the national Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation in order to reduce the likelihood of accidents and work-related illnesses on
the job as well as accidents occurring between construction related equipment and local
vehicles. Since the project site is near the industrial district and minimum 3 km away from
the nearest, residential area possible impacts on local people and pedestrians are assumed to
be negligible.
OPERATION PERIOD
5.2. Operation Phase
Environmental impacts from the power plant operation that will be quantified and reported
include those on existing air, water, and soil quality, and the disposal of solid wastes. Long
and short-term impacts on flora, fauna, human populations, and the health and safety of
workers in the surrounding community were evaluated.
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5.2.1.1 Geology and Soils
Soil impacts consist of negligible effects of windblown fugitive dust. Since the plant will run on
natural gas only, and the plant will be equipped with dry low NOx technology hence
deposition of sulphates, nitrates and metals from the stack plume, as adsorbed or
incorporated into particles, will cause negligible effects.
5.2.1.2. Topography and Landforms
Local topography will not be altered and there will be no possible effects on landforms such
as swamps and shorelines.
5.2.1.3. Climate and Meteorology
There will be no significant impact on the microclimate and meteorology of the local area
caused by changes in surface albedo and aerodynamic disturbances. There will be no
significant impact on precipitation patterns by increased availability of condensation nuclei
downwind of the power plant as there will be no particulates in the stack plume.
5.2.1.4. Air Emissions
Air quality impacts during operation of a thermal power plant consist primarily of stack gases
emitted following fuel combustion. Emissions will be comprised of particulate matter (PM),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), the greenhouse
gases (GHGs), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4), trace amounts of various metals,
and trace amounts of organic and inorganic compounds.
The proportions and amounts of pollutants emitted depend on the fuel quality and
combustion strategy.
In this particular case, the plant will operate on natural gas only, which proves the
advantages of low carbon dioxide and NOx emissions, negligible release of SO2 and TSPM
(Total Suspended Particulate Matter), and no ash or other hazardous wastes. The
characteristics of SIEMENS SGT-800 gas turbine are given in previos pages under heading of
Gas Turbines.
Rated Capacity:
Stack Height:
Stack Inner Diameter:
Stack gas average velocity:
Stack Gas flow rate:
Stack gas density:
Stack gas temperature:
210 MW (average)
62 m.
7,34 m
23,20 m/s
687 kg/hr
0,7 kg/m3
85 C
Air Pollution Modeling Studies
The aim of the modeling studies is to determine the effects of exhaust gases discharged by
the natural gas power plant on the air quality of Emba-Jem region and determine the highest
average concentration values and their coordinates on monthly and annual bases.
The air pollution modeling results of SIEMENS SGT-800F model gas turbines are compiled
64
2014
EMBA POWER PLANT- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
in a separate report given in EMBA.LIB. In this report, the impacts of three pollutants of
concern, which are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide compounds (NOx) and
hydrocarbons (HC) have been investigated according to the meteorological and topographical
data of Emba-Jem region and the proposed power plant parameters with the help of ISCST 3
(Industrial Source Complex Model - Short Term) Modeling Program.
The following table shows the current maximum values of the 2 main pollutants calculated.
POLLUTANT
EIA (µ𝑔/𝑚3)
EU STANDARDS (µ𝑔/𝑚3)
EMBA (% of EU)
CO
NOX
0,0513
0,0762
10
40
0,5
0,19
5.2.1.5 Noise
Noise sources from the plant during energy production will include the generators and
turbines.
However the power house will be insulated for noise and vibration and hence it is estimated
that the workers will not be affected. The Power Plant will be located approximately 5 km
away from the nearest residential area and the gas turbine packages are equipped with
standard silencing to keep noise levels below 85 dBA at 1 meter and below 55 dBA at 154
meter. In addition, the noise insulation will ensure compliance with the Turkish Standards and
World Bank Guidelines as shown in below Table.
Kazakh Standards
LOCATION CATEGORY
Day
Time
World Bank Guide
Lines
Limits in dB (A)
Night
Time
Day Time
Night Time
Residential/Institutional/Educational
60
50
55
45
Commercial/Industrial
70
60
70
70
5.2.1.6. Hydrology
Groundwater
Groundwater will be exploited from the wells to be drilled at and around the site with
necessary permissions taken from the State Hydraulic Works as required by the Ground water
Law Groundwater use during the operation phase will be limited to domestic use by the
personnel. The estimated total amount of water use by the personnel is calculated on the
basis of assumed per capita water consumption rate of 75 lt/cap/day. The total number of
people using freshwater is assumed as 80, of which 37 will be the staff and the rest is
assumed to be visitors. 80 x 75 l/cap/day = 6 000 L/day The water discharge rates from the
wells will not affect local hydrology.
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Surface Water
There will be no use of surface water during the operation of the plant.
5.2.1.7 Water Quality
The plant will consume water for the process and cooling. The cooling and process water will
Works will determine the point of supply from the channels. This water will be circulated in
the plant after demineralization. The water consumption values of the plant are given in the
below Table.
The combined cycle power plant will have some main systems which causes additional
emissions to the water:
d. Drum blow town
e. Steam flash
f. Cooling cells blow down
All process waste water will be neutralized before discharged into the power plant channel
system. The design of the neutralization system will be in a way that the discharged water
will be according the Turkish regulations.
Oil tanks will be isolated with concrete lining to prevent any leakage and the waste oils,
generated less than 10 m3/year, will be removed by a licensed hauler.
New storm water drains will be constructed at the site which will be used together with the
existing drains to direct storm water to the main drainage system.
5.2.1.8. Solid Waste
The solid waste generated by the plant will be only domestic solid waste which will be
properly disposed of in sanitary landfills as required by the national Solid Waste Control
Regulation (Code-212) The amount of solid waste generated in the operation phase is
estimated based on the daily generation rate of 1 kg/cap/day. Accordingly the amount of
solid waste generation is estimated as: 80 x 1 kg/cap/day = 80kg/day.
5.2.2. Biological
5.2.2.1. Flora and Fauna
It is accepted that the air emissions majorly affect the land biota. Whereas the fauna specie
can move away from the discomforting sources, plants will have to respond physiologically.
Pollution damaged their tissues and may even kill them.
In the operation phase, the effects on flora will be from NOx emissions. NOx
Emissions were found to be causing discoloration in plant leaves and then to lesions (Brown
or dark Brown spots). The loss of carotene and reduction of chlorophyll are the major
responses from plant exposed to NOx emissions. The type, severity and extend of the impact
of NOx on plants vary depending on both internal and external factors. Environmental
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EMBA POWER PLANT- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
2014
conditions, presence of other pollutants and the existing plant condition affect the responses
of the plant to NOx exposure.
The results of emission estimates show that the NOx emissions will be below the limit values
set out in the Air Pollution Prevention Regulation Bank standards.
Accordingly, NOx emissions originating from the plant will not have any adverse effects on
the flora and fauna. Operation of the plant will supply reliable electrical energy to the users in
the region which will limit the use of operation of diesel type or other type of energy
production units i.e. diesel generators that have adverse effects on the environment. Hence
the current pollution load that arises from the use of other fossil fuels will be reduced. There
are no endangered flora and fauna on the project site to be affected from air emissions.
There will be no particulate emissions and no cooling water discharges to affect flora and
fauna.
5.2.2.2. Ecosystems
Impacts of operation of the plant on ecosystem will be negligible since there will be:
No removal or interference with prey of predatory animals;
No wastewater discharges to receiving bodies;
Limited emission of stack gases well below the national and World Bank standards;
No significant siltation from run-off, altering aquatic and marine flora and fauna populations
and hence population dynamics of dependent organisms;
No noises disrupting breeding behavior or use of breeding grounds, resulting in shifts in
Population dynamics; and No removal of predatory animals resulting in increased prey
populations that exceed the carrying capacity of the local environment.
5.2.3. Socio-economic Structure
5.2.3.1. Demographic
The operation of plant will have limited effects on the demographic conditions since the
number of workers in the operation phase will be around 100 people. There will be no
permanent living quarters associated with this power plant. Hence there will be no increased
demand on local infrastructure, such as utilities, housing, medical facilities, schools, water,
and food.
The project will not cause any displacement of individuals whose livelihood depends on the
land that will be occupied by the Project.
The labor force for the operation of the plant will be supplied also from Aktobe, which will
result in increased disposable income of plant employees.
5.2.3.2. Land Use
The plant’s site is currently unimproved agricultural land; hence, the shift in land use is from
Unimproved land to industrial area. Additional changes in land use may occur as a result of
the development of new industries in the area, constructed to take advantage of local,
reliable, and oftentimes cheaper electrical power.
There may be increased local industrial development because of additional power availability
and reliability in the future.
5.1.4. Occupational Health and Safety
Health and safety impacts of the project on workers and communities in the area of influence
of the project will be reasonably managed according to the national Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation in order to reduce the likelihood of accidents and work-related illnesses on
the job as well as accidents occurring between construction related equipment and local
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2014
vehicles. Since the project site is near the industrial district and minimum 3 km away from
the nearest, residential area possible impacts on local people and pedestrians are assumed to
be negligible.
6. MITIGATION MEASURES
The purpose of impact mitigation is to look for alternative and better ways of implementing
the proposed project or associated activities so that the negative impacts are eliminated or
minimized, while benefits are enhanced. Impact mitigation requires that the full extent of the
Anticipated environmental problems are understood. In view of this, this section of the EIA
presents mitigation measures resulting from the impacts identified.
The mitigation measures are presented for the Construction Period phase and the Operation
Period in attached Two Table, respectively.
“TOO ZHANA DAUIR INVEST” will be responsible for all mitigation measures presented in
this report.
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CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS MITIGATIONS
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OPERATION PERIOD ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS MITIGATIONS
7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
The purpose of the analysis of alternatives as part of the EIA process is to select the best
among all possible project options. The assessments and recommendations made by the EIA
Team are presented below:
7.1. Site
1. Land has already been identified and is free of conflict.
2. The site is well located in regard to the following:
a. Easy access.
b. Close proximity to the Emba organized industrial district
c. Close proximity to the already existing national electric transmission lines
d. Close proximity to the already existing natural gas transmission lines
e. Has no settlements in close vicinity.
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7.2. Fuel Types
Natural gas has the obvious advantages over coal or diesel, of low carbon dioxide and NOx
emissions, negligible release of SO2 and TSPM (Total Suspended Particulate Matter), and no
ash or other hazardous wastes. The intended power plant should have a significant positive
impact on air quality compared to any fossil fuel burning power plant.
7.3. Technology
Alternative for gas turbines are gas motors and diesel generators.
There are no suitable hydropower sites available in the vicinity of Aktobe city. Construction of
dams and reservoirs would also involve rehabilitation issues. Hence, the hydropower choice
was not pursued. The thermal power source was the only alternative left. As far as the
generation technology was considered, the project proposes to use advanced class turbines
having more than 57% thermal efficiency. This class of turbines has been in service all over
the world and is well proven.
7.4. The "Do Nothing" Scenario
If the project would be assumed to fail to meet the required environmental conditions the
alternative would be the transfer of energy from a distant power plant via construction of
energy transmission lines, which will not be an economically and environmentally sound
option.
It is therefore recommended that the project goes ahead but should take into consideration
all the suggested mitigation measures.
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
TOO ZHANA DAUIR INVEST. is committed to minimizing any adverse impacts that could
arisefrom the construction and operation of the project. To achieve this, an environmental
management plan (EMP) was formulated to manage impacts, to adopt the best available
proven control technologies and procedures, to ensure a continuing process of review and
positive action in the light of available monitoring results, and to consult with local
communities on a continued basis. An environmental and safety officer will be hired to
oversee implementation of
the EMP, the environmental monitoring program, and compliance with ECC conditions. The
officer will closely coordinate with the plant general manager, the management staff, and the
monitoring team.
The EMP will aim to achieve an exemplary environmental performance during construction
and operation. To meet this goal, the following activities, measures and programs will be
implemented in TOO ZHANA DAUIR INVEST:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
environmental policy;
application of all mitigation and management measures;
an environmental monitoring program;
an emergency and contingency plan (v) an institutional plan (vi) an environmental
and safety officer.
Environmental monitoring is an important component of the EMP. It provides the information
for periodic review and refinement modification of the EMP as necessary, ensuring that
environmental protection is optimized at all project phases. Through monitoring, unwanted
environmental impacts are detected early and remedied effectively. It will also validate the
impacts predicted in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the effectiveness of the
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2014
proposed mitigation measures. Lastly, it will also demonstrate compliance with national and
World Bank regulatory requirements.
A comprehensive monitoring program for the plant complex has been developed, covering the
measurement of relevant environmental indicators. At the plant, it will involve noise, safety
concerns, site drainage, solid waste and wastewater disposal, groundwater abstraction, and
structural integrity of the tanks and buildings. The results of the monitoring program, which
will be implemented by the Monitoring Team (MT) to be created for the project, will be used
to optimize plant operations and adjust to management practices.
The monitoring of required parameters to check the environmental impacts, frequency of
their measurement, recording and reporting to related national authorities will be carried out
strictly as required by the related national regulations. The legal framework to be complied
for environmental monitoring is provided in below Table.
All measurements for the required parameters will be done with methods described under
Kazakh Standards (CODES), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Deutsches Institut für
Normung (DIN) and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) norms.
In the event that monitoring indicates that, any environmental quality is deteriorating to
unacceptable levels, the proponent will correct operation procedures that are contributing to
the problem and/or undertake necessary engineering installations.
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