PEMS: A Look at EPA's "Real
World" Test Programs: Pilot
Nonroad Equipment & HDDV
"Drayage"
Carl Fulper
United States Environmental
Protection Agency, OTAQ
1
PEMS Conference
UC-CERT
March 24, 2011
Research Areas

ASD’s KC LDV/LDT PM testing program (Completed)
–

ASD’s Pilot Nonroad test program (Completed)
–

Test program in Denver, CO to look at separating evaporative
from exhaust emissions (CRADA w/ CO HPDE)
ASD’s Pilot Tier 2 LDV/LDT test program(Ongoing)
–
2
Tested HDDVs that move containers to and from Houton’s
ports using PEMS (43) and PAMS (23) (CRADA w/ HGAC)
ASD’s LDV/LDT Evaporative test program (Ongoing)
–

Tested nornoad construction equipment in EPA Region 7 using
both PEMS (33) and PAMS (33) (CRADA w/ CRC)
ASD’s HDDV “Drayage” test program (Completed)
–

Over 450 vehicles correlatedl w/ chassis dyno and “real-world”
testing of vehicles using Semtech-G
Test program to look at sampling methods and driving
routes to help with developing deterioration rates for Tier 2
vehicles (funding provided by CRC and DOE (NREL)
PEMS Program Objectives:

Improved Methods and Techniques
–

Sample design and recruitment
–

•
•
3
Sampling population: RSD, random sampling, $, etc.
Improved regulations for PEMS usage
•

How to use equipment in field, safety, SOPs, etc
Multiple rulemakings to improve & achieve consistent results …reduce
lab-to-lab variability (e.g. PM filter measurements)
40 CFR 1065 - linking lab to “real-world” operations
Harmonizing regulations with other countries Improved Equipment
Develop or take advantage of advancements to
measure emissions & activity
Test Programs
4
Nonroad Pilot Program

Field-test the integration and application of portable
instruments
–
–
–

To measure exhaust emissions
–
–

gaseous: continuous CO2, CO, HC, NOx,
particulate (aggregate)
from heavy diesel equipment
–
–

SEMTECH –DS
Micro-proportional sampler
Gravimetric filters
Used in construction (33 pieces)
During normal operation
within context of rigorous sample design
–
four-stage

–
County / establishment / site / piece
Within EPA Region 7 (IA, KS, MO)
Measurement Equipment in Mounting Box
Exhaust
Flow
Device
Master Flow
Controller
MPS
Unit
Filter PM Unit
6
Semtech-DS
CQCM
Location
Portable PM Filter System
Three Heated 47 mm PM filter Holders
Heated Cyclone



Portable PM Filter System tested in
lab against two engine cell’s
particulate system units and CVS
system
Both Steady-state and transient
(nonroad) tests conducted.
Results:
–
7
No statistical difference between
portable PM filter system and the two
engine cell particulate system units.
Site Inventory: an example
Site # Equipment Type
Manufacturer
Model
MY
HP
lifetime Sampling
usage
Class
1
Crawler Tractor
Komatsu
Avance D65 EX-12
1996
190
UNK
N
1
Crawler Tractor
Caterpillar
963B
1997
160
134
LgLo
1
Crawler Tractor
Caterpillar
D8R
1999
302
2,034
LgHi
1
Crawler Tractor
Caterpillar
D6NXL
2005
143
1,062
LgHi
1
Crawler Tractor
Komatsu
D65EX-15
2006
190
UNK
N
1
Excavator
Komatsu
PC300LC-7L
2004
254
UNK
N
1
Grader
Komatsu
GD655-3C
2005
175
UNK
N
1
Scraper
Caterpillar
627G
2004
393
UNK
N
1
Scraper
Caterpillar
627G
2004
393
UNK
N
1
Skid-steer loader
Case
60XT
2003
75
UNK
N
2
Compactor
BOMAG
BW145DM-3
UNK
75
UNK
N
2
Crane/Lift
Omniquip Skytrack
60365
UNK
110
UNK
N
2
Crawler Loader
Caterpillar
963C
2002
174
1,409
LgHi
2
Crawler Loader
Takeuchi
TL150
2005
102
751
LgHi
2
Crawler Loader
Takeuchi
TL150
2006
102
916
LgHi
2
Excavator
Komatsu
PC200LC-6LE
1997
133
UNK
N
2
Excavator
Komatsu
PC138-USLC-2E0
2005
86
987
LgHi
2
Excavator
Komatsu
PC40MR-2
UNK
39
UNK
N
2
Generator
AMIDA
AL4060D4MH
UNK
UNK
UNK
N
2
Hydraulic Pump
AIRMAN SCREW
PBS1855
UNK
UNK
UNK
N
2
Skid-steer loader
Case
184SC
1998
60
154
LgLo
Gallery
Experience


Construction operation is harsh environment;
But we have successfully collected data
Date
Type
Mfr
Model
CO2
CO
THC
NO
NO2
NOx
(kg/gal)
(g/gal)
(g/gal)
(g/gal)
(g/gal)
(g/gal)
9/18/2007 Crawler Dozer
Cat
D4CXL
10.07
51.63
27.45
169.04
19.64
188.68
10/11/2007 Well Driller
Cummins
4B-3.9
10.02
47.10
30.40
152.22
35.33
187.55
10/15/2007 Forklift Truck
Cat
TH83
10.04
25.08
4.61
93.57
11.59
105.61
10/24/2007 Backhoe
Case
570 LXT
9.91
97.94
1.00
145.52
62.25
207.76
10/27/2007 Crawler Dozer
Deere
550H
10.18
17.69
8.16
93.74
8.41
102.15
Example: Emissions Measurement
Type: Crawler Loader
Mfr:
Caterpillar
Model: 953C
Engine: 3126
MY:
2004
Rating: 120 hp (appr.)
Hour-meter:
3,760 hrs
Life-time activity: 1,250
hr/yr
Sampling
Class: LgHi
Time Series: Engine Parameters
600
Exhaust Flow Temperature
(°C)
Exhaust Mass Flow (SCFM)
Engine Speed (RPM
500 × 0.1)
400
300
200
100
9,000
8,000
10,000
Elapsed Time (Sec)
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0
Proportional exhaust sampling:
Example: (Dozer, Deere 550H)
MPS Sample Flow , sccm
2,000
1,800
y = 2.9916x + 11.012
1,600
2
R = 0.983
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
Exhaust Flow (kg/hr)
500
600
700
Brake-specific NOx Emissions:
Excavators
11
10
9.88
9
8
g/kW-hr
7
T2 NMHC+NOx
6.6 g/kW-hr
6
same engine:
5
4
3
2
1
T3 NMHC+NOx
4.0 g/kW-hr
4.32
almost
no
idle
over
50%
idle
4.36
about
50%
idle
0
2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2003, 190 kW (255 hp) 2006, 260 kW (350 hp)
142. Non Road PEMS Study
30
Example: Portable Activity
Measurement System (PAMS)
Type: Skid-Steer Loader
Mfr:
Bobcat
Model: T300
MY:
2003
Rating: 81 hp
Hour-meter:
3,500 hrs
Life-time activity: 875 hr/yr
Sampling
Class: SmHi
Skid-steer loader:
Operation by Day of Week
Measurement Period: Monday June 11, 2007 – Monday, July 2, 2007
Total operation: 16.6 hours
Skid-steer loader:
Operation by Hour of Day
Houston Port Study Objectives

Characterize activity and emissions of HD
“drayage” trucks in Houston
•
•
•
•
•
18
Improve Houston inventory/transportation modeling
Currently Drayage vehicles are part of MOVES as part of
source types: short/long haul single/combo trucks
Texas wanted to study the activity around the Ports to
characterize the activity/emissions in and around the Ports
EPA wants to use data to understand the real world
activity/emissions from such trucks for future updates to
MOVES
Pilot project for users to expand MOVES by creating new
“source type”
RSD
Equipment
•
•
•
•
•
•
19
Conducted by University of Denver (two weeks in July 2009)
Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC & NOx)
Measured at entry gate of Barbour’s Cut port
Matched license plates to TX DOT database
RSD readings: 4,032
Unique vehicles: 1,877
PEMS Vehicle Example
MY 1994 Freightliner
Portable Emissions - SEMTECH DS
• Gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, THC, NO & NO2), with exhaust flow
• Teflon membrane filters (PM) @ 47 C
Portable Activity
• Isaac data loggers
PM
• GPS and RPM (older vehicles)
Proportional
• GPS & engine parameters (J1708 & J1939)
PM Filters
20
Semtech_DS
Sampler
System
Exhaust
System
21
Port vs. Non-Port (Onroad)
Activity & Emissions
For All Vehicles
CO (kg)
Nox (kg)
HC (kg) time (hrs) Idle %
Distance
Number
(miles)
of Vehs
OTHER
33.44
103.66
6.02
288
35.6
4148.7
34
PORT
6.61
11.63
1.66
73
58.2
197.8
34
Note: Most time spent on idle and low speeds where
emissions are higher
22
PEMS NOx as a function of VSP (fuel specific)
2001 Freightliner
RSD NOx shown by
23
*
Conclusions




24
Areas can take advantage of MOVES
flexibility using available local data and
targeted field work
RSD screening very useful for improving
sampling in portable emissions/activity
measurement studies
Preliminary data shows that in-port emissions
are important to quantify
State, Local and Federal collaboration is key
for comprehensive field studies
PEMS Next Steps:


Experience is key in using PEMS equipment in
“real world”
Improve “in-field” Methods and Techniques
–
–



Reduce burden to Vehicle Owner
Improve sample design and recruitment methods
Equipment needs to be:
–
–
25
Installation in field, safety, SOPs, etc
Lower cost (time & $) to use equipment
–
More reliable (increase mean-time failure rate);
Smaller in size, weight, & power consumption;
Repairable in field
Acknowledgements

EPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality:
–

Eastern Research Group:
–


Donna Huff, Mary McGarry-Barber, Amy Muttoni, David Brymer
Port of Houston Authority:
–

Shelly Whitworth, Patricia Franco
Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ):
–

Christopher Darby, Louis Moret
Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC):
–

Gopi Manne, Rick Baker, Diane Preusse, Scott Fincher
Coordinating Research Council (E-70)
Sensors:
–

Robert Caldwell, Ethan Schaer, Brian Ratkos, Craig Swan,
Charles Schenk, Michael Christiansen, Prashanth Gururaja,
David Choi, Dr. Robert Giannelli, Constance Hart, James Warila
Dana Blume, Ken Gathright
EPA Region 6:
–
Sandra Rennie, Carl Young
Questions?
27
Recruitment Procedure
“Ownership Interview”
1) Screening
- Verify identity of firm
- Verify business activity
2) Eligibility
- Verify employer status
- Verify Equipment Use
-
“Equipment Inventory”
List available equipment on site
- Type
- Manufacturer
- MY
- usage patterns
verify role as prime contractor
$ incentive to half of
respondents
“Instrumentation”
- PEMS: measure emissions over 8 hours
AND/OR
- PAMS: measure activity over one month
- Collect fuel and oil samples
28
“Equipment Selection”
Stratify by
- Size
- lifetime usage