Dedication
Heidi Lobprise has been a member of Pfizer Animal Health’s Veterinary Specialty Teamsince 2003.
She earned a DVM degree from Texas A&M University in 1983 and becamea diplomate of the
American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC) in 1993 after completingher residency at Dallas Dental
Service Animal Clinic with Dr. Robert Wiggs. She and Wiggs coauthored two books, Veterinary
Dentistry: Principles and Practice (1997) and A Veterinarian’s Companion to Common Dental
Procedures (2000).
© 2007 Blackwell Publishing All rights reserved
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fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-6230-4/2007.
First edition, 2007
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lobprise, Heidi B.
Blackwell’s five minute veterinary consult clinical companion: small animal dentistry/Heidi B.
Lobprise. — 1st ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 13: 978-0-7817-62304 (alk. paper) ISBN 10: 0-7817-6230-8 (alk. paper) 1. Veterinary dentistry—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Title. II. Title: Five minute veterinary consult clinical companion.
[DNLM: 1. Dentistry—veterinary—Handbooks. 2. Veterinary Medicine— methods—Handbooks. 3.
Mouth Diseases—veterinary—Handbooks. 4. Tooth Diseases-veterinary-Handbooks. SF 867 L799b
2006] SF867.L62 2006 636.089'76—dc22
2006022612
The last digit is the print number: 987654321
Contents
Introduction
Section I Diagnostics
Chapter 1 Oral Exam and Charting
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENT
Chapter 2 Periodontal Probing
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENT
Chapter 3 Transillumination
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Chapter 4 Intraoral Radiology
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Section II Techniques
Chapter 5 Complete Dental Cleaning
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Chapter 6 Root Planing and Periodontal Pocket Therapy
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Chapter 7 Gingival Flaps
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Chapter 8 Extraction Technique
INDICATIONS
EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
COMMENTS
Section III Oral/Dental Diseases (Developmental
Oral/Dental Problems)
Chapter 9 Retained or Persistent Deciduous Teeth
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 10 Craniomandibular Osteopathy
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 11 Enamel Hypocalcification
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 12 Eruption Disruption and Abnormalities
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 13 Abnormal Number of Teeth: Decreased
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 14 Abnormal Number of Teeth: Increased
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 15 Abnormal Tooth Formation and Structure
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 16 Dentigerous Cyst
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 17 Tight Lip Syndrome
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 18 Palatal Defects: Congenital
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 19 Bird Tongue or Microglossia
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 20 Malocclusions of Teeth
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section IV Acquired Oral/Dental Problems (Periodontal
Problems)
Chapter 21 Halitosis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
Chapter 22 Periodontal Disease: Gingivitis
DEFINITION/OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 23 Periodontal Disease: Periodontitis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 24 Gingival Hyperplasia
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 25 Oronasal Fistula
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 26 Stomatitis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 27 Oral Ulceration or Chronic Ulcerative Paradental
Stomatitis (CUPS)
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section V Enamel and Dentin Problems
Chapter 28 Discolored Teeth
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
Chapter 29 Dental Caries (Cavities)
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 30 Attrition and Abrasion
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section VI Endodontic Disease
Chapter 31 Tooth Fracture
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 32 Tooth Root Abscess (Apical Abscess)
DEFINITION/OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 33 Pulpitis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section VII Neoplasia
Chapter 34 Epulis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 35 Melanocytic Tumors (Oral)
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 36 Fibrosarcoma
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 37 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Gingiva
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 38 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Tongue
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 39 Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Tonsil
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 40 Odontoma
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 41 Tumors of Lesser Prevalence
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 42 Papillomatosis (Oral)
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section VIII Trauma
Chapter 43 Maxillary and Mandibular Fractures
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 44 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 45 Tooth Luxation or Avulsion
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section IX Disorders Prevalent in Cats
Chapter 46 Tooth Resorption: Feline
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 47 Plasma Cell Gingivitis and Pharyngitis (Gingivostomatitis)
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
Chapter 48 Chronic Osteitis or Alveolitis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 49 Oral Manifestations of Feline Infectious Diseases
DEFINITION/OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section X Salivary and Other Special Problems
Chapter 50 Salivary Mucocele
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 51 Sialolith
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
Chapter 52 Salivary Gland Adenocarcinoma
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 53 Masticatory Muscle Myositis
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 54 Trigeminal Neuritis or Neuropathy
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 55 Pemphigus
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 56 Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Section XI Exotic Pets (Rodents and Lagomorphs)
Chapter 57 Rodent and Lagomorph Incisor Overgrowth
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Chapter 58 Rodent and Lagomorph Cheek Tooth Overgrowth
DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNALMENT AND HISTORY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTICS
THERAPEUTICS
COMMENTS
Appendix A The Use of Antibiotics in Veterinary Dentistry
Appendix B Handouts
Glossary
Index
Introduction
In the professional world, I’ve heard a goal should be set for two of the following: books and children.
I think I’m there—and then some! Of course, even with my heavy travel schedule these days,
managing to compile the topics for this dental edition of the Five-Minute Veterinary Consult did not
place an undue burden on me. To begin with, I don’t think my teenage daughter minded not seeing
much of me during that time! Also, the efforts of my contributors, and the existence of many solid
topics from previous editions literally had me standing on the shoulders of giants. One of those giants
I would like to thank in particular: Dr. Robert Wiggs—my former and continuing mentor whose
contributions will always be valued, in addition to many excellent images he was able to share. I also
would like to thank Dr. Jan Bellows, the original 5 Minute Veterinary Consult dental section editor,
for starting the process in previous editions. And of course, in addition to thanking my family for
putting up with me, I would also like to thank Pfizer Animal Health and my colleagues for their
continued support of veterinary dentistry and my efforts.
In veterinary medicine, dentistry remains one of the most practical, impact ful areas for patient
health, yet our efforts at education are still challenging. Most practitioners learn many of their dental
skills in their day-to-day practice, so having realistic, relevant resources to guide them in their work is
paramount. The effort of this text is to expand the topic discussion of common problems encountered
to include basic information on diagnostics and procedures. Great effort has been made to provide
step-by-step coverage with extensive photos and images of these skills that can be used on a daily
basis to enhance your dental offerings. My goal is to make this book so useful that there will be many
“dog-ears” and page markers because it is taken off the shelf on a regular basis for ongoing learning.
From this point, there are other texts that deal with more advanced dental techniques and concepts, but
this one will be the workhorse of a typical practice. Just use it!