After The Flood
2015-2016 Annual Review
York Archaeological Trust: Overview
York Archaeological Trust (YAT) is an
educational charity and one of the leading
archaeological organisations in the UK.
Founded in 1972, we have an exceptional
reputation for delivering high quality
research and public engagement.
We have four offices: Glasgow, York,
Sheffield and Nottingham. We also run
five attractions in York: JORVIK Viking
Centre, DIG, Barley Hall, Richard III
Experience and Henry VII Experience.
Employing 200 people, and assisted by
dedicated volunteers, we aim to:
• provide compelling public benefit;
• be innovators, recognised
internationally for creating a wide
appreciation of the past;
• be a great place to work and
volunteer; and
• deliver excellent service
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We are committed to raising our own
funds to sustain our activities. Rather
than relying on core subsidies, we achieve
financial sustainability by demonstrating
our worth.
Our brands reflect our regional heritage
and expertise. The branches of York
Archaeological Trust (York) each operate
under their own names: Northlight
Heritage (Glasgow); ArcHeritage
(Sheffield); and Trent & Peak Archaeology
(Nottingham). The multiple awardwinning Attractions Division works under
the banner of the JORVIK Group.
YAT: Quick Overview
A View from the Chair
Terry Suthers, Chairman
In my forward to last year’s Annual Review
I touched on ways in which the Trust had
successfully adapted and changed in the
ways our archaeological, conservation
and interpretative operations were being
conducted, in part due to economic
necessity, whilst also greatly expanding
our fields of operation geographically
and pro-actively increasing levels of
engagement with academia and the
public.
Little more than a month later the Trust’s
main public attraction and income driver,
the JORVIK Viking Centre, established
32 years previously as a ‘world first’ in
interpreting the archaeology of the Viking
city, became subject to the greatest flood
the River Foss basin has experienced since
medieval times.
Ironically, waterlogged conditions that had
helped perfectly preserve the artefacts
first discovered by archaeologists during
the 1974 Coppergate excavations –
rescuing them from almost certain loss
or destruction as modern development
progressed – completely immersed the
(reconstructed) Viking streets, threatening
the survival of an unparalleled range
of artefacts the Trust had successfully
safeguarded and beautifully displayed for
more than three decades.
A combination of climate change, the
highly questionable decision to lift
the Foss barrier and the great flood
occurring during the Christmas holidays,
might easily have caused irreparable
damage to JORVIK and unwarranted
detrimental change in the economic
A View from the Chair
2
fortunes of YAT. Mercifully, quick action
by our staff and volunteers, ample
insurance, professionalism and sheer
determination, saved every original
artefact and is enabling JORVIK to be
faithfully reconstructed. Fundraising
continues apace to enable us to update
the presentation and interpretation and
further enhance the visitor experience.
Finally, I wish to thank the Members, my
Fellow Trustees and Directors for giving
me the opportunity to engage so fruitfully
with, enjoy and play a part in advancing
the work of this enterprising educational
charity.
With all good wishes for the future.
TS Chairman.
One of the key measures of success of
any commercial business, educational
organisation or charitable institution is
the manner in which it senses, signals,
adapts to and endeavours to keep one
step ahead of significant change in the
environment in which it operates. The
reports that follow will I hope, convey to
our supporters some of the ways in which
the Trust has led, adapted, moved on, and
ways in which our executive team and
staff are enthusiastically engaging with
today’s challenges and opportunities.
This is my last review as Chairman, having
served in that capacity for ten years. I
shall reflect with pleasure on a decade of
exciting archaeological discovery, growth
in public appreciation of the heritage,
awards won and organisational progress,
extremely proud to have been associated
with such a dedicated and talented team
of professionals and volunteers.
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A View from the Chair
Introduction
David Jennings, Chief Executive Officer
This year, with the flooding of the JORVIK
Viking Centre and large parts of York
in December, we’ve decided to take a
different approach to our Annual Review
and focus on one theme – change.
When we think about archaeology, change
is often a central concept explored from
many perspectives. Clearly, we think about
historical changes that range from one-off
events through to long-term processes
whose significance can only be appreciated
over millennia. Equally, it is apparent that
there have been changes not only in the
past but in how we think about the past
and interpret its importance.
So, we recognise that the past is not fixed
but a place where the present and future
is, in part, forged through our engagement
with it. As an educational charity, we are
passionate about giving everyone access
to the past so that this engagement is
universal.
I hope that exploring some of these
examples highlights just one of the ways
that you can look at the annual impact of
YAT and its work.
In this Annual Review, we showcase a few
of the many different ways that YAT has
explored or experienced change in the last
year: the unexpected catastrophic event of
the JORVIK flood; major events like World
War I or Ireland’s Easter Rising; the impact
of long-term climate change; the loss of
major industries like the Nottinghamshire
coalmines; flood management and its
impact on the historic environment; the
impact of change by modern development
and so on.
Introduction
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Y A T Dashboard 2015-2016
(Numbers in brackets are
figures for financial year
2014-2015)
Donations
Income
£215,728
(£67,947)
Attractions
Income
3%
£3,574,368
(£3,500,000)
Investment
Income
54%
£1,189
Key
Financial Data
(£2,022)
1%
£6,547,560
TOTAL TURNOVER
£11,056
OPERATING SURPLUS
Archaeology
Income
£2,169,719
(£2,338,000)
33%
APPR X
.H
VOLUO
NTEEROEURS
D
Retail
Turnover
£586,556
(637,901)
0
0
0
,
6
9%
ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECTS WORKED ON BY THE TRUST
50.8%
5
BREAKDOWN OF EMPLOYEES BY SEX
692
NUMBER OF STAFF EMPLOYED
49.2%
80
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
YAT Dashboard
11
IN
ADMINISTRATION
103
IN ATTRACTIONS
714,000
EUROPE
79%
VISITS TO YAT
182
WEBSITES IN
AMERICAS
OCEANIA
13%
5%
COUNTRIES
ASIA
AFRICA
1%
2%
Value of Grants, Legacies and Donations
2014-15
2015-16
THE AMOUNT JORVIK VIKING FESTIVAL
GENERATES FOR THE LOCAL ECONOMY
£215,728
£5,863,314
NUMBER OF ATTENDEES AT
EVENTS
HOSTED BY YAT
60,100
Events include Festivals, Open days,
Demonstrations, Participatory activities,
Talks, Lectures and Conferences, Walks and
Tours and Community Outreach Events
TOTAL NUMBER OF VISITORS TO ATTRACTIONS
2015-16: 365,130
TOTAL RECORDED SINCE 1984: 19,071,982
YAT Dashboard
6
Re-Imagining JORVIK - After the Flood
JORVIK Viking Centre is housed in a basement below the Coppergate Centre in York,
on the banks of the River Foss. In 32 years JORVIK had never been affected by York’s
relatively frequent flooding. This all changed on the 27th December 2015 when it was
damaged in the worst flood in York for many years.
Thinking fast, our team prevented water entering the building for several hours, giving
us the time to remove the 1,000 archaeological artefacts from the galleries. Eventually,
however, it was not possible to stop the water coming into the basement that JORVIK is
built in and it was inundated by 170,000 gallons of sewage-contaminated water.
It’s a testament to the dedication of the staff and volunteers that many came in to
work over their Christmas holidays to save JORVIK’s unique collection. Ultimately,
however, the damage was so extreme that JORVIK has been closed since December,
while extensive repair and restoration work is underway – in essence we have had to
strip the basement back to its bare walls and start again.
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JORVIK
From Crisis to Opportunity: Re-imagining JORVIK
Even as we waded through flood water,
we determined to view this catastrophe
as an opportunity to redevelop JORVIK. Its
last large-scale redevelopment had been
in 2000, with some new ideas added in
2010. We also knew that to reopen with
much the same ‘offer’ as before, would
not be enough to sustain JORVIK’s success.
We therefore took the decision to
‘re-imagine’ JORVIK, incorporating new
research, displays and interpretative techniques. As such, we are building on our
30-year reputation as a leading example
of how to display and manage an internationally significant attraction that makes
the past accessible to everyone.
The first gallery will focus on the
Coppergate archaeological dig. Stressing
that the centre is built on the exact site
of those excavations, it will include a
reconstruction of part of the dig. Images,
videos and oral histories of those who
took part in the excavations will form a
‘scrap-book’ of memories, which will be
shown to all of our visitors as they enter
JORVIK. We want to position people in
the time and place of the Coppergate
excavations as the starting point for their
journey into the reconstructed Viking city.
As you would expect the overall layout of
the reconstruction remains the same, as
it is based on the archaeological excava-
tions, but the re-display will reflect the
evolution of Viking studies in the 21st century. This means that we will be using new
technology and interpretive techniques
to enrich content and incorporating 22
new animatronic characters to reflect new
ideas and storylines that are based on
research from the last 16 years.
The artefact galleries have been totally
redesigned and we are developing more
digital content to extend the JORVIK experience in a virtual space.
JORVIK
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The rebuild underway
Our overall focus is on exploring the
everyday lives of the ‘people of Jorvik’ and
trying to bring these Viking age people
‘alive’ to our visitors. We will show that
Jorvik was a place of diverse language
and culture, and that the people who
lived, traded and worked there created
a thriving city. We will investigate the
wide range of things that these people
manufactured in the Coppergate houses;
the clothes they wore; the food they ate
and what they did in their spare time.
Our Jorvik inhabitants will speak in different languages including Old Norse, Old
English and Old Irish, and will portray the
wide trading links and countries visited
by the Vikings including Ireland, eastern
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Europe and the Arab world as referenced
by the traded goods found in the excavations. New screens on our ‘capsules’ will
use 3D technology to highlight key objects
seen within our reconstruction, as well as
allowing us to increase the number of foreign language translations and accessible
versions of our narration.
Objects displayed from York, as well
as from collections around the UK, will
enhance understanding and we will use
touch-screen technology to explore these
in more detail both on the ride and in the
galleries. Our Viking hosts will become
much more a part of these displays using
‘show and tell’ areas, a newly built coinstriking activity and beautifully replicated
JORVIK
objects that allow people to see up-close
those objects that have to be protected
behind glass. Our volunteers will
showcase real artefacts providing even
more opportunities to handle our Vikingage objects. Working with researchers and
experts we are devising new content that
brings the Viking story of Jorvik up-to-date
and encourages our potential visitors to
find out much more.
Partnerships with the University of York,
the Minster Stoneyard, York Museums
Trust and York Glaziers Trust are allowing us to include a more diverse range
of content to show the ‘melting-pot’ of
cultures that existed in the Viking-age city
of Jorvik. Thus, we will display a replica of
the Viking Middleton Stone Cross and a
new stained-glass installation.
The Building
Recognising that we need to ensure
that we prevent this disaster happening
again, we have been working hard to
include flood resilience in our rebuilding
programme. Building systems that were
destroyed by the flood have been reinstated at higher levels. The building has been
refitted with new alarms systems for fire,
intruders and flood. Most importantly we
have installed flood prevention barriers
and gates, pumps, emergency power and
resealed the basement.
This has been a complex rebuilding programme involving a very wide range of
contractors to undertake this diverse work
within a very tight timescale.
JORVIK
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Campaign Canute
Within the overall campaign we introduced a ‘crowd funding’ element – ‘Your
JORVIK’ - where individuals have been
This re-imagination of JORVIK comes at
asked to contribute and then become
a cost and after taking into account the
part of the rebuilt JORVIK by sponsoring,
insurance settlement, we need to raise
amongst other things, a piece of thatch,
£1.5 million in 12 months to allow us to
a taxidermied animal or even a smell of
rebuild.
the day. ‘Loki’s Lottery’ asked people to
text an entry to win the opportunity to
So in spring 2016 we launched a major
fundraising campaign – Campaign Canute become the face of a Viking within the re– YAT’s first campaign of this kind for many constructed city. This was won by Angela
MacDonald, of Stamford Bridge
decades. We recognise that the target is
extremely challenging, but in the first six
As the title for this Annual Review
months we have raised half of this total
suggests – this flood has been a
from individual Trusts and Foundations,
watershed moment for YAT. JORVIK is now
corporate sponsorship and individual
donations. All donors will be thanked
well on the way to being re-built and we
formally at the launch and are detailed on are confident that when it re-opens on 8th
the web.
April 2017, it will once again be a mustsee attraction for everyone excited about
the Vikings and the past.
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JORVIK
The first gallery: before the flood (above) and following strip-out after cleaning.
JORVIK
12
Our City Our River – Derby’s flood defences
The focus of this year’s review has been
brought into sharp relief by our recent
excavations at Little Chester Roman fort in
advance of Derby’s new £95 million flood
defences: a kilometre-long wall designed
to withstand a ‘once in a 100 year flood
event’.
As well as recording historic
responses to the natural
environment, our
work offers an
important casestudy for how
archaeologists
successfully
manage
developmentled change,
while also
making our
profession
more resilient
and relevant.
Intriguingly, excavations
searching for the forts’
defensive ditch circuit
demonstrated that
there were never
any defences
on the western
side of the
fort. Instead, a
natural
harbour on the
River Derwent
was originally
used as the
‘fourth side’ of the
fort.
The Archaeology
Excavations in and around the fort,
founded in c. AD 80, required 20
archaeologists on site for six months and
revealed a great deal about the character,
chronology and development of a site
linked intrinsically with people’s attempts
to manage the natural environment
along this part of the River Derwent’s
floodplain.
13
Within the civilian settlement (vicus) to
the east of the fort, activity commenced
in the 1st century AD when areas of boggy
ground were reclaimed. A major replanning at some point during the 2nd to
3rd century AD, incorporated a street and
stone-built buildings at right angles to the
Roman road called Ryknield Street.
Later, a more formal quayside was installed, suggesting that
provision, trade and exchange became
really important functions of the site.
Little is known about the garrison at Little
Chester, but finds such as a horse harness
pendant with close parallels in the Balkans,
raise interesting questions about the
identities of the fort’s inhabitants who
tamed the local environment in the Roman
period.
Derby’s Flood Defences
Change Management, Resilience and
relevance
As Little Chester is a Scheduled
Monument, we worked closely with
Historic England to maximise the research
results and positive impact of the scheme.
We designed new working methods for
dealing, on site, with the processing
of thousands of Roman artefacts and
site records. This allowed for the rapid
feedback of findings into the excavation,
improving our investigations and
interpretation.
Given the national shortage of
experienced excavation staff, training and
guidance for staff was also prioritised,
allowing for capacity to be built during
the project. Community and volunteer
engagement was also incorporated
into the project design, resulting in a
community excavation on Ryknield Street
Roman road and daily volunteering
opportunities for the public.
The fort wall under excavation, looking south
Facing page: Roman copper alloy horse harness pendant
Derby’s Flood Defences
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Coast Realignment: the Skeffling-Welwick
Managed Realignment Scheme
We are currently working with the
Environment Agency to deliver
archaeological investigations in support
of a proposed coast realignment scheme
near the villages of Skeffling, Weeton and
Welwick, in the East Riding. This scheme
will deliver compensatory habitat and
enhanced flood protection in the area.
The York and Nottingham offices are
jointly undertaking the evaluation of c.400
hectares of land using archaeological
geophysics, boreholes and trenches to
assess what remains in this area.
The Humber foreshore marks the place
where, at the beginning of the Mesolithic period, people first re-colonised what
would become Yorkshire. At this time
much of the land now under the North
Sea was open country, stretching across
to Denmark and the Baltic. The gradual
loss of this land, creating the coast, is the
founding story of our earliest communities.
The scheme provides an opportunity to
explore over 12,000 years of continuous
human activity, from the end of the last
ice age up to the present day.
This story continues with the development of settled farming, and the changing
ways in which the rivers and the sea have
provided transport, food and protection
for hundreds of generations, as well as
the threat that storms and the tide have
always posed.
Looking east towards the Skeffling pumping station from
the current flood bank. The farmland here is low lying
and crossed by numerous drainage channels. It is, and
always has been, vulnerable to flooding.
We are excavating a series of trenches to investigate
geophysical anomalies identified during a recent survey.
These will help to characterise the archaeology and
contribute to the scheme design.
15
Coast Realignment Scheme
Nowhere is that threat more evident
than nearby at Spurn Head, where the
medieval port of Ravenserodd was lost to
the sea in the 14th century. Just south of
Skeffling and Weeton lie the submerged
remains of at least two villages, Orwithfleet and Pensthorpe, along with those of
Burstall Priory. Evidence for these missing
communities, and perhaps others as yet
unknown, may survive.
It is likely that rich environmental information will survive, providing great detail
about people’s lives. These initial archaeological investigations will allow plans to
be made to explore this archaeology and
tell these stories, and will also show how
the archaeology can be preserved and
protected for future generations during
what will be another major change to the
landscape of this area.
This image shows the variation in height across the scheme study areas, from the lowest (blues) to the highest
(reds). Dentritic channels are clearly visible in the mudflats of the intertidal zone. Of most interest are the ‘islands’
of higher ground in the low land nearest the coast, and the possible bay or tidal inlet to the north of the scheme.
Coast Realignment Scheme
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Assessing climate change threats:
Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site
Climate change poses significant challenges
for heritage, especially in river valleys
where geomorphological processes are very
sensitive to changing climatic conditions.
Industrial riverine landscapes, such as the
Ironbridge Gorge and Derwent Valley Mills
World Heritage Sites, may be heavily polluted
by preserved contaminants in floodplain
soils, which may be released by enhanced
erosion resulting from higher levels of
rainfall and surface runoff. Responses to
these challenges require the development
of methodologies that consider change on
scales beyond the individual site.
Here we highlight a landscape-scale project
that has recently been completed in the
Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site.
Palaeochannels (yellow outlines) shown in this lidar
image of the Derwent valley near Little Eaton, Derbyshire
(modern watercourses in blue, roads in red) demonstrate
the intricate pattern of abandoned river channels across
the floodplain and their relationship to historic landscape
features such as ridge and furrow (source data ©
Environment Agency)
Information on the geomorphological
evolution of the Derwent Valley over the
last thousand years, incorporating therefore
the Medieval Warm Period (c.900–1300)
and the Little Ice Age (c.1450–1850), has
been combined with archaeological and
geochemical records to assess how the landscape has evolved with respect to past climatic
changes. The methodology also used national climate change scenarios to model potential
changes in the levels of fluvial erosion and deposition. Comparison of the results of this model
with the distribution of historic environment assets, highlights zones on the valley floor where
buildings and archaeological remains are threatened by processes such as bankside erosion.
The geomorphological and environmental science communities have long used predictive
modelling to help understand and manage landscapes, and this project highlights an approach
that will assist future heritage management by determining areas where pro-active mitigation
might be required.
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Derwent Valley Mills
Lidar image immdiately north of Derby, showing the
distribution of historic environment assets relative
to areas of increased fluvial erosion (red) and
deposition (green) predicted by current models of
climate change from 2020 to 2049 (source data ©
Environment Agency)
Lidar image north of Derby, showing the potential
impact of the precipitation increases (and thus
surface runoff levels) predicted by current climate
change models on fluvial erosion and deposition up
to 2049. These were simulated using the UKCP09
Weather Generator, based upon the high emissions
scenario for 2020–49 (yellow to red: increasing
erosion; light blue to purple: increasing deposition;
reproduced by courtesy of Tom Coulthard; source
data © Environment Agency)
Derwent Valley Mills
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PROTHEGO: PROTection of European Cultural HEritage from GeO-hazards
David Knight and Francesca Cigna (British Geological Survey)
We have been invited to participate in
this European Union project, which is
investigating the impact of geohazards
on European World Heritage Sites: in
particular, given the predictions of current
models of climate change, the effects of
drier, warmer summers, wetter winters and
higher intensity winter rainfall events on
flooding, landslip and other geohazards.
During site investigations, particular
emphasis will be placed on the application
of novel space technologies based upon
radar interferometry (InSAR): the practice
of superimposing satellite radar images
taken over time to identify subtle ground
movements.
The project will assist in the identification
of the most endangered sites across
Europe, and will provide opportunities for
detailed analysis of geohazard threats and
the development of mitigation strategies
at four demonstration sites selected from
the c.400 European sites that are currently
inscribed on the World Heritage List. These
include the Derwent Valley Mills World
Heritage Site and sites in Italy (historic
centre of Rome), Spain (the Alhambra)
and Cyprus (Neolithic settlement of
Choirokoitia).
Derwent Valley are being led by the British
Geological Survey, with input from staff of
the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage
Site, Landscape Research & Management
and YAT. Our involvement builds upon
expertise acquired during the compilation
of a Research Framework for the Derwent
Valley Mills World Heritage Site and study
of the potential impacts of climate change
upon the Valley’s historic environment
resource (discussed above). Investigations
at the other demonstration sites are being
led by Italy’s Institute for Environmental
Protection and Research and the University
of Milano-Bicocca, the Cyprus University of
Technology and the Geological Survey of
Spain.
This project is a good example of the
multiple partnerships and networks that
make up the modern research environment
and which are essential for the rapid
and effective sharing of knowledge and
new methods. Investigations of the
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PROTHEGO
Global perspectives: the Derwent Valley Mills
has been selected as one of four European
World Heritage Sites that will serve as case
studies. For further information on this project
see: http://www.prothego.eu
The Great Flood of May 1932 caused significant
damage to properties in Derby and elsewhere
along the Valley. This photograph shows the submerged junction between the A6 from Derby to
Matlock and the road to Ripley (A610; photograph
reproduced by courtesy of David Beevor)
The Research Framework for the Derwent Valley
Mills World Heritage Site (2016) emphasises the
potential impacts of climate change on historic environment assets and provides a valuable
framework for future studies of landscape change
and management of the valley’s globally important
heritage (© The Derwent Valley Mills Partnership;
cover image © Derby Museums Trust)
Location of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site,
showing key mill sites (1. Masson Mills; 2. Cromford Mills;
3. John Smedley; 4. Belper Mills; 5. Milford Mills; 6. Boar’s
Head Mill; 7 Silk Mill; contains Ordnance Survey data
© Crown Copyright).
The historic environment assets of the valley floor are
vulnerable to flooding and bankside erosion, while valleyside sites are affected by landslip. Erosion of both valley
floor and valley-side sediments may release toxic, historic
metal-mining contaminants into the water supply. From the
built environment perspective, historic mills are at risk not
only from flood damage during winter storms but also from
the impact upon their foundations of ground movements
associated with the shrinkage of clay-rich geological
deposits during drier, warmer summers
PROTHEGO
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Technology and Change: DerwentWISE Landscape Partnership Scheme
New technology, like lidar survey, can both change our understanding of the extent
of the historic environment and gives us new methods for managing its future.
The DerwentWISE is a five year Heritage Lottery funded project, led by the
Derbyshire Wildlife Trust along with other local and national agencies, to safeguard
and restore the landscape of the Lower Derwent Valley. The project area extends
from Derby in the south to Matlock Bath in the north, encompassing an area of
71.5km2 that includes the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site.
As part of the heritage objectives of the scheme, we were commissioned to
identify previously undiscovered features and sites by analysing lidar data. These
discoveries have been added to Derbyshire’s Historic Environment Record, which
in turn forms part of the base data for the project. This feeds into the ongoing
Heritage at Risk project, where volunteers survey newly-identified sites and provide
condition reports on a range of historic environment features.
Lidar is an aerial laser survey technique that provides very detailed height
measurements of the ground surface. Digital terrain modelling, combined
with sophisticated visualisation techniques, allows these to be used to map
archaeological earthwork features. By filtering out tree cover it also allows
features concealed beneath woodland to be recorded. The first stage of the project
involved processing and analysis of existing Lidar data undertaken at a resolution of
2m and 1m. This resulted in the creation of 185 new records within the study area.
However, this level of survey was not detailed enough to find smaller industrial
features within the woodland and further high-resolution (0.25m) commissioned
survey was undertaken over the winter of 2015-2016 of a stretch of the valley from
Crich Chase to Matlock.
Processing and analysis of this data resulted in a further 329 records of
archaeological earthwork features. A significant proportion (44%) relate to
agricultural use of the landscape – ridge and furrow, lynchets, banks, etc. – but the
larger proportion here (55%) related to industrial activities exploiting the mineral
and woodland resources of the valley, including quernstone quarrying, white coal
kilns (‘Q-pits’) and lead mining remains. Earlier features appear confined to the
limestone uplands on the north-west fringe of the study area but include at least
one previously unrecorded burial mound at Upperwood on the hilltop above the
river at Matlock Bath.
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DerwentWISE Scheme
Meerbrook Farm, Wirksworth:. Site of Meerbrook Mine (yellow outline) showing pits/shafts in Hagg
Wood to the south (green shading) and extending into fields to the north and east along the northern
side of Longway Bank.
The Derwent Valley at Lea and Holloway (Leawood Knoll in centre). 3D perspective view looking north
showing known sites and monuments (yellow) and newly created records (orange and purple)
DerwentWISE Scheme
22
Nottinghamshire Coalfield
As our economy changes into a post-industrial or information age, the remains of many,
now redundant, industries are coming under increasing threat. Totally transforming
huge swathes of the UK, the legacies of these industries need to be conserved if we are
to retain an understanding of their former importance.
Looking at six study areas, this project, developed with Historic England, is assessing
the condition and vulnerability of the physical remains related to the former
Nottinghamshire coal industry. The study areas were selected to allow us to examine
how the Nottinghamshire coal industry changed temporally and spatially.
Abandoned colliery headstocks at Clipstone, Nottinghamshire – most of the headstocks, one of the iconic elements
of a mine, have already been demolished in much of the Nottinghamshire coalfield.
23
Nottinghamshire Coalfield
We used a combination of documentary
research and walkover survey to identify
the landscapes and buildings that
comprise the legacy of the coal industry,
and to assess their condition, significance,
vulnerability and the potential risks to
them.
The study has identified the varying
character and survival of coal mining
heritage, as the industry developed
and spread from the exposed (surface)
coal field on the western border of
Nottinghamshire, to deep mining areas
further east. This spread was associated
with changes in mining technology,
transport systems, housing and associated
industries and facilities, ultimately
leading to the development of purpose
built collieries with their own railways
and pit villages designed and built with
all the facilities needed by the mining
DH Lawrence Birthplace Museum, Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, where Lawrence, the son of a miner, was born
in 1885.
community. A world most famously
evoked in the literature of D H Lawrence.
A series of community workshops were
held to enable local communities to
engage with the project and to help us
understand which elements of the mining
heritage are important to them.
Strategically, the project addresses the
aims of National Heritage Protection Plan;
the East Midlands Research Agenda and
Strategy for the Historic Environment; and
the Research Framework for the Extractive
Industries.
Furthermore, the project aids planning
by providing a strategic overview of
Nottinghamshire’s coal mining heritage,
so that decisions about conservation and
protection can be made on an informed
basis.
Erewash Canal, built in 1779 to transport coal
Nottinghamshire Coalfield
24
Glastonbury Lake Village: Iron Age period
Avalon Marshes Historic Landscape Visualisation Project
Digital technology gives us ever increasing opportunities to visualise the past and to
show change in accessible and compelling ways. At YAT we have been at the leading
edge of this technology, working at Stonehenge and Pompeii amongst other famous
sites.
In 2015 the South West Heritage Trust commissioned us to create digital
representations of past landscapes of the Avalon Marshes in the Somerset Levels.
The aim of the project was to produce archaeologically and palaeo-environmentally
accurate visualisations that illustrate the Avalon Marshes landscape in specific periods:
the Mesolithic, the early Neolithic, the late Iron Age, and the Medieval period. These
visualisations were based on our understanding of the landscape and the human use
and activities undertaken in the wetland environment. They draw on archaeological,
palaeo-environmental and topographic survey data to enable the creation of the most
accurate reconstructions possible.
Mesolithic period
25
Avalon Marshes
A Neolithic house and wider environment
These ‘snap shots’ allow easy appreciation by the public of the dynamic changes that
have taken place within the landscape over time.
To create these visualisations large scale digital models were made to facilitate flythrough animations that demonstrate visually how the landscape differs from today
and has changed over time. In addition to these presentations of the digital model,
individual elements were singled out for detailed modelling, including specific key
features in the landscape such as the Sweet Track; Glastonbury Lake Village; and the
Meare pool and Manor complex.
The animations are now in use with the public and school groups, helping to bring the
unique heritage of the area to public attention in an exciting and interesting way.
The Sweet Track: a Neolithic trackway dated to 3807 or 3806 BC made mainly of oak planks with posts of oak, ash
and lime. In use for only ten years, it is thought it might have been engulfed by rising water levels.
Avalon Marshes
26
Digging In: World War I trench reconstructions
for education and experiment
Through outdoor learning, experimental
archaeology and digital heritage, Digging In
is conveying how people and society coped
with the First World War.
The conflict was in many ways a
catastrophic event - a manmade disaster
on an unprecedented, industrial scale - that
brought about abrupt changes in the lives
of millions of soldiers, who sustained lifealtering physical and psychological injuries,
and their families and communities, whose
members died, or returned much altered.
Visitors explore the reconstructed trenches at Digging In
The war precipitated major changes in British society, with technological advances - both
in lethal weapons and in medical treatments for physical and psychological injuries - and
new roles for women in work and politics. It triggered powerful artistic and literary
responses. Also it galvanised the radical labour movement, particularly in the shipyards
and munitions factories of Red Clydeside in Glasgow.
Underpinning these larger narratives are many personal ones that demonstrate
extraordinary dignity and the courage to endure in difficult conditions - from a soldier’s
experience of horror in combat; or a conscientious objector’s prison cell; to a woman’s
service as a front-line medic.
The trench reconstructions, built to WWI specifications but engineered for current health
and safety requirements, provide a prism for exploring these stories of change and
coping. A parallel programme of experimental trench reconstruction is researching how
men actually created and maintained trenches by hand.
Regular open days, each on a theme such as wartime medicine or Home Front industry,
have attracted more than 2,800 visitors since Digging In opened in September 2015. We
have developed an innovative learning programme for schools, with hands-on activities
like: using trench periscopes to send and receive messages across No Man’s Land; taking
part in role play to explore front-line medical triage; and handling artefacts excavated
on the Western Front. Over 850 pupils have visited the trenches so far. The Digging In
27
Digging In
website hosts a steady stream of fresh
content - articles, individual stories,
filmed interviews, photographs - while
the app. opens windows on wartime
experiences through battle soundscapes
and personal accounts.
Volunteer involvement is key to the
project’s success. Volunteers have
already contributed over 2,000 days of
their time to researching content and
helping with events and school visits.
A volunteer re-enactor with visitors in the dug out
The project will run until March 2019. It is being delivered by a partnership, led by
Northlight Heritage and involving Glasgow City Council, the University of Glasgow and
Stewart’s Melville College, with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Covenant
Fund and the Robertson Trust. Further funding applications are being prepared to widen
the activities to include youth theatre and a wartime allotment.
Children camouflage cardboard helmets at an open day on
WWI camouflage technology
Digging In
28
The 1916 Easter Uprising and York Archaeological Trust
An unlikely combination, but the
maritime expertise of the Trust’s
conservation team was brought in to
help oversee the conservation of two
iron anchors recovered off the wreck of
the Aud-Norge, a German ship, operating
as a gun-runner, sunk in 1916 after an
aborted attempt to supply the Easter
Uprising with armaments.
The ship, originally built in Hull as the SS
Castro, was captured by the Germans at
the outbreak of World War I, renamed
the Libau, then fitted out with secret
compartments to supply the Irish
uprising with some 20,000 Mosin-Nagant
Cleaning the stockless anchor
29
Aud Anchor
Before final cleaning
rifles and a million rounds of ammunition
all captured from the Russians. Once at
sea with her deadly cargo, the ship was
repainted and renamed the Aud-Norge,
after a neutral Norwegian vessel of similar
proportions, in an attempt to evade the
Royal Navy.
The plan was to enter Tralee Bay, County
Kerry, on the South West coast of Ireland,
close to the port of Fenit, and offload the
weaponry to Roger Casement (ex-British
Diplomat, fervent Irish Nationalist and
one of the leaders of the Uprising), who
had arrived a few days earlier via U-boat.
Unfortunately, the dingy transferring him
from the submarine to the beach at Banna
Strand capsized and Casement, by now
suffering from a reoccurrence of malaria,
was arrested and transferred to London
where he was executed for his part in the
Uprising in August 1916. The Aud-Norge
was intercepted by the Royal Navy and
scuttled by her crew in the entrance to
Cork harbour.
In 2012, two anchors were brought
up and transferred to a warehouse in
Tralee, County Kerry, for conservation.
The work has been financed by the
Tralee Bay Heritage Association, who
wished to produce a lasting monument
to the people who took part in the
Uprising in time for the centennial
commemoration. The hands-on
conservation was successfully carried out
by members of the Association under
the guidance of the Trust’s conservation
department and completed well in
time for the ceremonies in Easter 2016.
The conservation process involved the
removal of the concretion crust, a hard
concrete-like substance that forms on
corroding marine iron, followed by
electrolysis of each anchor to remove
harmful salts. Once stabilised and dried,
each anchor has been mechanically
cleaned to remove flash rusting and
painted with several coats of tannic acid
to protect from further corrosion.
The stockless anchor at Banna beach for a wreath
laying ceremony by the President of Ireland, Michael D.
Higgins. One anchor is now on display in Fenit and the
other in Cobh, County Cork.
Aud Anchor
30
The London
During a calm summer’s day in August 2015, a team of divers recovered a complete
17th-century gun carriage off the wreck of the London, a 17th-century warship, lying in
the Thames Estuary off Southend. Built in 1656 during Cromwell’s Commonwealth,
the London was part of the fleet that brought Charles II back to England in 1660 and
finally met her end when the ship exploded in 1665, whilst sailing to join the fleet at
the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Samuel Pepys recorded the sinking in his
diary entry for the 8th March 1665.
The wreck, discovered in 2005 during construction of the Thames Gateway
development, was designated in 2008 under the Protection of Wrecks Act and
its condition monitored by a local group of divers led by Steve Ellis. This work
demonstrated that the seabed sediments were unstable and artefacts were being
scoured out of the wreck and lost. Historic England agreed to fund a programme of
artefact recovery and investigation of the wreck to assess how much structure survives
and in what condition, and perhaps discover what caused the catastrophic explosion as
well. The project has been a successful collaboration between the local divers and the
main contractor, Cotswold Archaeology.
Wooden linstock – a pole that held a match for firing a cannon
The gun carriage, whilst not unique (similar ones were discovered on the wreck of
the Swan, a Royalist-built ship sunk off Duart Point, Scotland) exhibits some intriguing
adaptations. Two short panels have been nailed to the insides of the carriage cheeks
to the front of the trunnion slots, and the base of the carriage has been extended.
This suggests that the carriage has been adapted for a thinner but longer cannon than
it was originally constructed for, probably Dutch bronze cannons captured during the
First Anglo-Dutch war, which the London was involved in.
As well as the gun carriage the divers have recovered other items of equipment
associated with the loading and firing of cannons, including linstocks and rams, which
we have assessed and reported on.
31
The London
A drawing of the London
Whilst the conservation of the artefacts is the remit of the team of HE conservators
at Fort Cumberland, the gun carriage was sent to York as we have the expertise and
facilities to treat large items. The carriage now sits in a tank of PEG wax and will await
its turn in one of our large freeze-driers. Once stabilized it is the intention of Southend
Museum to have it as the centre-piece of a new exhibition about the ship and its crew.
Gun carriage
The London
32
Change and Refurbishment in an historic core: York Theatre Royal
The earliest continuous theatre established
outside of London, York Theatre Royal
is built within and on top of much older
buildings. So when it underwent a £4.5
million refurbishment in 2015, we were
commissioned to record the well preserved
archaeological and historic building remains
that were uncovered during the works.
The theatre was formerly the site of one of
England’s largest and wealthiest medieval
hospitals, founded by William Rufus II, 3rd
Son of William the Conqueror. The hospital was dedicated originally to St Peter and was
later re-dedicated to St Leonard by King Stephen, who largely rebuilt the hospital and
provided a chapel dedicated to St Leonard (patron saint of prisoners, pregnant women
and horses!).
Following the Reformation, for a short period from 1546, the by now former St
Leonard’s hospital buildings became home to the Royal Mint in York. From 1744 the
buildings were adapted again to become the York Theatre.
Documentary sources indicate the original hospital buildings were most likely built
from timber. Although no archaeological evidence was found to support this, a series of
floors and occupation layers were discovered which had been superseded by
12th-century stone structures.
33
Theatre Royal
At its peak there were 229 men and
women in the hospital infirmary and 23
orphans in the ‘children’s house’.
Its income came from property
bequeathed to the hospital, tenants,
and endowments and donations for
the care of the sick and poor. Among
its benefactors it counted some of the
wealthiest in the city and from afar
including Royal patrons.
Although the remains of the hospital
were previously known to archaeologists
this was the first opportunity to
investigate it using modern methods.
The team uncovered new 12th-century
structures, as well as evidence for earlier
occupation, dating to the 11th century.
Over the course of nine months we also
monitored the works on the building, recording previously unseen 12th-century fabric
of St Leonard’s hospital and the theatre dating from as early as the mid-18th century.
Theatre Royal
34
Pile Impacts on Archaeology
As you might expect, modern construction has a major impact on archaeological
deposits. Piling, where deep piles normally of concrete and steel, are driven
into the ground to provide stable foundations, has been of concern to
archaeologists for many years. In particular, as piling is frequently used as a
method to preserve archaeological remains in situ rather than to excavate them
before construction, it is important to understand piling’s long-term impact on
archaeological deposits.
As a result, we have been commissioned by Historic England to undertake a
major review of piling.
The project builds on previous research including field observations, literature
reviews and engineering studies. Currently we are reviewing existing knowledge;
identifying sites; and gathering field data relating to the physical, chemical and
hydrological impacts of different types of piles. This will provide baseline data
against which to assess the potential impacts of new piling designs on buried
archaeological remains.
The project also aims to further investigate the below-ground physical,
chemical and hydrological impact of different piling techniques on the buried
archaeological deposits, structures, artefacts and environmental remains, and to
identify how pile impacts vary due to the piling technique used and the differing
environmental conditions on site.
This project is critical for managing the long term conservation of archaeological
deposits while permitting modern development in areas like York city centre,
where deep archaeological deposits are often impacted by piling. Its results will
feed into the development by Historic England of further guidance and advice on
the impact of foundation design and piling techniques on buried archaeological
remains and their preservation in situ.
35
Pile Review
A column of archaeological stratigraphy from Hungate, York that shows the different impacts of
different piling methods. The piles have now gone but their smooth sides can be seen on the
right and left of the column of deposits. To the right a driven pile has dragged down the layers,
while there has been considerably less distortion from the augured pile on the left.
Pile Review
36
Building Resilience in YAT
Change also affects organizations and
in 2015 we secured a one year grant
for £69,290 from Arts Council England’s
Museum’s Resilience Programme to make
YAT more sustainable and robust.
Very timely, this project Finding the Future
strengthened our organisation so that
it dealt effectively with the unexpected
flooding of JORVIK in December 2015.
The project was focused on two main
objectives: researching our collection and
making it more accessible to everyone.
To achieve these objectives we worked
with both internal and external experts
to develop the skills of our staff and
volunteers, and create intern positions and
secondments for early career professionals
and those wanting to work in the sector. We collaborated with 13 other organisations
ranging from universities, regional and national museums and special interest groups,
helping to create ongoing partnerships. The knowledge created by these collaborations
was shared through online resources, print material, events and exhibitions.
The research projects also enabled us to offer a range of new training and mentoring
opportunities. Training sessions were filmed and can be found on our web pages.
This filming reflected another aspect of the project, the development of our video
production and photographic skills, and it also enabled us to equip a photographic
studio.
The access project has not only created
a range of on-line resources but has also
generated material that has been used
in eight new exhibitions (see Touring
Exhibitions: Changing the Service).
37
REPORTS PRODUCED BY THE PROJECT
13PROJECT
REPORTS
35OSTEOLOGICAL
REPORTS
24CARBON-14
REPORTS
Building Resilience
25SPECIALIST
REPORTS
5EXCAVATION
REPORTS
5CATALOGUES
OF ARTEFACTS
7ISOTOPIC
REPORTS
Our Educational Learning Pack, distributed
to schools across Northern England,
carried details of the project, resulting
in 40,492 web hits. We also created new
Skype sessions for schools throughout
the world, which has generated 44 Skype
sessions broadcast to various countries
including the UK, USA, Germany and
Australia.
Finally we have, to date, created four
vodcasts entitled ‘Shaking Hands with the
Past’. Broadcast over YouTube, these are
hosted by one of our team and a friendly
‘Viking’, who discuss a unique find in a
way designed to appeal to primary school
pupils, teachers and parents. These can be
accessed through our websites.
All of the work that has been generated
through the project Finding the Future
has created strength and resilience
throughout the wider YAT team. It has
engaged and enthused our staff and
volunteers and generated increased
information, resources and skill sets. We
have added to our intern programme,
retained staff, provided for internal career
development and filled vacancies more
easily and securely.
We aim to continue many of the practices
and processes developed in the project
and embed them firmly in our strategy,
particularly in our work in our museums
and in partnership with other museums
throughout the UK.
142 TRAINING PLACES
27 SECONDMENTS
3 NEW INTERN POSITIONS
A PHOTOGRAPHIC
ONLINE LIBRARY OF
15 VIDEOS
VODCASTS, TRAINING
664
PHOTOGRAPHS
& EXPERTS DELIVERING
PIECES TO CAMERA
We have now received
a second phase of
funding from ACE worth
£283,095 for the next
one and a half years to
continue this work.
Building Resilience
38
Touring Exhibitions - Changing the Service
In 2015 we launched a new service using the skills and knowledge developed over
many years in our own attractions. JORVIK on Tour presents six new touring exhibitions
that are marketed to other museums as temporary displays. Using elements of our
own collection and case studies based on our research, the exhibitions are modular
and designed to fit into any space. Uniquely, we believe, they can all be adapted to
include content, narrative and objects from the host museum.
From the outset our service attracted a great deal of interest and bookings were
generated with Manx National Heritage, Shrewsbury Museums and Art Gallery and
Experience Barnsley in the first few months. We also achieved a booking with Historic
Houses of Ghent becoming an international operation.
We initially launched three exhibitions: Heroes – exploring the big Viking names of the
past including Eric Bloodaxe, Harald Hardrada and King Cnut; Valhalla – which explores
Viking death rituals and belief systems; and From Hamlet to Hollywood using costumes
from historic TV dramas and film.
Now in the second year of operation we have bookings through to 2019 with
organisations including Culture Coventry – Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Torquay
Museum, Inverness Museum and Art Gallery, Thurso Art Gallery, The Beacon Museum,
Whitehaven Museum, and Clydebank Museum, Dumbarton. We have also expanded
our exhibition offer to six with Fearsome Craftsmen, Medieval Medicine and Gladiators.
Jorvik - Home and Abroad
39
Touring Exhibitions
JORVIK on Tour – York 2016
The experience of creating touring exhibitions worked to our advantage when we
found ourselves without JORVIK and, therefore, nowhere to display our collection
of Viking-age artefacts. Immediately following the flooding of JORVIK, a number of
partners in York stepped forwards offering their assistance, which we were keen to
accept.
Over three months we created three new touring exhibitions, launching the first offer,
Jorvik – Life and Death, in the Theatre Royal in May. This exhibition explores medicine,
illness and cures from the Viking period through to the early Middle Ages.
We launched our second exhibition in June at St Mary’s Church, Coppergate in
association with York Museums Trust. Jorvik – Home and Abroad explores trade and
industry in York during the Viking period.
The third exhibition opened at York Minster within the Treasury Undercroft in July.
Jorvik – Treasures and Belief, shows many of our unique and important finds from
Coppergate and investigates the complex mix of belief existing in Jorvik in the Viking
age.
All of these exhibitions are staffed by our costumed Viking hosts, creating a different
and exciting offer at this diverse range of attractions in the city. Benefits to the Trust
have been the ability to continue to talk about the Vikings in the city and to maintain
access to our collection. The strengthening of partnerships within the City has also
been hugely positive and something we hope to continue to build on in the future. Our
thanks go to all of those involved in supporting this programme of exhibitions.
Fearsome Craftsmen
Touring Exhibitions
40
The Future
Managing change, being resilient and sustainable: these are all stock phrases that every
organisation considers in its strategic planning. As this year has demonstrated, though,
making these phrases a reality requires tenacity, hard work and dedication.
The December flooding of the JORVIK Viking Centre meant that many of our plans were
diverted while we focussed a substantial part of our energy on re-imagining JORVIK.
That said, there have been silver linings: we have had to learn how to run an effective
fundraising campaign and different parts of the organisation have had to work more
closely together than in normal operations – creating new possibilities of working
across the organisation.
The re-imagining of JORVIK will not stop on 8th April 2017, when we re-open the doors,
as we will continue to build a larger digital JORVIK, where people can explore the Viking
world and understand a lot more of the detail that goes into the reconstruction of the
Viking-age city.
As mentioned last year, in York, we also want to re-ignite interest in large-scale
research into the city: so much remains unknown and we now have unparalleled
expertise that will permit us to develop projects that have public participation at their
heart. In addition, we will continue to diversify our work and build up our touring
exhibitions services.
In Glasgow, we will continue to explore the rich social, cultural, and economic impact of
heritage and how it can play a key role in sustainable communities by developing new
project opportunities and working with a huge range of partners.
In Nottingham and Sheffield, we have recently focussed on ensuring our resilience
and building on core strengths of each office. In addition, we continue to explore
opportunities to combine our award-winning attractions expertise with our recognised
regional archaeological knowledge to deliver the full range of public benefits that
we provide in York. Challenging to deliver, requiring as it does the right mix of public
engagement and educational impact, we will keep looking for ways that YAT can deliver
its unique benefits to its wider community.
The continuing closures of publicly funded museums and cultural institutions means
that there is ever more need for successful organisations like YAT to sustain the cultural
vibrancy in our lives and to bring the benefits of archaeology to the widest possible
range of people. It is something that we will strive more than ever to achieve.
41
The Future
Support Us
As this year’s Annual Review shows dramatically, your support is paramount in enabling
York Archaeological Trust to fulfil its mission of investigating the past for the benefit of
present communities and future generations.
We continue to need donations to deliver all of our plans for the JORVIK Viking Centre
and while we are well on our way to our Campaign Canute £1.5 million fundraising
target, having raised in the order of £819,000 by the beginning of November 2016,
additional funding is still required.
Ultimately, as we are an independent educational charity we rely on the vital life
support of our visitors, sponsors, donors, volunteers and members to promote
excellence in archaeological discovery, research, conservation and curation as well as
presentation, education and dissemination.
Our ambitious plans for the future mean that we will continue to raise funding to
deliver heritage benefits to the widest possible audiences.
There are many ways to support us including:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Buying an admission ticket and visiting our attractions
Becoming a Corporate Partner
Corporate Sponsorship
Donations
Leaving a legacy
Volunteering
Please consider supporting York Archaeological Trust to ensure we can continue to go
from strength to strength.
Ways of donating to Campaign Canute can be found on our websites.
For further information about volunteering please contact Helen Harris
Phone: 01904 543419
Email: [email protected]
For all other information about supporting the Trust please contact Anna Stewart
Phone 01904 663035
Email: [email protected]
Support Us
42
Our Thanks
As Chairman of the Board it is my great
pleasure, as always, to thank all our hardworking staff, volunteers and supporters,
and to acknowledge the support of our
clients, visitors, volunteers, partners, and
grant-funding bodies.
•
•
•
•
•
•
My thanks is especially heart-felt in
this most challenging of years for YAT
following the 2015 flooding of the JORVIK
Viking Centre. The success of Campaign
Canute is down to the dedication of our
fundraising team, and as we look forward
to life after the flood I am particularly
grateful for the many donations we have
received.
Beyond Campaign Canute, we have
continued to receive funding from Arts
Council England, Historic England, Historic
Environment Scotland and a wide range of
other bodies.
Amongst our many donors I would like
to acknowledge the following for their
generous contribution to Campaign
Canute:
• Garfield Weston Foundation
• Arts Council England
• Leeds City Region Local Enterprise Partnership
• Yorventure
• The Hobson Trust
• Storm Eva Fund – Department for
Communities and Local Government
• Holbeck Charitable Trust
• York City Council
• Aurelius Charitable Trust
• The Sheldon Memorial Trust
• York Civic Trust
• Robert Kiln Charitable Trust
• York Common Good Trust
43
Betty’s Good Causes Fund
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
York Philosophical Society
NG Terry Trust
Sylvia and Colin Shepherd Trust
York Rotary Club
I want to also acknowledge the Friends of
York Archaeological Trust, who continue
to support us and our advisory bodies for
their collective expertise and support.
Finally, I thank our staff and volunteers
whose expertise, dedication and sheer
enthusiasm have always been an
inspiration during my time as Chairman,
and whom I know shall support the new
Chair as they take up their duties.
Our Thanks
Members of the Trust
His Grace The Archbishop Of York
The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor Of York
Dr P V Addyman CBE
Dr D Atkinson
Ms P Baker
Ms M Baldwin
Prof J Beckett
Mrs V E Black
Mr S A J Bradley MA, FSA
Professor D Brothwell (Deceased Sep 16)
Cllr David Chance
Sir R U Cooke DSc
Professor J D Currey
Mrs A Deller
Dr K H M Dixon CBE
Dr P W Dixon FSA
Mrs H M Dobson BA, ACA
Mr I Drake
Prof S T Driscoll
Professor A Fitter
Mr G C F Forster
Dr David Fraser
Mr M Galloway BA
Councillor J Galvin
Cllr. H Garnett
Dr Kate Giles
Cllr Ian Gillies
Mrs Pat Gillies
Mr M Gooddie BA, FCIPD, FRSA
Mr Conal R Gregory, BA, MW
Prof. J Grenville, MA, FSA
Councillor Julie Gunnell
Mr C Hall B.Ed C.Biol MIBiol
Mr P Hammond
Mrs C Hammond
Mr J B Hampshire
Ms L Hampson
Dr J M Hargreaves MBE
The Baroness Harris of Richmond
Mrs E Hartley FSA
Mr E K Hayton
Ms E Heaps
Ms S E Hebron
Mr D Henson
Dr M Heyworth BA MA PhD FSA MIFA MBE
Mr M C Holyoak
Ms J Hunter
Mr K Hyman
Mrs K Hyman
Miss M G Ingle
Prof J Jesch
Mrs A Johnson
Mr K Johnston
Dr R F J Jones FSA
Mr B Joyce MBE FSA
Dr H K Kenward
Mr R Kilburn
Ms Reyahn King
Mr Graham Lee
Professor P Lock
Dr Terry Manby
Dr S Mays
Prof R Morris OBE, FSA
Dr H Mytum FSA
Reverend Jane Nattrass
Dr D Neave
Mr J R Nursey
Prof T P O’Connor
Mr A Owen
Professor D M Palliser FSA
Mr D Phillips FSA
Dr K Pretty FSA
The Lord Redesdale
Dr S Rees-Jones
Dr J Richards
Professor D W Rollason
Professor E Royle
Mr J Scott
Mr John Sheehan
Dr W J Sheils
Mr J A Spriggs
Mr James Stephenson
Professor P Stone OBE
Mr T Suthers MBE DL FMA FRSA
Mr J C Temple
The Rev Canon Dr J Toy F.S.A
Dr N J Tringham
Mr Michael Turnpenny
Mr P Vaughan DL
Mr M P P Viner FRSA
Prof. John S. F. Walker
Councillor Brian Watson
Mr M R Watson
Mr G Wilford MBE BSc MIcE
Dr I N Wood FRHistS FSA
Mr B Woolley
Members of the Trust
44
Organisational Structure
President
Chief Financial Officer
Board Of Trustees
Director Of Attractions
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Mayor Of York
Gill Gimes
Mr Terry Suthers MBE, DL, FMA, FRSA
Mr G A Wilford MBE, MICE (Stepped down Dec. 15)
Mrs H M Dobson ACA
Professor S T Driscoll
Mr A C Hall MSB
Ms Elizabeth Heaps
Ms J Hunter (Stepped down Jan. 16)
Professor R Morris OBE FSA
Dr D Neave FSA
Mr Richard Watson
Chief Executive Officer
David Jennings FSA MCIfA
Volunteers
Sarah Morris
Elizabeth Atkinson
Lee Norton
Benedict Frankish
Rachel Kennedy
Tammy Thorpe
Molly Gill
James Green
Andrew Jarvis
Olivia Sharrard
Kyla Hyslop
Amy Wilson
Sophia Theos
Meghan Burton
Matthew Graham
Ryan Long
Isobel Wisher
Liz Wilson
Noora Jyvala
Matthew Worrall
Aimee Grundy
Sofie Kitts
Sandra Garcia Perez
Holly Edwards
Irene Durrant
Linda Oxtoby
Jean Baxter
Michael Bedford
45
Sylvia Jewels
Kate Bowley
Emily Coulthard
Muriel Fildes
Yibadaiti Tuerdi
Robert Wardle
Jan Milson
June Sworder
Richard Hanage
David Barratt
Bethany Diamond
George Nuth
Paul Thornley
Lucy Doherty
David Bagnall
Jessica Chatburn
Kate Brennan
Aidan Chisholm
Caitlin Burge
Fiona Hyde
Sylvia Voisk
Dorothea Webb
Sue Fisher
James Davis-Mann
Anne Major
Richard Wright
Sandra Garside-Neville
Moria Pillmoor
Sarah Maltby
General Advisory Council
Mr D Martin (Deceased 5/12/15)
Mrs A Deller
Cllr J Galvin
Cllr H Garnett
Mr J B Hampshire
Mr E K Hayton
Dr D Henson
Mr B Joyce
Mr D Phillips
Professor S Rees Jones
Mr J Spriggs
Mr B Woolley
Michelle Wagstaff
Emma Chapman
Eleanor O’Flynn
Sue Cooke
Avril Bartlett
Rose Agar
Julie Agar
Gail Thornley
Kirsty Skitt
Kayleigh Hunter
Emma Goldring
Rebecca Bale
Bethany Williams
Megan Crossley
Alice Hunter
Eve Cave Coates
Reid Spain
Hannah King
Sophie Hearn
Simon Craft
Peter Bosworth
Alexandra Drossinakis
Bethany Nash
Laura Parkin
Miranda Schmeiderer
Joanna Perrett
Emily Parrent
Maisy Szabo
Organisational Structure
Philip Minty
Jessica Bates
Rita Chapman
Jo Crawford
Graham Culter
Ellie Drew
Max O’Keith
Doreen Leach
Madeleine Schense
Sally Toon
Katie Widdowson
Helen Adams
Leah Armstrong
Belle Arrat
Jonathan Auty
Elisa Ballurio
Betty Bentley
Grace Chapman
Liddy Dalesman
Molly Day
Ellen Denison
Ellie Drew
Sharon Gilpin
Helen Giovine
Isabel Gomez Viejo
Lynne Grey
Rob Jackson
Kyle Knapp
Natasha Lawson
Alice Linton
Jake Louth
Bill McLaren
Naomi Oya
Margaret Ramsbottom
Amanda Silcock
Jeannette Tomlinson
Jess Watters
Freddie Webb
Chris Wood
Natasha Johnson
Peter Fogelberg
Felicity Graham
Amber Clarkson
Anna Bailey
Karolina Krejsova
Tom Brighton
Anthony Crawshaw
Bibi Beekman
Chelsea Blake
Isabella Ladigus
Ken Northshaw
Ann Beeby
Sarah Mence
Victoria Spence
Roger Inman
Trustees
Graham Wilford, Deputy
Chair/Honorary Treasurer
(Stepped down Dec. 15)
Charles Hall
Helen Dobson
(Hon. Treasurer from Dec. 15)
Prof. Richard Morris
David Neave
Elizabeth Heaps
(Deputy Chair from Dec. 15)
Jean Hunter
(Stepped down Jan. 16)
Terry Suthers, Chairman
Prof. Stephen Driscoll
Richard Watson
Trustees
46
Registered Office: 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX
A Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England No. 1430801
A registered Charity in England & Wales (No. 509060) and Scotland (No. SCO42846)
ISBN 978-1-874454-98-4