558
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN'S RETISED
R e f e w m e lettem.
1 d.t. Testis-duct.
i d . Suspensory ligament of ovary.
02. Intestine.
6)'. U r o r p t (tio-called urinary ms". Mesenteric fold.
our. Right, ovary.
bladder).
o d ' . Left ovary.
hl". Orifice of the same.
f s . Testis.
hr'. Bristle pwsed from interior
s. Urino-genital sinus.
of right ovary into testist J , Longitudinal septum of tcstisduct.
duct.
hi-". Bristle
passed into porus
ti".
Valre-like fold at base of
genitalis of right side.
testis-ducb.
d g ' . Genital dnct.
z1.0.
Ovarian vein.
d.9". Orifice of the same.
a. Anus.
A R'evised Classification of the TUNICATA,
with Definitions of
the Orders, Suborders, Families, Subfamilies, and Genera,
and Analytical Keys t o the Species. By W. A. HERDNAN,
D.Sc., F.L.S., Professor of Natural Hist,ory in Universit,y
College, Liverpool.
[Read 5th February, 1891.1
DURING
the three years which have elapsed since the last part
of the report upon the Tunicata collected during the 'Challenger' Expedition was mitten, I have had opportunities of
examining, more or less in detail, inany large collections of Tunicata from various parts of the world, including especially three
important series of specimens from Australian seas which are
now in my laboratory, viz. :-the collection of the Australian
Museum, Sydney (from which I am drawing up a Museum Catalogue) j a collection made by Mr. Bracebridge Wilson in the
neighbourhood of Port Phillip, and sent to me f o r descriptiou by
Prof. Baldwin Spencer ; and, lastly, the collectio~~
made by Prof.
Haddon in the Torres Straits. I have also been able to make a
number of observations from the living animals on various parts
of our own and the French coasts. Consequently I feel that I
am in a position now to revise the classification put forward in
the ' Challenger ' Report, to deal with those few genera not included in that work and those described since 1888, and to
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
559
differentiate, so far as can be done in tabular form *, under each
genus the numerous species not represented in the ' Challenger '
Collection.
There has never been any sufficiently comprehensive work
on the Tunicata describing all the known species, and although
this present classification and series of tables cannot pretend
to be such a revision, still it may be useful as a preliminary
essay in that direction, clearing the ground and marshalling
the species in groups. I can scarcely hope that my system
of classification will commend itself at all points to my fellowworkers : in the primary divisious and subdirisious, however, I
have made practically no change upon the ' Challenger system,
which has been adopted by most writers on the Tunicata since.
Still less can I hope to have escaped error in the enumeration and arrangement of the numerous species. The literature
of the Tunicata is so scattered, and many of the descriptions
so meagre or even misleading, that it is very di5cult in the
first place to collect the literary material, and in the second
place to arrange it correctly. The first to attempt this work
in a group is pretty sure to commit sins both of omission
and of' commission, but may reasouably hope for lenient treatment from his critics. I shall be very glad to receive and
acknowledge corrections aud additions to the lists.
I desire to acknowledge with cordial thanks the very e5cient
aasistauce I have received from two advanced students of
University College, Liverpool, Miss A. E. Warham, B.Sc.,
and Mias J. H. Willmer, who, while working in my laboratory
during the past year, have prepared for me microscope specimens
and drawings of a very large uumber of Ascidians. Miss Warham
especially has devoted a great deal of time to sectionizing numerous colonies of Compound Ascidians; and both ladies have
undertaken a part of the laborious work of looking-up references,
of collecting together the various species of the genera and
of comparing the characteristics given by different authors,
and so have enabled me to complete the tables much sooner than
with my very limited leisure would otherwise have been possible.
Although a linear classification, such as this of necessity is,
* Occasionally the characters made use of in some of the tables are not quite
satisfactory. It is not possible in a11 cases to distinguish allied species by
one or two characteristics briefly put. They will aerve, however, to indicate
hich origiual descriptions should be consulted.
560
PROF. W. A . HEEDMAN’S REVISED
cannot express adequately the relations existing between the
varioiis groups, still I believe that these groups are all natural
assemblages, with the exception of the ‘‘ Ascidia Composita,”
which is to be regarded as being polyphyletic in origin, having
been derived from several distinct groups of simple Ascidians
which have independently acquired the property of budding so as
to form colonies. I believe, then, that although it is a matter of
convenience to retain still the suborder Ascidiae CompositEe, it
inay some day become necessary to break up this artificial assemblage of colonial forms, and to place the sections beside their
nearest allies amongst the Ascidia Simplices.
I have purposely abstained from being too critical in regard
to closely related or poorly detined genera and species, believing
it to be more useful in this preliminary revision of the group t o
admit all such doubtful forms if they have any characteristic by
which they can be distinguished. A number of the older species
of the Tunicata require t o be examined afresh (those it is possible
to obtain) aud re-described, as the original descriptions are no
longer sufficient to characterize them properly and to distinguish
them from the numerous species w-hich have been described (more
fully) since. I have thought it better to err on the side of admitting iuto the tables some of these imperfectly characterized
species rather than to r u n the risk of doing an injustice to former
authors by suppressing species which may eventually turu out t o
be distinct and entitled to recognition. Others ofthe older species
which in the present state of our knowledge cannot be placed in
tbe tables, but which I do not know to be mere synonyms, have
been referred to in footnotes or put in separate lists under the
genera to which they probably belong.
I have inserted the authorities and the dates of formation of
the various groups, but have not considered it necessary to
encumber the text with references to the original papers. There
cau be no difficulty from the author’s name and the date iu
finding the work in question in any bibliography of the Tunicata, such as that given in the ‘ Challenger ’ Reports s. I have
* It is unnecessary to acknowledge in detail the full use I have made of the
published works of my predecessors and fellow-workera at the Tunicata, as I
have ransacked every paper known to me for lists, characters, and other hints
as to the affinities of those species I have not been able t o examine myeelf. I
have found specially useful the recent papers of Traustedt, Sluiter, von Drasche,
and Lahille.
561
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATB.
also, after the authorities for the species, giren in brackets a
brief iudication of the geographical distribution of each species,
and have there made use of the following contractions:N. Atl. (North Atlantic); 8. Atl. (South Atlantic) ; N.W. Eur.
(the north-western coasts of Europe, such as British area, Danish
seas, &c.) ; E. N. Am. (the eistern coast of North America) ;
Arct. (the Arctic seas) ; W. Ind. (the West Indieu) ; Med. (the
Mediterrauean, including the Adriatic) ; Red S. (the Red Sea) ;
Ind. 0. (the Indian Ocean); Mal. (the seas of the Malay Archipelago); Austr. (the coasts of Australia); A . Arct. (the Antarctic) ; Mag. (Straits of Magellan and t h e neighbourhood) ;
8. Pac. (South Pacific); N. Pax. (North Pacific Ocean); and
Jap. (Japanese Coast).
TUNICATA, Lamb., 1816.
This class is divided into three Orders, the Ascidiacea, the
Thaliacea, and the Larvacea.
Order 1. ASCIDIACEA, Blv., 1827.
This group includes fixed or free-swimming Simple or Cornpouiid Aecidiantl, which in t.he adult are never provided with a
tail and have no trace of a notochord. The free-swimming
forms are colonies, and the simple Ascidians are never freeswimming.
The test is permanent and well developed; as a rule it
increases with the age of the individual.
The musculature of the mautle is in tbe form of an irregular
network, there being no regular circular bands.
The branchial sac is large and well developed. Its walls are
perforated by numerous slits (the stigmata) opening into a single
peribranchial cavity, which communicates with the exterior by
the atrial aperture.
The anus opens into the peribranchial cavity.
Many of the forms reproduce by gemmation, and in most of
them the sexually produced embryo develops into
tailed
larva.
a
5 @i,
PROF. W. A. HEEDMAN'S REPtSED
The Order Ascidiacea is divided into three Sections-the
Ascidise Simplices, t h e AscidiEe Compositse, and the Ascidise
Luciae.
Suborder I. ASCIDIX SIMPLICES, Savigny, 1816.
This group contains fixed (rarely unattached, but never freeswimming) Ascidians which are solitary, and very rarely reproduce by gemmation ; if coloiiies m e formed, the members of the
colony are not buried in a common investing mass, but each
has a distinct test of its own.
The Ascidiae Simplices include four families-the Molgulidse,
t h e Cynthiids, the Ascidiide, and the Clarelinids.
Family I. MOLGULIDB, Lac.-Dufk., 1577.
Body usually free, sometimes fixed, rarely pedunculated.
Test cartilaginous, coriaceous, or membranous, usually covered
I\ ith sand &c., which adheres to loug hair-like processes of the
test. Branchial aperture &lobed, atrial aperture 4-lobed.
Brccnchinl sac usually longitudiiially folded (5 to '7 folds on
each side) : interual longitudinal bars not papillated ; stigmata
inure or less curved, usually arranged in spirals.
Tentacles always Compound, usually much branched.
Intestine attached t o the inner surface of the mantle on the
left side.
R e n a l sac present, upon the right side of the body.
Gonads on the inner surface of the mantle, usually developed on both sides. Larvae usually tailed, in a few species
anurous.
This is the most highly differentiated family of the Ascidiae
Simplices. It contains the following genera :Branchial sac with no folds .....................................................
1
011 each sldc.. ....... 2
{ Branchial sac with from 5 to 7 longitudinal folds
A pair of gouds, one on each aide, the left one anterior to the inkstine.. .....................................................
Paramolgula.
3
I I A single gonad, alongside intestine .............................................
'11
Infundibula large, conical, placed in longitudiual rowa, one in each
mesh ..............................................................
Eugyra.
Infundibula relatively small, corkscrew-like, many i n each mesh.
Bostrichobranchus.
563
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
Body attached, pedunculated, free from sand, and with stigmata nut
in spirals .........................................................
Ascopem.
Generally free, globular, and sandy, with stigmata in spirals ............ 4
With 5 folds on each side of the branchial sac.....................
Pera.
7 folds on each side ................................................
5
4 { With 6 or
the branchial and atrial lobes laciniated ......... Ctenicella.
[ W1t.h
With no such laciniation ......................................................
.
i
6
With a single gonad, on the left side.....................Eugyriopsis.
With 2 gonads, one on each side ..............................
Molgula.
PABAMOLGULA,
Traustedt, 1885.
Body free.
Test covered with adhering sand.
Branchial sac with no folds. Stigmata spirally coiled and
arrauged in infundibula.
Gonads present on both sides of the body.
This genus contains the single species
Paramolgula Xclrulzii, Traustedt. (Mag.)
EUGYBA,
Alder
4 Hancock, 1870.
Body globular, unattached. Branchial aperture 6-lobed, atrial
4-lobed.
Test usually thin and transparent, incrusted with sand or
plain.
Branchial sac with no folds. Internal longitudinal bars few,
broad, and ribbon-like. Infundibula large, conical, formed of
regularly coiled vessels, which form a double spiral meeting at
the apex. They are placed in longitudinal rows, one in each
mesh.
Tentacles compound.
Gonad forming a single mass situated on the left side close to
the iutestiue.
The species of this genus may be distinguished as follows :-
{
Body attached by a very long peduncle.
E.pedunculata, Traust. (Arct.)
Body not pedunculated ........................................................
1
Test thin, transparent, without sand.
E. kergaelenen&zk, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
1 1 Teat opaque, covered with sand ...............................................
2
,
LINN. J0UBN.-ZOOLOQY,
VOL. XXIII.
40
564
)
PROF.
w.
A . HERDMAN'S REVISED
I Siphons concealed by a fold of anterior
end of test.
E. bilabiata, Sluit. (Mal.)
- 1 Siphons not concealed by a fold ................................................
3
Both siphons very long, as long as diameter of body.
E. pikklarzk, Verr. (E. N.Am. j
Siphons not vevy long ...........................................................
4
Gonad confined to intestinal loop, GO tentacles.
E. adricltita, v. Dr. (Med.)
Gonad not confined to intestinal loop ....................................... 5
Gouads paired* .................. E. symetrica, v. Dr. (Arct. & Med.)
Gonad single, crossing over intestinal loop ................................. 6
1Witl1 a circular area on side free from sand.
E. glrtfi7iaas, Moll.(Atl.)( =E.areiiosn,
" Body entirely covered with sand.
Ald. & Hanc.).
E. globosa, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
I
BOSTRICHOBRANCHUS,
Traustedt, 1852.
Body free, sometimes sandy.
Test moderately thick and tough, wrinkled.
Branchial sac with no folds. Infundibula of small size, corkscreK-like, and placed many i n a mesh.
Gonad present on the left side ouly.
This genus contains a single species, Bostrichobranchus manhattensis, Dekay, from the east coast of North America.
ASCOPERA,
Herdman, 1880.
Body more or less pyriform, pedunculated, attached.
Test thin, between membranous and leathery in texture, having
no adhering sand and no hair-like processes.
Branchial sac with seven folds on each side. Stigmata straight
or curved, but not arranged in spirals. No infundihula.
Tentacles compound.
Alimentary canal on left side, running antero-posteriorly.
Gonads developed on both sides. The gland on the left side
lies ventral to the rectum.
There are two species, separated thus :-
*
This species Beems to belong to ParanzoZgzlla rather than to E t q y u T
565
CLASSIFICATION OF T H E TUNICATA.
J Body pyriform, stalk short, stigmata mostly curved.
A. giyuntea, Herdm. (Kerguelen 181.)
[Body club-shaped, stalk long, stigmata mostly straight.
A. pcduncislafu, Herdm. (Kerguelen Id.)
PEEA,Stimpson, 1852.
Body attached or free, may be slightly stalked.
Test sandy or not.
Branchial sac with five folds on each side. Stigmata in spirals
or in rows.
This genus (which is simply those Molgulids with five folds
only on each side of the branchial sac) contains four species*:Test delicate and transparent
...... P.chrystaZZina, Moll.
(N. Atl.)
{ Test opaque and more or less sandy ..........................................
1
With very long branchial and atrial siphons.
P. longicolZis, Wagner. (Arct.)
l 1 With the siphons short or inconspicuous ....................................
2
Stigmata of branchial sac curved ... P. Huncocki, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
2 L t .igmata straight .....................P. Curpenteii, Herdm. (N. Atl.)
CTENICELLA
t, Lacaze-Duthiers,1877.
Body fired.
Test covered with sand. Branchial and atrial lobes laciniated
or cleft at their edges into numerous sharp processes. Atrial
siphon furnished with a bilobed valve.
Branchial sac with seven folda on each side. Stigmata spirally
coiled, arranged in infundibula.
Dorsal lamina with the margin toothed.
Gonads present on both sides of the body.
The four species of C'tenicella inay be distinguished thus :Dorsal tubercle horsehe-shaped
Dorsal tubercle &shaped
*
......... C. Lancepkini, Lac.-Dnth.
(N.W. Eur.)
......................................................... 1
Pera Hwleyi, Macd., is a Rhodosoma (sea Aacidiidse).
t Molgvla complnnata, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.) may belong to this genus.
If 80, it differ8 from the other species of Ctenicella in having only 6 folds on
the left side (right, of Hancock) of the branchial sac. Lithoonepkrya eqyialada
of Giard probably belongs to Ctenicella.
566
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN’B REVISED
1
Dorsal tubercle Kith long axis parallel to long aris of body ............ 2
I 1 Dorsal tubercle with long axis transveme to long axis of body.
!
C. illorguts, Lac.-Duth. (Med.)
Tentacles slightly branched, dorsal lamina strongly toothed.
C. apyendiculutn,Heller. (Med.)
Teutacles well branched. dorsal lamina slightly toothed.
C. Korotiie&i, Lac.-Dut.h. (N.W.
Eur. & Med.)
MOLGULA
*, Fades, I88X
Body usually globular, attached o r free, often encrusted with
sand and mud. Branchial aperture 6-lobed, atrial 4-lobed ; lobes
ncjt Inciniated.
Test usually thin, but tough ; often with hair-like processes on
the outer surfaci..
Manfle thin and meinbranous ; musculature usually feeble,
consisting chiefly of long radiating bundles arising from the bases
of the siphons, and of short fusiform clumps of fibres scattered
through the mantle.
Bvanchial sac with 6 or 7 longitudinal folds on each side.
Stigmata more or less curved, coiled spirdly in infundibula.
Tentacles compound.
Alimentary canal on the left side of the branchial sac.
Gonads developed on both sides.
Renal o ~ 9 a nin the form of a crescentic sac placed in the
centre of the right side of the mantle, and usually containing
concretions.
The numerous species t of Zolguka which have been sufficiently
characterized may be separated as follows :With 6 folds on each side of the braucbial sac ..............................
{ With 7 folds ........................................................................
1
2
Lower ends of the folds provided with tongue-like processes.
M. cuprocta, v. Dr. (Med.)
No such processes present. ......................................................
3
*
Includes Gymnocystis, Giard, and Anwella, Lac.-Duth.
t Molgula psammodes was described by Traustedt in 1880, but was not iucluded in the table of species of the genus given by the same author in 1882,
and consequently 11m probably been given u p According to Carus, it is the
same as M. occulta, Kupff.
567
CLASSIFICATION OF T E E TUBICATA.
[Eur.)
Small papilla: on the edges of the stigmata.
Af. impura, Heller. (Med., N.W.
No such papilla ..................................................................
4
f
Dorsal tubercle elongated, not horseshoe-shaped ........................... 5
I Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped
i
............
.......................
6
Dorsal tubercle nearly linear, subsrcuate.
M.eiqp-uides, Traust. (S. Atl.)
Dorsal tubercle irregularly convoluted, serpentiform.
M.Hultiaiza, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
Aperture between horns of dorsal tubercle turned to the left.. ...
Aperture turned posteriorly ............................................
4 to 6 inter. longit. bars on a fold ; anus with plain free edge.
M. Koreni, Traust. (W. Ind.)
2 to 4 inter. longit. bars on a fold .............................................
?1
9
Anus with a fringed edge ............ M. simp'lcs, A. & H (N.W. Eur.)
Margin of anus smooth ............... M . macros@honicu, Kupf. (N.W.
[Em.)
9I
8I
Edge of dorsal lamina entire .................................................. 10
Edge of dorsal lamina toothed ...............................................11
Anus with a plain edge
lot Anus with a fringed ed
3 int. long. bars on a
12
4 int. long. bars on a fold
..... M.lenax, Traust.
(W. Ind.)
................................................
{
I
..... M. anipulloides, v. Ben. (N.W.
[Eur., Med.)
........... M. socialis, Alder. (N.W. Eur.)
Anus with plain edge ..................M. Lutkeniana, Traust. (N.W. E.)
i
.............................................
Margin of dorsal lamina fringed or toothed .................................
Margin of dorsal lamina plain ...............................................
12
l1 Anus with s fringed edge ............ M. tuhifera, (Ersted. (N.W. Eur.)
Dorsal tubercle simple, circular, and funnel-shaped, no horns.
M. pyriformis. Herdm. (S. Atl.)
..............................13
2 { Dorsal tubercle curved, with horns. .....
Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped
l3 Dorsal tubercle S shaped .........................................................
14
15
16
17
Only the posterior half of body sandy.
M. gigamtea, Cum. (Mag.)
The whole of body sandy
17
............ M. occitlta, Knpff. (N.W. E., Med.)
{
Siphons retracted between folds of test ; no sand between the apertures ...................................
M. oculata, Forb. (N.W. Eur.)
No such folds of test present ..................................................
18
i
Papilla: on the margins of the stigmata.
M. occidental&, Traust. (W. I d )
.........................................................
19
Horns of dorsal tubercle uierely turned in ................................ 20
l8 No such papilla: present
{
l9 Horn8 of dorsal tubercle coiled spirally ; aperture turned to right side 21
Test not sandy .....................................................................
22
23
2o Test sandy ...........................................................................
Outside of siphons echinated, or having pointed projections ............ 24
22 Siplions not echinated ............................................................
25
{
LINN. JOUlfN.-ZOOLOQT,
TOL. S X I I l .
41
5G8
PROF.
w.
A. HEEDMAN’S REVISED
Only the branchial siphon echinated. M. echinosiphonica, Lnc.-Dut,h.
[(N.W. Eur.)
B3th siphons echinated ............... ni. nirda, Wagn. (Arct.)
Body globular, noi; attached ......... M. ceppiSormis, H e . r h . (N.W. E.)
Body attached .....................................................................
26
2G .f With a short pedi
1 With no peduncle
[Attached by a wid
zmlain, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
...............................
27
M. cifrina, A. & H. (N.W. Eur.)
27 l d t t a c h e d by a narrow area at posterior end.
M . f f d l e r i , v. Dr. (Med.)
Aperture of dorsal tubercle turned t o right side ; anus with entire
..............
.......................
......................
28
sl margin entire,
M.sel‘tentrionaLis,Traust. (Plrct.)
Six series of conical papilla: on the test round the brauchial aperture.
naiia, Kupff. (N.W. Eur.)
[ Eur.)
solenota, Lac.-Doth. (N.W.
No sand &c. on the test ............... M. gregnria, Less. (Mag.)
Test sandy ..........................................................................
2’3
1 Mantle thick and opaque, with muscles forming a close network.
’’1
M . hurrida, Herdm. (Mag.)
Mantle thin,transparent, with the usual Molgulid inusculature ...... 30
Inferior margin of anus adhering
30 Margin of anus entire, free; lar
rectum .................................
nl..l/leLi,Lac.-Diit,h. (N.W.Eur.)
‘
1
1
I
Stigmata small and short ; anus bilsbiate.
hf.grimaLandica,Traust. (N. Atl.)
31 Stigmatavery long; anus rounded M. roscovita., Lac-Duth. (N.W.
...
long. bars on a fold
1 5 i 54 int.
or G int. long. bars on a fold
[Eur.)
...... M.Fotbesi, Herdm. (Austr.,Mal.)
...... >I. JIa&mii,
Traust. ( I d 0.)
i4foQula boreas, Traustedt (Arct. P), appears to come in here
beside N. Sorbesi and ill. Marfensii, but I am unable to find a
description which will give differeiitiating characters.
EUQYILIOPSIS,
R o d e , 1555.
Body ovoid, attached ; not incrusted with sand.
Test smooth, thick, with no hair-like processes.
M a n t l e thin ; musculature weak, but both longitudinal and
transverse.
B r a n c h i a l sac with 7 folds on each side. Stigmata curved, aud
coiled spirally in infundibula.
Tentacles compound.
Alimentary canal on the left side.
CLASSIFICATION OF T H E TUNICATA.
569,
Gonad single, placed on the left side, auterior to the intestinal
loop.
This genus contains the single species Eugyriopsis Lacazei,
Roule, from the shores of Provence.
The fullowing Molgulidv cannot, on account of the very imperfect descriptions which hare been given of' them, be placed in
auy of the tables. Probably most of them belong to the genus
Molgula; several may be synonyms, or young conditions of
other species :M. tubrlosa, Rathke. (N.W. Em.)
M. inconspicua, Stimps. (Austr.) Only 4 branchisl folds ?
M. incompicua, Ald. & Hano. (N.W. Eur.) G bnnchial folds.
M. sordida, Stimps. (E. N. Am.)
M. products, Stimps. (E. PI'. Am.)
M. arenosa, Stimps. (E. N. Am.)
M. pnianoba, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
M. retortiformis, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
M. lzttoralis, Verr. (E.F.Am.)
M . papillosa, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
M.pilularis, Verr. (E. N.Am.)
N.pdlcida, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
M.ZabecuZifera, Stimps. (China.) [? Ascidiidse.]
M. conchileya (7).
C a i r n parasitica, M a d . (Austr.)
C.ficits, Macd. (hustr.) 7 brauchial folds.
C. pelliicidn, Mscd. (Austr.)
M. siphhonnta, Ald. (N.W. Em.)
M. adhmoas, Gisrd. (N.W. Eur.)
Lithoiiephryn decipinns, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
Gyninocystis comosa, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
Eiigyra are7zatci, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
Family 11. CYNTHIIDB, Lac.-Duth., 1877.
Body usually attached, rarely free, sometimes pedunculated.
Test membranous o r coriaceous, rarely cariilaginous or covered
with sand. Brnnchial aperture usually 4-lobed, atrial 4-lobed.
Branchid sac longitudinally folded ; internal longitudinal
bars not papillated. Stigmata straight, never forming spirals.
Tentacles simple o r compolind.
Intestine on the left side, only slightly, or n o t at all, attached
to the mantle.
4'1
570
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN'S REVISED
Gonads on the inner surface of the mantle, either on both
sides or on one only.
This very large and important family contains three wellmarked sections or subfamilies-the Bolteniinae, the Cynthiina,
and the Stycline.
Subfamily B o L T E N I I N
E,
Herdman, 1850.
Body attached and pedunculated ; peduncle usually very long ;
hrancliial and atrial apertures having either 4 or less than 4 lobes.
Test coriaceous, mcmbranous or cartilaginous, not covered with
sand.
Branchial sac with more than four folds on each side.
Tentacles compound.
This subfamily includes four genera, which may be separated
thus :-
............ Boltenia.
......................................
Branchial aperture 4-lobed ....................................Cystingia.
Branchial aperture more or less triangular .................................
Stalk relatively short and thick ..............................
Fungulus.
1Stalk relatively long and slender .............................. Culeolus.
t
Fine longitudinal vessels and stigmata present
No fine longit. vessels in branchial sac
1i
1
2
BOLTENIA,
Savigny, 1816.
B o d y more or less globular, fixed on a long peduncle; ayertures lateral, 4-lobed.
Test coriaceous or cartilaginous.
Branchid sac longitudinally folded, with 6 or more folds on
each side. Fine longitudinal vessels present, forming straight
stigmata.
Tentacles compound.
Dorsal lnnguets present.
The Rpecies of Boltenia * may be distinguished as follows :-
.........
Peduncle not longer than body
B. legurnen, Lesson (Mag.)
Peduncle many times longer than body
Body globular or nearly ovate, regular
1 { Body irregular, flattened or lobed
.......................................
.......................................
.............................................
* Clnvelinopsis rubra, Fewkes, is probably n Boltenia, but the description
insufficient.
1
2
3
CLABBIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
........................
571
Peduncle sublateral
B. ovifern, Linn. (N.Atl.)
Peduncle terminal and median ................................................
Body subreniform ........................
B. rcniformis *, MacL. (Arct.)
4 ( Body elongate-ovate ...............................................................
Branahial aperture on same level with peduncle ; apertures sessile.
B. eleyans, Herdm. (N. Atl.)
Branchial aperture not on same level with peduncle ; apertures prominent ....................................
B. fiuijorm%, Sav. (Arct.)
With large lobes or tubercles from the test .................................
With no such projections .........................................................
No spicules in the branchisl sac , ., , .. B. gihbosn, IIeller. (Austr.)
6 { With spicules in the brancbial sac ... B. tuberculata, n. sp. (Austr.)
Body much elongated, narrow fusiform.
B. Boltcni, Linn. (Arct.)
Body not so elongated.. ................... B. pachgdermntina, Herdm.
(S. Pac., Austr.)
3c
4
5
6
7
CYSTINGIA,MacLeay, 1828.
B o d y ovate, attached to a very short peduncle. Branchial
aperture 4-lobed, atrial irregular, both sessile.
Test subcoriaceous.
Branchial sac with longitudinal folds (about fourteen). The
transverse vessels and longitudinal bars form a loose meshwork
not divided into true stigmata by fine longitudinal vessels.
Tentacles compound.
Alimentary canal on left side ; stomach very long.
Gonads on both sides of body.
There is only one species known, Cystingia G r i s t h s i i , MacLeay, brought from the Arctic Seas near Winter Island by
Mr. W. N. Griffitbs, who accompauied Captain Parry.
The following species, probably belonging t o Boltenia, are insufficiently characterized and cannot be placed :Boltenia m b a , Stimpson. (E. N. Am.)
B. microcosmus, Ag. (E. N. Am.)
B. BurHardti, Ag. (E. N. Am.)
B. cilinfa, Mdller. (Arct.)
B,australis, Q. & Q. (Austr.)
B. spinlfera, &. & 0. (Austr.)
FUNQULUS,
Herdntan, 1882.
Body globular, borne on a short thick peduncle attached to the
anterior end. Branchial aperture triangular, atrial bilabiate.
Test cartilaginoutj, but very thin, not modified on tLe peuunc!a.
*
Ascidia clauatn, Pabr., m y be this species.
5’72
PROF.
w.
A. HERDMAN’S BEVISED
Branchial sac with several slight folds on each side ; meshes
square, no stigmata. No spicules present in the walls of the
vessels.
Dorsal lamina a plain membrane.
Tentacles compound.
Gonads a single gland o n each side.
This genus contains the single species Pungulus cineyeus,
Herdm., dredged during the ‘ Challenger ’ Expedition in the
Southern Ocean from a depth of 1600 fathoms.
Herdman, 1880.
CULEOLUB,
Body fixed, pedunculated, more or less ovate; the anterior
end, xihere the long peduncle is attached, is narrower than the
posterior. Branchial aperture more or less triangular ; atrial
aperture bilabiate.
Test cartilaginous, often very thin, usually rough and papillated on the outer surface.
Mantle thin, musculature not greatly developed.
B?-anchial sac with about G longitudinal folds on each side ;
consisting of transverse vessels and internal longitudinal bars,
forming a wide-meshed network. There are no stigmata, the
fine longitudinal vessels being absent. The larger vessels, especially the internal longitudinal bars, are supported by a system
of brariched calcareous spicules.
Endostyle also strengthened by numerous branched calcareous
spicules.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of triangular languets.
l’eittacles compound.
A h e n t a r y canal relatively small, placed posteriorly on the left
side ; stomach ventral, intestine turned anteriorly and do1 sally,
and rectum running posteriorly.
Gonads on the inner face of the wall of the peribranchial
cavity, developed on both side8 of the body.
This is one of the most remarkable arid characteristic of the
abyssal genera of Ascidians. The seven knoMn species were ail
discovered during the voyage of the ‘ Challenger.’
The species may be distinguished by external features as
follows * :-
*
For a table of distinguishing characters tslien from internal structure, see
‘ (’mllenger ’ Report, part i. p. 126.
573
CLABSIFICATION OF T H E TUNICSTA.
Peduncle turned posteriorly ...................................................
Peduncle turned anteriorly ......................................................
1
3
Dorsal end fringed with papillre ... C. rccismbe~is,Herdm. (A. Arct.)
1{ Dorsal end not fringed ............... C’. perlucidus, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Dorsal end fringed with p a p i l k ................................................
3
Dorsal end not fringed ............................................................ 4
2c
4
Surface even ...........................
C. perlafus*, Suhm. (N. Atl.)
Surface very uneven .................. C. N u ~ ~ a y yHerdm.
i,
(N. Pac.)
Ai.ris1 aperture on dorsal edge behind middle.
C. Wzllemoesi, Herdm. (N. Pac.)
Atrial aperture in ccntreof posterior end ....................................
5
even ...........................
5 Surface
Surface very unemn, but smooth
C. Moselevi. Herdm. iPac.\
... C. WyuilZk-Thomsosi,Herdm. (S.
[Pa,.)
Subfamily C Y N T II I I N B , Rerdnzan, 1880.
B o d y attsched, sessile or very shortly pedunculated. Branchial and atrial apertures with 4 lobes each.
Test eoriaceous, rarely cartilaginous, rarely covered with
sand.
Brnnchial sac with more than 4 folds upon each side (except
Yorbesella. tessellata, Forbes).
Tentacles compound.
Alimentary canal with no marked stomach, but with a glandular
lobed appendage.
There are four genera :-Bicrocosmus, Cynthia, For6esella, and
Rhabdocynthia. The last is a new geuuswliich I am forming for the
reception of all those species of Cynthia which are provided with
needle-like o r rod-like spicules of carbonate of lime scattered
through their tissues; a i d 3’orbesella is a new genus which I
consider necessary for the remarkable Cylzthia tessellatn of
Forbes, which differs from all other Cynthiinae in having only
4 folds on each side of the branchial sac.
With only 4folds present on each side .....................
Forbesella.
{ With more than 4 folds on each side ..........................................
li
1
Dorsal lamina plain, intestinal loop narrow ......... Microcosmus.
Dorsal lamina toothed, intestinal loop wide .................................
2
Rod-like or curved calcareous spicules in tissues.. . Rhabdocynthia.
2 ( No such spicules present
.......................................
Cynthia.
~
* Culeolus Tanneri, Verr. (N. Atl.), is close to this species
tinct, but has not yet been fully described.
It may be dis-
574
PROF.
w.
A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
MICBOCOSMUS,
Heller, 1877.
Body attached, sessile, not iucrusted with ii continuo118
coating of sand. Apertures both &lobed. A fold of the mantle,
covered by the invagiuated test, usually present at the base of
the siphons.
Test coriaceous, thin b u t tough.
B r a n d i a l sac with more than 4 folds upon each side.
Doma1 lamina a plain untoothed membrane.
Tentacles compound.
Intestine forming a narrow loop, on the left side of the body.
Gonads on both sides, on the left partly covering the
intestine.
The species of Microcosmus may be distinguished as follo\n.s:j Branchial sac with 6 folds on each side.
Heller. (8. Atl.)
1Branchial sac with more than 5 foldsNon. oZi~/oph~ZZus,
each side ...............
Brauchial sac wit.h 6 folds on each side ..............................
1 ( Branchial sac with more than 6 folds on each side ........................
3i
3
Tentacles fewer than 12............... &I. ylcba, Traust. (P
Tentacles 20, or more ............................................
........ 4
Tentacles 20 ; dorsal tubercle simple, cordate.
X . Helleri, Herdm. (Austr.)
Tentacles 38 ; dorsal tubercle comples, fornied of 2 spiral cones.
. 5
Bvanchial sac with 7 folds on each side ..
6
3 { Branchial sac with more than 7 iolds on each side ........................
With not inure than 6 or 7 stigmata in a mesh ..............................
7
~pzius,Herdm. (Austr.)
5 [ IVith about 12 stigmataina iuash ...
TVit,h 4-5 sligniata i n a inesli ........
..............................
8
With 6-7 stigurata i n a mesh ......
odecirus,Traust. (W.Ind.)
Surface of test rough, corrugations irregular and granular ............... 9
8 surface not so rough, corrugations regular and smooth ..................10
With an extraordinarily long brauchial siphon.
ill. xroOtlm, D. Ch. (Med.)
g { Branchial siphou not very long ...... N.poZynzorphus, Heller. (Med. &
[Austr.)
P i n n e of the tentacles unbranched, 11-14 bars on branchial fold.
M. vulgaris, Heller. (Atl. & Med.)
Pinnae of the tentacles bearing small pinnules, 18-20 bars on fold.
M. Subutieri, Rode. (Med.)
Branchial sac with 8 folds on each side .......................
Iiranchial sac with u o r e than 8 folds on each side ........
With 16-80 tentacles, surface rough. M. exasperatus, Heller. (W. Ind.)
11 With 20-25 tent.acles, surface nearly smooth.
&f. distam, Heller. (W. Ind.
f Branchial Wac with 9-10 folds on each side .......................
.. 13
l2 Branchial sac with 12 or more folds on each side. ................
.. 14
The 3 lower folds do not reach cesophageal aperture.
[W. Tnd.)
13
M. va&gatus, Heller. (Med.,
All the folds extending beyond the ceaophageal aperture ............... 15
{
IGi
iI
575
CLASSIFICATION OF TUE TUBICATA.
With 14-16 tentacles
..................M. claudieans, Sav. (N.W.
Eur.,
[Pnc., Med., Ind. 0.)
With 18-20 tentacles .................. H.affinis.
. Heller. (Austr.)
With 14 folds on each side ......... M. Julinii, v. Dr. (Aust,r.)
14 \ W
i t h 12 folds on each side ......... M. Draschii, n. SP. (Austr.)
RHABDOCYNTHIA~,
n. gen.
B u d y generally smooth. Branchial and atrial apertures 4lobed.
Test generally rather soft and cartilaginous, containing calcareous spicules.
dlantle also containing calcareous spicules developed in connective-tissue sheaths.
Branchial sac with six or more folds on each side. The chief
vessels contain calcareous echinsted spicules.
Tentacles compound.
Borsal lamina toothed.
There are about a dozen species in this genus, and they may
be separated as follows :Branchial sac with 6 folds on eaoh side.......................................
More than 6 folds on each side ..............
Surface smooth, test gelatinous, colour wlii
R. nwllis, n. sp. (Austr.)
Surface corrugated, test leathery, colour dark brown.
R.sacegomiis, v. Dr. (Jap.)
l i
Test transparent or semitransparent ..........................................
2 { Test not at all transparent ......................................................
7 folds on each side .
3 ( 8 folds on each side.......
Bod1 elongated ; colour
I
i
1
3
4
Body rounded, flattened ; colour whitish.
h'. tent&, n. sp. (Austr.)
Test soft, cartilaginous ............................................................ 6
4 ( Test not soft or cartilaginous ................................
Test thin, surface roughiah ............ R.papietensis, He
6{T est thick, surface smooth ............ R. complanata, Herdm. (Austr.)
nimalbarrel-shaped; colour red ... B. Tosea, Sluit. (Mal.)
7 yNot. barrel-shaped ; colour grey or yellowish white ........
(Shape pyriform ........................ R.pyriformis,Rathke. (Pac.,Atl.)
Shape oblong, with a broad base, 8 folds on each side.
ILpultzda, Heller. (PRC, Atl., W.
8-l
[Ind., Ind. 0.
I
do., var. billitonensis, Sluit. (Mal.)
\
* If this is exactly the genus for which Lahille, in 1887, proposed the name
Herdmanin (Aasoc. FranF.), then Rhabdoeynthia must give way to that prior
designation.
PROF. w. A . HERDMAN’S REVISED
576
CYXTTHIA
*, Suvigny, 1816.
Body attached, sessile or very shortly stalked, rnrelp incrusted with sand. Brauchial and atrial apertures both 4lobed.
Test coriaceous, rarely cartilagiuous ; no spicules.
Mantle ndl-developed, usually with a strong musculatiire.
B r a n c h i d sue nit11 6 to 1 2 longitudinal folds on each aide. No
spicules iu rids of vessels.
Dorsal lamina a plaiu membrane, or with the free margin
toothed, o r represented by a series of dorsal languets.
Tentacles always compound.
Infesiiize forming r a t h e r a wide loop, on the left side.
Gonuds on both sides, the left in t h e intestinal loop.
Branchid folds only slightly developed.
C.irreguhris, Herdm. (Austr.)
Branchin1 folds nll well developed .............................................
Body pediinculated ..
...............................
......
1Body sessile ...........
...............................
......
Test thirk and tough ............................................................
...........................................
1
3
3
4
5
C! cerebriformis, Herdm. (Ausk.)
. C‘. j u p t i c n , Tmust. (Jap.)
{ Surface smooth, with silky spines ... C..forinosa, Herdm. (dustr.)
,- Surface not smooth, having knobs and warts .................................
G
Mantle thin, muscles weak ; tentacles 50.
G
afantle strong anrl muscular ; tentacles less than 30
..
Dorsal lamina having languets the eutire length .
...................
Dorsal lamina haTing lauguets oiily at posterior end.
6’. Rorekii. v. Dr. (Jap.)
Meshes very much elongated transversely ; tentacles 25-30 ; apertnres
fringed with bristles
...... C. papillosa, L. (Med., N. Atl,)
Meshes not elongated ;
s 16-20.
C. stolowifern, Hzller. (S. Atl.)
T e d more o r lees covered with sand ..........................................
Test free from sand ..............................................................
Body free ...............
arenosn, Herdni. (Austr.)
Body attache3 ........
......................................
e thickening of test anteriorly.
Body columnar: with rem
C. preptialis, Heller. (Austr.)
11 Body not columnar, and w:th no such thlckening.
C.jacatrewsis, Sluit. (Ma].)
Test provided with remarkable long branched spines ..........
est with no such brmched spines ..................................
.ii
13 j
yI
{
*
Hdocynfhia, Verrill, is merely a synonym.
8
9
10
11
577
CLASSIFICATION O F THE TUNICSTA.
-Dorsal lamina a plain niembrane
1.
l2 With two rows of sinall languets
... C. echinmtn, L.
(N. Atl.)
(Jnp.)
... C. Hilyendurfii, Traust.
Languets confined to posterior end, 6 branchial folds.
[Med.)
C. dura, Heller. (All., Pac., &
14
Langaets along the whole length of dorsal lamina ........................
Not more than 6 folds on each side of the branchial sac .................. 15
16
l4 More than 6 folds on each aide ................................................
Reproductive organs in the form of numerotis small scattered masses
attached to mautle
........ C. corallina, Rode. (Med.)
en up into numerous separate masses
17
1 5 i Reproductive organs
Intestinal loop narrow ............... C. Zrevigata, Heller. (W. Ind.)
18
I7 Intestinal loop wide ...............................................................
Test thin ..............................................................................19
20
l8 Test not thin ........................................................................
Surface smooth ........................ C. cluuigera, Traust. (S. Atl.)
.
21
l9 Surface not smooth ...............................................................
Branchial siphon with a strong muscle-band a t its base and armed
with spines ........................... C. ~sod~ttlosa,
v. Dr. (W. Ind. ?)
Branchinl siphon not provided with this armature ........................
09
[& Med.)
Inner surface of test white, soft...... C. spuam
22 Inner surface not,white, nor soft ..................
Internal. longitudinal bars regular, 13-15 on a Fold, 7 stigmata in mesh.
C. R i i s i a ? ~Traust.
~,
(W. Ind.)
23 Internal longitudinal bars irregular, 5 or 6 stigmata in mesh.
C. haustor, Stimps. (N. Pac.)
24
Tentacles 20-30, test smooth ...........................
20{* entacles 12, test rough ............... C.jssa, Herdm. (Austr.
Apertures inconspicuous, far apart. C. gangelion, Sav. (Red S.)
24 Apertures conspicuous ............... C. arcuata, IIeller. (Austr.)
Test cartilaginous, smooth ...................................
Test coriaoeous and rough ...................................
I More than 10 folds on each side of branchial sac.
6’. hispicla, Herdm. (Austr.)
2o Not more than 9 folds on each side ..........................................
27
Mantle semitransparent, tentacles 12. C’.viomics,Sav. (Med.,Re.d S.,Atl.)
27 Mantle opaque, tentacles 24-48, 7 branchial folds on each side.
C. pantes, Sav. (Red S.)
Not more than 10 branchial folds on each side ..............................
28
26 12 or 13 folds on each side ............ C. grandis, Heller. (Austr.)
a t opposite ends of body. C. mirnbilis, v. Dr. (Jap.)
28 Apertures
Apertures not distant ................
29
Body oblong, erect, long axis antero-posterior.
C. Ifodcnskioldii, Wagn. (Arct.)
29{
Body rounded, or quadrangular with long axis transverse ............... 30
Body rounded, mamillated, red, siphons striped with orange.
C. morus, Forb. (N.W. E. &%led.)
50
31
Body not rounded and not red ................................................
Body ovoid or retort-shaped ......... C. scutellata, Heller. (Med.)
31 Body quadrangular .................. C. galbana, n. sp. (Austr.)
13
I
...
i
{
i
I-
{
i
.........
[
I
{
{(
{
..................................
{
{
For insufficiently described forms see p. 555.
578
PROF. W. A. HERDMAN'S EEVISED
EOILBESELLA,
n. gen.
Body attached, depressed.
Test firm, modified t o form scales or plates.
Branchial sac with only 4 folds on each side, or even only 3 on
t h e left side.
Tentacles compound.
This genus is formed for the reception of the remarkable little
" (?ynt?iin fessellaia " of E. Forbes, which differs from all other
known Cynthiina and agreeswith the Styelinw (from whicli again it
differs in having compound tentacles) in having not more than 4
folds on each side of' the branchial sac. The " Cynthia tiinacinn "
of Forbes is either the same species or very closely related t o it,
and probably therefore comes also into this genus.
Tlie single sufficiently known species is then
Forbesella tessellafn, Forb. (N.W. Eur.)
Subfamily S T Y E L I N E , Herdnian, 1581.
Body attached, sessile, rarely incrusted with sand. Branchial
and atrial apertures either 4-lobed or irregular.
Test usually coriaceous, rarely cartilaginous.
Branchial sac with at x o s t f o u r folds upon each side.
!Pentacles simple, unbranched.
Alimentary canal with a well-marked stomach and no distinct
glandular czcum or " liver."
Gonads i n the form of one or a few elongated tubes, or a
large number of small scattered masses (" polycarps ") attached
t o the inner surface of the mantle.
This subfamily includes 8 general, which may be distinguished
as follows :Zranchial sac absent t ..........................................
Styeloides.
Branchial sac present ..................
Brancliial sac with no fold3 ......
l i Branchial sac with folds ...
Branchial sac with no
2 ! Brniicliial sac with sti
[ W i t h only a single fo
1With more than one fold i n the branchial sac
.............. 3
.................
~
* Alderia, proposed by Lahille in 1887, cannot be conveniently separated
from Stpln.
t This is suchan exceptional and remarkable case that I cannot help suspecting that the single specimen examined by Sluiter was merely a n individual
abnormality.
CLABSIPICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
579
With a single gonad, placed on the right side ......... Dendrodoa.
With gonads on both sides .....................................................
5
Stigmata curved ...................................................Glandula.
Stigmata straight ..................................................................
6
Gonads few, elongated, tubular ....................................
Styela.
6 ( Gonads numerous, small polycarps” .....................
Polycarpa.
41
5i
STPELOIDES,
Xlzciter, 1885.
Branchial sac eutirely absent.
Pentacles simple.
Alimentary canal absent.
This includes a single species, Styeloides abranchiata, a remarkable form found by Sluiter near the island of Billiton in the
Malay Archipelago.
PELONAIA,
Forbes and Goodsir, 1841.
B o d y cylindrical, elongated, unattached. Apertures anterior,
not lobed.
Test coriaceous, wrinkled, partly incrusted with sand.
Branchial sac with no folds.
This genus includes two forms which may be separate species,
FIZ. :-
Body murh elongated ; surface rough, wrinkled, depp brown.
P. comtgata, Forb. (N.W. Eur.)
Not so much elongated; surface smooth, pilose, greenish yellow.
P.g l a b ~ aForb.
,
& Goods. (N.W.Eur.)
BATHYONCUS,
Herdman, 1882.
Body ovate or discoid, sessile, attached ; apertures inconspicuous.
Test membranous and thin.
Branckial sac with several slight folds on each side j meshes
square, no stigmata nor fine longitudinal vessels.
Dorsal lamina a plain membrane.
Tentacles simple.
Alimentary canal on the left side.
Gonads a single elongated mass or several small masses
attached to the mantle on each side.
This is a very remarkable and entirely deep-sea genus. It
contains three species, all obtained during the ‘ Challenger ’
Expedition, and all from very deep water, viz. 1600, 2300, and
3125 fathoms, the latter being the greatest depth, I believe, from
which Ascidians have eves been obtained.
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
550
The three species may be separated as follows :f With one large fold on left side of branchial sac ; body orate.
B. niiTabilis, Herdm. (Southern Oc.)
With small folds only ............................................................ 1
B. discoidcus, Herdm. (N.Pac.)
Body discoid .....................
Body globular .....................
B. minutzis, Herdm. (N. P a )
1
STYELA,
X a c l e a y , 1824.
Bod?/ attached, sessile, rarely pedunculated, sometimes incrusted w i t h sand. Apertures both 4-lobed.
Test usually thin, coriaceous.
Brmichial sac with 4,OY fewer, folds on each side.
Dorsal lamina usually with a plain margin.
Tentacles simple, unbranched.
Alimentary canal forming a narrow loop.
Gonads ou both sides of' t.he body. Ovaries i n the form of
elon gated sausage-like bodies.
The known species of Xtyela may be arranged as follows :Branchial folds partly rudimentary.. ........................................... 1
Branchial folds all d l developed .............................................
4
...................................
Dorsal lamina plain .....
Dorsal lamina not a pltti
embraue.. ......................
f Two or 3 distinct branchial folds on each side ............
Four slight folds on each side .................................
Colour cream-white ; test thick but soft, scaly.
S.sqzmnosa, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Colour dark brown ; test tough, wrinkled.
6. pusilla, Herdm. (N. Pac.)
S.hnamilis, Heller. (S. Pac.)
Body flattish, longer than high
Body acmn-shaped, as high as long. 8. glans, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Margin of dorsal lamina crumpled
...................................
7
4 Margin of dorsal lamina notched and toothed.
6.jlnua, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Atrial aperture far back; surface corered with silky hairs.
8.scricatn, Herdni. (A. Arct.)
Atrial aperture anterior ; surface rough and slightly sandy, no hairs.
S. oblomp, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Body covered with sand .........................................................
8
Body not covered with sand ...................................................... 9
More or less sandy all orer ......................................................
10
8 ( Sandconfined to posterior half ...... S. b i d o r , Sluit. (Mal.)
Individuals aggregated in clusters, test coriaceous.
S.racemosa, n. sp. (Austr.)
Indiriduals not aggregated, test rather cartilaginous *.
S. eaigua, Herdm. (Austr.)
i
......
Fi
i
-I
'
zi
i
-~
~
*
Here also Sfyela perforata and Sfyela Triizlstcdti, both from the Malay
Archipelago, the description of which by Sluiter has reached me since this
table W A S in type, find their place ; they can be readily distinguished from
S. e x i p a .
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUXICATA.
681
Body on a well-marked peduncle .............................................
11
Body sessile .............................
.................................. la
Peduncle slender, meshes with 6 or mnre stigmata.
S. claaa, Herdm. (N. Pac.)
l1 Peduncle not very slender, meshes with only 2 stigrnah
8.gelatinosa, Traust. (Arct.)
........... S. bythia, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
brane ............................................ 13
l2
Test with hair-like prolongations from surface.. ............................14
15
l3 Test with no such prolongations .............................
Black on surface, hairs few andlarge. S.solearis, Sav. (Red S.)
14 Grey, hairs small and felted ......... S. cinema, Sav. (Red S.)
Dorsal tubercle largeand complicated. S.
l5 Dorsal tubercle not large nor complicat
........................ 16
f Very many stigmata in a mesh .........
1Meshes not exceedingly elongated ......
Body pyriform, apertures wit,h more than 4 lobes.
S. grandis, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Body barrel-shaped, apertures, 4-lobed.
S. lactea, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
........................
19
Individuals aggregated.. .........................
........................ 20
I g Individual8 not aggregated .....................
Surface sulcated, of a white coloiir... S.plic
19 Surface not sulcsted, of a reddish colour.
[gyrosa, Hell.)
S.aggregata,O.F.M. (N. W.Eur.)
Stigmata 3 in a mesh .................. S. convexa, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
....................... 21
2o Stigmata more than 3 in a mesh ..................
al [Meshes not divided transversely ................................................
22
1Meshes divided transversely ................................
............ 23
Body broad (dorso-ventrally)......... S.scorfea, u. sp. (Austr.)
12 Body
long (antero-posteriorly)
. S. mdicosa, Herdm. (Austr.)
Colour pale yellowish grey, siphons violet inside.
S. can,opus, Sav. (Red S.)
23 Colour red, siphons not violet inside. S. campoides, Heller. (Med.)
i
.[
{
(
(
........
"i
.[
i
i
{
{
For imperfectly known species, see p. 585.
STYELOPSIS,
Traustedt, 1882.
Body globular o r cylindrical, attached, not incrusted with
sand. Apertures both 4-lobed.
Branchial sac with the folds reduced t o a eingle one placed
near the dorsal edge of the right eide, the other 7 being quite
rudimentary.
Gonads on the right side only.
This genus was formed for the reception of the single species
Siyelopsis grossularia, Van Beneden, common on the northwestern shores of Europe.
682
PROF.
w.
A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
DENDBODOA,
X a c l e a y , 1824.
B o d y subcylindrical, attached, not sandy. Apertures minute,
on anterior end.
Test coriaceous.
Branchial sac with 4 folds on each side.
Tentacles simple.
Alimentary canal on left side, stomach grooved, intestinal loop
narrow.
Gonads forming a single branched mass placed on the right *
side of the body on the inner surface of the mantle.
This genus contains the single species Dendrodoa glandaria,
MacLeay, from Winter Island (Arct.).
GLANDULA,
Stimpson, 1852.
Body free, globular, sandy. Branchial and atrial apertures
both 4-lobed.
Branchiat sac with 4 folds on each side. Stigmata curved and
arranged in elliptic groups round centres which are placed in
longit udinally-running rows.
Dorsal lamina plain-edged.
Tentacles simple.
Alimentary canal on the left side.
Gonads forming 5 long masses on the right and 3 on the left
side.
This genus, which comes close t o Sfyela, but differs from it in
having tlie stigmata curved, has had the following three species
placed in it ; but they require re-examination, and may possibly
prove to belong to one and the same species :G. mollu, Stimpson. (E. N.Am.)
G.jbrosa, Stinips. (E. N. Am.
G . arenicolu, Verrill.
(E. N. Am.)
POLYCARPA,
Heller, 1871.
B o d y attached, usually sessile, rarely pedunculated, sometimes
incrusted with sand. Both apertures usually 4-lobed.
Test usually coriaceous.
Branchial sac with 4 folds, or less than 4, ou each side.
Dorsal lamina with a plain margin.
Tentacles simple.
Alrmentary canal forming a wide loop.
Reproduefive organs in the form of a number of small separate
* 1' Left " in MacLeay's description (Tran-. Linn. Soc. vol. xir. p. 548) as
he described the rtnimal in the reversed position.
583
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICSTA.
masses (" polycarps ") scattered over the inner surface of the
mantle.
The known species of Polynxrpa * may be arraiiged thus :Branchid aac with folds rudimentary
.......................................
...................................
( Branchid sac with folds well developed
1
2
Test very thin, 4 bars on each fold, 6-8 stigmata.
P.minntn, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Test thick, bars on fold numerous, 1 4 stigmata.
P.quadrats, Herdm. (Mnl.)
Less than 4 folds on each side...................................................
At least 4 folds on each side ...............
.............................
4
2 folds on each side ......... P. si
.sp. (Austr.) [Mcd.)
With 3 on right. side and 2 onleft. P. glonierata,Ald. (N.W.Eur.,
5
With 5 folds on right side and 4 on left
Wit.h 4 folds on each side.........................................................6
Test thick ; one horn of dorsal tubercle turned out.
P.spongiabilis, Traust,. (W. Ind.)
Test thin, pellucid ; both horns of dorsal tubercle turned in.
P.oltecta, Traust.. (W. Ind.)
Branchid sac papillated on inner surface
6 ( No papillse on interior of branchial sac ..............
Tentacles 25, stigmata normal ,.. P. papillata, S1
7 Tentacles 40, stigmata emall round apertures.
P. Herdmawi, Sluit. (Ma1.j
Body pedunculatcd ..........................................
............ 9
............ 10
8{ Body sessile ...................................................
Individuals aggregated in masses. P.nigricans, Heller. (Ind. 0.)
............................. 11
lndividnals nut aggregated
............................12
5-13 stigmata in a mesh ...................
P. spi
l1 13 or 14 stigmata in a mesh
...... 13
Peduncle almost as long as
................................
12 Peduncle much shorter thanbody
...... 14
body ................................
Apertures conspicuous, branchial anterior, atrial dorsal, lobes distinot.
P.pedatu, Herdm. (Mal.)
Apertures inconspicuood, both anterior, lobes indistinct.
P. radicata, Herdm. (Austr.)
More than 65 tentacles
.................. 16
l4 Fewer than 50 tentaclea ............................
2I
f
4j
....................................
i
...........
i
Hf
{
[
.................
......
{
l5
i
Nantle thin, muscles weak, dorsal lamina wide, anterior part sinuows.
P. oligocnrpa, Sluit. (Md.)
Mantle thick, muscles strong, dorsal lamina smooth and straight.
P.elnta, Heller. (Austr. & Mal.)
..................................
17
Body dl covered with sand
............................ 18
udy not sandy, or only pa
. 4 - G b a r s on a fold, 1 0; 2 i n the interspace.
P. pzrsilla, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
17
19
6 9 bars on a fold, 6 4 in the interspace ....................................
{
* Styelu psoloessa, S. azirita, S. argeiitata, and S. olitoria, recently described
by Sluiter from the Malay Archipelago, too late for insertion in the table, fall
into this genus according to my definitions.
LINN. J0UHN.-ZOOLOGY,
VOL. 95111.
42
584
PROF.
w.A.
HERDUAN’B REVISED
.........
2 or 3 stigmata in a mesh
P.proceru, Sluit. (Mal.).
lo 4-10 stigmata in a mesh ........................................................
Siphons very long ..................1’. Zongisiphonka, Herdm. (Austr.)
21
2o Siphons not uuusually long ......................................................
Test prolonged into branched hair-like processes.. .........................23
23
Test not provided with these processes or fihres ...........................
{
(
211
Apertures close, conspicuous, yellow speckled with red.
P.comatn, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
Apertures distant, inconspicuous, dark brown colour.
1’. molgrdoides, Herdm. (Anstr.)
Individuals very small, like pellets of sand.
P.pil~lln,Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Individuals not small ............................................................
Test having processes for attachment ; tentacles 16-20.
24
1’. snbslosn, Heller. (Me3.)
No processes of test for attachment present .................................
Atrial nperture at anterior end , .. 1’. linefor, Q. & 0. (Austr.)
l)r
1Atrial aperture at posterior end,.. P.Stinlpsolii, Heller. (Sustr.)
Dorsal lamina a plain membrane .................
Dorsal lamina not a plain membrane ..........................
Dorsal lamina ribbed only in the ant.erior part.
P.c~~ptgtiosa,
Sluit. (Mal.)
Dorsal lamina with partial ribs along the entire length.
P. formosa, Herdm. (N.Atl.)
27
......................................
(Tentacles numerous, GO or more
.................................
1Tentacles not numerous, 40 or 1
Dorsal tubercle irregularly liors
23
1
r
24
25
~~
{
*‘
rI
281
28
29
Dorsal tubercle nearly circular, horns turned in.
P.poniurin, Sav. (N.W. Eur.)
30
Body free, corered with sanl, &c. .............................................
29 Body attached, test exposed or only partially incrusted .................. 31
Surface smooth, regular, fine sand grains ; eolour yellow-brown.
P. cttsin, Herdm. (N.Atl.)
Surface rough, irregular, stones &c. attached ; colour dull yeliow.
P. ? ~ O ~ ~ F V Herdm.
S~S,
(N.W. Eur.)
30
Test cartilaginous, with bladder-cells.
P. ascidioides, n. EP. (-4
31
Test not cartilaginous, no bladder-cells ........................
Test quite black .....................................................................
33
3’ Test not black .....................................................................
34
Fixed by shaggy fibres, fcreign matter attached.
P. ohscum, Heller. (Austr.)
s3{ Test with no fibres, surface free from foreign matter.
P. cryptocarpn, Sluit. (Mal.)
Body discoid, flattened an tero-posteriorly, tentacles 16.
P.discoidea, Heller. (Med.)
34 Body not. Battened antero-posteriorly
Surface nearly smooth .........................
35 Surface irregular and crumpled, or mamillated ...........................
37
............... P. t7~7nir70,Heller. (W. Id.)
............................................................. 33
Posterior end narrow ........
38 P’oaterior end broad and roui
..............
{
I
II
1
‘I
1{
(
585
CLASSIFICATION OF TIIE TUBICATA.
Alimentary cand forms a very wide loop, opeu dorsally.
P.putens, Sluit. (Mal.)
Alimentary canal not forming n wide loop.
P. Huddoiai, n. sp. (Austr.)
Colonr dnrk, thong11 not black ... P. ?iebrdosn, Heller. (bnstr.)
39 Coloiir light, yellowish or greyish white .................................... 41
Anus fringed, stomach orate ...... P. a r p c m i s , Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
41 Anus nut fringed, stomach elliptical.
P.gracilis, Heller. (Med.)
Test tough and leathery ....................................................
37 Test aof't, may be thick ....................................................
Dorsal tubercle spongy and irregular.
P. swlcnfa, Hcrdrn. ( M d )
43 Dorsal tubercle not spongy, normal ................................
( Dorsal tubercle circular in outline. P mollis, Heller. ( 1 )
44 D o m l tubercle irregiilarly S-shaped.
P.ehggatcl, n. sp. (Austr.)
Tentacles all one length
P. riqida, Herdui. (Austr.)
43 Tentacles
of different leng
45
..............................................
Meshes divided by a horiz
ssel .....................
45 (Me.,3 ies not divided horizontally ..............................
Stigmata. 6-8 in a mesh .......................................
47 Stigmata 10-12 in a mesh ......... P. Bassi, Herdm. (Austr.)
............................................... 49
P. torresiana, n. sp. (Austr.)
48
P. irregitlaris, Herdm. (
50
49 Colour dark pnrplish brown .....................................
Inner surface of inant.le w i t h ruinute brawn pigment-spots.
P. rpnea, n. sp. (Austr.)
50 Inner surface of mantle witliout pigment-spots.
l'..j.uLuu, n. ~ p (Austr.)
.
.............................. 51
Siphons prominent and conspicnous
.........!....................
52
46 Siphons not prominent or conspicuoi
Test t,hin ; stigmata 7-8 in a mesh. P. Ma!/eri, Traust. (Med.)
51 Test thick and opaque ; stigmata 3 in a mesh.
F. aspera, Hcrdm. (S. Atl.)
Body cylindrical, colour red ...... P. rzrstica, Linn. (N.W. Eor.)
53
52 Body not cylindrical, colonr brownish .................
Inner surface of test pearly grey-white ; stigmata 10
P. variuns, Heller. (Ned.)
Inner surface of test light brown, with dark specks ; stigmata 7-0 in a
mesh .................................
P.frrdiptcl, II. sp. (Austr.)
(
{
{
'1
(
..
(
t
......
Ii
i
I
The following species of Cyntliiidae have been so insufficiently
described th;it it is impossible to say nith certainty 11-liicli genera
they belong t o :Cypithia qm.zdraugdaris, Forb. (N.W. E m . )
L'. injb~mis,Forb. (N.W. Eur.)
6'. limc~cina,Forb. (N.W. Eur.) [? ForheseN~.]
C. mumniillaris, Pall ~ s . (N.W. Eur.)
C. c~iripitlin,Drug, (3.W. Eur., Med )
42*
586
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
C. tderosa * , Macg. (N.W. Eur., Med.)
C. sabi~losa,Stimps. (Austr.) [Styelins.]
C.partita, Stimps. (E. N. Am.)
C. ovalis. (1)
C. viobcea, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
6. corimea, Ald. & Hauc. (N.W. Eur. )
C. sdcutula,, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
C. grazirkatu, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
C. m.oxoeeros, Moll. (E. N. Am.)
C. cnmea, Ag. (E. N. Am.)
C. sfcllt'feru~,Verr. (E. N. Am.)
C. yuZchella, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
C'. OpahU, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
C. glacialis. (1)
C ongalaris, Stimps. (S. Atl.)
C. Zeaissima, StiUlpR. (Austr.) [Cynthiinse.]
C. chimosffi,Stimps. (Austr.) [Cyntbiiuae .]
C. satsiimemis, Stirups. (Japan.)
C'. delicatuZa, Stimps. (P Jupm.)
C. occlliferu, Stimps. (China.)
C. genamuta, Stiinps. (China.)
C . arniirosn, Stimps. (Chins.)
C. p7rpa, Sav. (Red S.) [Nicrocosinus ?]
C. roscu., Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
Styela p p a , Heller. (S. Atl.)
S.arcolrita, Heller. (Ind. 0.)
S.l i m n f a , Beck. (Arct.)
S. zmriabilis. (?)
S. jibrillafa. (P)
Family 111. ASCIDIIDB, Herdman, 18SO.
Body attached, usually sessile, rarely pedunculated. Branchial
aperture usually %lobed, atrial usually 6-lobed.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, rarely chitinaceous or horny.
Bmnchial sac without folds. Internal longitudinal bars present sucl usually papillated. Stigmata straight o r curved.
Teelitacles simple, filif'orm.
Aliineizfary cannl either at one side of the branchial sac (usually
the left) or extending beyond it posteriorly.
GonNds placed close t o the intestiue.
There are four subfamilies-the Corellinse, the Hypobythiins,
the Ascidiinz, arid the Cioninz.
* This species is described as having G fold8 on each side of the branchis1
sac, and simple tentacles.
CLASSIFICATION OF T H E TUNICATA.
587
Subfamily COBELLINE,Herdnaun, 1882.
Body attached, sessile or pedunculated. Branchial aperture
with 8, 6 , or no lobes.
Test cartilaginous, gelntitious or horny.
B r a n c h i d sac provided with internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata curved.
Alimentary canal usually on right side or dorsal edge of
branchinl sac.
This subfamily contains 3 genera which may be separated as
follows :Test modified to form horny (cliitinaceous) plates ... Chelyosoma.
1
Test soft and gelatinous or cartilaginous ....................................
Body sessile ; viscera on right side of branchid sac ......... Corella.
1 Body pedunculated ; viscera on dorsal edge of branchid sac.
i
Corynascidia.
CEELPOSOXA,
B r o d . 4 iYotv., 1829.
Body flattened antero-posteriorly, depressed and attached.
Branchial and atrial apertures both 6-lobed.
Test modified on the upper surface to form polygonal horny
plates, definite in shape and position.
Branchial sac with curved stigmata.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Alimentary canal on left side of branchial sac.
Gonads forming a network over the intestinal loop.
There are two known species :With the test of'the upper aurface divided into 8 plates.
C. Mucleayaaum, Brod. 6c Sow. (Atl., Arct., Pac.)
With the test of the upper surface divided into 11 plates.
C. podrrctzrm, Stimps. [N. Pac.)
H e d m a n , 1882.
B o d y elongated, pyriform, pedunculated.
Apertures not
lobed.
Test gelatinous or membranous.
Branchial sac extremely delicate. Internal longitudinal bars
present, but not provided with papille, Interstigmatic vessels
and stigmata coiled spirally.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Tentacles simple, filiform.
Alimentary canal on dorsal edge of branchail sac, running
antero-posteriorly.
Gonads forming a mass placed on-the posterior end of stomach.
CQRYNASCIDIA,
5ss
'PROF.
m.A.
IIERDMAN'I
REVISED
This genus contains tlie single ' Challenger ' speciesnas Corycidia Xuknzi, Herdman, of lrhich specinlens were obtained in the
South Pacific from a depth of 2160 fms., and in the Antarctic
from a depth of 1375 fms.
C o n m u , Alder # Hancock, 1S7c).
Body attached, occasionally free, sessile. Brancliial aperture
S-lobed, atrial &lobed.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, but soft and semitransparent.
Blanc7iial sac with 110 papillze on its internal lortgitudiiial bars.
Stigmata curved and placed in the walls of regularly arranged
iiifundibula ; interstigmatic Yessels spirally coiled.
Dorsal lamina represented by lauguets.
Tentacles simple.
Alinzentn,.y canal on the right side of the branchial sac.
Gonads forming a network round tlie median part of the intestine.
The species of Corella are as follows :f A t r i d aperture anterior
1Atrial aperture
.............
dorsal ......................
Atrial aperture placed ou a yery long projection.
6'. Iumforniis, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
Atrial aperture sessile, or on a short siphon
................. 3
Musculature strong on lert side ... 6'.paraZlelogramir~a,O.F.M. (N.W.
Musculature very weak on both sides.
[Eur., Med.)
6". wi?~uta,Traust. (W. Ind.)
Anterior end wide, atrial aperture not far from branchial.
6'. ouutn, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
Anterior end narrow, atrial aperture dibtant from braiichial ............ 4
Tentacles of more tlian one size ..................................
1Tentacles all of one size ........... C . j a p i i c u , Herdm. (Pa
Tentacles 50 ...........
................
........................... G
Tentacles over 100 ...
Tentacles of S sizes, dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped.
C. rzcmgota, Trawt. (S. &I.)
Tentacles of 3 sizes, dorsal tubercle semilunar.
C. borealis, Traust. (Arct.)
li
.!I
...
'1
51
Subfamily ICY P O B T T H I I R B , Herdman, 1882.
B o d y pedunculated, fixed. Apertures not lobed.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous.
Branchial sac with no internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata
small and irregular.
Viscera on dorsal edge of branchial sac.
This group contains the single genus fljlpobythius.
CLASSIFICATIOX OF THE TUNICAT.4.
58 9
HYPOBYTIIIUS,
MoseZey, 1876 [& Herdman, 18831.
Body cup-shaped or pyriform, pedunculatt d, attached. Apertures circular, not lobed.
llest cartilaginous, but soft and thin, thickened in places to
form plates.
Branchial sac not folded, and with no internal longitudinal
bars. Stigmata small, rounded, and irregularly placed.
Dorsal lamina a plniu membrane.
Viscera forming a compact elongated mass on the dorsal edge
of the branctiial sac.
This remarkable deep-sea genus contains two species, obtainod
during the ' Challenger ' Expedition from depths of 2900 and
600 fms. :Body on a long peduncle; test thickened to form many rounded
nodules or plates..............................
H. calycodes, Mos. (N. Pac.)
Body on a short peduncle; test only thickened to form a single
plate on dorsal edge ........................
H. Moseleyi, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
,
1882.
Subfhmily A S C I D I I N EHerdman,
Body usually attached by left side or posterior end. Branchial
aperture with at least 8 lobes ; atrial with at least 6 lobes.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous.
.Mantle with the musculature forming a n irregular network,
which is strongest on the right side.
Viscera on the left side of the branchial sac.
Branchial sac provided with internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata straight.
Dorsal lamina usually a plain membrane, rarely languets
(Abyssascidia).
This subfamily contains 6 genera, as follows :Dorsal lamina present as a membrane
.......................................
lamina represented by languets ............... Abyssascidia.
{ Dorsal
Branchial
recurred posteriorly ...........................
Phallusia.
E ~ C
1
Branchial sac straight ............................................................
2
Nerve-ganglion close to dorsal tubercle ..................... Ascidiella.
2{ Ganglion distant from dorsal tubercle ....................................... 3
Pachychlaena.
Test very hard, thick and stiff
3 { T est soft and flexible
Ascidia.
........................
................................................
PHALLUSIA
(Xav., lSlS), R o d e , 1584.
Body erect, attached.
Test cartilaginous.
590
PROF. W. A. HEBDMAN’B BEVISED
BrancRial sac with its posterior part recurved upon itself.
Nerve-ganglioit and neural gland distant from the dorsal
tubercle.
Dorsal laniina extending behind the esophageal aperture.
Renal concretions always enclosed in the inteslinal wall, and
never extending into the iuantle.
This coutains the single well-known species P. maminillata,
Cuv. (N.W. Eur., Med.).
AsClDLELLA,
Roule, 1884.
B o d y attached by posterior end or left side, not incrusted
with sand. Braucbial aud atrid apertures not far distant.
Brnnchial sac with no intermediate papilla? on the internal
longitudinal bars ; not folded on itself posteriorly. Transverse
vessels of two sizes, placed alternately.
Nerve-ganglion and subueural gland placed close behind the
dorsal tubercle.
Dorsal latnina not continued posterior to the esophageal
aperture.
R e n d concretions extending into the left side of the mantle
as well as the intestinal wall.
Tlie known species of AscidieZla* may be separated as follows
r
:-
Branrhial sac with papilla ......................................................
No papilla in branchial sac ......................................................
With a very wide open intestinal loop.
A. archaia, Sluit. (Mal.)
With the usual narrow intestinal loop.
A . ce?zosa, 0. F.M. (N.W.Eur., Med.)
Fixed by a posteriorly placed peduncle.
24
A . Zuiariu, Roule. (hfed.)
I Not fixed by~-a posterior pedunrle .............................................
Body triangular, wide posteriorly, narrow anteriorly.
A. triangularis, Herdm. (N.W. Eor.)
Body nearly cylindrical or ellipsoidal .......................................
Dorsal lamina with a plain edge.
A. t~irgiueut,O.F.M. (N.W.E., Ned.)
Dorsal lamina with the edge toothed or irregular ........................
1
2
3
4
5
* Some of the older species of Ascidia which have not been re-investigated
late11 may belong to this genus. I place here provisionally tbe remarkable
Ascidia cirefiuia described lately by Sluiter from the Malay Archipelago. The
position of the ganglion is not known. “I’hallusiu scabroides,” named by Ed.
Vnn Beneden and Julin, but not yet sufficiently described, appears to belong to
this genus.
t The Ascidia sordida of Alder & Hancock-.
CLASSIPICATION OF TIIE TUNICATA.
591
(Attached by small area a t posterior end, lobes of buccal siphon denI ticulated, stigmata 5 in a mesh.
A.aspersu*, 0. F. M. (N.W.Eur. &Med.)
5{
Attached by large area on left side, buccal lobe3 rounded, stigmata
12 in a mesh ............... A. scabru, 0.F. M. (N.W. Eur. & Med.)
(
ASCIDIA,
Linn., 1767.
Body attached, sessile, rarely pedunculated ; free or incrusted
with sand. Branchial and atrial apertures not close together ;
bruncliial %lobed, atrial &lobed t.
Test cartilaginous o r membranous, soft or hard, usually crowded
with large bladder-cells.
Branchial sac not folded on itself posteriorly ; sometimes
minutely plicnted. The internal longitudinal bars usually bear
papills. The stigmata are straight ; three smaller transverse
vessels betweeu each pair of larger.
Nerve-gangZion and subneural gland distant from the dorsal
tubercle.
Dorsal lamina a simple membrane .which may be transversely
ribbed and have marginal teeth, or may be perfectly plain. It is
continued behind the oesophageal aperture.
Tentacles simple.
Alimentary canal on the left side of the branchial sac.
Gonads iu the intestinal loop.
Rena2 concretions always contaiued in the intestinal wall,
never extending into mrtiitle.
Test completely invested with sand
.......................................... 1
not completely invested with sand .......................................
{ Teat
Siphons short ........................
A. coischileya, 0. P. M. (K.W. Eur.)
2
1{Siphons very long .................. A. iirvoluta, Heller. (Med.)
Two individuala always found together in a commou test.
A. dijulozoon,Sluit. (Mal.)
Individuals occurring separately.. .............................................. 3
Branchial sac not plicated .......................
......................... 4
3{ Branchial sac minutely plicated ................................................ 5
[ Stjgmsta exceeding 7 in a mesh.. A. Patoni, Herdm. (N.W. Enr.)
Stigmata less than 7 in a mesh ................................................ 6
Tentacles numerous, shout
............................... 7
Tentacles not numerous, about 40
Dorsal lamina wi1.h plain e
9..............................
9.
7 borsal laiuina with toothed edge and distinct transrerse ribs ............ 10
Stomach o d e OP globular ...................................
Stomach elongated and sausage-shaped.
A. dijmphiAiuna, Traust. (Arct.)
2i
6c
-
* Including Ascidia pnstulosa, Ald. & Hanc.
t Sluiter has just described a species, Ascidia decemnplex, from the Malay
Archipelago, with ten lobee round each aperture,
692
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN'S BETIBED
Dorsal tubercle very small.
A. SaZvatnris*, Traust. (Med.)
Dorsal tubercle large ...... A. glacialis, Traust. (Arct.)
f Transverse vessels alternately large and sinall.
A. tritujiis, Herdin. (N. Atl.)
................................
la
Transrersc vessels all much sanie size
vessels slender, itpertures bo
A. cjliiidrcccea, Herdm. (Austr.)
l'ranstmrse vessels wide, atrial apertiire some way back.
A4.~iodosa,Sluit. (Mal.)
f Intermediate papilla: present.
A. teaera, Herdm. (S. Atl. 9r. Mag.)
No intermediate pnpillre present ................................................
13
Body very much elongated. siphons conspicuous.
A. curuatu, Traust. (w.Ind.)
Body not elongated, siphons inconspicuous .................................
11
[Tentacles 20-95 ............ A. dcspecta, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
l4 'feutacles 35-40. ....................................................
D o r d tuberclc simple, U-slinped.
A. esiyztat, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped.
A.Jr/ciyeru, IIerdm. (N. Atl.)
16
Plication of the branehial sac very slight ....................................
Plication strougly niarked ......................................................17
Apertures both near centre of upper surface.
A. aspera, Heller. (Med.)
Apertures not in centre, but at doreal edge.
A. wm-icuta, Heller. (Ned.)
Surface covered with short hairs.
'1
'1
I
1
1
Surface free from hairs ..
No papillie on internal longitudinal bars.
A.paiida, 0. F. M. (N.W. Eur.)
l8 With internal longitudinal bars papillated .................................
19
Body erect, attached by sinall area posteriorly .............................. 20
Body recumbent, attached by greater part of left side .....................
81
Prebranchial zone with papilla: ............................................... 22
20 Prebranchial zone not papillated ............................................
23
. .
Papillm of prebranchial zone very large.
A. wrelo?mtotnn,Sluit. (Mal.)
22
Pipillre small ...............A. prutaum, 0. F. M. (N.W. Eur. & Med.)
Tentacles numerous, 60 or more ............................................... 31
23 Tentacles not numerous, 25 to 35 ............................................ 25
[Test very dark coloured ........................................................26
1Test not of a dark colour ......................................................... 27
Intermediate pdpillz on the int ernrtl longitudinal bars.
A. nigra, Sav. (Ail., Red S.)
No intermediate papilla: on the bars.
A. atra, Les. (W. Ind.)
Body free, not attached .........................................................28
27 Body attached .....................................................................
39
i
{
,
i{
*'
{
* This is the A. oblovga of Tmustedt's former paper.
t
This may possibly be the young of some other species.
CLASSIFICATION OP TIIE TUNICATA.
i
’’
[
30 {
29
31
593
Dorsal tubercle irregular, aperture broken up into 4 distinct sections.
A. liberata, Sluit. (Mal.)
Dorsal tubercle normal, aperture not broken up.
A. limusa, Sluit. (Mal.)
Body pear-shaped ......... A. pjrifurmis, Herdm. (Austr.)
Body not pear-shaped ........................................................... 30
Dorsal tubercle semilunar in shape ..........................................
31
Dora1 tubercle riot semilunar ...................................................
32
rest transparent ......... A. styeloides, Traust. (W. Ind.)
Test thick and soft, not transparent.
A. meridiomzlis, Herdiu. (S. Atl.)
Atrial aperture not more than way down body.
A. Challeifgei-i, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Atrid aperture more than & way down body.
A. mentula‘, 0. F. M. (N.W. Eur. & Med.)
Dorsal tubercle longer antero-posteriorly than lat,erally ..................33
Dorsal tubercle longer laterully than antero-posteriorly .................. 34
Dorsal tubercle heart-shaped.
A . truncata,Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
Dorsal tnbercle serpentiform.
A. trans2,ucida t, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Stigmata 2-6 in a mesh ... A4.fusiforn~is$,
Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
Stigmata 6-8 in a mesh ............................................................
35
Test aoft, easily torn ; stigmata long and narrow.
A.pluceiita, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Test not soft; stigmata rather short.
A. lata, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
Body partly incrusted with sand, &c. ..........................................
36
Body not incrusted with sand ...................................................
37
Body of a dull green colour, tentacles about 70.
A. plebeiu, Ald. (R.W. Eur. & Med.)
Body not of a green tint, tentacles 10-15.
A. cuudutn, Heller. (S. Atl.)
Dorsal lawius with a plain edge ................................................
38
Edge of dorsal lamina not plain ................................................
39
Test thick, cartilaginous, opaque, but with no adherin prolongations.
A. p{idratu, Traust. (Med
Test rather thin and transparent, with prolongations round the area
40
of attachment .....................................................................
Siphons long, conspicuous ; teiitacles 60.
A. caimliculata, Heller. (S. Atl. & Mal.)
Siphons short., wart-like, inconspicuous ; tentaeles 40-50. ’
A.prostmta, Heller. (W. Ind.)
Test very dark coloured ... Afuniigata, Grube. (Med., N.W. Eur.)
Rot of a dark colour ...............................................................
41
No doreal tubercle, neural gland opening into atrium.
A . Mariolci, Roule. (Med.)
Domill tubercle present,, with neural gland opening on it ............... 42
i‘
3’
25
34
33
35
1
1
1
3G
37
38
40
39
41
{
* The iiuluber of tentacles i i t tliis species s e e m variable. A z i d i u immssntn,
Heller, also comes in here, but cannot readily be distinguished from the description.
t Sluiter has just described a new species from the Malay Archipelago under
this name “ translucida.” I t is, however, quite distinct from the ‘ Challenger’
species, and will require to be renamed.
The A. Olrikii of Traustedt (1883), described by him in 1880 under the
name of A. meitfala, seems indistinguishable from this species.
594
PBOF.
w. A.
HEEDMAN’S BYVISED
Body 4 or 5 times longer than broad.
A. e Z o ) i p t a , Roule. (Med.)
Body not much longer than broad .............................................
43
Appearance porcelain-lilic ...............................................
Not porcelain-like. ..........................................................
Mantle blue, k s t cartilaginous and smooth.
A . arwhnoidea, Forb. (Med. 8: N.W. Eur.)
Mantle milk-wliite, test warty and fibrous.
A . izgc,ria, Traust. (Med.)
Stigmata 1 large and 2 small, or 4 small in a mesh.
A. kuirrides, S1. (Ma1
............. 46
Stigmata not EO arranged ............................
Test containing a remarkable abundance of branched vessels.
A . reptans*, Heller. (Med.)
Test with no remarkable development of vessels ...........................
47
Dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped .............................
48
47 Doraal tubercle not horseshoe-shaped.. ........................
49
J’Apertures far apart, test thickish, dorsal tubercle roirnded.
A. depressinscda, Heller. (Ind. 0.)
Apertures not far apart, test not thick, dorsal tubercle cordate.
A. otliqita?, Ald. (N.W. Eur. & Med.)
Branchial sac with intermediate papillie ....................................
50
Brmchial sac with no intermediate papillte .................................
51
J’Stigmata short, 4 or 6 in a me&
A . depreaw, Ald. (N.W. Em.,? Med.)
50 [Stigmata long, 10 in a mesh.
A. koreniha, Tmust,. (Pac.)
........................ 53
Transverse resvels of 3 sizes ......................
........................ 53
Transverse vessels not of 3 sizes ................
J’Body thrice as long as broad, siphons very long.
A . lovgifirhis, Traust. (W. Ind.)
52 [Body almost as broad 8s long, siphons not very long.
A.prrsilla, Traust. (Med.)
54
Test rather thick and smooth ...................................................
Test rather thin and wrinkled.
A . nmkzcn, Traust. (Ned.)
Colour yellow-grey, tentacles 4-50,
A . i u f c i r i y f a ,Heller. (W. Ind.)
Colonr milk-white. tentacles 60-70.
A . hygontinna, Traust. (W. Ind.)
{
The following species of Ascidia $ are not sufficiently charactrrized t o be put in the table. Some are probably sjrionyms
of well-known species, others may be distinct species, but require
ftirther examination and redescriytion ; a few probably do not
belong to this genus :-
*
A. vasculosa, Hcrdm. (from Kerguelen), has also numerous vessels in the
test, but as only the test is known I have excluded the species.
t A.ye//uciclu, 41d. & Htinc., comes close to thia, and as no details are known
in regard to its internal structure i t cannot be separated from A. ohl7psca.
$ Wagner’s Hyalosoma singidare, from the White Sea (not Hynlonema, as
misquoted by Tnustedt), seems to me to be merely a young epecimen of an
Aacidia.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
595
Am'dia opalina, Macaill. (N.W. Eur.)
A. orbicularis, 0. F.Miill. (N.W. Eur.)
A. complaisata, Fabr. (N.Atl.) [Also A. complanata, Verr.]
A. vitrea, v. Ben. (N.W. Eur.)
A. cavernosa, Lea. (W. Ind.)
A. albeola, Les. (W. Ind.)
A. multiformi.?,Les. (W. Ind.) [? Molgulidce.]
A. vun'abilis, Les. (W. Ind.) [? Cynthiidle.]
A. oualis, Les. (?)
A. proboscidea, Les. (W. Ind.)
A. Zobtfera, Les. * (W. Ind. ?)
A. sydneiensis, Stimps. (Austr.)
A. szcccida, Stimps. (Austr.)
A . iiLbifera, Stimps. (China.)
A. calcata, Stimps. (Jap.)
A. m d i s t , Ald. (N.W. Eur., Med.)
A. albida, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. ellgtica, Ald. & Hsuc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. pcllucida, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. afinis, Ald. & H a m . (N.W. Eur.)
A. mollis, Ald. & Ham. (N.W. Eur.) [Also A. mollis, Verr.]
A. Normani, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A . plana, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. Alderi, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. rubro-tincfa, Ham. (N.W. Eur.)
A. rzibicuuda, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A . robrrsta, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. crassa, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. inornata, Hanc. (N.W. Em.)
A. prodzda, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A . eloizgata, a d . & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
A. coriucca, Heller. (Ned.)
A. verrucosa, Heller. (Med.)
A. rirbescens, Heller. (Med.)
A. Suensonii, Traust. (Pac.)
A. capsicum, Costa. (Mecl.)
Phallicsia sulcata, Sav. (Med.)
Ph. clauigera, Otto. (hfed.)
Ph. claca, Rissn. (Med.)
Ph. holothirrioides, Risso. (Med.)
P h . liuidn, Risso. (Mired.)
Ph. ii&rmis, Phil. (&led.)
* Lesueur also gires a list of 30 species of Ascidia (names only), chiefly t'rom
the Pacific, none of which are now known (see Journ. Philad. Acad. N. S.
vol. iii. p. 8, April 1823).
t This, and a number of the following species of Alder and Hancock, may
very likely be good species, but they require redescription.
Through the kinrliiess OF Canon Norman I have been enabled t o examine the
596
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN’S REVISED
PACHYCHLEXB,
Herdmnn, 1880.
Body attached, sessile. Branchial aperture 8-lobed, atrial
Globed.
Test cartilaginous-or tougher, like india-riibber-very thick,
solid and opaque.
Branchid sac longitudinally plicated. Internal longitudinal
bars bearing large papill% a t the angles of the meshes. Stigmata
straight.
Dorsal lamina in the form of a membrane.
Tentacles simple.
Alimentary canal large, placed on the left side of the branchid
sac.
Three species are distinguished from the species of Ascidia
by their remarkably thick and rigid teats :-
IDorsal lamina not toothed a t the margin.
P. gigatitea, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Dorsal lamina strongly toothed at the margin .............................
1
Trans. vessels in branchid sac of two sizes, placed alternately; papilla:
not lobed ................................
P.oblonga, Herdu. (Austr.)
ITrsns. vessels all one size ; papilh lobed.
P. obesa, Herdm. (Austr.)
1
[
ABTSSASCIDI.~,
Herdnian, 1880.
Body oblong, attached by ventral surface. Branchial aperture
with from 8 t o 12 lobes, atrial with from 6 t,o 8 lobes. Apertures
far apart.
Test soft, cartilaginous, and transparent.
iUantZe thin. Muscle-bands chiefly on one side, irregular and
fceble.
Branchid sac very delicate, not longitudinally plicated. Stigmata straight.
type specimens of some of Alder and Hancock’s species which are in his collection, and I hope in time t o be able to examine the rest, and perhaps to reestablish or clear up the synongmy of souie of the little-known or doubtful
forms. Dr. Norman has drawn up for me the following paragraph explauatory
of the very meagre published descriptions of thc species named by these excellent
investigators :“ I t is much to be regretted that, a n important work on British Tunicata hy
Messrs. Alder and Hanuoclr, to the preparation of mliich many years had been
dcvoted, and whicb at. the time of their death was nearly ready for publication,
lw nerer been printed. Nu doubt in some respects the anatomical and 1111ssiological results may hare been p;rrtially nt any rate anticipated, but Albany
1I;tncock‘s researches were always so thorough that it cannot be doubted that
they would dis-lose much of great value, while more detailed specific descriptions
of the species briefly cleucribd by these authors are absolutely necessary for tlieir
pusitive identification.”
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TURLUATA.
597
Dorsal lamiiin represented by languets, which may be united
by a narrow membrane.
Tenfacles simple, filiform.
Fiseera on either right o r left side of branchial eac. Inteatine
small, posterior to the aesophagus and stomach, and forming a
loop open dorsally. Stomach short and wide.
Gonads forming a round mass situated on the intestinal loop.
This genus is tbe aberrant member of the subfamily. It is
intermediate in its characters between Ascidia and Corella. It
contains the two ‘ Challenger ’ species Abyssascidia W y v i l l i i ,
IIerdman, obtained from the south of Australia, at a depth of 26OO
fathoms, and Abyssascidia vascdosa, Herdman, obtained in the
Antarctic south-west of Australia, from a depth of 1950 fathoms.
They differ, amongst other points, in the following :Apertures 13-and &lobed, languets separate, viscera on
riglit side .....................................................
A. uyvillii.
Apertures 8- and 6-lobed, languets united by membrane,
viscera on left side
A. uascalosa.
.........................................
Subfamily C I o N I N B , Roule, 1884.
Body more or less cylindrical, attached by poRterior end.
I’esst thin and gelatinous, may be modified anteriorly to form a
lobe covering the apertures.
Hantle with the musculature mainly longitudinal.
Branchial sac provided with internal longitudinal bars. Stigmata straight.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Alimen,tary canal on left side of branchial sac, extending posteriorly t o it.
I use this subfamily in a somewhat different sense from that
proposed by Roule. Keeping Ciona as the typical form, I remove
RhopaZcea to the family Clavelinids, and I substitute in ite place
Rhodosoma, which seems to me to have more affinity with Cioita
thau with Ascidia.
The t w o genera are as follows :Test modified anteriorly to form an operculum covering the npertures .......................................................
Rhodosoma.
Test not, modified ...................................................... Ciona.
Rlronosovs *, Ehreiiberg, 1828.
B o d y cubical or cylindrical, attached, truncated anteriorly,
* This is the ( % U T C Z k h S of Lacaze-Duthiers (L665), the Schi:asczis of Stimpson (1655), and the 1’srcz (uot Pera, of Stii~ipson)and I’croiJcs of Jlacdondd.
.PROF.w.A. HERDMAN’S REVISED
598
Test folded at the anterior end, so as to form in operculum
covering the apertures. The test is hard and cartilaginous.
Branchial sac with the stigmata large and straight.
Boi-sal lamina represented by a series of lauguets.
Alimentary canal on right side of branchial sac.
Gonads forming a network round the median part of the
iutestiue.
There are two distinct species known :The dorsal tubercle simple, keyhole-shaped. R.callense, Lac.-Duth. (&fed.)
The dorsal tubercle horseshoe-shaped
R.py.~i.s, Tmust. (W. I d . )
......
Three other (P)
species-R.
s e m i i t ~ ~ d u nHeller
t,
( W. Ind.),
R. pellucidma, Stimps. (China), and R. papillosum, Stimps.
(China)-require
re-examination.
CIONA* (Savigny, 1816), Fleming, 1828.
Body cylindrical, attached. Apertures anterior, not distarit.
Test gelatiuous or membranous.
Bantbe with the musculature well developed on both sides,
forming a few well-marked longitudinal bands.
Branchial sac with the stigmata straight.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of languets.
Nerve-ganglion and neural glaud placed close behiud the dorsal
tubercle.
Alimentary canal extending behind the branchial. sac.
Gonads placed on the left side in the intestiual loop.
Animals attached in groups by interlocking of villi from posterior end
of test ..............................
6‘.faseiculuris, Hanc. (N.W. Eur.)
Aninials separate, solitary ......................................................
Body fixed-by the whole of left aide (Pleitroriona, Roule).
C. Edwardsi, Roule. (Med.)
Body fixed by. posterior
end or a part of left side ...........................
Transverse vessels all the same size, meshes not divided
C. FLemisgi, Herdm. (N. At1 )
Transverse Fessels of t w o different sizes, meshes divided horizontally.. .
Test rough with sharp-poiuted projections.
3
C. aspwa, Hrrdm. (Jap.)
Test smooth, no projections on test ..........................................
(
by posterior end and short processes of test, siphons unequal ...
4 Fixed by part of left side, not posterior, siphons equal.
C. Sauigizii, Herdm. (Jap., Med.)
I Colour brown, mantle vermilion. . C.cn?!iwn,O.F.M. (N.W. Eiir.)
6 ~ o l o u yellow-green
r
or light grey, mantle aame.
[Austr.)
C..intcslinalis, L. (N.W. Eur., Med.,
1
Fixed
1
’
1
2
3
4
5
1
The folloning insufficiently characterized species probably
*
Including Plezrrociom, Roule.
699
CLASSIFICATION OF T H E TUPI'ICATA.
belong to Giona, and may, some of them, be synonym3 of G. intestinalis :-Ascidia virescem, BriiguiBre. (N.W. Eor.)
A. cortlqutu, 0. I?. Muller. (N.W. Eur.)
A. ocelhta, Agassiz. (E. N. Am.)
A. tenella, btimpson. (E. N . Am.)
A. pulchella, Alder. (N.W. Eur.)
A h a meridionalis, Risso (Med.), may be a Ciom, or possibly a Clavehid.
Family IV. CLAVELTNIDA, Z'orbes, 1853.
Body attached by the posterior eud, and usually by means of
a peduncle, to
zt creeping basal stolon or common stolonial mass
from wliich young ascidiozooids are formed by gemmation.
Test gelatinous, rarely cartilaginous, usually thin and transparent. Apertures circular, very rarely distinctly lobed.
Bpnnchial sac not folded, often without iuternsl longitudinal
bars. The bars, if present, have no papillae. The stigmata are
straight.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Tentac7es simple, filiform.
Alimentary canal usually extending beyond the brauchial sac
posteriorly to form an abdomen.
Gonads placed in the intestinal loop. I n addition to sexual
reproduction, colonies may be formed asexually by gemniatiop
from the stolon.
This family contains 10 genera *, which may be distinguished as
follows :-
.............................. 1
Body divided into distinct abdomen and thorax ...........................
Brancbial sac with internal longitudinal bars
{ Branchial sac without internal longitudinal bars ........................... 32
4
1[ No distinct abdomen present ...................................................
Many ascidiozooids united by their posterior parts to form a large
colony ...............................................................Diazona.
3 ( Few ascidiozooids united irregularly to form small colony ............... 5
Branchial sac minutely plicated ............................. Rhopalaea.
Rhopalopsis.
5 { Brancbial sac not minutely plicated .....................
Blood-vessels in the test .......................................... Sluitsria.
4 ( No blood-vessels in the test ..............................Ecteinascidia.
No distinct abdomen present ...................................................
6
7
z { Abdomen distinct from the thorax .............................................
Branchial sac with about 4 rows of stigmata ............ Perophora.
With about a dozen rows of stigmata ............... Perophoropsis.
6I
* Clavelinopsis, Fewkes, probably does not belong to this family. The single
species C. mbra seems to be a Boltenia.
LINN. J0UR.N.-ZOOLOQY,
T O L . XXIII.
43
PROF. w. A. EEUDMAB’S IETISED
600
?i
Body divided into thorax, abdomen, and a well-mrtrked peduncle.
Podoclavella.
8
Body not pedunculated apart from the long abdomen .....................
Stolons, and posterior end of body, unit.ed in a solid basal mass of
test ...................................................... Stereoclavella *.
Stolons distinct, delicate and branched .....................Clavelina.
DIAKJNA
f, Xauigny, 1816.
Colony massive, not pedunculated, consisting of a basal inass
of test surrounding the stolons and from which the ascidiozooids
project upwards.
Ascidiozooids elongated, divided into thorax and abdomen, and
having the latter imbedded in the common basal mass of test.
Both brancliial and atrial apertures anterior and 6-lobed.
Test solid and thick in the lower part of the colony, thin and
delicate on the upper free parts of the ascidiozooitls. Contains
numerous pigment-cells.
Branchial sac large and well developed, with internal longitudinal bars but no papillae.
Dorsal lamina represented by triangular langiiets.
Viscera extending far behind the branchial sac so as to form an
abdomen.
Gonads in the intestinal loop.
Three forms of Diazona have been described, which may be
only varieties of one species, D. violacea, Sav. :With no pigment-lines on thorax. D.intacfn, Lah. (Med.)
{ With white pigment-lines
..................................................... 1
With pigniented circles round siphons, and inferior branchial circle.
D.riolacea, Sav. (Med. & N.W. Eur.)
No pigmented circles round siphons, brancliial circle superior.
D. hebridica, F. & (3.1 (N.W. Eur.)
RHOPALEA
9, Philippi, 1842.
Body elongated, divided by a constriction into two parts,
thorax and abdomen.
Test thick and cartilaginous. Branchial and atrial apertures
lobed.
* Also Pycnoclavella,
Garst. ; see p. 603.
1. This is the Syirtefhys of Forbes and Coodsir (1853).
$ Forbes and Goodsir, in their original description, say that the brrtncl~ial
and atrial apertures are not lobed, while Alder states that they are obscurely
lobed. I n D.violuceu they are distinctly lobed. Forbes and Goodsir’h figure
shows pigment around the atrial aperture.
$ The Bhopnlona of R o d e a n d others. This form has afinitim with Ct012u
and the Ascidiidae, but is, I consider, more closely related to the Clavelinidai
CLASSIPICATION OF T E E TUNICATA.
601.
Bronchial sac minutely plicated ; with internal longitudinal
bars, which are not papillated.
Tentacles simple.
Heart and pericltrdium curved into a U-shape.
This genus contains two species :Branchial aperture &lobed, atrial 6 ...... R.neupolitunu, Phil. (Mecl.)
Branchial aperture 6-lobed, atrial 12
... R.cerbcrinna, Lah. (Med.)
R I I o P A r A o m I s , Herdman, 1890.
Body elongated, divided into thorax and abdomen.
Test cartilaginous. Apertures nnii distinctly lobed.
Branchial sac not minutely plicated. Internal longitudinal
bars present, but not papillated.
This genus contains the two following species :Test thin anteriorly, dark coloured ,........ R.fusca, Herdm. (Mal.)
Test thick all over, light grey .................. R.craasa, Herdm. (Mal.)
SLUITERIA,
E d . v. Ben., 1881.
Body short, not divided into thorax and abdomen, united to
the stolon by L short peduncle. Apertures both 7-lobed.
Test containing blood-vessels terminating in conical papillae.
Branchial sac not minutely plicated. Many rows of stigmata
present.
Dorsal lamina in the form of a membrane provided with long
marginal processes.
This genus was formed for the reception of the single species
8.rubricollis, Sluiter, from the island of Billiton in the Malay
Archipelago.
ECTEINASCIDIA,
Herdman, 1880.
B o d y elongated, usually tapering posteriorly, sometimes n-it11
a short peduncle ; but not divided into thorax and abdomen.
Test thin and membranous, containing no blood-vessels. Apertures not distinctly lobed.
Mantle thin, musculature consisting of transverse bands.
Branchial sac with internal longitudinal bars, but no papillae.
Dorsal lamina represented by L series of tentacular languets,
wThich may be connected at their bases by a narrow membrane.
Tentacles simple.
viscera placed on the left side of the branchial sac, and ~ometimes pro,jecting slightly beyond it posteriorly.
43*
602
PBOF.
w. A.
HEEDMAN’S REVISED
Gonads placed in the intestinal loop, the sperlnatic vesicles
forming a crescentic curve around the ovary.
This genus contains four species, which may be separated as
f 01lows :Tentacks about 40 in number
......... E. diuph.nnis, Sluit.
(Mal.)
Tentacles about 80 in number ...................................................
1
{ Dorsal
langnets and connecting-ducts wide and membranous.
4
E. Noorei, Herdm. (Med.)
Dorsal languets and connecting-ducts narrow and papilliform ......... 3
Tentacles of 3 lengths, lsnguets separate.
E. t t d h n t n , Herdm. (N. Atl.)
Tent,acles not distinctly of 3 lengths, l a n p e t s united by a narrow
dOr3d meinbraue .....................E. Thurstoui, Herdin. (Ind. 0.)
1
Ascidin clavformis, Lesueur* (W. Ind.), probably belongs t o
this genus, but is not sufficiently characterized.
PEBOPHOEA
(Lister, 1834), Wiegm., 1835.
Body short, not divided ‘into thorax and abdomen, attached by
a short peduucle t o a creeping stolon.
Test thin and transparent. B rnnchial aperture 6-lobed, atrial
&lobed, rather distant.
Branchial snc with connectiug-ducts which may branch t o
form imperfect internal longitudinal bars. About 4 rows of
stigmata present.
.Do?*sal lamina more or less of a membrane bearing narrow
languets.
Alimentary canal placed on the left side of the branchial sac.
This genus contains 3 or 4 species?, as follows :Ascidiozooids on distinct pedicels which are ,jointed ; some adhering
sand on test ..........................
P.Hzttchhsoni, Macd. (Austr.)
Ascidiozooids not on distinct pedicels, no jointing prejent, no adhering
sand .............................................................................. 1
(Body colourless, 40 tentacles of 3 sizes, only papilliform connecting
I ducts ....................................
P.Listeri, Wiegm. (Atl., ? N e d . )
14 Body greenish, 20 tentacles of 2 sizes, papilliform connecting-ducts
I with rudimentary internal longitudinal bsrs.
P. uiridis, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
I
[?=P.banynrlensis, Lah. (Med.).]
I
1
PEROPBOROPSIS,
Lahille.
Body nearly cylindrical, sessile.
atrial 6-lobed.
*
Brauchial aperture lz-lobed,
Journ. Acad. N. S. Philadel., April 1823,vol. iii. p. 5.
a species from Roscoff, P.fragilis. I t has not yet, I
believe, been sufficiently described.
t Giard has named
CLASSIFICATION OF T E E TUNICATA.
603
Test thin, membranous, transparent.
Branchial sac with no internal longitudinal bars and no connecting-ducts. Numerous (15 or 16) rows of stigmata are
present.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Alimentary canal on the left side of the branchial sac.
Gonads forming a network over the intestinal loop.
This genus contains the single species Perophoropsis Herdmani,
Lahille, from Banyuls (Med.).
PODOCLAVELLA,
Herdnzan, 1890.
Body extremely long and narrow, divided into thorax, abdomen,
and a well-marked post-abdominal peduncle.
Test moderately ti1iclr, cartila,’~ 1 U O U S .
Brnnchial sac with 110 internal longitudinal bars, and no papilliform connecting-ducts.
Tiscera extending behind the branchial sac to form EL large
abdomen.
I have formed this new genus for the reception of Savigny’s
C l a v e h a borealis, and B new species which will be described in
the Catalogue of Tunicata of the Australian Museum which I am
now preparing.
Colour light bluish green, tentacles in 2 rows. P. borealis, Sav. (Arct.)
Colour purplish, tentacles in 1 row ............ P. nieridionalis, Herdm. (Austr.)
STEIfEOCLbTELLA*,
Herdman, 1890.
.Body elongated ; aktached to n basal mass of solid test which is
formed by the fusion or thickening of the stolons; divided into
thorax and abdomen ; apertures circular, not lobed.
Test thin anteriorly, may be thick and cartilaginous posteriorly
where it joins and forais the stolonial mass.
Branchial sac, &c., as in Clavelina.
I have grouped together under this name those species of ClaveIina which have the stolons and the posterior ends of the bodies
imbedded in a bayal mas^ of test. It may be regzrded, along with
Podoclacelln, as being Pcarcely worthy of generic rauk, and I am
* Since this was put in type Garstang has published (May 1891) a description
of a new genus, Pyciioclnvella, which seems very cloeely allied to Stereoclnuella.
However, it may be a distinct form cbaracterized by the presence of stolonial
t u b s (vessels) in the free test corering the oesophageal region of the body. It
contains the species P. azcrilucens, Garst., found at Plymouth.
GO4
TBQE.
w. A.
HERDMAN'S BEVISED
quite willing that both should be placed merely as subgenera of
Clavelina ; but I consider that it is convenient to separate off under
a distinct name groups of species which resemble one another,
but differ from the rest, in some marked characteristic.
The species of h'tereoclavella are as follows :-
t
Dorsal languets short .....................S. oblonga, Herdm. (Atl.)
Dorsal languets very large ...................................................... 1
Horizontal membranes of the branchial sac wide.
S. cnormis, Herdm. (S. At1 )
Horizontal membranes narrow
S. flustruh*, H e r d m (Austr.)
li
.........
CLBVELINA,
Sauigny, 1816.
Body elongated, club-shaped, but with no peduncle beyond
the abdomen ; attached to a delicate, branched, creeping stolon
from which bud3 are formed ; divided into thorax and abdomeu.
Test thin, gelatinous, or cartilaginous. Apertures circular, not
lobed.
MnntZe thin, muscles mainly longitudinal.
Branchial sac without internal longitudiiial bars. Stigmata
straight, no papilliform connecting-ducts. Horizontal niernbraues
present.
Dorsal lamina represented by lauguets.
Alimentary canal extending behind the branchial sac to form
a well-marked abdomen.
This genus, in the restricted sense in which it is used here,
contains only half a dozen species t, some of which, however, art:
imperfectly characterized.
Thorax and abdomen of much the same size .................................
1
AMomen much longer than thorax .......................................... 2
Only 3 rows of stigmata in branchial sac.
C. pzinziliof, M.-Edw. (W.W. Eur.)
l i At least G rows of stigmata ...................................................... 3
6 to 8 rows of stigmata ......... C. ltaiias, Lah. (N.W. Eur., Med.)
4
3 { 12 to 16 rows of stigmata .....................................................
With yellow or brown lines of pigment on the thorax.
[Med.)
C'. Iepfldijormis$,0.P. M. (N.W,Eur.,
4[ With white lines of pigment on thorax.
C. Rissonna, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.)
Only 3 or 4 rows of stigmata. C. prodzlcta, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.)
2 About a dozen rows of stigmata.
C. Smigizini,a, N - E d w . (X.W.Eur.)
i
I
* Thisspecies will be described in the Catalogue of Tunicata of the Auvtralian
Museum.
t Possibly 0. F. &fuller's Ascidia gelafiiza is a ClaaeZi9a.
$ Possibly the young of C. Zcpudiforniis o r some other species.
5 With sewral varieties.
CLASSIFICATION OF T H E TTJNICATL:.
605'
Suborder 11. ASCIDIm C O Z P O S I T X , Baviguy, 1816.
This group contains fixed Ascidians which reproduce by gemmation so as t o form colonies in xhich the ascidiozooids are
buried in a common investing mass, and have no separate tests. '
The Ascidiao Composite include seven families. It should be
remembered that they are in all probability a polyphyletic group,
having been derived from several distiuct groups of ancestral
Simple Ascidians. They are thus a semi-artificial assemblage
consisting of those fixed Ascidians which have retairied or
acquired the power of reproducing by gemmation, so as to form
colonies, and in which the ascidiozooids have remaiued 80 intimately united that their tests forin a common colonial mass.
Family I. BOTRYLLIDB, Giard, 1872.
Colony usually thin and incrusting, sometimes in the form of
thick fleshy masses.
Xystems circular, elliptical, or forming branched lines. Common
cloaca1 openings distinct, usually lobed.
Ascidiozooids short and not divided into regions.
Test usually soft, traversed by numerous vessels with large
t e r r inal linobs.
Branchin1 gac large and well developed, internal longitudinal
bars present, stigmata numerous.
Dorsal lamina in the forni of a plain membrane.
Tentacles simple, not more thau 1 6 in number.
Alimentary canal placed alongside the posterior part of the
branchid sac.
Gonads on both sides of the body.
Gemination lateral, from the bodies of the ascidiozooids ; and
also stolonial, from the ectodermal processes or vessels in the test.
This family includes five genera, n-hich may be distinguished
as follows :Colony stalked. Gonads unpaired, in intestinal loop, Symplegma.
Colony sessile. Gonads paired, placed laterally ...........................
1
Systems circular in outline ......................................................
2
Systems elongated or branched irregularly.................................... 3
Colony thin, iucrusting.
Botryll~.
CoIony thick and fleshy
Polycyclus.
Colony thin, incrusting ...................................
Botrylloides.
3 { Colony thick and fleshy
Sarcobotrylloides.
i
li
2c
........................................
.......................................
...........................
606
PROF.
w.A.
HEEDMAN’S BETISED
STMPLEGMA,
H e d m a n , 1886.
Colony stalked, consisting of several ovate ascidiaris* connected
by branched peduncles.
Ascidiozooids moderately large, not much elongated, and not
divided into regions.
Test firm, vessels numerous.
Branchid sac large and well developed, provided with internal
longitudinal bars.
Dorsal lanaina in the form of a plain membrnne.
Alimentary canal and gonads forming a mass projecting for a
short distance only behind the branchial sac.
This genus, which I placed in 1886 in the family Distomidae on
account of the close resemblance of the colony to that of a Colella,
I now agree with Lahille had better be transferred to the Botryllidz. The Botryllid affinities, as I pointed out i u the original
description, are very marked, although Symplegma differs more
from the other four genera of Botryllidae than these do from one
another.
There is only one known species, Syinplegma viride, Herdm.,
from Bermuda.
BOTBYLLUS,
Gartner 4 Pallas, 1774.
Colony thin, incrusting.
Systems circular or stellate.
Ascidiozooids ovate, with their apertures placed far apart.
Test soft and gelatinous, never much thickened.
Bmnchial sac large, with 3 internal longitudinill bars on each
side.
Viscera alongside the branchial sac, a t its posterior end.
This genus contains a very large number of species which are
very difficult t G distinguish. I n fact, specie8 do not ap;iear to
be a t all clearly differentiated ; and, t o add to the difficulty, many
of the descriptions are very imperfect and only lake account of
external characters which cannot be applied to preserved specimens.
The following is a list of the species of Botryllus. I n the present state of our koonledge of these forms I feel that it is useless
to attempt to distinguish them by brief characters in tabular form.
Some of these species have several marked varieties, and most
are very variable.
That part of the colony in which the aecidiozcoids are placed.
CLASSIFICATTON OF TEE TUNTCATI.
607
B. Schlosseri (Pallas), Say. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Yellow with rust-red dote.
B. Baeri, Grube. (Med.) Colony very thin.
B. sannio, Della Valle. (Med.) Colony thick ; violet.blue markings.
B. auroZineutus, Giard. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Yellow lines, 8 tent., asc.
2 2 mm. long.
B. mrio, Giard. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Nearly black.
B. gemneus, Sav. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Vlolet and yellow,
B. v i o h e u s , H. M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.,Med.) Blue, with whitelines.
B. tenais, Della Valle. (bfed.) Tentacles 1-3, vessels blue.
B. miniitus, Say. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Asc. 1 mm., 3-5 in syst.
B. smaragdus, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.) Green.
B. p r u i n o w , Giard. (N.W. Eur.) Green.
3.tupetz~m,Della Valle. (Med.) Grey, 3-8 in syst., 3 tentacles.
B. cakndalu, Gisrd. (N.W. Eur.) Yellow, ascidiozooids 1 mm.
B. marionis, Giard. (N.W. Eur.) Ascidiozooids 2.5 mm., 8-10 in syst. ;
colour brown with white and carmine.
B. rubygo, Giard. (N.W. Eur.) Brown, with red marks.
B. rubens, Ald. & Ham. (N.W. Eur.) Fellow and red, thin test.
B. viresce?~~,
Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.) Greenish.
B. castaneus, Ald. & Hano. (N.W. Eur.) Purple-brown, test very thin.
B. Gonldii, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
B. bivittatus, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.)
POLYCYCLUB,
Lamarch, 1816.
Colony thick and fleshy, convex on surface, often lobed.
Systems circular or stellate in outline.
Ascidiozooids ovate, with the apertures rather distant from one
another.
Test gelatinous, but solid and much thickened, vessels present.
. Branchial sac large and well developed.
Tentacles from 2 to 16 in number.
Alimentary canal placed alongside the posterior end of the
braucl&d sac.
Gonads placed on both sides of the body near the posterior end.
1
Leatviog out II few doubtful forms and older species with imperfect descriptions and which cauuot now be determiued with
any certainty, the genua coutains five Bpecies. These may be
distinguished as follows :Ascidiozooids at least 3 m m .long .............................................1
Ascidiozooids not 3 min. long ................................................... 2
With 2 tentacles, placed laterally ............ P. cymeus, v. Dr. (Med.)
Wish more than 9 teutacles ...................................................... 3
Ascidiozooids at least 4 mm. long ............................................
4.
Ascidiozooids about 3 mm. long. Tentacles 8, 2 large lateral and G
small .............................................P. violacezls,v. Dr. (Med.)
608
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN'S REVISED
Tentacles 8,2 large lateral and 6 small.
P. ?'uZZii *, Lah. (Med.)
4 1 Tentacles 6 , 2 larce lateral and 4 small.
1
P.Renieri, Lamk. (Med.)
r)
Tentacles 8, all one size ............... P.Lamurcki, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
1Tentacles 1 6 , 8 long and 8 sliort ...............................................
Ascidiozooids yellowish, marked with brown.
5
P.Jefreysi, Herdrn. (Med.)
Ascidiozooids of a bluish colour ... P. Sasauigizyi, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
-r
1
1
5
BOTRYLLOIDES,
H.Blilne-Edw., 1842.
Colony thin, incrusting and usually gelatinous.
Sjsfems elliptical or elongated, formirig branched and sometimes anastomosing lines.
Ascidiozooids cylindrical, Kith the apertures placed near one
another OIL the anterior end.
T e s t soft and gelatiuous, never much thickened, penetrated by
inany vessels.
B r a n c h i d sac long and well developed.
Alimentary canal placed alongside the brancliial sac at its
posterior end.
Gonads placed on both sides of the body near the posterior end.
I n this case, as in Botryllus, it is useless t o attempt t o distiiiguish the species in brief tabular form iu our present warit of
linowledge of the internal structure of so mauy of them ; consequently I give the following list of the known species ; some of
them are in a very doubtflcl condition.
B. Learhii, S ~ T . (N.W. Eur., Med.) Purple, with yellow and white
marks.
B. Zicteum, Y. Dr. (Adr.) Green-yellow; tentacles 8, 4 large; ascidiozooids 3 mm. in length
B. purprczrm, T. Dr. (ddr.) Tentacles 8, 4 large ; ascidiozooids 3 mm.
B. Gascoi, Della Valle. (Mecl.) Tentacles 4; ascidiozooids 2 nim.
B. Eweryi, Della Valle. (Med.) Tentacles 8, 4 large.
B. rubnim, H. 15.-Edw. (N.W. Eur., hled.) Colour. yellow to red;
4 tentacles.
B. rosaceus, Grube. (Med., Red S.) Purple-red with white lines.
B. morioniform's, Della Valle. (Med.) Yellow-green ; tentacles 8, alternately larger; ascidiozooids 2 mm.
B. nlbicans, H. 31.-Edw. (N.W. Eur., Med.) Pure white.
B. ciliatiis, D. Ch. (Med.)
B. fyrezim, Herdrn. (Ma].)
B. per.cpicun?io,Herdm. (Mal.) And var. rubicundum.
B. niyrum, Herdni. (Atl.)
it
With several colour varieties noted by Laliille.
CLhBSIflCATIOS OF I B E TULIICATA.
GO9
B.fuZguraZe, Herdm. (N.Atl.)
B. rotife?.a,H. M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.) Yellow, with red marks.
B. prostratirm, Giard. (N.W. Eur.) Ascidiozooida larger and flatter
than in B.rotifera.
B. clnuelina, Giard. (N.W. Eur.) Perfectly transparent.
B. i w s i p e , Giard. (N.W. Em.) Dark brown, marked with yellow and
violet.
B. sparsa, Alder. (N.W. Eur.)
B. pusilla, Alder. (N.W. Eur.)
B. radiuta, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Eur.) Yellow.
B. ramulosa, Ald. & Hanc. (N.W. Em.) Pellucid and cream-coloiir.
SBI~CODOTBYLLOIDES,
van Drasche, 1853.
Colony thick aud fleshy, often lobed.
Systems elliptical or elongated, forming branched and sometimes anastomosiug lines.
Aseidiozooids cylindrical, with the apertures placed near one
another on the anterior end.
Test gelatinous, rather solid and greatly thickened ; many
ressels present.
Branchial sac large and well developed.
Tentacles 8 t o 16 in number.
Alimentary canal placed alongside the posteiior part of the
branchial sac.
Gonads placed on both sides of the body Gear the posterior end.
Six species of this genus are known to me, and may be distinguished as follon s :Tentacles 8...........................................................................
I
{ Tentacles 76 ........................................................................ 2
Test opaque white ...................... S. superbum, v. Dr. (Med.)
1 { Test transparent grey ............................................................ 3
Colour red-purple ; ascidiozooids 3 mm. long, very close, 16 rows
of stigmata .............................. S. purprtzrm, n. sp. (Austr.)
Colour dull slate-grey ; ascidiozooids 2 mill. long, not very close; 14
rows of stigmata....................... S. pantzosum, n. sp. (Austr.)
Stomach has crecum .....................
8.crimps, n. sp. (Austr.)
4
2 { No cBecum present ..................................................................
Tentacles 8 long and 8 short ......... 8. Wpillii, Herdm. (N.Atl.)
Tentacles 4 long, 4 medium, and 4 short.
S. jacksonianum, n. sp. (Austr.)
i
Family 11. DISTOMIDB (Cfiard, 1872), Herdm., 1855.
Colony rounded and massive, rarely incrusting, either sessile
or supported upon a long or short peduncle.
Systems irregular, inconspicuous or absent.
610
PROF.
m. A.
IIERDMAN'S REVISED
Ascidiozooids of moderate length, and having the body divided
into two regions, thorax and abdomen ; they may be provided
with long vascular ectodermal appendages.
[rest gelatinous or cartilaginous, often thickened at the base to
form a peduiicle, which may be traversed by large canals containing the vascular appendages of the ascidiozooidu. There are
sometimes calcareous spicules, whicb, however, are not stellate.
Branchial sac well developed j no internal lougitudiual bars
present.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series cf languets.
Alinaenfary canal placed posteriorly t o the branchial sac, so 8 s
t o form an abdomeu.
Gonads aiid heart in the intestinal loop, or alongside it. Spermatic vesicles numerous, vas deferens straight.
The genera in this family may be separated as follows :-
r Colony with a well-marked peduncle .........................................
1Colony sessile or only shortly pedunculated .................................
With a n incubatory pouch in which embryos develop ...... Colella.
K O incubatory pouch present ...................................................
.
Ascidiozooids completely imbedded in a common test. Oxycorynia.
3 Ascidiozooids not coiupietely imbedded in a common test.
Chondrostachys.
With an incubatory pouch and an atrial lsnguet ........ Distaplia.
a ( K O incubatory pouch present ..................................................
Ascidiozooids enclosed by capsules formed of discoid spicules.
Cystodytes.
No spicules present in teat ......................................................
WiLh an atrial siphon ............................................. Distoma.
With a triad atrial langue t ..............................Heterotrema.
i
1
1
COLELLA,Herdman, 1885 * (MS., lS80).
Colong more or less club-shaped, composed of a peduncle
attached a t the base, and bearing on its summit a more or less
ellipsoidal ascidiarium.
Ascidiozooids imbedded in a common test ; usually arranged in
lines but not divided into systems. No common cloaca1 cavities.
Body composed of thorax and abdomen, and a long ectodermal
vascular process from the posterior end of the latter. Apertures six-lobed, not promiuent.
* This genus was fully diagnosed, with CoZeZlu ThDmsoni as the type species,
in my tbesis for the degree of Doctor of' Science, sent i n to the Unirersity of
Edinburgh and accepted by the Science Degrees Comriiittee in March 1880 ; and
was published wichout material change in the second part of my ' Challenger '
Report, printed off i n 1885.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
611
Test gelatinous, penetrated by the eetodermal prolongations
from the ascidiozooids.
Branchial sac well developed ; no internal longitudiual bars
present.
Dorsal ZamiRa composed of languets.
Alimentary canal posterior to the branchial sac.
Gonads placed on the left side of the intestinal loop. Teetes
grape-like in arrangement. Embryos develop in an incubatory
pouch which i 3 a large diverticulum from the atrial cavity.
The species of CoTella may be distinguished as follows :-
I3r
Peduncle branched .......1.......................................................1
Peduncle unbranched ............................................................ 2
Lower eud of peduncle branched ............................................. 3
1 Upper end of peduncle branched, 3 rows of stigmata, tentacles 5 large
and 5 small ........................... 6. plicata, n. sp. (Aush.)
Peduncle short and wide, tentacles 16, 8 rows of stigmata.
C! colaoreta, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Peduncle long and narrow ...........................
Tentacles 12, all of one size, 4 rows of stigmata.
C. ramulosn, Herdm. (S. Pac.)
............ C. 2eiauicaulis, n. sp. (Austr.)
Tentacles of two sizes
5
Peduncle longer than
6
2 [ Peduncle not longer than body ................................................
Coloiir red, tentacles 12 ............... C. p k h r u , Herdm. (Austr.)
Colour bluish, tentacles 8, rnauy row
I
1
......................................................
.................
Colonr greyish yellow
[A. Arct.
Tentacles large, 16 ; 5 rows of stigmata.
C: pedmculata, Q. & B. (Austr.,
Tentacles small, 8 ..................... 6 . Guimnrdi, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
8
Colony wide a t top ...................................
Colony narrow at top ............................................................ 9
Colour grey ..............................
C. Murruyi, Herdm. (S. Pac.)
8 { Colour with a reddish tinge ......... do., var. ruhida, Herdrn. (Airstr.)
Body not longer than broad, tentacles 12, 4 rows of stigmata.
6'. Quoyi, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
10
Body longer than broad .........................................................
Ascidiozooids less than 2 mm. long, tentacles numerous (16 large and
16 small) and close .................. C. eloiigafa, Herdin. (Austr.)
Ancidiozooids more than 5 mm. long, tentacles not numeroirs.
C. c l a v ~ o r m i sn.
, sp. (Austr.)
6f
........................
91
OXPCORYNIA,
von Drasche, 1882.
Colony club-shaped, pedunculated. The peduncle traversed by
the long vascular appendages of the ascidiozooids, from which
buds are formed.
Ascidiozooids completely imbedded in the common test ; divided
into thorax and abdomen, and haviug long ectodermal appeu-
612
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
dages. Rrancbial and atrial apertures circular, the former eometimes 4-lobed.
T e s t thin and transparent round the ascidioaooids, more solid
aid opaque in the peduncle.
Branchial sac with numerous rows of stigmata. No internal
longitudinal bars.
Tentacles 8, 4 large and 4 stnall.
Alimentary canal behind the branchial sac. Stomach smooth.
Gonads in the intestinal loop. No incubatory poucll present.
This genus contains the single species Oxycorynia fascicularis,
yon Drasche, from the Caroline Islands.
CHONDROSTACHYS,
Macdonald, 1858.
Colony club-shaped, pedunculated. The peduncle traversed
by the long vascular appendages of the ascidiozooids, from which
buds are formed.
Ascidiozooids not imbedded in a common test, but freely projecting from the surface of the colony, each covered by its o w n
t h i n layer of test. Body divided into thorax and abdomen, aud
having a long ectoderinal vascular appendage. Branchid aperture 4-lobed.
Test thin and transparent orer tlie arcidiozooids, thicker and
more opaque in the common peduncle.
Branchial sac with no internal longitudinal bars (?).
Alintentnry canal behind the brauchial sac,.foriniug an abdomen.
Gonads alongside the intestine. No incubatory pouch present.
This genus contains a single species, from Bass Strait, Australia, unnamed by Macdooald.
DISTAPLIB,
Della Valle, 1881.
Colony in the form of lobed masses or club-shaped knobs.
8ystems distinct, each one forming n knob or lobe of the
colony.
Ascidiorooids elongated antero-posteriorly, and placed vertically iu the colony. Branchial aperture 6-lobed. Atrial aperture provided with a languet.
Test gelatinous. penetrated by ectodermal prolongations from
the ascidiozooids.
Branchial sac with 4 rows of long stigmata, crossed by
narrow intermediate trausverae vessels.
CLASSIFIChTION OF I H E TUNICATA.
613
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of short languets.
Alimentary canal posterior t o the branchial sac. Stomach
ovate, smooth-Kalled.
Qonads placed on the right side of the intestha1 loop. The
embryos develop in an incubatory pouch formed as a diverticulum
from the atrial cavity. The larvae are of large size and are gem
miparons.
Tbe four known species of Distaplia may be separated thus :-
a
Colony forming a thick incrusting mass.
D.Lbrica, v. Dr. (&fed.)
Uolony formed of a number of distinct knobs or club-shaped mmses... 1
Ascidiozooids and larvs very large ; stomach-wall reticulated.
U. mugailurau, D. Valle. (hfed.)
Ascidiozooids and larvre of moderate size ; stomach-wall smooth ...... 2
Knobs of colony with short peduncles or none : colour rose-red.
D.Tosen, D. Valle. (Med. & N.W. Eur.)
[Knobs with well-marked peduncles ; colour dark violet or purple.
D. Vullii,Herdm. (Med. & Mal.)
I
DISTOMA,
Gmtner, 1774, Sav., 1816.
Colony massive, sessile or scarcely pedunculated.
Xystems absent or imperfect.
Ascidiozooids divided into thorax and abdomen, not enclosed
in calcareous capsules, and having both apertures 6-lobed and
opening directly on t o the surface. Thorax and abdomen often
united by a long narrow pedicle.
Test gelatinous, with no spicules.
Branchial sac with from 3 to 20 or more rows of stigmata. No
internal longitudinal bars.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Alinientnry canal posterior to the brancliial sac.
Gonads placed alongside the intestinal loop. No incubatory
pouch present for the euibryos.
The species of Distoma may be separated thus :Wall of atomach smooth
.........................................................
1
not smooth ......................................................
2
{ Stomach-wall
Wall of stomach thickened to form a reticulation ; 24 rows of stigmata.
D.adriaticum, Y. Dr. (Med.)
Wall of atomach grooved longitudinally ; 12 rows of stigmata. [Eur.)
D. cristalliimm", Ren. (Yed., N.W.
( W i t h only 3 rows of stigmata in branchial sac ........................... 3
1With more than 3 rows of stigmata .......................................... 4
* D. uitrezam; Sars, is either this species
01'
closely related to it.
6141
PROF. w. A. HEEDMAN’S BEVISED
f Colonyof aresinous-brown colour.
D.mucosum, v. Dr. (Med.)
1CoXony blackish, not sandy ...... D.Pamerii *, D. Valle. (Med.)
Colony blackish, sandy on surface.
Colonyred
D. Costre, D. Valle. (Med.)
........................... D.variolowmt, Osertu. (N.W. Eur.)
HETEBOTREMA,
Fiedler, 1889.
Colony massive, branched, attached.
Systems placed in irregularly polygonal areas marked out by
grooves.
Test gelatinous, with no spicules.
Ascidiozooids with body separated into thorax and abdomen,
aud having ectodermal processes. Brnnchial aperture Globed ;
atrial not lobed, but with a trifid atrial languet.
Branchial sac well developed, without iiiternal longitudinal
bars, with 8-10 rows of stigmata.
Dorsal lamina represented by languets.
Alimentary canal placed behind the branchial sac. Stomach
longitudinally, folded.
Spermatic vesicles numerous, placed in the posterior part of
the abdomen.
This genus, closely allied to Distoma, contains the single
species Heterotrema Sarasinorum, Piedl., from Ceylon.
CPSTODYTES,
von Drasche, 1883 (subgen.), Herdm., 1886.
Colony of irregular form, attached and incrusting, sometimes
lobed, and of moderate thickness.
Ascidiozooids surrounded by capsules formed of calcareous
discoid spicules. No ectodermal appendages present.
Test cartilaginous, containing calcareous disc-shaped spicules
which form a capsule round each ascidiozooid.
Branchial sac small ; about 4 rows of‘ stigmata.
Abdomen as large as thorax. Stomach smooth.
The five known species of Cysfodytes may be dktioguished as
follows :Ascidiozooids arranged in distinct sjsterns ................................. I
{ Ascidiozooids
not distinctly arranged in systems ...........................
2
*
D. plumbrum, D. Vnlie (Mecl.), seems to differ from this only in the size
n ~ i dproportions of the ascidiozooids.
t D.rzibrzim, Sap., is close to if not identical with this.
615
CLASSIFTCATION OF TZIE TUXICATA.
Colour yellowish brown ............... C. durus, v. Dr. (Med.)
Colour whitish aud translucent
C’.cretaceus, v. Dr (Med.)
C. DeZleC’hiaie. D. Yalle. (Med.)
Colour violet
2[ Colour brownish grey ........................................................... 3
Test not much vacuolated ............ C. Draschii, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Test very much vacuolated, darker than last.
C.philippinensis,Herdm. (bhl.)
......
...........................
Family 111. POLYCLINIDA3, Giard, 1872.
...
..
Colony usually massive ; sometimes incrusting, sometimes
lobed or even pedunculeted.
Systems of various shapes, sometimes very irregular or absent.
Common cloaca1 apertures usually inconspicuous.
Ascidiozooids alwaye elongated antero-posteriorly, and usually
divided into three distinct regions. Branchial aperture 6- or 8lobed ; atrial aperture often with atrial languet.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, sometimes rendered stiff by
imbedded sand-grains.
Branchial sac usually small and not highly developed. Stigmata usually small. There may be papilllform connecting-ducts
but never internal longitudinal bars.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of languets.
Tentacles small and not numerous.
Alimentary canal extending considerably beyond the branchial
Rac posteriorly.
Gonads placed behind the intestinal loop in the postabdomen.
Testis represented by a number of small spermatic sacs, attached
t o a large vas deferens.
Gemmation from the postabdomen, which has the heart at its
extremity.
This very large family” contains about twenty genera (or subgeneraj, which may be distinguished briefly as follows :Branchial sac with wide meshes and no true stigmata.
Pharyngodictyon.
Branchial sac normal
..........................................................
1
* I cannot follow Lahille in breaking it up into the two families Polgclinids and Aplidids ; nor can I employ, as he does, the twisting of the intestinal
loop as a primary character in distinguiflhing the genera; iutermediate conditions are found between the typical Poljclinid condition and that found in
Amaroucbm.
LINN. JOURN.-ZOOLOQY,
TOL. SXIII.
44
616
PBOF. w. A. HEEDMAN’S REVISED
Branchial wc with papilliform connecting-ducta in its interior.
Tylobranchion.
1{ Bmnchial 88xf not papillated *..................................................
2
Stomach smooth-walled .........................................................
3
1Stomach-wall thickened .........................................................
4
Horizontal membranes denticulated to form project,ions between the
Glossophorum.
stigmata ................................................
3 / No such projections formed...................................................... 5
Intestinal loop simple, U-shaped ........................... ApLidiopsiS.
5 ( Intestinal loop twisted ........................................................... 6
Systems Rimple ................................................ Polyclinum.
G ( Systems compound. ............................................ Armanti7
Atrial aperture on the dorsal edge .............................................
Atrial aperture on the anterior end .......................................... 8
( Sand-grains imbedded in and incrusting test ... Psammaplidium.
1Test not containing sand-grains .............................. Aplidium.
Branchial aperture &lobed ..........................................
...._
.....,.. 9
Branchial aperture Globed ......................................................
10
Wall of stomach folded or grooved ............................................. 11
12
9{ Wall of stomach.areolated or with grooves broken u p .....................
Systems simple ................................................
Circindium.
l1 Systems compound ............................................................... 13
slightly pedunculated .....................
Fragarium t.
13 Postabdomen
Postabdomen not at all pedunculated ............... Fragaroidest.
Postabdomen separated from abdomen by constriction.
Parascidia.
12
Postabdomen not separated off by constriction ... Morchellioides.
of stomach folded or grooved ..........................................
I4
10 Wall
Wall of stomach areolated ......................................................15
m a l l of stomach folded transversely ..................... Atopogaster.
14 Wall of stomach folded longitudinally ....................................... 16
Postabdomen separated off by a constriction ......... Polyclinoides.
16 Postabdomen not separated o f f by constriction ..............................
17
Atrial aperture 6-lobed .......................................... Sigillina.
17 Atrial aperture with a languet ........................ Amarouciumt.
Postabdomen separated off by constrict,ion .................. Sidnyum.
15 Postabdomen not separated off ....................
............................ 18
Systems simple ...................................................
Synoicum.
18 Systems compound .......................................... Morchellium.
r
4i
sl
i
PHAEYNGODICTTON,
Herdman, 1885.
Colony club-shaped, or consisting of a “ head ” (or ascidiarium)
placed on a short peduncle.
Systems inconspicuous.
* I n Glossophmum the so-caHed p a p i l b are due to a denticulation of the
horizontal membranes.
t These two are very closely related.
The subgenus Morchelliopsis of Lahille comes in here, but I do not see
that it can be separated from Amaroucium. The specific name of the single
species, “ Morchelliopsis Pleyherianus Lahille,” must, according t o the lams of
uomenclature, be pzmtum, Giard.
:
617'
CLAESTPICATIOB OF THE TUNICATA.
Ascidiozaoid8 t ey long antero-posteriorly, aud distinctly
divided into regions.
Test of a firm gelatinous consistence.
Branchial sac formed of a simple meshwork of longitudinal
and transverse vessels. No true stigmata present.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of laoguets.
Gonads placed in a long postabdomen extending behind the
intestinal loop.
This genus was formed for the remarkable deep-sea species
Pharyngodictyon mirabile, Herdm., trawled in the Southern Ocean
a t a depth of 1600 fathoms.
TPLOBEANCHION
*, Herdman, 1885.
Colony large, massive.
Eystems inconspicuous.
Aecidiozooids large, elongated antero-posteriorly, and distinctly
divided into regions.
Test gelatinous.
Branchial 8ac large and well developed. Transverse vessels
provided with numerous large papilliform connecting-ducts which
may bifurcate t o form rudimentary internal longitudinal bars.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of lauguets.
Alimentary canal large. S tomach-wall folded longitudinally.
Gonads forming a long postabdomen.
This genus includes the single species Iylobranchiom speciosunt,
Herdm., from Kerguelen Itiland.
GLOBSOPHORTJM
t, Lahitle, 1886.
Colony subglobular or expanded and lobed, attached, sandy.
Systems usually one in each colony, simple.
Ascidiozooids divided into thorax, abdomen, and postabdomen
separated by narrow pedicles. Branchid aperture &lobed, atrial
with a lobed lauguet.
Test covered with agglutinated sand-grains.
Branchial sac with well-marked horizontal membranes, which
are denticulated or creriated so as to have a number of small
* This genus has a5nities with Diazooaa and the Clavelinidae, but is, I think,
more closely allied to the Polyclinide.
t This genus seems very similar to Pleurolophium, Giard, 1874 (Assoc. Frans.,
Lille).
4&*
.PROF. w. A. HEEDMAN’S REVISED
618
papilliform projections nearly as numerous as the stigmata.
About a dozen rows of stigmata. No i ~ t e r n a l longitudinal
bars.
Dorsal lanyuets present.
Alinzeetary canal with the intestinal loop twisted. Stomach
smooth.
There are two species of Glossophorzom :Colony small, globular ; 32 tentacles ; atrial lanpuet lobed.
G. scibdoszlm, Oiard. (N.W. Eur., Med.)
Colony large, flattened; 16 tentacles ; atrial lnnguet simple.
G. hitmile, Lnh. (Med.)
The Anzaroucium bilaterale of Giard (N. W. Eur., 1874) probably belongs t o this genus.
APLIDIOPSIS,
Lahille, 1890.
Colony subglobular, attached, sessile. Systems irregular or
indistinct. Branchial aperture Globed, atrial imperfectly lobed.
Ascidiozooids divided into tlioras, abdomen, and postabdomen.
Branchial sac Kith numerous stigmata.
Alimentary canal ~ i t no
h twisting of‘the intestine. Stomach
smooth.
Postabdomen not separated off from abdomen by a. constriction.
The following epecies may be referred to this genus :Stigmata rery small ..................A. incertws, Herdm. (Mag.)
Stigmata well developed .........................................................
1
f Stomach globular .....................
A. vitrcus, Lah. (hled.)
2
1 Stomach pyriform .................................................................
Stomach placed vertically ......... A. miazitzts, Herdm. (South. 0.)
a ( Stomach placed horizontally ...... A. pyriformis, H e r b . (South. 0.)
1
AURANTIUN,
Giard, 1872.
This genus, or subgenus, seems to differ from Polyclinum
merely in having the systems compound. It contains a single
species, A. aumntiumn (= Polyclinum aurantiu?n),N.-Edw., which
is possibly identical with Sidnyum turbinatum of Savignp.
This group is probably scarcely of sufficient importance to
warraut its separation from Polyclinicnt.
POLYCLINUM,
Xnvigny, 1816.
Colony massive, usually sessile.
Systems simple or conipound, ofteu irregular.
610
CLASSIFICATION
OF THJI TUXICATA.
Ascidiozooids elongated, more or leEs distinctly divided into
three regions. 'Branchial aperture Globed ; atrial aperture provided with a languet.
Test gelatinous or cartilagiilous, sonietimes incrusted with sand.
Branehia2 sac large and well developed.
Alimentary canal usually long and complicated, often twisted;
Stomach sm 00th-walled ..
Postabdomen separated from the abdomen by a constriction,.
often projecting from one side of the intestinal loop.
Some of the older described species of Polyclinum are so imperfectly known that the following table cannot be regarded as
quite satisfactory, but i t may be of use in roughly distinguishing
the species * :Colony incrusted with sand .............
{ Colony not sandy ........................
....................................
1
..........................
2
1
Wot frery-much sand in test, stigmata small.
. . . . .
P. molle, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
A good deal of sand in test, stigmata loiigand narrow.
P. fioigosum, Herdm. (Austr.)
Postabdomen attached to ventral edge of abdomen.
2{
Postabdomen attached.to posterior en
Colony of a greenish colour ...................................................
4
Colour not green, generally grey or violet .................................... 5
Uelatinous, green ........................ P. viride,D. Ch. (Med.)
Not gelatinous, olive-green .........__
. P.JTcus, Say. (N.W. Eur.,?Me&)
Abdomen separated fro10 thorax by a very long pedide, as long as
abdomen ..............................
P. zwanktm, Say. (Red S.)
(i
5 { Abdomen separated only by a short pedicle ................................
Of a whitish or grey eolour .......;;:............................................ 7
6 { Of a violet or purple tint ......................................................... 8
Colour whitish ........................... P. stellntztm, D. Ch. (Med.)
.................. P. voiculosum, D. Ch. [Med.)
7 { C olour grey
Of a piirple colour ..................... P. sepfosltm, D. Ch. (Med.)
.......................................
9
8( Of a bluish or violet tint .
With about 18 row8 of stigmata ... P. hcsperhim, Sav. (Red S.)
.......................................10
9 ( With 14-1G rows nf stigmata .
Ahdomen nearly as large as thorax, st,igmat,a small.
P. isiaczcnz, Sav. (Red S.)
10
Abdomen much smaller than thorax, stigmata large ....
11
With 14 rows of stigmata ............ P. constellatzim, Sa
-1
12
I1 With l 5 l G row3 of'stigniata ..................................................
P. sctiu~ninm,Say. (Red S., Med.)
Colour dark xiolet ........
13 Colour light violet .....................
P. cythereum, Say. (Red S.)
3c
41
{
....
I'
{
* Yolyclinum diazonre, D. Ch. (Med.), certainly does not belong to this genn8probably not to the family. P. fitsczim, D. Ch. (Med.), has the branchial
aperture 8-lobed, and therefore cannot be a Polycliizum.
620
PROP.
w. A,
HERDMAN’S REVISED
PSBMNAPLIDIUM,
Herdman, 1856.
Colony incrusting, massive, or lobed.
Systems inconspicuous.
Ascidiozooids usually small, not much elongated, and not distinctly divided into regions.
Test thick, and greatly strengthened by imbedded and incrusting sand-grains and other foreign bodies, which form a
great part of its bulk.
Branchial sac small and not well developed.
Postabdomen usually short.
The species referred t o this genus may be separated as
fOllOl\Y3 :Colony broken up into narrow branched and anastomosing strands.
P. retgorma, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Colony not retiform ...............................................................
Colony thin and incrusting ......................................................
Colony massive .....................................................................
Colour dark brown ..................... P. effrenatzrm, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
2 ( Colour stone-grey .....................
P. iiicrustans, n. sp. (Austr.)
External part of test forming a distinct layer ..............................
Xxternal layer of test not modified
Colony formed of Ascidiarium on narrow pedunclo.
P.pedirnculafum, n. sp. (Austr.)
4 { Colony formed of irregular masses not pedunculated .....................
Colony not lobed ........................
P. frawum, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
6 { Colony lobed ........................................................................
Central layer of test free from sand.
P.fragik, n. sp. (Austr.)
Sand all through test ............................................................
Stigmata much wider than interstigmatic vessels.
P.solidurn, n. sp. (Austr.)
Stigmata a m 0 width as vessels or narrower.
P. lobatum, n. sp. (Austr.)
8[
Colony ovate or pyriform ......................................................
5 { Colony irregularly lobed .........................................................
Uuch imbedded sand ; colony quite stiff
Not much sand ; colony firm, but not stiff.
P. ouatum, Herdm: ( e t r . )
(Shape ovate, colour green-grey, muscles weak, stigmata long.
P. svbviride, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Shape pyriform, colour yellow-grey, muscles strong, st igrnata short.
P. py~iformrs,Herdm. (Austr.)
Short cylindrical lobes from common base, stigmata very narrow.
P. exiguum, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Lobes irregular, stigmata not very narrow .................................
Stomach globular, smooth-walled ... P. spongzforme, Herdm. (Austr.)
Stomach quadrate, folded longitudinally.
P. rude, Herdm.
4
..........................................
gi
I
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.................................... 11
12
621
CLASSIFICAl’IOIP OF THE TUNIOATA.
POLYCLINOiDES,
@ON Dvaschd, 1683.
CoLny fortning rounded transparent masses.
Systems irregtdar.
Test transparent.
Ascidiozooids divided into thorax, abdomen, and postabdomen.
Branchial aperture 6-lobed. Atrial aperture placed far back on
the dorsal edge and not lobed ; anterior to it is an atrial languet.
Branchial sac with 8 rows of stigmata. No internal longitudinal bars and no papillae.
Alimentary canal not twisted. Stomach with numerous flat
longitudinal folds. Anus provided with two large lobes.
Gonad8 in a moderately long postBbdomen, separated from the
abdomen by a slight constriction.
This contains the species Polyc&toides diaphanunt, v. Draeche,
from Maiiritius.
APLIDIUM,
Sdbigglzy, 1816.
Colony massive or lobed, not pedunculated.
Systems compound and irregular.
Ascidiozooids not much elongated. Branchid aperture 6-lobed ;
atrial lobed, or having a more or less rudimentary languet, and
placed far back.
!Pest gelatinous or cartilaginous, rarely sandy.
Branchial sac fairly well developed.
Alimentary canal of moderate size. Stomach-wall folded longitudinally.
Postabdomen usually short.
Those species of the genus which have been sufficiently characterized can be distinguished thus :Atrial aperture distinctly lobed or with a languet
,.......................
Acrid aperture with no visible lobes or languet ...........................
{ Atrial
apertiire Globed ............................................
..........
ir
l { With an atrial languet
1
2
3
......................................................... 4
Colony sandy ; branchial s8c not pigmented.
A. asperurn, v. Dr. (Med.)
Colony not sandy; branchial eac pigmented.
A. pellucidurn,v. Dr. (Med.]
3[
Atrial languet bifurcated ............ A. fuscsrn,Herdm. (A. Arct.)
5
4 { Atrial languet not bifurcated ...................................................
10 grooves on stomach .................. A. fullus, Johns. (N.W. Eur.)
4 grooveo on stomach .......................................................... 6
Brown pigmentdots on dorsal edge of thorax.
A. tremulum, Sav. (Red S.)
KOsuch pigment-dote
7
bI
...........................................................
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
622
Colong greyish; postabdomen s h o r t , A. bbUt1&'/72,Sav. (Med., Red S.)
Colony yellowish ; postabdonien very long.
A. caliezdatum, Sav. (N.W. Eur.)
Both transverse and longitudinal muscle-bands very strong.
A. crasszim, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Musculature not powerful ...........................
.......
Stigmata very minute and irregular ..............................
8 ( Stigmata normal ......................................................
Colour dark grey ........................ A. despectzim, Herdm. (K.AtL)
Colour dark smoke-brown ............ A.fumigatum, Iirrdm. (A. Arct.
[s: Md.)
With very slight grooves on stomach. A.leiicoz~hszcm,Herdm.(A.Arct.)
lo Grooves of stomach-wall well marked ....................................... 11
l1 Groores few, 4 to G
Grooves numeroua, 10 or more
I Colony sandy..............................
l21 Not sandy ...........................................................................
14
With only G rows of stigmata ......... A. grisrum, Lah. (bled.)
l 4 With about R dozen rows of stigmata. A. efuswm, Sav. (Red S.)
somewhat stlndy on surface... A . incrustam, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
13 Colony
Colony not sandy .........
.................................................... 15
Branchial sac igmented
A. emuleiam, Lnh. (N.W. Eur.)
1' { N o t pigmenteg ............ ......... A. costericola, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
2j
q
I
......................
.......
{
{
..........
AMABOUCIUM,
H. Hilne-Edwards, 1841.
f?O/O??ymassive, sometimes lobed or pcdunculated.
ITystenzs usually compouud and irregular.
Ascidiozooids elongated. Braiichial aperture 6-lobed ; atrial
usually provided with a l o n g languet, placed close t o the brauchid aperture.
Test cartilaginous o r gelatinous.
Branchial sac moderately developed.
A7imentary canal, of moderate size. Stomach-wall folded longitudinally.
Postabdomen usually very long.
The recogniza6le species of this large genus may be distinguished thus :Syfitems simple, regular, and with few ascidiozooids.
[Eur.)
A . hbrdmanui, M.-Edw. (N.W.
Systems compound, irregular, and with many ascidiozooids ............
Stomach folded longitudinally ...............................................
l i Stomach simply rayed ...........................................................
Colony traneparent, colourless.. ....... A. crystaZlinum,D.Valle. (Med.)
3 { Colony opaque, coloured ........................................................
Colour white ..............................
A. Zacfeum, v. Dr. (Med.)
4( Colour orange-red .......................
A. couitum, Ollri. (Med.)
{
*
Poseibly this species ought to be referred to Aniaroucium.
1
2
3
4
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
1628
(Atrial languet trilobed ............................................................
1 Atrial languet simple .............................................................
5
G
Transparent, with orange pigment on antewior end of endostyle.
A.punctum*, Qiard. (N.W. Eur.)
.................. A. ulbzka?ks,M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur.)
5{
Colony sandy .......................
......
.. 7
...........................
8
G ( Colony not sandy .................
Few folds, 5, in st.omach-wall ......... A. subacutiwk, v. Dr. (Med.)
9
7 ( Many folds, 10 or more .........................................................
Of a dark.brown colonr ............... A. fwcum, v. Dr. (Med.)
s{ O t a light colour .....................
Of a greFish-yellow t,int, much mn
lo Of a light-brown tint, little eand...... A. commrme, v. Dr. (Med.)
Colon? on a short peduncle ......................................................
11
Not pedunculated ..................................................................
12
Colour black .............................. A. nigrum, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
13
l1 Colour not black ..................................................................
Stigmata small, short, and inconspicuous ....................................
14
l 3 Stigmata moderately long .................................................. ;... 16
A. globoszim, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Stomach spherical ........................
. l4 Stomach cylinclrical ..................... A. uuriabile, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
Colony grey, with yellowish ascidiozooids.
A. colelloides, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
15
16
Whole colony of R reddish tint ................................................
Of an orange-red ........................
A. proZi;ferum,M.-Edw. (N.W.
[Eor., Med.)
Of a pale rose-red ........................
A. rosezim, D. Valle. (Med.)
;
........... A. nlbidum, Herdm. (Austr.
Colour white .......
l a Colour not white .
...........................................
Ascidiozooids rery small, less than 5 mm. long ........
............ 18
19
, I 7 ( Ascidiozooids not small, more than 5 nim. long ...........................
Stigmata well developed ................ A. Irevigaium, Herdm. (Mag.)
.
.:. ...............:.;. 20
I8 Stigmata small ...................... i.. .....................
Colony pale liver-coloured, opaque ... A. hepaticum, Herdm. (?)
20 Colony liglit grey, transparent ...... A . recunibem, H e r d m (Mag.)
Atrial languet long .....................
A . irregularr, Herdm. (Mag.)
At,rial lnnguet short and inconspicuous .......................................
21
Numerous stigmata in branchial sac, 18-20 rows.
..
A. to~puutum,v. Dr. (&fed.)
Comparatively
few
stigmata,
few
row8
.......................................
24
.
Intestinal loop long and narrow ...... B.complanatzcm,Hcrdm.(A.Arct.)
22 (Intestinal loop short .....................
A. pallidulnim, Herdm. (Mag.)
{
sc
c
[
{
i(
i
.
i
i
I
ATOPOUA~TER,
Herdmctn, 1585.
Colony massive and usually of large size.
Systems simple or inconspicuous.
Ascidiozooids large or small, alm-ays much elongated anbroposteriorly. Branchial apertirre 6-lobed.
Test thick, and usually cartilaginous and tough ; not incrusted
with sand.
*
The MorcheZ?iopsisPleyberiamis of Lahille.
624
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN’S RETIBED
Branchial g a t usually well developed.
Alimentary canaE large. Stomach-wall folded transversely.
Postabdomen long.
The species of Atopoyaster are as follows :Ascidiozooids arranged in distinct circular systems.
A . gigantea, Herdm. (Mag.)
Systems inconspicuous ............................................................
1
Ascidiozooids large, more than 1 cm. in length ..............................
3
3
1 ( Ascidiozooids small, less than 1 cm. in length ..............................
A . aurantiaca, Herdm. (Austr.)
Colour orange ...........................
Colour light grey
A. informis, Herdm. (y)
Colour yellowish grey .................. A. elongata, Herdin. (Mag.)
Colour paler, dull whitish grey
A. e l o ~ ~ p t var.palllda.
n,
(S. At].)
........................
......
SIGILLINA,
Sav&py, 1816.
Colony elongated, pedunculated, attached.
Test gelatinous.
Ascidiozooids very long, divided into thorax, abdomen, and
postabdomen. Branchial and atrial apertures both 6-lobed.
Branchial sac very short. No internal longitudinal bars.
Alimentary canal forming an abdomen which is larger than
the thorax. Stomach-wall folded longitudina,lly.
Gonads in the very long slender abdomen, which is prolonged
down through the colony and its peduncle.
This contains the single species Rigillina australis, Savigny,
from the S.E. coast of Australia.
STNOICUM
(Phipps, 1774), Sav. 1816.
Colony sessile or pedunculated. Each system forming a s e p 5
rate club-shaped mass j systems simple.
Test semi-cartilaginous, not sandy.
Ascidiozooids divided into thorax, abdomen, and postabdomen.
Branchial aperture Globed, and atrial 6-lobed but irregular, the
three anterior lobes being large.
Branchial sac long. No internal longitudinal bars and no
papills. Many rows of stigmata.
Alinzentary canal forming an abdomen a8 large as thomx;
intestine not twisted. Stomach-wall areolated.
Gonads in a postabdomen of moderate length, not separated
from abdomen by constriction.
This contains the species Synoicunz furgens,Phipps, from Spitzbergen.
CLASSIFICILTIO~OF TEE TUNICATA.
625
SIDNYUY,
Savigny, 1816.
Colony massive, o r formed of a number of lobes, one corresponding to each system.
Systems compound.
Ascidiozooids elongated and distinctly divided into regions.
B r a n c h 1 aperture 6-lobed j atrial aperture not provided with a
languet.
Test gelatinous.
Branchial sac well developed.
Alimentary canal forming a narrow loop. Stomach-wall arealated or irregularly thickened.
Postabdomen long, and separated from the abdomen by a constriction.
This contains two species :Colony a globular mass, with broad rounded iipper surface.
S.pallidum, Hcrdm. (A. Arct.)
Colony Iobed, each system forming a truncated cone.
8.turbinatzmz, Sav. (N.W. Eur.)
MOECHELLIUM,
Qiard, 1872.
C o l o ~ ymassive, sessile, or pedunculated.
Bystems compound, irregular, and usually inconspicuous.
Ascidiozooids elongated, but not distinctly divided into regions.
Branchial aperture 6-lobed.
Test gelatinous or cartila,'oinous.
Branchial sac large and well developed.
Alimentary canal usually large. WaII of stomach areolated
or irregularly thickened.
Postabdomen large, but not distinctly separated from t h e
abdomen.
Tbie contains two species :pedunculated ...........................
{ Colony
Colony sessile ....................................
M. u y ~M.-Eda.
,
(N.W. Enr.)
M. Giardi, Herdm. (& Arct.)
MOBCHELLIOIDES
*, Herdman, 1885.
Colony massive, sessile.
Systems compound, inconspicuous.
Ascidiozooids elongated, but not distinctly divided into regions.
Branchial aperture 8-lobed ; atrial aperture anterior.
* This section is very closely related to the next, P Q T U S C ~ ~ ~ U .
626
PROF. W. A. HEEDMAN'S REVISED
Test gelatinous, not sandy.
B r u n c h i d sac large and well developed.
A1imecztui.y canal large. Wall of stomach areolated or irregu lady t hie ke u ed .
Postabdoqnen large, but not distinctly separated from the
abdomen by ally constriction.
illorchellioides contains t i o species, which may be distinguished
as follows :With muscle-fibres in the transverse vessels; branchial lobes rounded.
nf. nj'his, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
No muscle-fibres in vessels ; branchial lobes pointed.
N . Alderi, Herdm. (N.W. Eur.)
i
PARASCIDJA
*, Nilne-Edwurds, 1842.
Colony massive, attached.
Test gelatinous.
Ascidiozo&ds having thorax, abdomen, and postahlomen.
Branchial aperture 8-lobed.
Brunchiul suc with no internal longitudinal bars and no papilla
Alz'mentary can42 with stomach areolated or pseudo-nreolated t.
Postubdomen separated from abdomen by a constrictiou.
This group has had the followiug 4 species referred t o i t :Colony fan-shaped, pedunculated, lobed, orange.
P. jlabellnta, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
Colony globular or forming a flattish expansion .....................
1
Colony small, globular, pale yellow. .. P.Jnvum,M.-Edw. (N.W.Eur.)
Colony large, flat-topped or lobulated .......................................
2
Amber-coloured ...........................P. Forbesi, Ald.: (N.W. Eur.)
Pale red ................................... P.Fkmiugi, A1d.i (N.W. Eur.)
.i
-.(
FBAGAIIIUM, & b d , 1372..
Colony massive, attached.
Slystenis compound j large coninion cloac a1 aperture with
denticulated margin.
Ascidiorooids having thorax, abdomeii, and' postabdouien.
Brmchial aperture 8- (may be 6-1'2-) lobed ; atrial auterior.
* Lahille states that this genus was intended by Milne-Ecln~nrduto include
forms with the stomach-wall longitudinnlly folded, and that therefore i t is
synonymous with the genus Fmgccrizmz of Giard. I b e h 6 it will cauBe less
confusion to leave the definitions of these groups as they now arc.
t The thickenings being in tho form of longitudkal folds broken up into
little knob-like or ellipsoidal projectiom.
These may possibly be oue species.
CLASSIElCAT ION OF TEE TUNICATA.
687
Brarichial sac with no internal longitudinal bars.
Tentacles simple, 12, of two sizes placed alternately.
Alimentary canal not twisted. Stomach-wall longitudinally
folded.
Postabdomen long, separated off .from abdomen by a slight
constriction.
There are two specids of Ei.agarizcm :-
c
Colour rose-red, branchial siphon white ...... F.eZe.qans, Giard. (N.W. Eiir.)
Colour yellow-red, branchial siphon colourlees. F. areolaturn, D. Ch, (Med.)
FRAGAROIDES
*, X a u r i c e , 1888.
Colony rounded, massive, of cartilaginous consistency, having
numerous compound systems. External cloaca1 apertures few.
Ascidiozooids with 8 branchial lobes. Atrial aperture not
lobed, but with a moderately large atrial languet. Thorax larger
than abdomen. Postabdomen very long, not pedunculated.
Branchial sac large, with about a dozen rows of stigmata.
Dorsal lahguets u ide.
Tentacles 14,6 large and 6 small alternately, and 2 addition;l,
very small, placed one at each side of the base of the large mediodorsal tentacle.
Stomnch with longitudinal folds.
Postabdomen not separated from abdomen by any constriction.
This contains the single specie3 B a g a r o i d e s aurantiacum,
Maurice, from Villefranche-sur-h~er(Med.).
CIRCIPTALIUM,
Giard, 1812.
Colony polymorphic, sessile.
Systems absent or simple.
Ascidiozooids with thorax, abdomen, and postabdomen. Branchial aperture 8-lobed, atrial anterior.
Branchial sac moderat e!y large, no internal longitudinal bars.
Stomach-wall folded.
Postahdoomen very long.
This contains the species Circinalium concreseens t, Giard,
* This subgenus is most closely related to Frugarizcm, and probably ought to
be united with it.
t According to Lahille, this is the Sidnyum tarbinalum of Savigny and
of Forbes.
628
PROF. W. A. HEBDMm’S BEVIClED
from the north coast of France and the Mediterranean, which
has several varieties, differing from one another in the degree of
concrescence between the ascidiozooids and systems and lobes of
the colony.
Unrecognizable Polyclinida?.
Arnarouccium glabrum, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
A. pallidurn, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
A. pellucidwm, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
A. stellalum, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
A . constellaturn, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
A. pomum (?). (N.W. Eur.)
A. pUpillOStlm, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
A. sirnulam, Giard. (N.W. Em.)
Apliditrm nutans, Johnst. (N.W. Eur.)
MacrocZinilm crater, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
Polyclimrn succineum, Ald. (N.W. Eur.)
P. cerebrifoorme, Ald. (E.W. Eur.)
Family
IT.DIDEMNIDB, Giard, 1872.
Colony usually flat, thin, and incrusting, rarely thick and
massive, never pedunculated.
Systems complicated and irregular, inconspicuous or absent.
Common cloaca1 apertures usually conspicuous.
Ascidiozooids rather small, divided into two regions-thorax
and abdomen. Branchial aperture 6-lobed ; atrial pluiu or provided with a n atrial languet.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, usually containing stellate
calcareous spicules. Ectodermal processes well developed, and
provided with muscle-fibres so as to form retractor muscles.
Branchial sac small and not well developed. Rows of stigm:ita
few, usually three or four (rarely six).
Alimentary canal united to thorax by a narrow neck. Stomach
usually smooth-walled.
Gonads placed alongside the intestinal loop. Ovary very
simple; ova large. Male system consisting of a single large
testis, around which the first part of the vas deferens is coiled
spirally.
Gemmation from the pylolic region j thorax and abdomen of
the new ascidiozooid formed from separate buds. Embryonic
blastogenesis rudimentary only.
CLAEBTBTCAT~~~B
OX THE TURICATA.
629
The g q m * in thfe family (which I use in the restricted sense,
ae not including Diplosomidm and Cmlocormidae) may be dis-
tinguished as follows :-
I
.........................................................
.........................................................
.......................................
....................................
Colony thick and fleshy
1
Colony thin, incrusting
2
Three rows of stigmata
Didemnum.
Four rows of stigmata
Didemnoides.
Four rows of stigmata ....................................
Leptodinum.
Sir rowa of stigmata ..........................................
Euc~Uum.
DIDEMNUM
t, Savigny, 1816.
Colony usually thick and fleshy, rarely thin and incrusting.
Ascidiozooids with the atrial aperture on the dorsal edge of tbe
thorax, often placed €ar back. Atrial siphon lobed or simple.
No atrial languet present. Branchial aperture &lobed.
Test gelatinous QT cartilaginous, usually not very hard or stiff.
Stellate calcareous spiculea are uaually present.
Branchial sac with three rows of stigmata.
Tentacles eight in number.
The species may be distinguished as follows :-
i
.........................................................
Test containing apioulee
Test with no spicules ............................................................
Surface deeply cut up by corrugated sulci.
D.tortuosum, v. Dr. (Med.)
Surface not cut up ..................................................................
Colour yellow, with dark-brown spots. D.inannuturn, v. Dr. (Med.)
D. inerme, Herdm. (N.Atl.)
3 ( Colour dull grey ........................
Branohial s o 0 prolonged beyopd third row of stigmata.
D . gruphrcurn, Lah. (Med.)
Branchial aac not prolonged
Colony white, vas deferens takes 8 turns.
D.niueum, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
4 { Colony not white ..................................................................
Colour yellow to brown .........................................................
Colour blue or greenish or dark grey ..........................................
Colour rich dark brown ............... D.Sauignii, Herdm. (P S. Atl.)
6{ Colour yellow and orange .........................................................
Golour bright yellow, vas deferens takes 12 turns.
[Med.)
D.cereuna t, Giard. (N.W. Eur.,
Colour orange ...........................
U . auramt~ncum,Herdm. (Austr.)
2t
...................................................
5i
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
* Lissoclinum, Verrill, containing two apecies (L.aureurn and L. .herum)
from the east coast of N. America, is not sufficiently described, It will probably come under Leptoclanum.
t Including Trididernizum of Della Valle.
1 According to Labille, D.sargassicola, GEiard (with several varieties), is a
variety of this species.
. PROF. w.
630
7
A. HERDUN’S
REVISED
1Colour grey-green, with transparent surface-layer.
D.bicolor, v. Dr. (Med.)
1Golour not green ..................................................................
‘
’........................
9
D.Iohatum, G r u b . (Med.)
1Colour dark grey to black ............ D.f d a x , Lahille. (Med.)
[ Culour steel-blue
Tlie following species csunot be placed :Trididern~wmbrwda, Della Valle. (Med.)
D ~ ~ L ’ I Gruhei,
~ ~ Z Ov.IDr.
L
(Med.)
D.variolosum, Grube. ( A M . )
D.roseiim (?), Delle Ch. (Ned.)
DIDEMNOIDES,
von Drasche, 1883.
Colony thick and fleshy.
Test containing stellate calcareous spicules.
B r a m h i a l sac with 4 rows of stigmata.
This genus, or subgenus, contains the following species :Colour wine-red; spicules numerous
...... D. macroophorum +, v. Dr.
(Med.,
[N.W. Eur.)
Colour rejinous yellow-brown ; spicules few.
D. resiizaceurn, v. Dr. (Med.)
LEPTOCLINUM
7, Xilne-Edwards, 1841.
Colony forming a hard, thin, incrusting layer, rarely thick aud
massive.
Ar;cidiozooicZs with the strial aperture on or near the anterior
end of the body, and provided with a long atrial languet.
Test very hard and firm, densely crowded with calcareous
spicules.
Bkanchia2 sac usually with four rows of stigmata.
This genus contains a very large number of so-called species,
of which, honwer, many may be merely synonyms or varieties, o r
merely local and seasonal conditions. The descriptions of the
majority of these are SG imperfect, that it is impossible to do
more than give a list, with a n indication of any notewortby
character and of the geographical distribution.
Leptodiiizl?nfuly idum, M .-Ed w. (N .W. Eur., bfed.)
L. coccineum, v . Dr. (&fed.)
L. coi~mzune,D. Valle. (Med.)
L. cinuabarbium, Grube. (Med.)
-
-
*
Didemnum ?abclium, Grube, may be this species.
-f Including Tetrudidemiiuiis of Della Valle.
631
CLASSIFICATION OF TIIE TUNICATA.
Leptoclinum candidurn, Sav. (Red S., Med.)
L. Laca~ii,Giard. (N.W. Eur.) [Vas deferenv has only 2 or 3 turns.]
L. mmdutum, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur., Med.) [Vas def. has 12 turns.]
L. marginatam, v. Dr. (Med.)
L. coriaceum, v. Dr. (Med.)
L. yelatinosum, M.-Edw. (N.W.Eur., Med.)
L. granulosum, v. Dr. (Med.)
L. asperzrm, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eur., Ned.)
L. dentatum, D. Valle. (Med.)
L. czal-atiim, Grube. (Med.)
L. tridmtatum, v. Dr. (Med.)
L. durum, M.-Edw. (R.W. Eur., Med.)
L. perspicuum, Giard. (N.W. Eur.]
L. perforatam, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
L. tonga, Herdm. ( S . PUC.)
L. Moscleyi, Herdm. (Mal.)
L. speciosum, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
L. annectans, Herdni. (S. Atl.)
L. teuue, fierdm. (S. Pac., N. Atl.)
L. propinguum, Herdm. (Mag.)
L. mglcctuin, Herdm. (7)
L. albidum, Vem. (E. N. Am., Atl.)
L. luteolum, Verr. (E. N. Am.)
L. suhftavum, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
L. Jefreysi, Herdm. (A. At].)
L. C'arpenteri, Herdm. (?N. Atl.)
L. Thonisoni, Herdm. (? N. Atl.)
L. Edzoardsi, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
L. jmponicuni, Herdm. (Jap.)
L. Jacksoni, Herdm. (Austr.)
L. rubicundurn, Hetdm. (A. Arct.) [Coloar yellow to rust-brown.]
Tetmdidemnum gigas, D. Valle. (Med.)
Eucdium parasiticurn, Giard. (N.W. Eur.)
E U C ~ L I CNavigiiy,
M,
1816.
Colony thin, incrusting j common cloaca1 apertures visible,
slit-like.
Test filled with markedly stellate calcareous spicules.
Maiitle thin and transparent.
Ascidiozooids with the branchial aperture circular or irnperfectly lobed j atrial small, indistinct.
Branchinl sac with 6 rows of stigmata.
Alinzentary canal w i t h a small swelling on the interjtine behind
the stomach.
The only species that with certainty belongs to this genus is
LINN. J0URN.-ZOOLOGP,
VOL. XXIII.
46
634
PROF. w. A. HEEDMAN'S ILEVISED
Etcecdiunt hospitiolum, Sav., from the Red Sea aud the Mediterrauean ; but the following have been placed under E u c ~ l i u n :t
E. rauum, Grube. (Mecl.)
E. parmiticum, Giard. (N.W. Eur.) [A LPptoclinum.1
E. ccoceum, Risso. (Med.)
E. j%~ui[Znm,Risso. (Xed.)
I?. sirbgelutiaosicm, D. Ch. (Med.)
E. cosezLm, D. Ch. (hfed.)
Family V. DIPLOSOMIDE, Ginrd, 1871.
Colony formiug a thin incrusting layer, rarely thickened, never
pedunculated.
Systems irregular, usually inconspicuous.
Common cloaca1
apertures usually visible.
Ascidiozooids divided into two distinct regions, thorns and
abdomen.
Test soft and gelatinous, usually transparent, sometimes pigmented, rarely containing calcareous spicules. Vascular ectodermal appendages provided with muscle fibres penetratiug tho
test.
Brcrncliial suc large, with four rows of stigmata.
Dorsal lamina representrd by large languets.
Alimentary canal estendiug behind the brancliial sac. Stomach
smooth-walled.
Gonads behind the intestiual loop or on its right side. Testis
foriiiing more than one mass. Vas deferens not coiled spirally.
Genzmation pyloric. Larva gemmiparous.
Tliere are two distinct genera :I With calcareous spicules in the test
.................. Diplosomoides.
1 \Kth nu spicules in the test ................................
Diplosoma.
DIPLOSOMOIDES
+,2Terdninn, 1 8 S G .
Colony usually thin and incrusting, sometimes only slightly
attached.
Test gelatinous, sometimes firm externally, more or less opaque
and of a whitish colour. Calcareous stellate ~piculespresei~tin
the superficial layer. Otherwise as Dblosonra.
* Lahille has recently used this genus in n new and totally distinct, sense,
and t h ~ ~ s f o rthe
e species he refera tu DpZoso~~zoic7csare not rt1ate.I to my
specic8.
633
CLASSIFICATIOX OF THE TUNICATA.
There are two species ktiown to me :With a group of spicules on each side of thorax.
[Wed.)
D.pseurloleptodinum, v. Dr.
With no such thoracic groups of spicules. D.rnolle, Herdm. (Mal.)
DIPLOSOMA
*, Macdonald, 1858.
Colony usually thin and incrusting, rarely thick.
Xystems irregular. Common cloaca1 apertures rounded.
Ascidiozooids divided into thorax and abdomen. Branchid
aperture usually 6-lobed, atrial a simple aperture.
Te'est soft, gelatinous, usually transparent, sometimes pigmented,
never with calcareous spicules. Containing muscular processes
from the ascidiozooids.
Branchial sac large, with four rows of stigmata.
Alimentary canal moderately large. Stomach ellipsoidal and
sm 00th- salled.
Gonads close t o the intestinal loop. Vas daferens straight.
Genamation pyloric. Larva gemmiparous.
The following species (?) can be distinguished in the genus
Diplosoma :Branchial aperture 6-lobed ...................................................... 1
Branchial aperture circular, lobes absent or small ........................
9
Test pigmented ........................ D spoibgifomne, Giard. (X.W.
[Eur. & Med.)
Test not pigmented ....................
D.Macdonuldi, Herdm. (a. Atl.)
Colony thin, incrusting ............................................................ 3
4
1 ( Colony thick, fleshy ...............................................................
Larva forms 2 nscidiozooids............ D. Raynm', Macdon. (dustr.)
Larva forms 3 ascidiozooids ............ D.crystallinurn, Giard. (N.W.
[Eur. & Bled.)
Colour grey or dark green ............ D.chamdeon, v. Dr. (Med.)
4 { Colour yellow-brown .....................
D.carnosum, v. Dr. (Med.)
i
The following names have also been used for forms coniing
tinder this genus, but are either synouyins of fioine of the above
or are so imperfectly known that they cannot be placed :D.gelatinosum, M.-Edw. (N.W. Eiir.)
D.Listmianurn,Della Valle. (Med.)
D.Koehleriantcrn, Lahille. (N.W. Eur.)
D.pzmctatum, Forb. (N.W. Eur.)
D.zosterarzrm, Jourdain. (N.W. Eur.)
D.gJjrosuna,Grube. (Med.)
I). Lzsteri, Lahille.
(W.W. Eur.)
* Including Astellium, Giard ; Brevistellium, Jourdain ; P s e z ~ d o d i ~ b m ~ ~ ~ o n ,
Giard.
4s%
G34
PBOF. W. A. HERDMAN’B REVISED
Family QI. C(ELOCORBIIDB, Herdnian, 1886.
c07ony massive, deeply concave on the upper surface, not
attached.
Ascidiozooids large, scattered all over t h e surface. Uranchial
apertures 5-10bed.
Test soft and gelatinous. Test-cells numerous. Calcareous
spicules present in the outer layer of the colony.
B m n c h i a l sac large and well developed.
Dorsal laviinn represented by a series of languets.
A7ini~ntary cnnaZ extending beyond the branchial sac posteriorly, but not forming a distinct abdomen. Stomach smoothwdled.
Gonads herniaphrodite in the adult ascidiozooid. Testis composed of a number of pyriform vesicles, which join a spirally
coiled vas deferens.
This family contains the single genus Ccelocormus.
CCELOCOFLMUS,
Heerdnzan, 1886.
Colony massive, but not attached ; deeply concave on the upper
surface, so as t o contain a large central cayity.
Ascidiozooids large, not distinctly divided iuto regions ;
branchial aperture 5-lobed.
Test soft and gelatinous. Test-cells numerous and large. No
bladder-cells.
Calcareous spicules present in the superficial
layer.
Branchial sac large. Stigmata very long and narrow.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of long triangular
lanpets.
Tmtacbes well developed.
Alinzentnry canal extending beyond the branchial sac posteriorly, but not forming a distinct abdomen. Stoniach smoothWalled.
Gomdsnot large. Ovary only present in the adult aecidinzooid.
Testis f x m e d of a number of spermatic vesicles. Vas deferens
spirally coiled.
One species, Ca?locorniusITuxleyi,Herdni., from the S. Atlantic
at a depth of GOO fathoms.
CLABSIEIUATION OF TEE TUNICATA.
635
Family VII. POLYSTYELIDB, Herdman, 1886.
Colony massive or incrusting, sessile, rarely pedunculated, o r
formed of small masses connected by stolons. No common
cloaca1 cavities present.
Ascidiozooids large and usually short-bodied, rarely with a
distinct abdomen. Both apertures 4-lobed, and opening directly
t o the exterior.
Test firm and cartilaginous. Matrix generally fibrillated, testcells small and inconspicuous, bladder-cells rarely or never
present. Vessels abundant, branched, and provided with distinct terminal bulbs.
Branchial sac large and well developed. Folds sometimes
present. Internal longitudinal bars strong 2nd fairly numerous.
liorsal lamina in the form of a plain membrane.
Tentacles numerous, simple.
Alimentary canal usually placed alongside the branchial sac,
rarely extending beyond it posteriorly.
Gonads in the form of polycarps attached to, or imbedded in,
the mautle, and projecting into the peribranchial cavity.
Gemmation effected by means of the vascular prolongat’ions
from the ascidiozooids i n t o the common test (?).
The genera which have been referred t o this family may be
distinguished as follows :-
...........................
.....................
........................... Thylacium.
Ascidiozooids projecting above surface of colony
completely embedded in common test
{ A suidiozooids
.
I
2
Abdomen as long as the thorax
No abdomen present .........................................Polystyela.
Colony formed of small masses united by stolons. Chorizocormus.
Colony not broken up into masses and stolons .............................. 3
I Colony thick and massim .........................................................
4
Colony thin and inrrusting ....................................
Synstyela.
Test incrusted with sand ....................................
Oculinaria *.
4 { Test not (or very slightly) incrusted with sand ........... Goodsiria.
3r1
THYLACIUM,
Carus, 1850.
colotly formed of individuals projecting from a conimon fleshy
base.
*
This genus is only imperfectly known. The description is insufficient.
636
PROF.
w.
A. HERDMAN'S REVISED
Ascidiozooid having t h e body divided into thorax a n d abdomen.
Bmnchial aud atrial apertures 4-lobed.
Two species have been briefly described, b u t I am unable a t
present t o find any character which will separate them :-T. XyL
vani, Carus (N.W. Eur.); T. N o n n n n i , Alder (N.W. Bur.).
POLYSTYELA
*, Qiard, 1874.
CoZony consisting of a basal part f r o m which t h e ascidiozooids
project .
Ascidfozooids not divided into thorax and abdomen (?).
Only one species is known, Polystyela Lemirri, Giard, from tho
coast of France.
CIIORIZOCOEMUS,
H e r d m a n , 18SG.
Cdoony consisting of a number of distinct masses of small size
united by irregular branched stolons.
Ascidiozooids placed either singly o r in small groups in t h e
test. W h e n more than one a r e present, they do not project
above t h e general level. The body is not divided iuto thorax
a n d abdomen.
Y e s f relatively small i n amount, slightly incrusted with sand.
Test-cells few, and bladder-cells absent. Vessels present in t h e
t e s t a n d stolons.
BraPzcAiaZ sac well developed. Rudimentary folds present.
Internal longitudinal bars strong.
Dorsal lamina in the form of a plain uarrow membrane.
Tentacles well developed.
Alimentary canal not prolonged behind the branchial sac.
Goiiads in t h e form of' polycarps.
Only one species, Chorizocormus reticulatus, Herdm., has been
described, but I have esaniiired three other new 8pecit.s from
Australia, so I include them i n t h e following table :-
1
With rudimentary folds in the branchial sac.
C. relirulatus, Herdm. (A. Arct.)
With no rudimentary folds ......................................................
1
With more than 20atrial tentacles. C. Sjdiieyews, n. sp. (Austr.)
( AtriJ tentacles not more than 20 ............................................. 2
With 7 rows of' stigmata, and I6 braocliial tentacles.
C. leircophma, n. sp. (Austr.)
With 10 rows of stigmata, and 10 branchial tent~cles.
C. s~bffilscus,n. sp. (Austr.)
1
-
~
*
Possibly not distinct from Thglncizmz.
637
CT,ASSIFICATION O F THE TUNICATA.
SYNSTPELA,
Giard, 1874.
Co1on.y thin and incrusting.
Ascidiozooids large and closely placed, completely imbedded in
the common test. Body not divided into thorax and abdomen.
Test relatively small in amount. Matrix sometimes fibrillated;
test-cells small ; bladder-cells abserlt ; vessels present.
Branchial sac well developed. Rudimentary folds present.
Internal longitudinal bars well marked.
Dorsal lamina in the form of a plain membrane.
Tentacles well developed.
Alimentary canal not prolonged beliind the branchial sac.
Stomach folded longitudinally.
Gonads in the form of polycarps attached t o the mantle.
Two species of Synstyela are known :Flesh-colour, marked with red .........8. variegata", A d . (N.W. Eur.)
[Mnl.)
Light grey, with bluish and pink tints.
8. incrustans, Herdm. (Mag. &
GOODSIRIA,
Cunningham, 18'71.
Colony massive, sessile or pedunculated, not incrusted with
sand.
Ascidiozooids large and ovate in shape, completely imbedded
in the common t e s t ; not divided into thorax and abdomen.
Apertures 4-lobed, both on the anterior end.
Test solid, cartilaginous, not sandy. Matrix delicately fibrillated. Vessels present.
Branchial snc well developed ; folds present, rudimentary, or
absent ; internal longitudinal bars always present.
Dorsal lanzina in the form of a plain membrane.
Alimentary canal not prolonged behind the branchial sac.
Stomach folded longitudinally.
Gonads in the form of polycarps.
The species of Goodsiria may be distinguished thus :Test somewhat sandy ; ascidiozooids elongated.
G . Zapidosa. n. sp. (Austr.)
Test not sandy ; ascidiozooids Founded .............................
......
....
1
~~
* Possibly Giard's Synstyela from the French coaEt m ~ bey dist.inct from this
British species.
638
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMU’S
REVISED
Branchial sac folded ; colony discoid. G. placenta, Herdm. (S. Atl.)
Branchid 8ac not €olded ; colony not discoid
.. .. ............. 2
Colony rounded or pyriform, pedunculated.
“%.I
G . pdunculafa, Herdm. (S. Atl.,
Colony elongated or irregular, sessile.
G. coecinea, C u m . (Mag.)
..... ....... .
OCULINARTA,
Gray, 1868.
Colony massive, erect, elongated.
Test solid, coutaining Rand-grains.
Ascidiozooids completely imbedded in the test.
This imperfectly described genus contains a single species,
Oculinaria australis, Gray, from the western coast of Australia.
Suborder 111. A X C I D I B LUCIE, Sav., 1816.
(Asc. SALPIPOBMES,
Auct.).
This group contains free-swimming pelagic Ascidians which
reproduce by gemmation so as to produce colonies having the
form of a hollow cylinder closed at one end. The ascidiozooids
formiug the colony are embedded in the common test in such a
manner that the branchial apertures all open on the outer Burface, and the atrial apertures on the inner surface next to the
central cavity of the colony. The first four ascidiozooids are
produced by gemmation from a rudimentary larva (the cyathozooid) developed sexually.
The Ascidiae Luciae include a single family, the Pyrosomidae,
contiiuing one well-marked genus, Pyrosonza.
Family PYROSOMIDA, l’.B. Jones, 1848.
Colony free-swimming, and having the form of a hollow cylinder
closed at one end.
Systems-only one present, the termiual aperture of the colony
being the common cloaca1 opening.
Ascidiozooids elongated antero-posteriorly, and placed in a
single layer with their branchial apertures opening on the surface
of the colony, and their atrial apertures iuto the axial tube or
common cioaca. Body of ascidiozooid not divided externally
into regions. Apertures not lobed.
Test gellatiuous and transparent, containing no Ppicules, but
mauy small cells.
Branchial sac well developed, not folded. Consisting of
CLASSIFICATIONOF THE TUNICATA.
639
numerous transverse vessels separated by narrow slits (the stigmata) and iiumerous intertial longitudinal bars.
Tentacles present ; simple.
Dorsal lamina in the form of languets.
Alimentary canal placed posteriorly t o the branchial sac.
Gonads situated in the wall of the peiibranchial cavity, posterior t o the branchial sac. The embryo becomes a rudimentary
larva (the cyathozooid), which gires rise to the first ascidiozooids
of the colony.
Gentmation takes place from a ventral and posteriorly-placed
stolon.
This family contains the single genus Pyrosoma, which may be
characterized as follows :-
PYBOSOMA,
PLron, 1804.
Colony free-swimming, and having the farm of a cylinder with
a large axial cavity closed a t one end and open a t the other.
Systems-only one present, the terminal aperture of the colony
being the single common cloaca1 opening, and the axial c'ivity
the common cloaca.
Ascidiozaoids elongated antero-posteriorly, and placed in a
single layer with their anterior ends external and their posterior
ends internal. Branchial aperture3 anterior, opening on the
eurface of' the colony. Atrial apertures posterior, opening into
the centrally-placed common cloaca. Body not divided externally into thorax and abdomen. Apertures not loj~ed.
Test gelatinous and transparent, containing numerous stellate
branched cells.
Branchial sac me11 developed, not folded, and not extending t o
tbe posterior end of the body. Vessels of two kiuds-transverse vessels which are numerous and closely placed, leaving
elongated slits betmeen, which are directed transversely t o the
antero-posterior axis of the body ; and longitudinal vessels,
which are not quite so numerous, and cross the transverse vessels
so as to form small quadrangular meshes.
Tentacles simple, 01113 ventrally placed larger than the rest.
Dorsal lamina represented by a series of eight or more tapering languets.
Dorsal tubercle with a simple aperture.
Alimentary canal short and simple, placed posteriorly to the
branchial sac.
640
PROF.
w. A.
HERDMAN’S REVISED
Gonads hermaphrodite, placed posteriorly t o the branchial sac,
in diverticula of the peribranchial cavity.
Geninzation from a ventrally-placed stolon formed at the
posterior end of the endostyle.
The following is a scheme of the known species of Pyrosonzn.
P.atlanticum and P.giganteuin are, however, such closc.ly related
forms, that a number of characters have to be takcii into accouiit
in distingnishing between them. I h o w of no one good
chnracter by which these two species can be separated :-
1
Ascidiozooids arranged in regular verticils.
P. clegans, Les. (Atl., Med.)
1
Ascidiozooids arranged irregularly .............................................
Surface of the colony provided with short sharp spines only.
P. q&osu?n, Herdm. (Atl.)
Surface of the colony provided with large processes of the test ......... 3
Colony conical, processes of test subulxte or conicnl.
P.atlanticztm, PPron. (Atl.)
Colony rylindrical, processes of test flattened and lanceolate a t their
free ends ..............................
P.gigariteuni *, Lez. (Atl., %fed.,
[A. Arct., Mal.)
li
Order 11. THALIACEA (Xav.), v. d. Hoeven.
The Thaliacea are free-swimming pelagic forms, which may be
either simple or compound, and, in the adult, are never provided
with a tail or a notochord.
The test is permanent, and may be either Re11 developed or
very slight.
The musculature of the mantle is in the form of more or less
complete circular bands, by the contraction of which locomotion
is effected.
The brancbial sac has either two large or many small apertures
(stigmata), leading t o a single peribranchial cavity which communicates with the exterior by the atrial aperture.
The anus opeus into the peribranchial carity.
Alternation of generatious occurs in the life-history, and may
be complicated by polymorphism.
This order includes all the pelagic Tunicata with the exception
of PyTosoma and the Appendiculariidae. It seems a natural
* I t must be remembered that P. giganteunt is not the largest Bpecies.
P. spinosum, discovered during the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, is many times
largcr tlim Lesueur’s species.
641
CLASSIFICATION OF TEE TUNICATA.
well-defined group, characterized amnngs t the f pee-swi in mi ng
forms by the absence of a tail and a notocliord in the adult, and
by the occurrence of alternation of generations in the life-history.
Temporary colonies may be formed a t one stage i n the lifehistory, but they never increase in size by gemmation froin the
ascidiozooids, which eventually separate froin one another. This,
along with the alternation of generations, distinguishes the
Thaliacea from the Ascidia: Lucia: Salpiforines), and the absence
of a tail and notochord separates them from the Larvacea.
The Thaliacea may be divided into two groups, the CycIomyaria and the Hemimyaria.
i
Suborder I. CYCLOXYARIA (Krohn), Uljanin, 1684.
Free-sirimming pelagic forms which exhibit alteruation of
generations in their life-history, but never form permanent
colonies.
The body is cask-shaped, with the branchial and atrial apertures
at the opposite ends. The test is more or less well-developed.
The mantle has its musculature in the form of circular bsnds
surrounding the body.
The branchial sac is fairly large, occupying the anterior half
or more of the body. I t has distinct malls, and the small slitlike stigmata are usually present in its posterior part only. The
peribranchial cavity is mainly posterior to the branchial sac.
The alimentary canal is placed close t o the posterior end ofthe
branchial sac.
Hermaphrodite reproductive organs are placed ventrally near
the intestine.
The sexual generation in the life-hiatory is alnays polymorphic.
This suborder contains a single family only.
Farn ily D OLI 0L I D B , Xe$erstein, 1862.
Body free, more or less barrel-shaped ; branchial and atrial
apertures terminal and lobed.
Test ratlier slightly developed.
Mantle contaiuing tra.nsverse muscle-bands, which form hoops
sumo undi n g the body.
BranchiaE suc well developed. Stigmata not numerous, generally placed far back.
Dorsal lamina and tentacles absent.
642
PROF. w. A. HERDMAN’S REVISED
Alimentary canal at the posterior end of the brnnchial sac.
Gonads hermaphrodite.
Gemntafion takes place.
Life-history complicated by alternation of generations and
polymorphism.
This family contains two genera, which may be distinguished
as follows :All the muscles in the form of encircling hoops ............ DoliolW.
The musculature reduced to 3 hoops at each end and two lateral
S-ahaped bands ................................................
Anchinia.
DOLIOLUM,
Quoy and Gaintard, 1835.
Body always more or less barrel-shaped, not attached, and
ncver forming a colony. Branchial aperture a t the anterior end,
atrial a t the posterior, both surrounded by lobes.
Test very thin, containing no test-cells.
X a n t l e containing well-developed, transversely arranged
muscle-bauds, which in the fully developed sexual animal are
always eight in number. They surround the body like hoops.
Branchial sac usually of moderate size, occupying the anterior
half or three-quarters of the body. I t s wall contains transverse
and fine longitudinal vessels, separated by stigmata, but no
iuternal longitudinal bars, and i t is never folded. The stigmata
are placed transversely, and vary in number from five t o fifty or
more on each side of the sac.
Dorsal lamina and tentacles absent.
Nerve-ganglion placed in the median dorsal line, a little anterior t o the middle of the body, and between the third and fourth
muscle- bands.
Dorm1 tubercle placed some distance in front of the nerreganglion, and surrounded by the spirally-coiled dorsal ends of
the peripharyngeal bands.
Alimentary canal placed ventrally, behind the branchial sac.
Gonads veutral, opening into the peribrarichial cavity nrar t o
the anus.
A tailed larva is formed, which develops into an asexual form,
the blastozooid, the buds from ahich are polymorphic, giving
rise t o ( a ) nutritive forms, the gastrozooids j ( b ) foster-forms,
the yhorozooids ; and (c) reproductive forms, the gonozooids.
6 it3
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TUNICATA.
Nine species o f Doliolicm are known, which may be distinguished as follows :Branchial sac with only a few stigmata a t its posterior end, forming
a straight line .................................................................. 1
Branchial sac with numerous stigmata extending along the greater
part of its length, and forming a curved line
2
Only 5 pairs of stigmata
D.rarzlm, Grobben. (Med.)
l{ At least 10 pairs of stigmata ................................................... 3
10-12 pairs of stigmata
D.Miilderi, Kr. (Med.)
3( 25 pair3 of stigmata .................. D. Krohiai, Herdm. (S. Pac.)
4
Stigmata starting dorsally near the 1st muscle-band
No stigmata reaching to the 1st muscle-baud dorsally .....................
5
[Med.)
Stigmata reaching to tke 1st muscle-band veutrally.
D. Ehrenherggi, Kr. ( S . Pac., Atl.,
No stigmata in front of the 3rd muscle-band ventrally.
D.a&c, Rerdrn. (Pac.)
Stigmata starting dorsally about the 2nd muscle-band..
6
Stigmata starting dorsslly behind the 3rd muscle-band .................. 7
Stigmata reaching back to the 5th muscle-band.
D. Challengeri, Herdol. (Pac.)
[& Ati.)
Stigmata reaching back to the 6t,h muscle-band.
D. denticrclatzcm, Q.& G. (S. Pac.
Stigmata reaching only to the 5th muscle-band ventrally.
D. Gegcnbauri, Ulj. (Austr., Med.)
Stigmata reaching nearly to the 4th muscle-baud ventrally.
D. tritonis, Herdm. (N. Atl.)
...............
..........................
...............
.....................
2I
151
...................
4
AKCHINIA*
(EscRscRoltz, 1835), C. Vogt.
B04y rounded, somewhat elongated dorso-ventrally, not
attached, and not forming a colony. Brnnchial aperture anterior,
atrial posterior, both lobed.
Test well developed, containing branched test-cells.
Xuntle having only 2 anterior and 2 posterior ring-like musclebands, and an S-shaped band on each side in the middle.
Branchial sac having only an oblique row of stigmata at its
posterior end.
Alimentary canal forming a U-shaped loop.
Qonads placed on the right side of the body.
The life-liistory, so far as is knomn, is similar to that of
Doliolum, but the three forms of the polymorphic sexual generation do not occur together on one stolon or outgrowth, but are
produced successively.
There is only one species k n o m , Anchiniu rubra, Vogt, from
the Mediterranean.
*
The Doliopsis of C. Vogt.
GF4
PROF.
w. A.
HEEDMAN'S REVISED
Suborder 11. EEHIKYAIZIA, Herdman, 1858.
Free-swimming pelagic forms which exhibit alternation of
generations in their life-history, and i u the sexual condition form
temporary colonies.
The body is more or less fusiform, with the long axis anteroposterior, and the brancliidl and atrial apertures nearly terminal.
The teat is ueI1 developed.
The musculature of the mantle is in the form of B series of
tranuversely-runuing bands, which do not form complete and
iudependent ringR, as in the Cyclomyaria. The branchial and
pcribranchial cavities form a continuous space in the interior of
the body, openiiig externally by the branchial and atiial apertures,
arid traversed obliquely from the dorsal aud anterior end to
the ventral and posterior by a long narrow vascular band which
represents the dorsal lamina, the dorsal blood-vessel, and the
ueighbouriug part of the dorsal edge of the branchial sac of an
ordiuary Ascidim.
The alimeutary canal is placed ventrally. It may be either
stretched out, so as to extend for some distance anteriorly, or, a s is
more usual, be concentrated to form, along with the reproductive
organs, a rounded opaque mass near the posterior end of' the
body, known as the visceral mass or " nucleus."
The embryonic development is direct, no tailed larva being
formed.
This suborder includes t K o very distinct families, the Sslpida,
x l i i c h contains the typical members of' the group, and the Octacuemidae, including a single very remarkable forin (Octncnemus
6 y f h i z ~Moseley),
,
which in some respects does not coilform Mith
the characters given above.
Family I. SALPIDB, Porhes, 1853.
Body not attached, elongated j branchial and atrial apertures
a t the opposite ends.
Test well developed, gelatinous or cartilaginous.
X t n t Z e with well-marked muscle-bands, which, however, do
not fcmn complete rings, but are wanting ventrally.
Branchinl and peribraiichial carities forming a large centr;d
space openiiig to the exterior at both ends. Side walls of'branchial
sac iiot developed. At most oniy a few imperfect or rudirneiitai.y
stigmata fuund along the dorsal edge.
CLBSSIFICATION OF TEE TUNICAI’A.
645
Borclal lamina in the form of a vascular ciliated band traversing
the central cavity obliquely.
Alimentary canal usually forming a small coiled inass placed
posteriorly and ventrally.
Gonads hermaphrodite, but ova and spermatozoa uot mature
together.
Reproduction also takes place by gemmation, and alternation
of generations occurs in the life-history.
The embryo develops in au incubatory pouch. No tailed larva
is formed.
This family includes two very distinct groups of species usually
recognized as the genera Xalpa and Cyclosalpa j but Lahille has
recently broken the former up into four seolions or subgenera,
and I believe it will be convenient t o follow that course.
Alimentary canal extendei, no ‘‘ nucleu3,”
‘‘ chains
circular.
Cyclosalpa.
Alimentary canal coiled to form a “nucleus.” “chains ” ribbou-like ... 1
Several embryos formed a t a time .................................... Iasis.
1{ One embryo only at a time ...................................................... 2
The embryo covered ..................................................
-pa.
The embryo exposed .............................................................. 3
TLe dorsal lamina or “ gill” having only ciliated bands ...... Thalia.
3 { The “gill ” having rudimentary stigmata ........................
Pegea.
”
2c
CPCCOSALPA,
Blainville, 1827.
Alimentary canal runuing autero-posteriorly, aud not coiled
up to form a “ nucleus,”
Gemmation results in the formation of a chain of aggregated
forms attached together i n a circle.
I n other particulars like Salpa.
This genus contains t h e following three Rpecies :With linear pigmented bands on dorsal edgc.
C.pimata, Porsk. (Atl., Pac.,Med.)
1
With no such bands ..............................................................
Aggregated form hasatrial aperture terminal, posterior. Solitary form
with no longitudinal muscles 6’. a&ais, Cham. (Atl., I’ac., Med.)
Aggregated form lins atrial aperture dorsal. Solitary form wtli four
longitudinal muscles
C. d~2~~AO~~nin-airyrt~ff,
TOd.-y<Jgt.
i
‘i
............
[(&.led.)
1775.
Body not attached, elongated, with the apertures at the opposite ends.
Test gelatinous or cartilaginous ; transpnrent.
Xuntle with muscle-bands which are more or less incomplete
veutrally.
~ ; B L P A ,EbrskHl,
646
PROF. W. A. HERDMAN'S BEVIIED
Branchial sac opening freely into the peribranchial cavity ;
no lateral malls ;at most some rudimentary stigmata along dorsal
edge.
Dorsal laminain the form of a vascular band marking the
junction of branchial and atrid sacs.
Alimenfai-y canal coiled up to form a small opaque mass placed
posteriorly and ventrally, and usually known as the " nucleus."
Chain o f aggregated f o r m in the shape of an elongated ribbonlike band.
One enibryo developed at a time, and covered.
This genus has had a number of species referred to it, amongst
which the follomiug are sufficieutly known to be distinguished :-
i
Aggregate forms with only 4 transverse muscle-bands.
S. puacfutu. Forsk. (Atl., Med.)
Aggregate forms with 5 or 6 muscle-bands .................................
1
Aggregate forms with 5 muscle-bands.
8.cyZhdrica, Cuv. (Atl., Pac., A. Arct.)
2
I{ Aggregate forms with 6 muscle-bands .......................................
Descending branches of 4th and 5th muscles approximated on each side.
8.ruizcina2a-fus~ormis,Cham.-Cuv.(Atl., Med.,Pac., I. O., Mal.,A. A&.)
Descending branches of 4th and 5th muscles not approximated.
S. africuna-maxima*, Forsk. (Atl., Ind. O., Med., A. Arct.)
1
The solitary form of S. runcinata-fusiformis is easily distinguished by the short spinose projections from the posterior end ;
while S. cylindrica and 8. africana-maxima (which have no such
processes) differ from one another in their muscles, those of the
latter species being all parallel, while in 8.cylindrica the four
anterior approximate dorsally.
THALIA,
Blunzenbach, 1810.
Branchial sac having only ciliated bands along its dorsal edge.
Alimentary canal closely coiled up t o form a " nucleus "
Gemmation results in a ribbon-like band of aggregated forms.
Single embryo develops at a time. It is not covered.
I n other particulars like Salpa.
This section includes only the species Thalia democraticamzicronatat, Forsk. (Ail., Pac., Ind. O., Med., Msl., Austr.), and
the variety jlagellifera, Traust. (Atl. and Ind. O.), distinguivhed
by the very long tapering processes at the posterior eud of the
body in the solitary form.
Salpa mollis, Herdm. (S. Pac.), is probably allied to this species, but
cannot be placed with certainty.
t Salpa witida, Herdm. (Pac.), is probably closely related to this species.
CLASSIFICdTION O F T H E TUNICATA.
647
PEQEA,
Snvigny, 1816.
Brunchiul sac having rudimentary stigmnta on its dorsal
edge, alongside the dorsal lamina.
Alimentary canal coiled up t o form a “ nucleus.”
Gemmation results in a ribbon-like band of aggregated forms.
Single embryo develop3 at a time. It is uot covered.
In other particiilars like Salpa.
This section contains the single Epecies Pegea scufigerac o n f d e r a t a * , Cuv.-Forsk. (Atl., Pac., Ind. O., Med.).
I A s I s t (8avigny, 1816), Lahille, 1890.
Alimenfary canal closely coiled up t o form a “ nucleus.”
Qemmation results in a ribbon-like band of aggregated forins.
Enzhryos 2 or 3 in number at a time.
l n other particulars like Xalpa.
This section includes three species :(With no large appendages at posterior end in solitary form. Aggregated form with mterior end narrower than poJterior.
I. cord$ormis-zo~iaria, Q . Pr G.-Pall.
[(atl.. Intl. O., Pac., Med.)
With a pair of large appendages at posterior end in sol. form.
( Agg. form with anterior end wide ..........................................
1
(Append2rges plain, directed laterally, no longit. ridges on test. Agg.
form with aperts. terminal. I.costntu-Tilcsii, Q. & G.-Cuv. (Atl.)
I
14
[Ind. O., Pac., Med.)
I Appendages serrated, directed posteriorly aud terniina~inglongitudinal
ridges of test. Agg. form with apertures dorsal ........................
2
Muscle-bands wider than the interspaces in agg. form.
I. hexagonu],Q. & (3. (Pao., Ind. 0.)
Muscle-bands much narrower t,liaii interspaces ; only aggg. form known.
I. tzitida, Hertlin. (Pac.)
1
i
i
Most of the remaining ppecies of Salpidze which have been described or figured have been shown bp Traustedt, or others, to
* &Lpa puadmtu, Herdm. (N. All.), appears to be closely related t,o this
species. The single ‘Challenger ’ specimen (sol. form) had a remarkable cluhshaped doraal lamina ; biit that may be an individual abnormality.
t This, however, is not the Iusz’a of Savigny, the type of which \vaa Salpa
eylindrica.
3 &Zpa ?iimcuZosa, Herdm. (Atl.), and S. echitmtu, Herdm. (Atl., Pac.), are
probably clcsely allied to this species ; but as the conditiou of their embrFos is
not known, they cannot be placed with certainty in t.his genus. The solitary
forms only m e known, and they differ in several particulars from that of
h i s irexagona.
LINN. JOURN.--XOOJJOQT, TOTI. XXITT.
4G
648
PILOF. w. A. IIEXDYAN’S REVISED
be more or less certainly synonyms of one or other of the preceding species. The following, however, are imperfectly known,
and still in doubtful case, and may some of them be distinct
species :Saliva aistarctica, Megen. (A. Arct.)
S. nntkeliphorn, Pbr. & Les. (Atl.)
S. aspera, Cham. (N. Pac.)
S. bicornis, Chain. (Mal.)
S. cmulea, D. Ch. (Med.)
S.dubia, Cham. (N. P a c j
S. emnrginnta, Q. & G . (Pac.)
S.hercrlea, Dall. (N. Atl.)
S. informis, Q. & G . (Pac.)
S. pyramidatis, Less. (P)
S. rbnboides, Q. & G. (Pae.)
S. rubrolineata, Less. (P)
S.tricztspida, Lese. (?)
S. trzcuspidata, Q. & Q. (Pac.)
S. v a g h t a , Cham. (Mal.)
Family 11. OCTACNEMIDB, Herdman, 18Y8.
Body flattened antero-posteriorly (?), probably attached.
Test gelatinous, thin, transparent.
Branchial sac with no stigmata or openings into the peribranchial cavity.
Alimentary canal placed dorsally and posteriorly ; coiled up
along with the reproductive organs to form a visceral mass o r
“ nucleus.”
Lye-history unknown.
This family contains only the remarkable deep-sea genus
Octacnemus, discovered during the ‘ Challenger ’ Expedition.
OCTACNEMUS,
NoseZey, 1876 (Herdman, 1888).
Body flattened antero-posteriorly (?), probably attached by the
posterior end. Margins of body prolonged to form 8 conical
radiating processes.
Test gelatinous, thin, transparent.
JhzntZe slight. Musculature in the form of narrow musclebands, which are mainly confined to the conical processes
Branchial sac with its length directed dorso-ventrally, and having
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ‘IUNICATA.
649
mrrely imperforate pits in its walla, and no direct connection
m ith the peribranchial cavity.
Dorsal lamina unrepresented.
Alimentary canal coiled up along with the reproductive organs
t o form a visceral mass (the “ nucleus ”), placed a t the dorsal edge
of the postmior end of the body.
Gonads hermaphrodite.
This genus contains the very aberrant abjssa1 form Octacnemus
bythius, Moseley, obtained during the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition in
the South Pacific from depths of 1070 and 2160 fathoms.
Order 111. LARVACEA, Herdman, 18E2.
Tlir Larvacea, or Cvpelnta(Gegenb.), itre free-swimming pelagic
forms, provided with a large locomotor appendage (the “ tail ”), in
which there is a skeletal axis (the urochord).
1 relatively large test (the “ Haus ”) is furuied with great
rapidity as a secretion f r o m the surface of the ectoderm ; it is,
hoaever, merely a temporary structure which may be cast off and
afterwards replaced by another.
The brancliial sac is simply an enlarged pharynx with two
ventral ciliated openings (stigmata) loading to the exterior.
Thc se open independently on the ventrd surface. Thctre is no
separate peribranchial cavity.
The nervous system consists of a large aiiterior and dorsally placed ganglion, and a long nerve-cord with smaller ganglia,
stretching backuards from i t over the alimentai~ycanal to reach
the tail, along which it runs on the left side of the urochord.
The alimentary canal lies behind the braiichial sac, and the
anus opens ventrally on the surface of the body in frout of the
stigiiiata (or atrioporrs).
The gonads are placed at the posterior end of the body.
Gemiliation does not take place, and alternation of generations
and metamorphosis do not occur in the life-history.
This group contains a single family, the Appendiculariids, all
minute tailed free-swimming forms, which have undergone comparatively little degeneration, and consequently correspond more
nearly to the tailed-larval condition thau t o the adult forms of
the other groups of Tunicata.
46’
650
PROF. W . A. HERDXAN’S HETISED
Family APPENDICULARIIDE, Bronn, 1862.
Body more or less ovate, with the longer axis atitero-posterior,
and having a large appendage (the tail) attached t o the veiltml
surface. The braucliial aperture i H anterior.
Test periodicdly devel,,ped into a very large investing-c apsule,
which is after n t h e cast ott’ from the bo~ly.
Branchial sac is simple, and has o d y two opeuinga, wliirh are
placed oneon each side of the ventrul edge, a d lead to separate
atrial apertures.
flervous g s f e m consists of a large ganglionic mass placed
dorsally near the anterior part of the body, and il nerve-cord with
ganglionic thickenings which is continued posteriorly and veiitrally
into the appendage.
Alimentary cana2 lies posterior t o the branchial sac. The
anus opens on the exterior of the body.
Gonads, like the anus, independent of the atrial apertures.
This fam:ly contains five genera *, v-hich may be distinguished
thus :-
1
No heart, no endostyle, pharynx with 4 rows of ciliated processes.
Kowalevskia.
Heart and endostyle, no such processes in pharynx ........
Body elongated and divided into two parts ; fold of integument forming
a hood ........................................................Fritillaria.
Body eonipact, short ; no hood ...............................................
2
Rectum enormous, tail moderately long ......... Appendicularia.
3
2 { Rectum not very large, tail Tery long .........................................
Body ovoid, not depressed..
Body rhomboid, depressed .
sc
APPENDICULABTA
(Cham. 1S21), Pot, 1874.
Body conbracted, depressed anteriorly, swollen posteriorly.
No fold of integument forming a hood is present.
Tail moderate, measuring twice to thrice the length of the body.
Endostyle slightly curved.
Rectum enormous, larger than stomach and intestine together.
* Vexillaria, J. Muller, is a synonym of Oikoplewa, and Euycernts, Busch
of Fritilkzria. A reniarkable form was described (no name) by Moss in 1871
as having stigmata in tbe wall of its branchial sac. If that is corre&, and if
the form really belongs to this family. it ought to be placed in a genus by
itself. I would suggest for it the name Massin Cldioloidrs.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE
TUNICATA.
651
Probably this genus, in the restricted sense, contains only two
or three species. The only one siifficiently described is Appendicularia sicula, Fol (Med.).
OIKOPLEIJEA
(Mertens, 1831), Fol, 1 8 7 2 .
Body ovoid, contracted ; no hood present.
Fail long, measuring from thrice to four and a half times the
length of the body. It is about four to six times as long as it is
broad.
Endostyle straight.
The following are the better-known species of this genus. A
number of others which have been named or referred to cannot
be placed. The first-known species was Oikoplezlra Chamissonis,
Mertens (N. Pac.). Another form frequently referred to is
O . f i b e l l u m , J. Miill.
c.
1
‘‘ Haus ” almost globular ...................................................
The “ Haus ” not globular, usually ovate ....................................
2
With a pre-anal fold of integument ... 0. spissa, Pol. (Med.)
0. speciosa, Eisen. (N.W. Eur.)
1{ With no pre-anal fold .....................
3
Stomach and intestine of a bluish or violet colour ...........................
a ( Alimentary canal not blue or violet .......................................... 4
................... 0. dioica, Fol. (Atl. & Med.)
3i
Body 1 to 2 rnm. long ..................
cophocerca, Geg. (Med.)
4 { Body about 4 mm. long ............. :. ... 0.’
Body 1% mm. long ........................ 0. riLfesceics, Fol. (Atl., Med.)
6
5 ( Body 1.1 mm; long ...............................................................
elongated, narrow, tail rather wide, mouth directed upwards.
O.fkqiformis,Fol. (Atl., Med.)
ovato-elongate, tail very narrow, mouth directed forwards.
0. albicaw, Leuck. (Med.)
STEGOSOMA,
Chun, 1 8 8 8 .
Body rhomboid, depressed.
Endostyle moderately large.
Stomach and intestine forming an arch over the liver.
This contains a single form named by Chun.
FRITILLARIA
(Q. 4 G. 1 8 3 3 ) , Pol, 1872.
Body elongated, more or less constricted in the middle where
the tail is attached. A fold of iutegument on the front of the
body forms a “ hood.”
Tail short and wide, about once and il half as lung as the body.
Endostyle curved.
G52
UN T H E CLASSIFICATIOS OF TEE TUSICATA.
The species which are su5ciently known can be distinguisbed
thus :-
L
1
The tail bifurcated a t its extremity ...........................................
ail not forked ......................................................................
2
With long posterior processes, forks of tail not narrow.
F. f ~ m a l aVogt.
,
(Med.)
With short posterior procpases, forks of tail narrow.
F. megachile, Fol. (Med.)
Body bent. a t an angle, mouth &lobed. F.jfbrmica, Pol. (Med.)
2
‘1 Body straight, moutli not lobed ................................................ 3
B d y 2 2 5 mm. long, st.inging-cells in integument.
F. urlicans, Fol. (Med.)
Body 1.15 mm. long, no stinging-cells ... F. haplostoma*, Fol. (Mrd.)
KOTTALEVSKIA
t, Fol, 2572.
Body ovoid, truncated ariteriorly.
Tail large, lanceolate and pointed.
Endostyle and heart absent.
Pharynx with four rows of ciliated processes.
Intestine absent, except the rectum.
This remarkable genus contains a single species, Eowalevskia
tenuis, Fol, from the Mediterranean.
Appendiculariida: have been found in nearly all seas of the
world; but most of the forms recorded or preservcd cannot
L O W be referred t o their proper species.
* Appeadicalark ncrocerca of Gegenbaur.
t This genus has such exceptional characters, that it might be separated from
the Appendiculariidie as a distinct family.