UNIT 2A: GERMANY 1918-1939
Topic
Weimar
constitution
Treaty of
Versailles 1919
Spartacists
Putsch 1919
Key facts
Article 48 – if there was an emergency, the President could
take charge and pass laws without asking permission
100,000 men in army
£6.6 billion in reparations
Communists
Leaders killed by Friekorps
Kapp Putsch
1920
Ruhr invasion
Friekorps try and takeover Berlin
Workers go on strike = failure
Germany can’t pay reparations
French invade and take goods instead
Workers ordered to strike
Government print money to pay workers
Money becomes worthless – 320B for bread in 1923 = savings
in bank are useless!
Hyperinflation
Munich Putsch
1923
Stresemann
1923-1929
Fails – 16 Nazis killed and Hitler goes to prison for 9 months
Writes Mein Kampf = Now will use peaceful tactics
1924 – Dawes Plan - £800M loan from USA to rebuild industry
1926 – Re-joins League of Nations
Wall Street
Crash
1929
6M unemployed by 1932
Hitler promises work and bread = becomes very popular –
44% of votes.
Von Papen
1933
Reichstag Fire
1933
Enabling Act
1933
Night of the
Long Knives
1934
Propaganda
Thought he could control Hitler by making him Chancellor
Police State
Economy
Women
Youth
Schools
Jews
29th February 1933 – blamed on Van De Lubbe
4,000 leading communists arrested as a result
Power to rule without asking for permission for 4 years = Legal
dictator
30th June 1934
Rohm (leader of SA) killed with 400 others
SA were a threat now removed!
Led by Josef Goebbels
People’s Radio – 75% to own one
Gestapo – Secret police to tap phones and spy on people
1935 – Conscription into the army
Building autobahns (motorways) = jobs
KKK – Children, church and cooking
Train ‘mothers’
Hitler Youth – Go camping, hiking, boxing
Train ‘soldiers’
Re-write History textbooks
Nuremburg 1935 – Jews not allowed to marry Germans
Kristallnacht 1938 – 91 Jews killed, synagogues burned down
Tricky language
UNIT 1A: COLD WAR 1943-1991
Topic
Key facts
Ideology
Communism (USSR) – share wealth / one party state
Capitalism (USA) – Earn wealth / democracy
Agree to disarm Germany and make them pay reparations
Yalta 1945
Potsdam 1945
Poland takeover
Truman
Doctrine 1947
Marshall Aid
1948
Berlin Blockade
1945
Military
alliances
Hungary 1956
Berlin Wall
1959-1963
Causes of Cuba
1959 - 1960
Events of Cuba
1962
Consequence of
Cuba
Prague Spring
And Brezhnev
Doctrine
1968
SALT 1 1972
Afghanistan
1978-1979
Carter and
Olympics
1980+1984
Reagan and Evil
Empire 1984
Gorbachev (new
Russian leader)
1985
Washington and
INF 1987
Fall of Berlin
Wall 1989
End of the USSR
US had tested atom bomb
Divide Germany into 4 and Berlin into 4
1947 – Rigged elections mean Communists now in power = listen to the USSR only.
US would help any country under threat of Communism
$13B in aid (money) promised to rebuild Europe.
Comecon – USSR’s version of the same thing
US offer money to West Berlin
Stalin shuts road and rail access to try and starve them out and takeover all of
Berlin
US fly supplies in for 13 months
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – US Military alliance. Warsaw Pact – Russian
military alliance.
Hungary was ‘hungry’ – sent all its supplies to Russia = angry people
Nagy ‘nags’ for changes in Hungary = to leave the Warsaw Pact and have elections
Russia mad – Sent in 200,000 troops to crush the revolt – Nagy killed
2.7 million skilled workers leave from East to West Berlin – a wall stops this!
12th August 1961 – wall is started. Better a wall than a war!
Fidel Castro – takes over in Cuba – Communist + disliked by US
US try and get rid of him – Bay of Pigs 1961 – 1,400 Cuban exiles vs. 20,000 army =
failure!
US find missiles on Cuba with U2 spy planes
Blockade option to avoid a war
US remove missiles in Turkey in secret
USSR take missiles from Cuba publically = humiliating
A hotline which allows the two sides to talk quickly is established in 1963
Dubcek wants to change Czechoslovakia but in small ways:
-Allow other political parties
-Allow people to write what they want
Brezhnev Doctrine said that the USSR could invade even if a country ‘appeared’ to
be a threat = invasion in August
US and USSR agreed not to make any more short range nuclear missiles
Revolution in 1978 – Taraki a communist becomes Killed by Amin (a suspected US
spy) who takes over.
USSR invade – 15,000 soldiers killed over 10 years.
CIA funded Mujahedeen with weapons to fight against USSR in Afghanistan
US boycott Moscow Olympics and then USSR boycott LA Olympics
Reagan saw the Cold War as a fight between good and evil that he wouldn’t give
up!
Funded SDI (Star Wars) – Lasers in space to shoot down nuclear weapons
Wanted to change USSR for better. Perestroika – Restructure – spend more money
on health / housing than the army = less of a threat to US.
Glasnost (think glass) – More open about what was happening – freedom of press.
Reagan and Gorbachev agree to get rid of missiles with a range of up to 5500km.
Hungary has free elections in 1989 = Idea spreads across Europe
9th Nov – East Germans allowed to pass through the wall to West b
Berlin
People start to break down the wall
Some Communists try and get rid of Gorbachev (Gang of Eight coup)
A man called Yeltsin helps him stay in power.
Warsaw Pact ends in July 1991 and other countries want freedom so Gorbachev
gives in Dec 1991 – Cold War over!
Tricky language
UNIT 3A: BRITAIN 1900-1928
Topic
Key facts
Reasons for
change
Boer War – unfit – only 10% of recruits in Manchester healthy
Booth – 30% of London poor
Young people
Free School Meals 1906 – not compulsory
Medical inspections 1907 – no treatment
1908 – Pensions
5 shillings a week
National Insurance Part I
10 shillings for 26 weeks
National Insurance Part II
For 7 shillings for 15 weeks
AGAINST - Women’s place – at home (traditional)
FOR – Women paid taxes locally
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies
Leader = Millicent Fawcett
Peaceful marches = Mud March
Women’s Social and Political Union
Leader = Emmeline Pankhurst
Violence = 1908 = Force feeding them; 1912 = Window smashing
1918 – Women over 30
Old People
Sick workers
Unemployed
workers
For and against
NUWSS
WSPU
Getting vote
DORA
Schlieffen Plan
Defence of the Realm Act
Government could censor anything to help with the war
1914 = Enthusiastic; 1915 = lots of guilt propaganda; 1916 = conscription (age
18-41)
1 million in munitions factories
Called canaries = chemicals poisoned
Women asked to leave jobs within 2 weeks
April 1916 – U-boats sink ships – only 6 weeks of wheat left
1918 – Compulsory rationing
Plan to invade France in 6 weeks – quickly
Battle of Mons
1914 – Britain slow the Germans down
Battle of Marne
End of Schlieffen Plan - Germans retreat. French drive soldiers in using taxis!
Battle of
Somme
20,000 dead on day one
Poor planning – defences not destroyed
Tanks first used but unreliable
1917 – US join the fight – 1 million men
1918 – Germans ask for an armistice
Pre-war - Riots in Wales – miners
During war miners employed by government - safe
Mines returned to owners = cut in wages = strike but Triple Alliance pulls out.
Recruitment
Women
workers
Food
End of the war
1910-1918
Black Friday
1921
Red Friday 1925
General Strike
cause
General Strike
events
General Strike
consequence
Miners asked to work another hour – government gives a subsidy to support
wages.
Subsidy (money) ends. Samuel Commission – miners have to accept cut in
wages
4th May – 4 million on strike (miners and others). 226,000 volunteer to ‘cover’
strikers. British Gazette shows strikers as bad. British Worker tries to show
strike as good.
TUC can’t afford strike so negotiate an end.
Miners feel betrayed
1927 – Trade Disputes Act – unions can’t go on strike in support of other
unions
Tricky language