Arch.Geflügelk., 69 (1). S. 16–22, 2005, ISSN 0003-9098. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart
Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in 3, 5 and 6 weeks old broiler chicks
Gehalte an Mengenelementen und einigen Spurenelementen in Ganzkörpern von 3, 5 und 6
Wochen alten Broilern
E. Nieß, M. Hovenjürgen and E. Pfeffer
Manuskript eingegangen am 5. März 2003, angenommen am 23. August 2003
Introduction
Calculations of recommendations for the supply of broiler
chicks with inorganic elements are based on either the factorial approach or the results of dose-response experiments. The factorial approach is used for the elements Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium
(Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl) and Sulfur (S), whereas, the dose-response method is used for the essential trace
elements Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese
(Mn), Iodine (J), and Selenium (Se) (GFE 1999). The application of the factorial approach necessarily requires
knowledge of the retention of the concerning elements.
This knowledge is also very helpful for the evaluation of
the recommendations calculated from dose-response
curves. It is, however, not required for the calculations as
such.
Data on the concentration of minerals and especially
trace elements in whole broiler bodies including feathers
are scarce. Therefore, the homogenized whole bodies of
broiler chicks 3, 5 and 6 weeks of age from 3 experiments
concerning the effect of non essential amino acid supply on
the accretion of protein and lipids in broiler chicks were
analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Results are shown and discussed in this publication.
AMEN / kg. In all 3 experiments the ingredients used were
principally the same, only their portion and origin differed.
The exact composition of the 9 diets fed in experiment 1 is
shown by HAMID (1998), that of the 6 diets of experiments
2 and 3, respectively, in the publication of NIESS et al.
(2002).The analyzed concentrations of major minerals including sulphur and of the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn, and
Mn in the different diets are shown in table 1. Boron, Cobalt and Molybdenum were analyzed, too. Boron is not
considered an essential trace element; its concentration in
the 16 diets was 18±2 mg/kg DM as mean and standard deviation. The concentrations of Cobalt and Molybdenum in
the diets were below the limit of detection, which was
2.5 mg/kg DM. These 3 trace elements are not included in
the further calculations. Iodine and Selenium were not
analysed. As can be seen in table 1 the concentration of
minerals and trace elements in the 15 diets fed to the broiler chicks is in a normal range common in practical feed and
in each case higher than the recommendations given by the
GFE (1999), which are also shown in the table. It should be
noted, that the standard deviations of the concentrations
are in a more or less normal range, except for Cu, the concentration of which is about 4 times higher in experiments
2 and 3 than in experiment 1.
Chicks
Materials and methods
Feeds
In the 3 experiments a commercial starter diet (13.0 MJ
AMEN and 230 g crude protein per kg) was fed to the
chicks during their first 3 weeks of life. Its composition is
not known, minerals and trace elements were not analyzed. The main ingredients of the 15 diets used in the 3 experiments during experimental periods were maize (331 459 g/kg), soybean meal (271 - 376 g/kg) and
maize-starch (50 - 214 g/kg). The portions of these ingredients were determined by the portion of nonessential amino acids, which were used to vary the concentration of
crude protein (180 and 251 g/kg) in the diets. Cellulose
and soybean oil, each about 60 g/kg, a mineral and vitamin premix and free essential amino acids were supplemented to fulfil the recommendations of the GFE (1999).
Concentration of energy ranged from 12.6 to 13.0 MJ
Department for Animal Nutrition, University of Bonn, Germany
Day old male broiler chicks (Ross) were used in all experiments. They were reared in an electrically heated brooder until the 10th day of life and then transferred to
zinc-galvanized wire cages, where 2 birds per cage were
kept until the 15th day of life, after this time they were
housed individually. The experimental period lasted from
the 21st to 35th or 42nd day of life. At each of these days 16,
36 and 83 birds, respectively, were sacrificed and taken
for analysis. Feed intake and body weight were determined on a weekly basis for each individual chick. Feed
and water were provided ad libitum, except in experiment
3, in which one diet was fed restrictively. For total body
(including feathers) chemical analyses birds starved for
12 hours were killed by vertebral dislocation without
blood loss and frozen until the analyses were performed.
After thawing the total body was transferred into a can
(volume 5 l) with tight lid and autoclaved for 5 hours at
1500 k Pa and 120° C. Homogenisation of the autoclaved
body was performed by a cutter for 20 min. A sample of
the homogenate was taken for determination of dry matter; a second sample of about 300 g was freeze-dried and
then ground with a household blender. The homogenous
powder was used for chemical analysis.
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
17
Table 1. Concentrations (in kg DM) of major minerals und trace elements in diets fed to broilers of the 3 experiments (n=15) and
recommendations of GFE (1999)
Konzentrationen (in kg T) von Mengen- und Spurenelementen in den Futtermischungen der 3 Versuche (n=15) sowie Empfehlungen zur
Versorgung der GfE (1999)
Ca
Experiment Treatment g
P
g
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
14.9
15.1
14.3
13.5
14.1
13.7
14.2
14.1
14.7
14.3
14.8
14.1
13.3
14.4
15.0
9.32
10.21
9.05
8.70
8.69
8.85
9.31
7.98
8.04
8.77
8.35
7.82
7.48
7.51
8.47
2.48
2.42
1.99
2.15
1.63
2.03
2.19
1.85
1.50
1.71
1.62
1.56
1.44
1.45
1.61
14.3
0.54
4
15.1
13.3
9.3
8.57
0.74
9
10.2
7.5
5.7
1.84
0.35
19
2.5
1.4
0.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
Mean
SD
CV, %
Max.
Min.
GfE, recommended
Mg
g
Na
g
K
g
S
g
Fe
mg
Cu
mg
Zn
mg
Mn
mg
2.63
2.76
2.63
2.45
1.49
2.14
2.31
1.78
2.48
3.18
2.07
2.08
2.07
2.10
2.43
13.2
12.4
10.7
8.84
8.63
11.3
11.9
10.1
8.17
9.24
8.83
8.49
8.47
8.50
9.55
3.42
3.53
3.34
3.06
3.18
3.13
3.31
3.08
3.14
3.33
3.10
2.95
3.01
3.10
3.36
246
343
291
250
317
306
320
227
269
349
336
267
213
230
306
14
13
12
15
10
12
14
13
12
51
52
50
50
52
58
166
185
161
144
158
154
169
156
150
248
188
156
179
217
219
96
115
95
99
87
96
94
93
113
102
103
91
106
122
144
2.31
0.42
18
3.2
1.5
1.25
9.89
1.64
17
13.2
8.2
2.6
3.20
0.17
5
3.5
2.9
-
285
45
16
349
213
100
28
20
71
58
10
7
177
30
17
248
144
50
104
15
14
144
87
60
Chemical analysis
In samples of the freeze dried and ground whole broiler-bodies, dry matter (105° C), ash (550° C), total N (Dumas method), lipids (petroleum ether extract after
HCl-treatment) were determined according to the official
methods (NAUMANN and BASSLER 1996). For the determination of minerals and trace elements about 0.35 g of the
material was placed in a vial with a teflon lining and digested with 5 ml of concentrated nitric acid in a microwave oven for 30 min. at 200° C. The concentration of the
elements was measured by the method of Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry
using a Spectro Instrument. All analyses were done in
duplicate.
Calculations and statistics
All data were evaluated by analysis of variance using the
program SPSS 11.0, differences of means were analysed
according to the test of Scheffè. Mean values with different
superscripts are different at p ≤ 0.05.
Results
The graphs Nr. 1 - 10 show the dependence of the concentrations of the elements from the body weight of the analysed chicks. It can be seen that there is almost no influence
of body weight on the concentrations of major minerals
and trace elements. The graphs also show that the body
weight of the 16 chicks 21 days old was about 630 g and
that of the 35 and 42 days old chicks between 1200 and
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005
2700 g, which means a relatively wide range in body
weight of the analysed chicks.
Table 2 shows the values for R squared, slope and Y-intercept of the functions for the concentrations of the elements in fresh as well as in fat free matter. The values for
R squared are in most cases very low, only 30 (Na), 24 (S)
and 23% (P) of the variance of the concentrations can be
explained by the body weight, for the other elements these
values are even much lower. Relating the concentration to
the fat free matter does not increase the values for R
squared.
A total of 21 groups of chicks were included in the analysis of variance and the following Scheffé procedure.
There were no statistically significant differences (p≤0.05)
for the concentrations of Ca, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn in
broiler fresh and fat free matter between the different
groups. Concerning P the lowest concentration in fresh
matter in one group of the 21 days old chicks differed significantly from the highest concentration in one group of
the 42 days old birds. There were, however, no statistically
significant differences in the P concentration in the fat free
matter between the groups. Therefore, for calculation of
the mean, all values were used. For Mg the significant differences were the same in fresh and fat free matter: the
lowest value in the 21 days old chicks differed from 2 highest concentrations in the 42 days old chicks. Calculation of
the mean and standard deviation with all values (0.328 ±
0.032 g/kg) or with those, which were not significantly
different from each other (0.329 ±0.029 g/kg), show, that
the difference is very small. In fresh and fat free matter the
concentrations of S differed significantly between the 3
groups of 21 days old chicks and 3 groups of 42 days old
chicks with the highest concentrations of S. The same cal-
18
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
Table 2. R squared, slope and Y-intercept for the relations of the concentrations of the elements in fresh and fat free matter of
whole broiler bodies to body mass and fat free body mass
Bestimmtheitsmaß, Steigung und Achsenabschnitt für die Relation der Elementkonzentrationen in Frischsubstanz und fettfreier Substanz der Broilerganzkörper zu Körpermasse und fettfreier Körpermasse
Ca
P
Mg
Na
K
S
Fe
Cu
Zn
Mn
To body mass
(g/kg):
g/kg
R squared
Slope
Y-Intercept
0.136
-0.953
8.72
0.227
-0.635
6.27
0.187
-0.025
0.38
0.303
-0.108
1.50
0.108
-0.085
2.93
0.235
0.155
2.38
0.006
-1.24
46.1
0.058
0.326
1.36
0.119
-1.99
34.2
0.003
0.037
1.11
0.108
-0.955
9.71
0.179
-0.627
6.98
0.121
-0.022
0.42
0.215
-0.099
1.66
0.026
-0.048
3.26
0.308
0.221
2.64
0.003
1.02
47.7
0.067
0.402
1.50
0.069
-1.72
38.1
0.006
0.062
1.24
mg/kg
To fat free body mass
(mg/kg):
R squared
Slope
Y-intercept
Table 3. Concentrations of major minerals and some trace elements in kg fresh and fat free matter of whole bodies of 3, 5, and 6
weeks old broiler chicks
Konzentrationen von Mengen- und einigen Spurenelementen in kg Frischsubstanz und fettfreier Substanz in Ganzkörpern von 3, 5 und
6 Wochen alten Broilern
Ca
g
Age,
weeks
BW,
kg
In Fresh Matter:
3
0.63
± 0.08
(n = 16)
1.74
± 0.17
(n = 36)
2.26
± 0.18
(n = 83)
1.93
± 0.63
(n = 135)
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
5
6
3, 5, 6
8.03
0.93
11.6
7.27
1.27
17.4
6.49
1.43
22.0
6.88
1.43
20.9
P
g
Mg
g
Na
g
K
g
S
g
Fe
mg
Cu
mg
Zn
mg
Mn
mg
5.89
0.51
8.6
5.20
0.61
11.8
4.82
0.69
14.4
5.05
0.74
14.6
0.364
0.030
8.3
0.332
0.026
7.9
0.320
0.030
9.2
0.328
0.032
9.7
1.45
0.11
7.9
1.28
0.09
7.1
1.26
0.09
6.8
1.29
0.11
8.4
2.92
0.14
4.7
2.75
0.12
4.5
2.75
0.14
5.0
2.77
0.14
5.2
2.41
0.18
7.3
2.64
0.15
5.8
2.74
0.13
4.8
2.68
0.18
6.6
41.9
4.8
11.5
45.9
9.9
21.7
43.1
8.2
19.0
43.7
8.5
19.4
1.46
0.28
19.6
2.01
0.60
29.7
2.08
0.83
39.8
1.99
0.75
37.7
32.8
2.8
8.5
30.5
4.1
13.3
29.9
2.6
8.8
30.4
3.2
10.6
1.24
0.38
30.6
1.02
0.26
25.6
1.24
0.42
33.4
1.18
0.39
32.6
6.62
0.60
9.0
5.94
0.68
11.4
5.54
0.80
14.4
5.77
0.82
14.2
0.409
0.037
9.0
0.380
0.029
7.6
0.367
0.034
9.1
0.376
0.035
9.4
1.63
0.15
8.9
1.46
0.10
6.8
1.45
0.10
6.7
1.47
0.12
8.0
3.28
0.19
5.9
3.15
0.14
4.5
3.15
0.16
5.1
3.17
0.17
5.2
2.71
0.22
8.2
3.03
0.20
6.5
3.15
0.15
4.8
3.06
0.22
7.2
44.1
12.8
29.1
52.5
11.3
21.6
49.5
9.3
18.8
49.7
10.5
21.2
1.63
0.32
19.6
2.31
0.71
30.8
2.39
0.94
39.2
2.28
0.86
37.7
36.8
3.4
9.1
34.9
4.5
13.0
34.3
3.1
9.0
34.8
3.6
10.4
1.39
0.43
31.0
1.17
0.31
26.3
1.43
0.48
33.4
1.36
0.44
32.8
In Fat Free Matter:
3
5
6
3, 5, 6
0.63
± 0.08
(n = 16)
1.74
± 0.17
(n = 36)
2.26
± 0.18
(n = 83)
1.93
± 0.63
(n = 135)
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
Mean
SD
CV,%
9.02
1.07
11.8
8.31
1.42
17.0
7.45
1.63
21.9
7.86
1.61
20.5
culation as for Mg led to S-concentrations of 2.68 ±
0.18 g/kg as mean and standard deviation for all values
and 2.69 ± 0.13 g/kg for the values, which were not signi-
ficantly different from each other. Therefore, for Mg and S
the mean concentrations were also calculated from all values of the 21 groups.
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
P
15
7.5
10
5.0
g/kg BW
g/kg BW
Ca
5
0
0
1
2
2.5
0.0
3
0
1
Figure 1. Ca-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Ca-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von der
Lebendmasse
Na
0.5
2.0
g/kg BW
g/kg BW
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.1
0
1
2
0.0
3
0
1
BW, kg
2
3
BW, kg
Figure 3. Mg-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Mg-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von
der Lebendmasse
Figure 4. Na-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Na-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von
der Lebendmasse
S
K
4
4
3
3
g/kg BW
g/kg BW
3
Figure 2. P-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
P-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von der
Lebendmasse
Mg
2
2
1
1
0
2
BW, kg
BW, kg
0.0
19
0
1
2
3
BW, kg
Figure 5. K-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
K-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von der
Lebendmasse
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005
0
0
1
2
3
BW, kg
Figure 6. S-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
S-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von der
Lebendmasse
20
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
Fe
Cu
7.5
mg/kg BW
mg/kg BW
75
50
25
0
0
1
2
5.0
2.5
0.0
3
0
1
BW, kg
Figure 8. Cu-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Cu-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von
der Lebendmasse
Mn
Zn
4
50
mg/kg BW
40
mg/kg BW
3
BW, kg
Figure 7. Fe-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Fe-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von der
Lebendmasse
30
20
3
2
1
10
0
2
0
1
2
3
BW, kg
0
0
1
2
3
BW, kg
Figure 9. Zn-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending
on broiler body weight
Zn-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von
der Lebendmasse
Figure 10. Mn-concentration in whole broiler bodies depending on broiler body weight
Mn-Konzentration in Broiler-Ganzkörpern in Abhängigkeit von
der Lebendmasse
In table 3 for 3, 5 and 6 weeks old birds and for all birds,
body weight of the birds (mean and SD) and number of
birds per group are shown in the 2nd column. The concentrations of major minerals and trace elements in fresh and
in fat free matter of whole broiler bodies’ including feathers for the different groups are shown as mean, standard
deviation, and coefficient of variation. Since, as mentioned
above, the differences between the means of the treatments and therefore between the age-groups as well, are
not statistically significant, the overall mean was calculated and included in the table.
trations of major minerals and trace elements in the broiler bodies. It is, therefore, suggested to use these overall
mean values as well for the concentration in the body
gain. These data are necessary for the calculations of recommendations based on the factorial approach. Looking
only at the mean values for birds of the different ages in
table 3 it can be seen, that, with the exception of Ca and
P, the concentrations of the other elements in the chicks of
the different ages either differ only marginally or do not
show a clear tendency. For Fe, Cu and Zn this is in agreement with results published by MOHANNA and NYS (1998).
The concentration of Ca and P, however, diminishes numerically from week 3 to 5 and 5 to 6 in the range between
7 and 12%. Especially for broiler producers in a tight P
balance situation on the farm even small differences in the
concentration of P in body gain can be of great relevance.
Therefore the problem should be investigated in specific
experiments.
The concentrations of the major elements shown in table
3 were taken as the basis for the calculations of recommendations for the provision of broiler chicks with major elements (GFE 1999). A comparison with the few data found
Discussion
From the body weights shown in table 3 it can be concluded that in all 3 experiments the gain in body weight was
at levels which are also in the range for practical fattening
of male broilers fed ad libitum.
As stated above from the data in the 10 graphs and the
statistical values in table 2 it has to be concluded that
there is almost no influence of body weight on the concen-
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
in literature is made there. New data published after the
year 1998 were not found.
In GFE (1999) the recommendations for the provision of
broiler chicks with trace elements are based on data of
dose-response experiments. Only for Fe the factorial approach is also considered. A concentration of 54 mg/kg
weight gain is taken from the publication of WEIGAND and
KIRCHGESSNER (1981). This value is about 25% higher than
the value in table 3. Even lower concentrations of Fe were
published by MOHANNA and NYS (1998): 24, 29 and
27 mg/kg fresh matter for 21, 40 and 50 days old chicken,
respectively.
A Cu-concentration of 1.13 mg/kg weight gain is used in
the calculation for requirements (GFE 1999); the value
shown in table 3 with 2 mg/kg body weight is about 90%
higher, which might be caused by the high supply of the
broiler chicks with Cu. MOHANNA and NYS (1998) found
1.24, 1.27 and 1.28 mg Cu per kg fresh matter in the chicken of the mentioned ages. The different concentrations of
Cu in the feed of our experiments (Table 1) did not influence the concentrations of Cu in broiler bodies: Mean and
standard deviation in mg/kg body weight were 2.02 ± 0.75
(n = 38) for experiment 1 with Cu-concentrations in the diets of about 13 mg/kg and 1.97 ± 0.71 (n = 97) for experiment 2 and 3 with about 52 mg Cu per kg diet.
A comparison for Zn shows a good agreement between
27 mg/kg weight gain in the publication of WEIGAND and
KIRCHGESSNER (1981) and 30 mg/kg body weight in our experiments. Both values are about twice as high as those of
MOHANNA and NYS (1998), with 15.3, 14.5 and 15.4 mg/kg
fresh matter for 21, 40 and 50 days old chicks showing no
difference between the age groups.
Concerning Mn WEIGAND et al. (1988) found an increasing concentration from 0.6 to 1.0 mg/kg live weight gain
when the Mn-concentration increased from 9 to 60 mg/kg
feed. This corresponds to 1.2 mg/kg body weight in broilers offered feed with a Mn-concentration of about
100 mg/kg shown in tables 3 and 1, respectively. MOHANNA
and NYS (1998) published much lower values: 0.68 and
0.18 mg/kg fresh matter in 21 and 40 days old chicks.
Since feed consumption of the broiler chicks, concentration of the elements in the feed and concentration of the
elements in weight gain (assumed same as in body weight)
are known the retention in per cent of the amount consumed could be calculated. The following values (%) were
obtained: Ca 27, P 33, Mg 10, Na 31, K 16, S 46, Fe 9, Cu 9
in experiment 1 and 2 in experiment 2 and 3, Zn 10 and Mn
0.6. This utilisation gives no information on the utilisability of the minerals and trace elements in the feed since the
supply of major and trace elements to broilers was not at a
suboptimal level as can be seen from table 1.
Summary
From 3 experiments with broiler chicks concerning the effect of a varying supply with nonessential amino acids on
the accretion of protein and fat, whole bodies (including
feathers) of 135 chicks were analysed (ICP) for the concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn und Mn. The mean
live weight of 16 three weeks old birds was 630 g, that of
36 five weeks old birds 1740 g, and that of 83 six weeks old
birds 1930 g. During the first 3 weeks of life they were a fed
commercial starter feed. The diets fed from the 15th day
onward consisted of maize, soybean meal, maize-starch,
cellulose, soybean oil, a mineral-vitamin-premix and crystalline amino acids. The analysed concentrations of minerals and trace elements were in all diets higher than the
recommendations of GFE (1999). Statistical calculations of
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21
the data show that the concentrations of the elements in
whole body fresh matter as well as in fat free matter differed only slightly in a few cases between the 21 groups of
analysed chicks. Analysis of regression showed no influence of the body weight of the birds on the concentration
of the elements. Therefore the overall means were calculated from all the analysed chicks. The following means
and standard deviations were calculated: in g/kg whole
body fresh matter: Ca 6.9 ± 1.43, P 5.1 ± 0.74, Mg 0.33 ±
0.032, Na 1.3 ± 0.11, K 2.8 ± 0.14, S 2.7 ± 0.18, in mg/kg
whole body fresh matter: Fe 44 ± 8.5, Cu 2.0 ± 0.75, Zn 30
± 3.2, Mn 1.2 ± 0.39.
Key words
Broiler, nutrition, major minerals, trace elements, whole
body concentration
Zusammenfassung
Gehalte an Mengenelementen und einigen Spurenelementen in Ganzkörpern von 3, 5 und 6 Wochen alten Broilern
Aus 3 Versuchen, in denen die Wirkung unterschiedlicher
Versorgung von Masthähnchen mit nichtessentiellen Aminosäuren auf den Ansatz von Fett und Protein untersucht
worden war, wurden Ganzkörper (inklusive Federn) von
135 homogenisierten Masthähnchen mittels ICP auf den
Gehalt an Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn und Mn untersucht. Jeweils als Mittelwert betrug die Lebendmasse von
16 drei Wochen alten Tieren 630 g, die von 36 fünf Wochen alten Tieren 1740 g und die von 83 sechs Wochen alten Tieren 1930 g. Sie erhielten in den ersten 2 Lebenswochen kommerzielle Aufzuchtfutter. Die ab dem 15 Lebenstag verabreichten Futtermischungen bestanden aus Mais,
Sojaextraktionsschrot, Maisstärke, Cellulose, Sojaöl, einer
Mineral-, Spurenelement- und Vitamin-Vormischung und
den freien Aminosäuren. Die analysierten Konzentrationen an Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen lagen in allen
Mischungen höher als die Empfehlungen nach GFE (1999).
Die Auswertung der Daten zeigte, dass die Gehalte an Mineralstoffen und Spurenelementen sowohl in der Frischmasse als auch in der fettfreien Trockenmasse zwischen
den untersuchten 21 Broilergruppen nur in wenigen Einzelfällen geringfügig differierten. Regressionsrechnungen
ergaben, dass die Lebendmasse der Tiere die Konzentration der analysierten Elemente nicht signifikant beeinflusste. Es konnten daher Mittelwerte aus den Gehalten aller
Ganzkörper gebildet werden. Folgende Mittelwerte und
Standardabweichungen wurden errechnet: In g/kg Ganzkörperfrischmasse: Ca 6.9 ± 1.43, P 5.1 ± 0.74, Mg 0.33 ±
0.032, Na 1.3 ± 0.11, K 2.8 ± 0.14, S 2.7 ± 0.18, in mg/kg
Ganzkörperfrischmasse: Fe 44 ± 8.5, Cu 2.0 ± 0.75, Zn 30
± 3.2, Mn 1.2 ± 0.39.
Stichworte
Masthähnchen, Ernährung, Mengenelemente, Spurenelemente, Ganzkörper, Konzentration
Acknowledgement
The financial support of Lohmann Animal Health (Cuxhaven, Germany) is gratefully acknowledged.
22
Nieß et al.: Whole body concentrations of major minerals and of some trace elements in broiler chicks
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Correspondence: PD Dr. Erhard Niess, Department for Animal Nutrition, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany; e-Mail:
[email protected]
Arch.Geflügelk. 1/2005