University of Groningen
SLANT ESTIMATION FOR HANDWRITTEN WORDS BY DIRECTIONALLY REFINED
CHAIN CODE
Ding, Y.; Kimura, F.; Miyake, Y.; Shridhar, M.
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Publication date:
2004
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Ding, Y., Kimura, F., Miyake, Y., & Shridhar, M. (2004). SLANT ESTIMATION FOR HANDWRITTEN
WORDS BY DIRECTIONALLY REFINED CHAIN CODE. In EPRINTS-BOOK-TITLE s.n..
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53
In: L.R.B. Schomaker and L.G. Vuurpijl (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition,
September 11-13 2000, Amsterdam, ISBN 90-76942-01-3, Nijmegen: International Unipen Foundation, pp 53-61
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