THESAURUS
of
KAREN KNOWLEDGE
COMPRISING
TRADITIONS, LEGENDS OR FABLES, POETRY, CUSTOMS,
SUPERSTITIONS, DEMONOLOGY,
THERAPEUTICS, ETC
ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED
AND FORMING A COMPLETE
NATIVE KAREN DICTIONARY,
WITH DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATING
THE USAGES OF EVERY WORD.
VOL. I
WRITTEN BY SAU KAU-TOO; AND COMPILED
BY J. WADE
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KAREN MISSION PRESS.
……………
C. BENNETT
1848
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
In the above preface to the first volume of the first edition of the Thesaurus, reference
is made to a Karen and English Dictionary, which the author had in mind to prepare.
This dictionary was commenced on a large scale, and if carried on as at fist contemplated, would have equaled in size of page and bulk "Webster Unabridged." After the
printing of 32+ pages, latter of the alphabet, the magnitude of the task proposed struck
the author, and he determined to do as indicated in the preface reprinted above, viz.,
make two dictionaries, one from Karen into English to be called a Vocabulary (12me,
1024pp) commencing at the point where the large work ended, and a Dictionary
wholly Karen to be called the Thesaurus, the original title page of which, after sixtyeight years, is here produced.
Every definition in the Thesaurus was numbered, and these numbers were given in the
Vocabulary, and have been found of great use in the further investigation of words. It
is to be regretted that in the second edition of the Vocabulary in 1896, these numbers
were omitted, probably under the impression, which has proved erroneous, that the
Thesaurus would never be reprinted. It is to be hoped that the numbers will be reinserted in any subsequent edition of the Vocabulary.
After being out of print for many years, and in increasing demand, at the Annual
Meeting of the Burma Baptist Missionary Convention held in Bassein in 1909, a resolution was passed calling for the reprint as soon as practicable of the Karen Thesaurus.
It was taken in hand in 1911. The reading of the proofs was one of the last works of
the late and much lamented Mrs. J. H. Vinton. She was spared to see this first volume, consisting of the 324 pages of the Karen and English Dictionary, and the first of
the four volumes of the original Thesaurus, stereotyped, though not printed.
D. A. W. Smith
Insein, July, 1915
6/6
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
The matter contained in the following work was at first designed to be used only in preparing a Karen and English Dictionary for the used of Karen Missionaries, the author of
that work being fully determined not to insert a single word, or to give any word a single
definition, for which he could not show his authority and for that purpose he intended to
append them to the English definition, as examples and authorities; but it soon occurred to
him that these materials, if published separately, would form a work which would be
highly valuable as a Dictionary for the use of the native themselves, and would be equally
available as authorities for the definitions given in the Karen and English Dictionary as if
comprised in that work on the original plan, while the size of that work would thereby
also be reduced to a more convenient form.
This work has been the labor of many years; in the first place, the compiler, with the aid
of a Karen, Sau Chetthing, now Chief Native Magistrate of all the Karens in the Maulmain District, took up the Burman Dictionary, and wrote out the corresponding Karen
word to each term in that work. These he then arranged in the alphabetical order of the
Karen, and the whole was subsequently revised with the aid of Sau Panlah one of the most
valuable preachers among the Maulmain Karens.
Next, all the syllables in the compound terms already found were separately placed in
their alphabetical order as roots, with references to the compounds or phrases in which
they were found used; to the whole was then added all the words which the Rev. Mr. Mason and other Karen Missionaries had collected, in their intercourse and labors among the
Karens, and all that the compiler could pick up from letters and other writings of the natives. The words thus collected, were then given to Sau Kau-Too, to be defined; and examples of their use to be added, according to the best of his ability. These examples and
definitions brought to light a multitude of roots and compound terms, not before found,
which were carefully picked up, and inserted in their proper places, according to alphabetical order.
Such has been the method by which so large a number of Karen words have been collected, a task of no small difficulty, in the absence of written books in the language.
It would be chimerical to suppose, that all the terms in the language have been or could be
found by these limited means, but the Compiler feels confident, that if the learner makes
himself master this collection, he will find himself quite at home and easy in the language;
he will know more of it than any native at present does.
J. WADE.
Tavoy; October, 1847
5/5
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28 / 28
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54 / 54
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55 / 55
ukR
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56 / 56
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57 / 57
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63 / 63
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64 / 64
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65 / 65
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66 / 66
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67 / 67
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42IAudm{dRAM.rh>udmtqdvDRIAAudm{dR,D>{dRM.rh>
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60IAtudmt,D>AM.AArh>udrh>*hR<yvDrh>*hR<to
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86 / 86
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69IAySRunDtudmxH;AM.rh>tudmwwX>xDqlt
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83IAbl;udm{dRAM.rh>w>bl;0Jw,HRb.'D;ypH;vX
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87 / 87
udm
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85IAyudmCHAM.AArh>yCHzJyudmwwDRM.ypH;vXy
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87IAcJ*DRudmAM.rh>rk>vXuqh.xD.u'D;weHRM.
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88IAyudmAM.Arh>yydmwJmwDRw>M.vDRIAAyuJmy
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89IAcD.'hudmAM.rh>ycD.'htqXqlycD.v.tCXR
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88 / 88
udm
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123IAudmrHRAM.Arh>pH;od;tqdvDRIApH;od;udmrHRpH;
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124IA'JudmvJmAM.Arh>'Jwuvkmy'k;xD.xJtcd.
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5IAud;cDAM.AArh>'fyuvJRcDCDRqlySR*Rt&G.'D;ycD
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89 / 89
ud;
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vDRIAySRrh>[Jud;cDcsH'D;AcDtDRwuh>IAAyvJRqlySRt
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8IAud;AM.rh>ySJRod;vDRIAAok[Jw>tHRokM>b.vHm
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10IAud;AM.rh>w>orlwuvkmvDRIAAAud;M.wkRy
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25IAud;vh>vh><ud;[h.[h.<ud;-uh.-uh.AM.Arh>
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27IAud;wvJmAM.AArh>ud;0HRud;uhR<ud;0HRud;uhR
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28IAud;rSHAM.AArh>ywoh.ngb.w>'D;yud;-uDw>
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29IAud;zk;M.AArh>yuG>vXySRo;oyhR'D;yud;tDRo
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30IAud;-uDAM.rh>yud;egpdRw>M.vDRIAud;-uDud;
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32IAud;zS;AM.rh>yud;z;'d.w>zSDzSDM.vDRIAAud;vl
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33IAud;wvh>AM.rh>yud;w>wbD0HRwbD<wbD0HR
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34IAud;rHoud;AM.AArh>yrXySR*R'furHud;'D;ySRM.
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35IArHoud;AM.rh>rH,kRM.vDRIArHoud;rHou;I
36IAoud;AM.rh>*dRrD.vDRIAwHRoud;I
37IAtd.oud;AM.Arh>ytd.'D;Ayuvk>uwdRw>jyD;
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38IAud;vXrd>AM.AArh>yrXySRpH;ySRw*RvXtwrh>
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39IAud;od.AM.Arh>yuG>ySRw*R'D;AypH;tDRvXod.
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40IAud;od.AM.AArh>yrXySRw*R[Jqlytd.'D;yrR
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41IArftud;AM.AArh>tpH;0Jrh>trRoD.tuvk>M.
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42IArftud;AM.AArh>tpH;0JArh>trXw>[Jw>vJRM.
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43IArftud;AM.Arh>tpH;0Jr;tySJRod;b.wuh>M.
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44IArftud;AM.rh>tpH;0Jr;trXw>vJRw>uhRw
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90 / 90
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45IAud;'JAM.rh>tpH;0Ju,J>'JwzsX.v>v>cJvXm
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46IAud;vdmAM.rh>tpH;0JySJRod;M.vDRIAud;vdmud;
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47IAud;vdmAM.Arh>tpH;0JxHwbdv>v>cJvXmM.
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48IAud;cd.AM.rh>tpH;0Jud;vXxHtd.w&H;0;0;M.
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49IAud;cd.AM.AAArh>tpH;0Jw>xD.zSd.Awcd.wcd.
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50IAud;cd.AAM.AArh>tpH;0Ju,J>wpkv>v>'fM.
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51IAud;usRAM.rh>tpH;0JySJRod;ogrJ;uvmM.vDRI
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52IAud;t*RAM.rh>tpH;0Jw*Rv>v>cJvXm'fM.
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53IAud;xHud;uD>AM.rh>tpH;0Ju,J>xH{dRuD>{dR
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54IAud;rHRAM.rh>tpH;0JcJvXm'fM.vDRIAAtd.'D;t
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55IAud;rHRud;rHRAM.Arh>tpH;0Jwuvkmb.wu
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56IAud;t*RAM.Arh>ySRunDrh>b.w>qlw>qgrh>
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58IAud;u'd.'d.ud;u'h'hAM.AArh>yud;vXt,HR
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60IAvJRoud;AM.Arh>yvJRw>cH*Rrh>*hR<AoX*Rrh>
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62IAud;CgAM.rh>w>zdw>vHR[JtD.bk'D;yrRoD.
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63IAud;rHRud;phAM.rh>w>vX[D.cd.tcsXwrHRv>
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64IAw>rRto;ud;rHRud;phAM.Arh>w>vDRv;td.
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65IAud;qXCh>qXAM.rh>ySRunDud;ySR'D;yud;u
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66IAud;teH.'J;AM.Arh>yrRw>weH.b.weH.'D;y
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67IAud;teH.bl.AM.Arh>ySRbl.cd.wz.M.rRbl.
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68IAud;yolud;yoDAM.AArh>yud;z;'d.vXm'.yw
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69IAud;zS.AAM.AArh>ySRunDwvXRrh>ud;t0R'D;
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91 / 91
ud;
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70IAud;trHRAM.AArh>ud;uvkm'J;vDRIAAw>td.vX
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71IAud;rSHRAM.AArh>ySRunDtrHRvDRusdmrh>*hR<tJ.
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72IAud;vXrd>vXy>AM.Arh>wvXRyHR,DRto;yS>'D;
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73IAud;od.ud;oDAM.AArh>ydmcGgu'Ju'JvXttJ.
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74IAud;rHoud;AM.Arh>yuvHmw>'D;ypH;vXud;rH
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75IAud;vh>oh.wuvkmAM.t'd;ytD.vDRIAA'D;t
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76IAud;iG.{DRiG.{DRAAM.AArh>xd.ySmud;'D;oD.0JiG.
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77IAud;iGJ;{D.iGJ;{D.AM.AArh>o.rJ{DRud;M.oD.0JiGJ;
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78IAud;iJmiJmAM.Arh>ySRunDAArRwuJxDbd'D;pH;0J
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79IAud;vh>vh>AM.Arh>zdo.vdmuGJ'D;ud;trd>-uL;
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80IAud;uv;uv;AM.rh>w>zdw>vHRud;0J-uL;
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81IAud;uv;{RuvJmAM.AArh>w>zdw>vHRb.'d
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82IAud;vh>vgrHAM.Arh>zdo.vdmuGJ'D;rRyShRtu
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83IAud;ql.ud;uedRAM.rh>ySR*RtrXySRw>wrd.
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84IAud;rSHud;ysD>AM.rh>ySRunDrRwuJ'D;'d.yvh>'D;
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85IAud;trHR'J;AM.AArh>tpH;0Ju,J>w>wrHRv>
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86IAud;trHRAM.rh>tpH;0J,k>trHR'fM.vDRIAACh>
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87IAud;trHRAM.Arh>tpH;0JwD>trHR'fM.vDRIAwD>
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88IAud;trHRAM.rh>tpH;0JcJvXm'fM.vDRIAud;t
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89IAud;r;AM.AArh>tpH;0Jw,HmvXRb.M.vDRIA
t0JtHRtqdwtd.b.I
90IAud;r;ySRylRw>'J;b;AM.rh>tpH;0Jw,HmvXR
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91IA'Dud;AM.AArh>'Dzdu>csH;wd>vXAyvlRycd.M.
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92IAud;vh>AM.rh>oh.wuvkmvDR*mvXoh.uD
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93IAud;vgAM.AArh>tpH;0JAvgwbh.v>v>'fM.
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94IAud;x.AM.A'ftHR<AArh>ypXCmx.vXy,D>'h
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95IA,D>wud;AM.rh>yrRw>vXyuH>y,D>'hM.'D;
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96IAwud;xD.<wud;Cm<wud;<AM.AArh>tpH;0J
92 / 92
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97IAwud;AM.rh>tpH;0JwySJRod;b.'fM.vDRIAw
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98IAw>ud;vh>AM.rh>w>uH.wuvkmtrHRvDRI
99IAud;ouURouURAM.rh>tpH;0Jud;oD.[lu'X
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100IAud;ouURouURAM.AArh>tpH;0Jud;tuvk>
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101IAud;ouURAM.rh>tpH;0Jud;vXt,HRM.vDRI
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102IAqhud;vh>AM.rh>qhuH.wuvkmvDRI
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105IAud;yk>ud;0J>AM.rh>ySRunDw'Dyk>0J>emouh
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resembling the flowers of the said
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94 / 94
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95 / 95
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102 / 102
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103 / 103
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104 / 104
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105 / 105
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106 / 106
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107 / 107
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108 / 108
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109 / 109
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110 / 110
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vDRIAA'D;teD>eD>rh>yusL;clol.vDRI
10IAusL;AM.A AArh>w>zdC>wuvkmt'H;vgtJ;uwh.'h.'D;AxJpkrk>pkq.M. yo;yS>ud;vXusL;vDRIA
A'D; ySRcJueH.tHRud;vX cd.yDRthvDRI AA'D;usL M.
ySRunDrRt'H;M.'D;A rR0JvXe>pJR'D;'H;0JvXte>
vDRIAusL;M.yxH.wylRylRtguXI
11IAusL;cd;vHmAM.rh>usL;cd;ol.tqdvDRIAAusL;
cd;ol.usL;cd;vHmpH;0J'.I
12IAusL;rHusL;bJAM. rh>yCdtD.w>n.vXrh.u
z;tusgrh>*hR<yCdvDRyxd;o.vXrh.qgud>tusg
rh>*hR<ypH;vXyusL;rHtD.vDRIAusL;rHtD.M>,RvX
w>n.wvd.wuh>IAA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXusH;usL;
vDR<usH;usL;tD.w>n.pH;0J'.I
13IAusL;bJAM. rh>usL;rHtqdvDRIAusL;rHusL;bJ
pH;0J'.I
14IAoh.usL;usDAAM.A Arh>y'D.wJ.oh.vXtqH;w
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usL;bk.oh.usL;usDM.rh>y'D.wJmoh.tcd.tcH<
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usL;usDvDRIAAA==ueDR==u&>A2
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usL;trk>p>{dRtzH;obsL;M.yzshwcGJysHRvDRI
16IAusL;usL;us;us;AM. rh>y,l>vDRwRo.tcsH
rh>*hR<Ay,l>vDRrhRrh>*hR<ypH;vXy,l>usL;usL;vDRI
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17IAusL;EkmvJ;EkmAAM.A Arh>yymud>wylmvXrh.t
usg'D;AAyjyHmcsHtp;vXuD>Cd;yrRySH>xD.uD>Cd;vX
wylmM.qlp;uql;uwhR'D;AAAypH;vXvXyusL;Ekm
vDRI A'D;yusL;EkmCJmqlrJ;vmM.'H;od;'D;yusL;Ekm
t0JtHRvDRIAAAAyrh>jyHmcsHp;vXuD>Cd;'D;yxd.*DRw
ylmM.'D;yusL;Ekmqltuql;tuwhRM.wuh>I
18IAusL;EkmCJmqlrJ;vmAM.AA Arh>yrR0;'fuEkm 0J
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19IAusL;'H;AM. rh>cd.yDRtht'H;M.olu,J>u-wh.
0JM.vDRI 'D;yo;yS>vXysXRud;vXAusL;'H;vDRIA
usL;'H;M.yrRvXe>pJR *hRuXI'D;yo;yS>rR0JvXxg
'ftHRIA
wcGgwH>wHRtd.zJtHR
xgwHmolpD,J>usL;'H;
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1IAusL.AM.A Arh>oh.z;'d.z;xDvXtbsXwz.M.
AypH;vXrRto;usL.uvmvDRIA oh.wxH;tbd
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t bsXwz.M.yrh>xH.vXyrJmng'D;A ypH;vXtzsg
usL.uvmvDRI Aoh.wz.M.A rh>bsX'D;td.xDvX
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vDRvDRIA'D;teD>eD>rh>uusL.xDuusL.vDRvDRI
4IAuusL.xDuusL.vDRI===see ex. 3
5IAusL.uwD>AM. yrh>xH.ySRrHpl.vDRto;bsXw
wJm'J;vXrh.tlxH;rh>*hR<vXvD>rHtzDcd.rh>*hR<AvX
ysJ>pD>rh>*hR<A 'D;ypH;b.rEkReusL.uwD>zJM.vJ.IA
ypH;'fM.vDRIA'D;b.wpkpkypH;erReo;usL.uwD>
zJM.rh>erH{gIAA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXAApX>usL.to;
vDRIApX>usL.I
6IAusL.uvmb sXusL.uvmAM.A Arh>oh.vXt
'd.'D;A b.vdm0J'D;z;xD'D;bsX0JM.'D;A td.qXxX.
vX[D.cd. wxH;CD 'D;AypH;vXtd.bsXusL.uvm
vDRIA Aoh.wxH;td.xDxX.r;vXA ck;o;uH>ylRbsX
usL.uvmvDRI
7IAusL.vDRusL.vDRto;AM.Arh>ySRunDrHvDR rh>
*hR<AAA*k>pX>vDRto;rh>*hR<AypH;vXusL.vDRto;
vDRIA*k>oDwbdusL.vDRto;vXusJ'D;AyvJR usJ zJ
M.wbl.b.< AySRw*RusL.vDRto;uJord;<Au
131 / 131
usL.
ush
rh>u>tuX.oXI
8IAusL.uwH>usL>uwd>AM.rh>ySRvXt0Ho;uX.
'D;rHvDRvXrh.tlxH;M.ypH;vXusL.uwD>vDRIA ySR
w*R0Ho;uX.'D;AArHvDRvXAz.uGmxH;usL.uwD>
vDRIA
9IAusL.usL.AAM.AA Arh>yxH.*k>pGg'D;ypH;vX*k>pGg
usL.usL.vDRIA *k>z;'d.wbdpGgr;usL.usL.ywD>
{D>wbl.b.I
10IA[;usL.usL.AM.A rh>ySRunDwrRw>eDwrHR
'D;[;-uD-uD'.tw>M.ypH;vX[;usL.usL.vDRI
ySRw*R,d;xD. 'D; AcsH. wbh.'D;A[;'.tw>usL.
usL.<wrRw>eDwrHRb.IA==usH.usL.usD.I
usLR
1IAusLRousLRuvmAM.A rh>csHwz.vJRw>'D;wkm
xD.0JvXjyDcd.'D;AA ypH;vXcsHwkmxD.ousLRuvm
vDRIAA csHwbh.wkmxD.ousLRuvm'D;AAyxk;
wM>b.I
2IAusLRusH>usLRusDRAM. Arh>vX>vXt'd.toGg w
z.M.ypH;vXvX>usLRusDRvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRpH;vX
vX>csLcsDvDRIAAxHwvdmvX>usLRusDRtgord;<AxH
wvdm td. xJvX>usLRusLRusDRusDRyCdmwrkmA
b.I
3IAplRusLRplRusLRAM.A Arh>yvJRw>ycD.qg'D;Azk.
xD M. ypH;vXyvJRw>plRusLRplRusLRvDRIAySR w*R
tcD.qg'D;vJRr;w>plRusLRplRusLRvDRI
4IAusLRwvlRusDRwvDRAM.A Arh>yol.vl>zs;'Ho.
0JtgtguvJm'D;AAypH;vXto.usLRwvlR usDRw
vDRvDRIAAck;wvD>vl> {dR'H{dRo.r;usLRwvlR usDR
wvDRvDRIA 'D;ySRweDReDRpH;vXusLRusLRusDRusDR
vDRIA==usLusLRusDRI
ush
1IAushuG>w>AM.A Arh>w>vXw>rd.uG>yo;wrHRrHR
vXySR*RrR0Jrh>*hR<AySR*Rtw>rh>*hR<AAyuG>zJyoh.
ng{dR'D;AypH;vXyushuG>vDRIAApuushuG>u>o&.
tyvDzdwzsX.*hRuvJ.IA AApuushuG>u>o&.rR
wvgwzsX.{J<*hRpuD;{gI
2IArJmwushrJmwusd.AM.Arh>yrJmyuG>w>wpX>qX
b.yrJmt0gtg'D;ypH;vXyrJmwushvDRIAAAySRw*R
trJmwuhs'D;uG>w>vXtuyRvDRI
3IAuhsxD.uhsvDRAM.AA rh>yuG>xD.yrJmqlycd.wcD
'D;AAypH;vXyuhsxD.yrJmvDRIAAerJmrh>b.yHmM.ush
xD.erJmqlecd.wcD<puuG>u>rh>w>urSHRtd.{gI
4IAushCJmusgCJmAM.A rh>y-wLmCJm'D;vX>wkRCJm
ue.th.'D;ypH;vXyushCJmvDRIAA Ayush uGg{D>'fM.
od; vDRIACJmvlRvHush vXvX>olwuh>IA'D;ySRweDR
eDRpH;vXush*lmvDR'D;A AySRweDReDRpH;vXushCDush CD
vDRushCDush*lmM.'H;od;od;vDRIA
5I AushCDRM. rh>ySRtd.vXyuyRrh>*hR<vXycsXCH
rh>*hR< AAyrh>uG>CDRzJyuG>oh.ng{dR'D;ypH;vXyush
CDRvDRIA ySRw*RpvJRtd.vXtuyR'D;ushCDR,R
vXtrJmwd>cH< Ayrh>uG>w>qlyrJmuyR'D;ypH;vX y
ushCDRvDRI
6IAush*mAM.A rh>y*muG>wdRrh>cX.{>wcX.{>M.y
*muG>'D;ypH;vXush*mvDRIApuush*muG>wdRwwdR
rh>cX.wcX.vJ.I
7IAushushusd.usd.AM. rh>wrmydmw>oD.'D;A Ay'l.
yDRul;oD.M. ypH;vXoD.ushushvDRI Awrmw*Rydm
w>oD.r;ushushusd.usd.vDRI
8IApushvJRuG>w>AM.rh>ySR*Rrh>xH.w>wrHRrHR'D;
uD.0J'D;pvJRuG>puD;'D;A AypH;vXpushvJRuG> vDRIA
ySRunDuD.*k>td.zJM.<puushvJRuG>u>{JI
9IAushzH;ushrRAM. rh>ySR*Rrh>rXyrRw>wrHRrHR'D;rX
0JyrR'fM.'D;ywrRb.IAA AyrRwrHR'.'D;ypH;vXy
ushrRvDRIA 'D;ySR*Rrh>rXyvJR[H;M>w>wrHR'D;yvJR
[H;M>w>wrHR'.<'D;ySR*Rrh>rXySR'D;ywqgemouh
yymqgyo;'D;ypH;vXyymushrRyo;vDRIAewb.
b.w>eDwrHRb.< ushrRw*hR<o&.rXevJR'D;tDR
'D;epH;vXevJRwuJb.M.rh>eushrRo&.vDRI
10IAushoH*D>AM.A rh>yoh.ngw>emouh'D;yoH*D>
vXySR*R'D;ypH;vXyushoH*D>vDRIySRw*Roh.ngw>
'D;ushoH*D>0JvDRI
11IAushtD.Arh>ushrRtqdvDRIAA Ayrh>rXeRM.ushrR
ushtD.ySRw*hRI
12IAushtD.ushtDAM. rh>xD&DRukR{dRz.{dR<oh.o.
0.zsdM.rh>0H.{>w0H.{>M.ytD.uG>'D; ypH;vXyush
tD.vDRIA puushtD.uG>wRo.wzsX.rh>qXw qX
vJ.I
13IArlmwusH>rlmwushAM.rh>w>zdw>vHRwz.ol{D>
wol< *DR{D>w*DRb.rRo;jyL;wpJ;pJ;olwpJ;pJ;<t
ql.M.usD.usJ'D;At0gwbdbd<A 'D;tolw bd bd<
t*DRwbdbd'D'kng'D; AypH;vXrlmwushvDRI 'D;ySRu
nDM.txGH.td.'fM.weDReDR'D;ud;0JvXxGH.zgrlm
132 / 132
ush.
ush
vDRIAxGH.zgrlmw'krlmwushyuG>*hRuXI
14IArlmwushrlmwusgAM.Arh>ySRunDqJ;zSd;[kw 0g
b.'D;ypH;vXrlmwushvDRIA eoguqJ;zSd;rEkR[krlm
wushM.ytD.0H.{gI
15IAushuqS.AM.A Arh>yrRcsH.bdrh>*hR<A yrRbDbd
rh>*hR<yrRCJmwd>e;wd>vXoh.'D;Ayrh>tJ.'d;tb.
vdm<tuqS.M.y-wLm'D;vX>ol'D; ypH;vXyushu
qS.vDRI AushuqS.ecsH.bdvXvX>olcd.M.wuh><
ySRunDM.rh>rRuqS. oh.'D;AAush uqS. 0J vXvX>
cd.vDRIA
16IAouDRbk.ouDRushAM.A rh>ouDRwuvkmt
o.xJpkrk>pkq.'D;txH;zk.0JvXtv.t'hykmvDR
b.vX[D.cd.'D;AAtqSK.tgwkRyvJRvXtusgw
ohb.M.yud;vXouDRushvDRI AAAouDRushM.ycsD
usD;tD.to.qH.uXI
17IAwushwdRyRAM.A Arh>yuwdRw>'D;ySR*R'D;ySR*R
wuG>pX>qXb.yrJm'D;A AypH;vXymto;oush wdR
yRvDRIAAAySRw*RysHRySR'D; AyoH*D>tw>'D;td.'.t
w>wushwdRyRvDRI
ush>
1IAush>ush>us>us>AM. rh>w>ud>e;e;uvJm'D;ypH;
vXw>ud>ush>ush>vDR<w>ud>ush>ush>M.ytd.wuJ
b.'D;yCktd.u'kvDRI AppH;puul;bk'D;w>ud>r;
ush>ush>vDRI
2IAqgush>ush>AM. rh>w>qge;wkRyuDRwuJb.'D;
ypH;vXqgush>ush>vDRI po;ytl;qgr;ush>ush>vDRI
pcd.wzsX.qgr;ush>ush>ptd.wrkmb.< p0hwzsX.
qgr;ush>ush>vDRIAAArh.tlud>oG;pcD.qgr;ush>ush>
vDRvJ.rD.IA
3IAush>ush>us>us>AM. rh>ySRunDzduJ;-uL;-uL;'D;
ypH;vXuJ;ush>ush>vDRIA AySRunDt zdw*RysHRw>'D;
uJ;r;ush>ush>vDRI
ush.
1IAvl>ush.';bsgAM.A Arh>ySRunDrRoHn.vXoh.
wuvkmt'd;tv.'D;AAoh.CH.wuvkmtzH;'D;y
pH;vXyvl>ush.vDRIAyvl>ush.';bsgM.y[H;M>oh.
vXtrlRoHn.wz.t'd;rh>*hR<oh.CH.vXtzH;rlR
oHn.wz.rh>*hR< ywD>bsJ;wd>bsJ;'D;yusJ usDvXuGH
ylR'D;n.oHM.ypH;vXyvl>ush.vDRI
rSHRvl>uV.vXvX>qh.eDR
yS>';bsgvXvX>qh.eDR
oHn.'d.pDRwuG>vDRI
oH'h.'d.pDRwuG>vDR
r*>tzd'd.xD.oD
uG>wHmwmySJRtDRwcD
2IAySRunDvl>ush.M. b.wpkpkpH;0JvXywD>xH<'D;
b.wpkpkpH;0JvXy'dvDRxHvDRIA AA'D;b.wpkpkpH;0J
vXywD>vDRxHvDRIA'D;wpkpkypH;vXywD>ush.vDRI
3IAush.{dRysDR{dRAM.A rh>oh.zdvXt'd;rlRoHn.<'D;
oh.CH.vXtzH;rlRoHn.M.ypH;vXush.vDRIAAvJR
yJmush.{dRysDR{dRyuvJRwD>vDRxHwuh>I
4IAush.bDush.-wRAM.A Arh>oh.CH.vXtzH;vmbD
wuvkmM.AypH;vXush.bDvDRIAA A'D;tzH;M.rlR oH
n.vDRIAA 'D;td.'D;tjyH wuvkm'D;toGgwu vkm
vDRIAAush.bDM.yrh>wh>vDRtzH;qlxHusg'D;n.rlR
oH0JM.ypH;vXush.vDRIAA'D;tzH;vmbDM.yud;vX
ush.bDvDRI
5IAush.bk.ush.-wRAM.A Arh>oh.zdwuvkmM.t
o.bH.'fbDb.o.tod;'D;A eDpkq.{dR'D;txH;xJ
cD.rk> 'd.M.yud;vXush.bk.vDRIA'D;ush.bk.M.y
tD.to.<ytD.tcsH'fyxd;bDb.tod;M.vDRIA
ush.bk.cD.xH;qDrHR0J;
yzDvXvhusX>cd.[J
6IAush.usX.AorAush.usH>ush.usX>AM.rh>xH qJ;
uvRvXyvD,GRc.pd;tylR'D; ypH;vXush.usX.
ush.usX.vDRIA 'D;ySRunDushxD.ushvDRt rJm M.
ypH;vXush.usX.ush.usX.ph>uD;vDRI AxHqJ;u
vRvXyvDylRush.usX.ush.usX.M.{JI
eD>0Jrh>ovDtvHR
ush.usX.vXpDRrJmwd>cH
7IAush.usd.usD.AM.AA rh>yuG>xD.q.vXrlcd.'D;
wpd>zd,lRwzsX.<A wpd>zd,lRwzsX.'D;ypH;vX,lR
ush.usd.usD.ush.usd.usD.vDRIpuG>xD.q.w
ylR,lRr;ush.usd.usD.ush.usd.usD.vDRI'D;ySRw
eDReDRpH;vXt,lRush.{d.usD.ush.{d.usD.vDRI
8IAo.ush.usX.AM. Arh>yrJmo.M.vDRIA A'D;ySReg
M.ApH;0JvXo.ush.usX.to.M.rh>yrJmvDRI AA'D;
ySRvXysXRw*RvJRM>rgb.ySReg'D;trgySRegrk.M.
pH;0J'.vJRrRM>tD.o.ush.usX.to.vXrd> td.
wuh>IA 'D;t0JM.vJRqltrgtrd>ttd.'D;ApH;0JvX
trSHR yS>M.ezdrk.rRvdmtD.o.ush.usX.to.
vXeRvDRI o.ush.usX.to.rRto;'fvJ.'f
133 / 133
ush.
ush.
vJ.pwoh.ngb.,Jb.pH;0J'.< 'D;trHRyS>pH;tDR
poh.ng,Xm<AAApurRM>tD.pzdrk.vXAAo.ush.
usX.to.vDRIA'D;pk.vDRud.{dRzh{dR'D;Awd>ud.'D;
ud;zSd.zd'Hzdo.tgtguvJm'H;od;utD.ud.M.'D;
zdo.td.tgtguvJmtzXrk>M.'D; tuzktlcGJ;
xD.M>ySRunDzdtrJmo.wd.M.AcJvXm'D;AA'X 0JySJR
w'D;wzsX.ng'D;zsD.CmwH>0J'.tcd.CgreR'D;pH;
0JvXtrmM.AuhR[h.pzdrk.tHR'D;yD;xD.vXusJ w
*hR{D.<'D;AtrmM.uhR[H;0J'D;qdurd.0Jw>vXo.
ush.usX.to.tHRrRo;'fvJ.<puyD;xD.uG>{J<
'D;yD;xD.uG>0J'D;AySRunDtrJmo.M.,lRxD.uGHm
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trg'D;AtrgM.'k;xD.clol.tcd.vX,.'D;tD.ySR
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b.o.ush.usX.to.pH;0J'.<'D;Au,J>'.ySR u
nDtzdvXAtvJRtD.ud.vXySRegwd>M.'D;A AAtrJm
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tD.uGHmtrJmySRcH*RoX*RM.trJmqg'D;bsD.ud;*R
'J;vDRIAyo;yS>pH;0J'.I
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9IAypH.wJRrwRw*RvXysXRw*R'Dyk>0J>cGgoX*R'D;
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to.vD R pH ; 0J ' .<
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to;'D ; rXp[J q l e td . vD R I
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vJRtd.oud;t*dRrD.'D;t0J'.td.vXtrm vD>cH
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141 / 141
usdm
usdm
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142 / 142
usdm
usdm
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143 / 143
usd;
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11IAwX>uGJR wbduGDR puD;rk>A0;qGJ;puD;vDRIArk>
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vmvDRI
12IAouDGR<puDGR<wuGDRI
177 / 177
c
c
13IAuGDRAAM.AArh>ybd;uh.o0H;*h>u0DRusDRwu
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uh>I
14IAcd.uGDRAM.rh>cd.zX.M.vDRIA'D;urh>u>ySRw
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15IAuGDRw&H;AM.AArh>w>uh.o0H;0;uhRtwDRM.
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uh . o0H ; to;u0D R usD R 0;uh R twD R 'D ; AypH ;
vXwX>uG J R uG D R w&H ; rk > vD R IAArk > *XRto;
vXwX>uGJRM.wX>uGJRuGDRw&H;rk>0;qGJ;I
16IAtuGDRAM.rh>w>tuh.u0DRwz.M.ypH;vX
tuGDRye>eXRM.td.'D;tuGDR vDRIAwcGJtd.'D;t
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17IAtuGDRylRAM.Arh>w>uh.tylRM.ypH;vXtuGDR
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18IA-u>tuGDRAM.Arh>yChCmuh.vDRoh.zdwbd
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21IArJmouGDRAM.Arh>yrJmtuGDRvXyrJmySRtd.0Jt
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24IAuGDRAM.rh>[d;tqdvDRIA[d;{dRuGDR{dRpH;0J'.<
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25IAzDuGDR AM.Arh>oh.zdwuvkmcHuvkmM.yud ;
vXzDuGDRvDRIA zDuGDRteD>wuvkmM.tzD0g'D;t
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26IAzDuGDRueXAM.Arh>tzD*DR0JvDRIA'D;tv.z;vJ>
u0DRusDRvDRIAAzDuGDRueXM.tzD*DRqSK.uvmM.
ypH;vXzDuGDRueXvDRIAAA'D;tzDtdylRM.td.'D;tzD
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27IAuGDRuGDRAM.rh>ySRunDqD.vDRtpkvXt,D>'h
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uwX>wpkpkM.AAySRweDReDRpH;vXxHcwXpuD;vDRI
cwXM.rh>yud;ydmxGJySd>tcHvDRI
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'D;ud;vdmto;vXc,DvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRud;vX
cGg,D<'D;weDReDRud;vXcGgpDvDRIA'D;teD>eD>rh>cGgpD
vDRIApuvJRtd.oud;c,Dwpd>eJ<vJRtd.oud;
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1IAcvHAM.Arh>ySRvXuwdRubsH;ubs.w>wz.
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178 / 178
cg
cg
vXc;obVtylRtHRrh>b.C;'D;AAySd>tuvk>vDRIA
ySRw*RcvHord;I
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3IAcvHcvJAM.Arh>yymw>wzd;b.td.jygqH>jygqJ
'D;'D'd;yudmvdmto;M.ySRweDReDRud;vXcvHcvJ
vDRIAyCDvDRCDrh>wzd;b.'D;'D'd;yudmvdmto;
M.rh>CDcvHcvJvDRIAA'D;rh>ySd>tuvk>vDRIAevdm
uGJeCh>'D;CDcvHcvJvXmvHr;vJ.IA'D;rh>uvHu
vJ'D;wvHwvJvDRI
4IAcvHAArh>cvJtqdvDRIAAACDcvHcvJvXmvHpH;0J
'.<b.q.Aw>vXc;obsh M.yS R unD w uwd R
b.vXttgb.IAySd>wz.uwdR0Jtgwuh>I
5IAw>cvHAM.rh>w>to;vXto.ttdylRM.ySR
weDReDRud;vXw>cvHvDRIA'D;teD>eD>rh>w>csHvDRI
vl>cvH<';cvH<'HcvH<ob.cvH<bkcvHpH;0J'.I
1IAcvHmAM.rh>yrXySR*RvJR'D;ySRrh>*hR<yrXvJRrHo
ud;'D;ySRrh>*hR<ypH;vXycvHmvDRIA'D;rh>ySRweDReDR
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cvH.wbh.wuh>IApuc;xd.c;vH.I
1IAcvXAM.Arh>yeD>p>qlyvD>cHwcDM.ypH;vXyc
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bJ;'D;ypH;vXycvX<yuwdRrh>csh'D;ypH;vXycsXvDRI
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uwdRwtgw0>b.I
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vXcvX.vDRIA'D;teD>eD>rh>csX.vDRI
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1IAcvk;AM.rh>yrRw>ywtd.uvDb.'D;ypH;vX
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yrJcvkRp>vDRIA'D;teD>eD>rh>uvkRp>vDRIAzdo.t
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1IAcvlcvDAM.rh>vX>z;'d.td.0JtgtguvJm 'D;
vX>wz.M.yud;vXvX>cvlcvDvDRIAA'D;teD>eD>
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1IAcvhAM.AArh>yypk>ywhR<Ch>xD.Ch>vDRM.ypH;
vXcvhvDRIAA'D;teD>eD>rh>cshvDRIAvJRcvh<ArRw>c
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1IAcvJAM.Arh>wvJvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRud;vXcvJ
vDRIApDRyRvXysXR'd;'D;uoh.cvJvDRIA'D;rh>tud;
ydmxGJySd>tcHvDRIA
1IAcvdAM.rh>w>zH;w>rRvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRud;ydm
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cvduhugwuh>I
1IAcvDAM.Arh>ytD.rhRwb.b.'D;uolrh>*hR<y
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td.eDwrHRb.<ptD.cvDrhRvDRIAySRw*RvJRcvD
w>'D;ypH;y0JvXuvDvDRIA'D;cd.vD{D>ywpH;b.I
2IAcvDturl.<cvDtxHAM.ywpH;b.y0Jb.< e>
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cg
1IAtchtcgAM.AArh>trk>tvgtqXtuwD>M.y
ud;ydmxGJy,DRtcHvXtchtcgvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRpH;
vXtuhRtcgvDRIAAAtcgrh>b.bk*DR'D;Ayuul;
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179 / 179
cg
cg
vHRxDtcg'D;AuvHRrk>EkmxD.0J'D;w>[JplRe;e;u
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vDRIAA'D;ypH;vXuvHRvDRcg{D>ypH;<AypH;vXuvHR
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yrRbkrR[k<yulmyzJ;'D;w>wplRb.I
5IAw>plRcgAM.Arh>w>plRtuwD>vXw>w,DRb.
0J'D;w>[JplR0Je;e;uvJmM.ypH;vXw>plRcgvDRIA
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vgcl;qH;rk>qH;q.vgeDtylRM.AAypH;vXw>plRcg
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b.<xH'd.rh.yshRe;uXI
6IAw>*d>cgAAM.Arh>w>*d>tuwD>vXvgysKRylRw>
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6=1IAbkcgAM.Arh>bk*DRtuwD>vXyul;bk<yrRbk
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7IAcgAM.rh>yvJRw>yxGJycD.M.ypH;vXycgvDRI ySR
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8IAcgoh . zl AM.Arh > yvJ R w>'D; Aoh . zlt d . 'D .wlm
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vXusJM.cguympJ.<'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXcguym'D;
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ySR*RwhRtD.zDtD.n.vXAySR'Dyk>0J>cGgEGH*Ru0J>M>
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td.vXysJ>pD>M.w>o.0HRto;b.q.<AySR*Rw
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'Dyk>0J>cGgEGH*RAAtrd>yrk.urJu0J>M>qGJ.uX>CJm'D;
n.jyHn.jyd;M.uhRzDtD.0J'D;td.vXt[H.uG> CDR
tzdEGH*RvXySR*Rym0HRtw>M.'D;AAud;uhR0J'D;pH;0J
'.ySR*Rtzd{Xokw[JuhRtD.rhR'D;,R{J<A'D;tzdEGH
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vdR'D;wrRpXRb.ySR*Rb.<AAtH;uhRuG>uhRtrd>
rRtD.rRtD,kRtrd>'D;ulmck;zJ;oH.<CkM>tD.trd>
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ym0HRtDR'D;oh.eD.yD>,>vDRuhRto;vDRIAA'D;ySR
180 / 180
c;
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vXtvk .oh . cgywmup>,G R tuvk > tuxg
wz.M.rh > wue.<wwd > M.b.up>,G R tw>
od.w>oDw>rRvdmydmvDR'D;AAb.zSD.0JvXrk>uDR
vH>tpkylRvDRIAArh>oh.eD.yD>,>vDRto;up>,GR
utk.uhRcD.uhRvDRIA
10IAvk.oh.cgywmup>,GRtuvk>tuxgAM.
rh>ywwd>M>AAb.up>,GRtuvk>tuxgw>rR
vdm ydmvDRb.'D;AAypH;vXyvk.oh.cgywmtu
vk>vDR'D;AAb.wpkpkypH;vXvk.oh.cguymvDRI
ySRvXvk.oh.cgywmup>,GRtuvk>txgwz.
M.uvDRb.qlv&mylRvDRI
11IAcguG H m AM.Arh > ytD . w>vXyud m yw,l > vD R
b.'D;yrRvDRuGHmM.ypH;vXycguGHmvDRIAwRo.
tcsHvXy,l>wEkmb.rh>*hR<Aw>urDRtD.toH;rh>
*hR<yymvXyudmylRM.yrh>w,l>vDRb.'D;ytDxD.
yc.'D;vDRwJmuGHm0JM.ypH;vXycguGHmvDRIA'D;xH
ydmM.yXRqH;xJtxH'D;yrRvDRwJmuGHmtoH;vXy
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191 / 191
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192 / 192
ck.
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193 / 193
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210 / 210
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vJRwkR'D;AeD>csD.uRtrd>pH;tDRpD{X<AokrRbsgvdm
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240 / 240
cG;
cGH
pDR,d;Cd;'D;eD>csD.uR
rd>w>CHySdRvd>uJ.ug
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12IArhRwDRcGgAM.Arh>ywDRrhRwDRcHqDM.wzsX.CD'D;
ypH;vXrhRwDRcGgvDRIArhRwDRcGgM.tcd.pltcHpl'D;t
uyd m vd R M.uzXxD . 'D ; uh . 0J M .rh > rh R wD R cG g
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ud;0JvXrhRwDRwpkpk<ud;0JvXrhRwDRrk.wpkpkvDRI
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241 / 241
cGH.
cGH.
t*H>vDRI
14IAoH*d>wX>oH*d>cGgAM.AArh>w>zdw>C>wuvkm
M.yShRvXw>plRz;zDouG.'D;yOR0JvXyeRvDRIAA'D;y
ud;vXoH*d>cGgvDRIAAoH*d>cGgM.yOR0Jtd.'D;tcgwpk
pkvXw>plz;zDouG.'D;yOR0JvXreRvDRIA'D;td.0J
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u0DR*dRwpJ;pJ;u0DRwpJ;pJ;'D;ypH;vXypko0H;cGg
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rR o;'ftd.zSd.tod;'D;Au0DRwpJ;pJ;*dRwpJ;pJ;'D;y
pH;vXo0H;cGgvDRIAA'D;rh>o0H;vXtu0DRM.ypH;vX
o0H;rk.vDRI
16IAcGg,DAM.Arh>ydmcGgu'Ju'JvXt-uX;vXywcGg
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'D;tcDynD'H;od;od;'D;cGgpDvDRI
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cd.uqS.uqS.vDRIA'D;yo;yS>pH;0JvXycGHycd.vX
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242 / 242
cGH.
cGH.
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puM<'D;tJ.cGH.M.vDRIA'D;tzHuhR'D;oH*D>tzH<Ae
vJRwvd>M>uD;{gzH{X<AtzHpH;tDR<M>,Xm<'D;vJRwD
tvHRcGH.M.vXemylRvDRIAAvJR0JwkR'D;td.Ckm0J'D;
yJu&;tzdrk.w'gM.vDRIAtd.,Hm,Hm'D;b.vXy
ulmcgzJ;cgySRwz.zJ;0HRvXmvH<AewvJRzJ;b.rkR
vJ.<A'D;pH;qXtrg<Arh>,DRM.'D;cJ*DR ,uvJRzJ;
vDRIArk>qh.xD.'D;vJRtd.0JvXoh.cd.qX.cd.'D;y
nd.xD.oguUuvm'D;<oh.{dR0.{dRu>jy;jy;vXm
upX>EGHzsX.'D;[JuhR0JvDRIAtd.td.'D;trgpH;tDRe
vJRzJ;wpd>{dRe[JuhR'D;Aetd.'.ew>rh>tqH;vJ>
243 / 243
cU
cU.
vJ.<pH;qXtrg<vJ>vJ>yrRuhRwuJb.IAtrHRyS>
M.Atd.vXrqgcDoH*D>tzdrk.e0RM.AvXreRrR
o;,DRvJ.<AvXreRuJxD.vXzd.o.cGgw*R*h R
uX<bh.vDRuGHmcGH.zH;'D;uGHmCDRM,Rwuh>IArk>[g
'D;t0RrHbh.vDRuGHmAtzH;trguGHmCDRqlt rd>td.
'D;trd>CdvDRuGHmqlrh.tlylR<AAt0Rw*RzkoHeD.
xD.'D;pH;0JtXrh.tltD.,qhvXm<trgw*R[h.
CDRtqht,.'D;ulxD.od;xD.0J'.vDRIAAA'D;td.
ck.td.rkmuhR0JvDRI
2IAcGH.oH.egAM.Arh>cGH.wuvkmxJpkrk>q.'D;t'H;
td.0J'D;,lR0JohM.AypH;vXcGH.oH.egvDRIAcGH.oH.
egM.td.vXoh.usg0.usg'D;,lRpD>vDRvXoh.vdR
wxH;b.wxH;vDRI
3IAcGH.'dAM.Arh>cGH.wuvkmtzgwz.tcd.*DR qSK.
uvm'D ; yud ; vXcG H . 'd v D R IAcG H . 'd M .td . vX
yS>usg'D;ySRunDtD.0JpuD;vDRIA'D;trd>wz.tcd.
w*DRb.<rRo;'ftubDtod;wpJ;pJ;vDRI
4IAcGH.cd;AChameleonM.Arh>cGH.wuvkmxJpkrk>'d.
'D;rRo;C;[k.uvm'D;yud;vXcGH.cd;vDRIA'D;td.
vXyS>rk>ueXvDRIA 'D;ySRunDtD.0JvDRIA 'D;td.'D;
t'H.cgwpkpkvDRIA'D;ySRunDtD.0J'D;t'H.M.vDRI
5IAcGH.bJAM.Arh>cGH.wuvkmzdeJuJ.{dR'D;0gwpJ;pJ;
'D;yud;vXcGH.bJvDRIA'D;ySRweDReDRud;vXcGH.bJ{dR
vDRIA'D;td.vXoh.v.cHoh.v.vdRvDRIA
6IAcGH.,JRAM.rh> Small species of cGH.wuvkm
td.vXysDcd.ysDylR'D;ArRtylRvX[D.cd.vm'D;xJpk
rk>'d.cD.rk>'d.'D;trJ>ysd>uH.ChtuyRuH.Cht
uyRuH.Ch'D;yud;vXAguana or resembling a guana in form, etc. AcGH.,JRvDRI 'D;
ySRunDcl.tD.0JvDRI
7IAcGH.*k>oDABullaris or green, lizard M.vg
[huvhR'f*k>oDtod;'D;yud;vXcGH.*k>oDvDRIA'D;xJ
od;'D;cGH.*k>oDM.'fod;od;vDRI
8IAurD.cGH.AM.rh>urD.cGD.tqdvDRIAyulyod;w>
vDRwxDb.'D;vDR0Jzk.-wH;{dRM.yud;'D;AtqdvX
urD.cGH.urD.cGD.vDRIA'D;ypH;vXorD.cGH.o rD.cGD.
ph>uD;vDRI
cU
1IAcUAM.Arh>ypH.'D;vJRxD.vXw>uydmvdRM.ypH;
vXycUvDRIAAySRw*RpcUto;vJRvXw>uydmvdR<
'D;rh>yo;yS>tuvk>vDRIAypH.M.yo;yS>vXysXRpH;
vXycUyo;vDRIAySRw*Rtd.vX[H.'D;cUto;ql
w>ysDylRb;M.vDRI
2IAcUovhAM.rh>'fypH.vJRu,HR'D;ypH.vXeD.xd;
bdz;xDtvdRM.AypH;vXycUovhvDRIAySRw*RcU o
vhxHwvdm*mqG;<xHzdvdmwz.ycUovh*m<ycD.
wb.pD.b.I
3IAuoh.cUwvd.wvd.AM.AAywpH;b.<ypH;vX
uoh.cUto;-qD;-qD;vDRIAuoh.ywDR'D;pH.0JvJR
vXw>uydmvdRwpJ;pJ;M.AypH;vXuoh.ywDRcUt
o;-qD;-qD;vDRIAA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXcUto;vJRr;
';vd.';vd.vDRIAAA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXpH.-qD;-qD;
vDRI
4IAcUn.AM.AArh>n.th.wcGJvXtd.'D;tbdwz.
M.yrh>xk;'D;ypH;vXycUn.vDRIAAn.wbh.th.
wcGJ'D;pcU'D;vJRxD.r;qlw>uydmvdRvDRIAAn.w
bh.th.wcGJ'D;pcUw;wcGJysHRwJmjz;<'D;Ab.wpkpky
pH;vXycUxD.n.qlcdvDRI
5IAcUxD.tcHAM.Arh>ySRunDvdmuGJ'D;[H;xD.usdR
'D;AAbs;xD.tcHqlusdRcd.M.AypH;vXycUxD.tcH
vDRIAySRw*RtcHCX'D;cUxD.tcHqlusdRcd.wM>
b.I
6IAcUcDGAM.Arh>yykmbJ'D;yrR0;ypkcsho'H;zk.vDRxD
xD.zk.vDRxDxD.M.ypH;vXycUcDGvDRIyykmbJM.y
xk;cUcDGeD.ykmcsho'H;'D;AypH;vXyykmbJ'D;ycUcGDvDRIA
ykmbJ'D;xkcUcGDcsho'H;wuh>IAr;tbsJ;ucsh'H;I
7IAxk;cUcGDysHRAM.Arh>yxk;ysHRtcd.w*R'D;yxk;zk.
vDRxDxD.vXtz;zDM.AAypH;vXyxk;cUcDGysHRvDRI y
xk;cUcDGysHRM.AySRvXtpH.ysHRwz.M.pH.0JvXtu
ydmvdRM.vDRI
8IAcUtqH.AM.Arh>zdo.ydmcGgwz.M.qH.qg'D;
tqH.zsd;'D;vDRwJmqJ;u0DR'D;AAtup>M.,HRw
pJ;'D;ypH;vXcUtqH.vDRIAAydmcGgzdo.wz.rh>qH.
qg'D;cUtqH.wJmqd;vXb;M.,HR'D;tup>vDRI
9IAcUpD>uvmAM.Arh>w>uh.0Jb.vdm pcGJ.'J.'D;
tcd.wrsdRtcHwrsdRM.AypH;vXcUpD>uvmvDRIA'D;
b.wpkpkypH;vXuh.pcUvDRIAuqDrJM.uh.cUpD> u
vmvDRIA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXuh.qDzgrJ>cUpD>u vm
vDRI
10IAuh.pcUAM.Arh>w>uh.0JuGDRwvDR'fye>eXRt
od;M.ypH;vXuh.pcUvDRIA'D;ypH;puD;vXuh.pcU
vDRIAAA'D;ypH;puD;vXuh.rcU<uh.rhcU'D;uh.wcGh<
244 / 244
cGJ
cGJ
uh.ocUvDRIye>w'kteXRuh.r;uh.pcU<eyJm0.zd
wbduh.pcU'fye>eXRtod;vDRI
11IApcU'hAM.Arh>ySRunDymtxgcD.to&hRxH;t
ql.M.zSLuh.0J'D;ypH;vXpcU'hvDRIAAAySRw*Rtxg
cD.ql.pcU'h{dR<pH;0J'.IA
12IAwcUAM.rh>vH.yShRM.oD.cUcU'D;ypH;vXvH.wcU
vDRIAvH.w'kwcUoD.r;cUcUcUcUvDRI
vH.wcUcUvH.wwD;
vH.tD.o.csd;csh.tzD
13IAcUuymAM.AArh>yqD.vDRoh.zlcd.'D;ypH.uym
opD;uvm'D;AypH;vXcUuymvDRIAAoh.zlM.wkRy
qD.vDRtzlcd.xD.b;'D;ycUuym0JvDRI
14IAxHcUto;AM.Arh>xHzsd;xD.vXw>ylRvXvh ylR<
vX0.ylR<'D;vDRqJ;,HR0JM.ypH;vXxHcUto;vDRIA
xHzsd;xD.'D;AcUto;vJR,HRuX<xHzsd;xD.cUto;'f
ycUyqH.tod;I
cU.
1IAvDRcU.vDRcGD.AM.Arh>ySR vXtz;'d.z;xD'D;yS>
0J<CJ0JvDRpul;0JM.AAypH;vXvDRcU.vDRcGD.vDRI
ySRw*RxD'D;vDRpul;r;vDRcU.vDRcGD.vDRI
2IAcU.xD.AM.rh>ySRvXtuX.tusLwz.M.w
rRuvduhu g'D;AuwdRol.*JRxD .0JvXoguuJ
vXouDR<AoguJvXw>bs.<AoguuJvXuD>cFL;
'D ;AypH ;vXcU .xD .vDRIAA'D; b.wpkp k ypH; vXvD>
xD . tud m vD R IAyS R w*RwrRw>eD w rH R <cU . xD .
vXogu[k.w><AcU.xD.vXoguuJvXuD>cFL;<
cU . xD . vXoguuJ v XouD R vD R IAAyS R w*RxH .
y,DR'D;AcU.xD.vXy,DRtuvk>wcDvDRIAySRw*R
uwdRw>'D;cU.xD.vXySd>wcDI
3IAcU.xDAM.AArh>ySRvXto;yS>wh>'D;td.'D;zd'D;rm
M.wkRrh>oH'D;ArR0J'D;rhRwDR'D;AoH'D;rRbl.xD.uhR
0JM.ypH;vXwD>cU.xD.vDRIAA'D;rhRwDR'D;oH;M.pH;0J
vXcU.xDrDq.vDRI
cGJ
1IAcGgpDcGJ,DI
2IAcGJuGHmAM.Arh>yrRuGHmw>urSHRvXoEl'D;ypH;vX
ycGJuGHmvDRIAAcGJuGHmw>urSHRvXCDcd.M.wuh>IAAcGJ
uGHmrhRzSH.vDR-oKvXCDcd.wuh>IA
3IAcGJysDAM.AArh>[H.tzDvmvDRpySdmvXw>urSHR< 'D;
oD.*lmoD.*JRcJ'D;yrRuqSDvXoElM.ypH;vXycGJysD
vDRIAcGJysDuGHm'X;zDvmM.ysDrh>wh>wuh>IA'X;zDvm
cJuX<'D;ypH;vXcGJod.puD;vDRI
4IAcGJod.AM.Arh>yrRysD[D.cd.tzDcd.rh>*hR<[H.t
zDcd.rh>*hR<ypH;vXycGJod.vDRIAAcGJod.uGHm'X;zDcd.
'X;zDvmwuh>I
5IAeD.cGJod.AM.Arh>yChu'd.oElrh>*hR<qSgrh>*hR<
vXyurRysD'X;zDcd.'X;zDvmt*D>'D;Ayud;vXeD.cGJ
od.vDRIvJRrRM>poElwu'd.wuh>IApurReD.cGJ
od.<A'D;o&.oh.M.rReD.cGJod.vXuoh.tql.
vDRI
6IAcGJymAM.AAyvJRrRysDo&dmylRvXywcsK;td.'H;
b.'D;ypH;vXcGJymvDRIAAo&.uvJRxD.[Dw&g'D;
vJRcGJymo&dmylRysDrh>wh>wuh>IA
7IAcGJ,DAM.Arh>yr*>tzd<yzgwH>tzdvXt'Dbl;'D
wH>'D;ySR'D;yud;vXcGJ,DvDRIAA'D;b.wpkpkyud;vX
cGgpDvDRIAvJRtd.oud;rD.cGJ,D<pvJRwcsK;'H;b.
cJ,D{XI
8IAwcGJAM.Arh>yrRx;zdwbduqS.'.{dR'D;yrRpl
tcd.'D;touhRM.y0DRuh.tDR'D;AypH;vXwcGJvDRI
wcGJM.rh>y0DRuh.uGDRwvDR<Ab.vdm*hR*hRuvJm
'D;ywcGJtD.n.vDRIAAwcGJM.ywcGJn.'D;ybs;'D;
tq.'D;An.rh>th.'D;b.uG;n.txgcd.vDRI
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vDRIAeDRz;tD.pH;0J'.<cGJM.rh>wvXRtuvk>vDRI
AAAtcGJM.pe>wyX>b.<pwpH;b.eDwpkb.I
AAAcGJpDM.pwpH;b.<pwe>[lb.eDwpkb.I
AAAcGJphM.pwoh.ngb.<pwe>[lb.eDwpkb.I
AAAcGJz;M.pe>wyX>b.<pwe>[lb.eDwpkb.I
11IAoH;cGJoH;cGJAM.Arh>ySRvXtysHRySR*Rymo;ok.
ok.'l'lvJRw>puk;vDRto;u,Du,D'D;AvJRw>
puk;vDRto;u,Du,DM.ypH;vXoH;cGJoH;cGJvDRI
wvXRwz.td . vXt,H R 'D; y'd . M.uwd R w>'l
uX<rh>wkRy'd.t*DRxH;'D;ymto;oH;cGJoH;cGJ vDRIAA
ySRunDzdweDReDRAymto;oH;cGJoH;cGJzJtrd>ty>t
rJmngvDRIArh>ylRtrd>ty>trJmng'D;rRuh.te>
vDRI
cGJ;
1IAcGJ;AM.Arh>yxd;ypkrk>,lmvXySR*RtvdR'D;AyrR
0;o'J;uvmM.ypH;vXycJG;vDRIAySRw*RcGJ;ySRvX
tpkrk>b.rEkRvJ.I
2IAcGJ;uGHmI
245 / 245
cGJ;<cGJ.
cGJ.
3IAcGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;M.AArh>'fySR*Rokwoh.ngw*hR'D;y
ud;vdm yo;upk'kM.Aywud;b.vXyuvk>'D;y
xd;vXypkrk>cd.'D;yrR0;o'J;uvmupk'k'D;ypH;
vXycGJ;wH>vDRIAAySRw*RcGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;t0Jw*R'D;t0J
w*RvJRydmtcHvDRIAySRw*RM.t0Jw*Rtd.'.t
w>'D;AcGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;0JvXySR*RtrJmw'XvDRIAydmcGg M.
ymuvd>to;vXydmrk.tvdR'D;AAcJG;wH>cGJ;'d;0JvX
ySR*RtArJmw'XvDRIAySRvXcGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;vdmto;M.
rh>w>rd.pH;vdmto;vXAw>wrHRrHRb.,d.ySR*R
ue>[l'D;cGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;0JvXtpkrk>vDRIAcGJ;wH>cGJ;'d;M.
b.C;'D;tvdmuGJw>vDRI
4IAcGJ;wH>AM.Arh>ySRuwdRvdmto;vXuoGH'H'D;xd;
vdmto;vXtpkrk>M.AypH;vXcGJ;wH>vdmto;vDRI
ySRw*RcGJ;wH>t0Jw*RvXtpkrk>o'J;uvm'D;t0J
w*RuG>CDRtrJm'D;AuwdRuoGHvdmto;rh>tpH;r
EkRvJ.I
5IAcGJ;uzDxD.AM.Arh>y,D>bkvXye>'D;bku'd.vDR
wHR'D;yrRuzDxD.vXoh.zdrh>*hR<yzDvk.vDR';vX
oyXRtcH'D;yrRuzDxD.vXeD.'d;uGmrh>*hR<ypH ;
vXycGJ;uzDxD.vDRIAAxD&DRyrRw>'fM.'D;ypH;vXy
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6IAcGJ;uGHmcGJ;uGmAM.AArh>w>b.tXb.oD<w>tH.
w>qH.wz.M.Arh>td.vXy[H.tzDcd.'D;yrRuGHm
vXeD.uh'D;ypH;vXycGJ;uGHmvDRIAAcGJ;uGHmqDtH.vX
CDcd.M.wuh>IA
7IAtlcGJ;xD.AM.Arh>yrRxD.w>vXypkrk>cd.vXyDR
zdylRrh>*hR<vXxl.rDylRrh>*hR<ypH;vXytlcGJ;xD.vDRI
tlcGJ;xD.uGHmxl.vXxl.rDylRM.wuh>IAAAyutD.
w>urXRtD.vDRI
8IAtlcGJ;xD.uGHmtrJmAM.AArh>yrREkmypkrk>qlw>zd
w>vHR trJm ySR ylR 'D; AyrRxD .trJm csHrh> *hR<xGH.
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trJmvDRIA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXy0H.csH.trJmvDRI
10IAeD.cGJ;AM.Arh>eD.uhzdrh>*hR<AwvXRydmvXpht
cd.bH.ov.zdeJuJ.{dRrh>*hR<vXyurRxD.uGHmy
e>tH.olt*D>'D;yud;vXeD.cGJ;vDRIA'D;eD.uhvXy
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vDRIArRM>peD.cGJ;wbdwuh>IApucGJ;uGHmqDtH.<rR
M>peD.cGJ;wbdpucGJ;uGHmpe>th.ol<AwvXRydmeD.
cGJ;wbdvXphI
11IAcGJ;e>th.olAM.Arh>yrRxD.uGHmye>th.olvX
eD.uhzd'D;AypH;vXycGJ;ye>th.olvDRIAApe>th.ol
uDRuusKmpe>wtXwrkmb.<AApcGJ;xD.uGHmpe>
th.ol'D;pe>ylRuyDRxD.uhRvDRI
12IAcGJ;vDRAM.rh>yrREkmrhRqlvDcDylRM.ypH;vXycGJ;
vDRrhRvDRIAcGJ;vDRtD.rhRrD<w>o.0HRpo;uXIAA'D;
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yutD.'D;ud.wuh>IA'D;b.wpkpkypH;vXycGJ;tD.
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14IAcGJ;tD.AM.rh>yrRtD.w>vXeD.uhtcd.rh> *hR<A
x;plcd.rh>*hR<ypH;vXycGJ;tD.vDRIA'D;ycGJ;vDRrhRM.
ypH;vXycGJ;tD.rhRph>uD;vDRIAAycGJ;tD.EGJ.pcltwH>
vX'Dcd.<ySRw*RcGJ;xD.tD.csd.trd>yS>vXeD.uhI
15IAcGJ;AM.Arh>CdtqdvDRIACdtD.cGJ;tD.'h.{dRn.
{dR<Aw>zH;w>n.M.rh>yymvDRvXrh.uz;tusg'D;
wkRtoGH.wtd.vXRb.M.ypH;vXyCdtD.cGJ;tD.
vDRIACdtD.cGJ;tD.w>zH;w>n.pH;0J'.I
16IAcGJ;uGmAM.rh>cGJ;uGHmtqdvDRIAcGJ;uGHmcGJ;uGmw>
th.w>qH.M.wuh>IApH;0J'.I
17IAcGJ;od.AM.ywpH;b.<ypH;vXcGJod.vDRI
18IAcGJ;ysDAM.ywpH;b.<ypH;vXcGJysDvDRI
20IAcGJ;<'D;0J;AM.'H;od;wpJ;pJ;vDRIA
21IAcGJ;cG;AM.rh>yzDw>'D;yrRusJusDvXeD.'d;uGmM.
ypH;vXycGJ;cG;vDRIAyzDrhRzDuolM.ycGJ;cG;vXeD.'d;
uGmvDRIA
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upJbl;xD.<yb.,d.ueXud>[h'D;yrRuzDxD.
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rh> yvJRw>vXreR'D;AywxH .b.w>M.y'D xD .
ypkvXyrJmngrh>*hR<yzD.rSHzD.ysD>w>rh>*hR<ypH;vX
uvX>cGJ;cG;vDRIAySRw*RvJRw>vXreR'D;uvX>cGJ;
cG;w>e;uXI
24IApcGJ;pcG;AM.Arh>ySRvXCJR0Jt*H>wtd.tbgw
246 / 246
cGD.
cGJ.<AcGD
td.'D;vJRuElRuyRM.ypH;vXCJRpcGJ;pcG;vDRIAySR
w*RrRwuJb.'D;CJRr;pcGJ;pcG;{dR'D;vJRw>uElR
uyRvDRI
AwcGJ;wcG;AAand ocGJ;ocG; do. see under cG;I
25IAcG J ; usJ u sD A A and AcG J ; usJ u sH > cG J ; usJ u sD A M.
rh>rRolrR*DRvk.'D;AACd;'D;on.'D;ycsDxD.'D;'fxH
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265 / 265
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270 / 270
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271 / 271
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297 / 297
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7IAw>xD.CJ.AM.Arh>xD&DR[D.cd.vXvX>tg0Jw
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ph>uD;vDRIAAw>xD.CJ.M.yulmyzJ;bkw*hRb.I
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315 / 315
CJR
Cd
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16IACJRthMAM.Arh>ySRvXw>qgtDR'D;CJR0JtrJth
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316 / 316
CJR
CJR
xD.vXyzHyzkyr*>zgwH>rh>tvDRpXRvDRoGJ.puD;
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vXtbX.pXRwtd.b.eDw *RM.AypH;vXpCJ R
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tD.vDRIAAw>'fbJtod;M.wrh>b.tzDb.<rh>t
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317 / 317
Cd
Cd
CduvmCduvJmeDw*Rw*hR<okutd.0HRb.zk;I
7IACduvHm AM.Arh>CduvmtqdvDRIAySRwz.
td.'.w>CduvHmCduvmvDRI
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rh>*hR<o'D.tk.rh>*hR<rhRqGHud>vd.rh>*hR<AyCdwkR
tbD'D;ypH;vXCdud>bDvDRIAAySRunDM.tD.rhR'D;
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318 / 318
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319 / 319
Cdm
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320 / 320
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321 / 321
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322 / 322
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323 / 323
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CD
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324 / 324
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328 / 328
CD.
CDR
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329 / 329
CDR
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330 / 330
CDR
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331 / 331
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