International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
Measurement Technique of Linear and Mass Attenuation
Coefficient of Naphthalene Soluble in Ethanol by Gamma Ray
Energy at 1.33 M eV
U. B. Dindore1, S. V. Rajmane2, S.M. Dongarge* U.V.Biradar*
Adarsh Mahavidyalaya, Omerga, Dist. Osmanabad - 413606 (M.S.)
2
Jawahar Mahavidyalaya, Anadur, Tq. Tuljapur, Dist. Osmanabad- 413603(M.S.)
* Dept. of Physics Mahatma Basweshwar College, Latur.
1
Abstract: Linear and Mass attenuation coefficients used in the study of gamma rays have been develop an equation for
direct measurement of organic compounds like naphthalene which is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol. Linear
and Mass attenuation coefficients of solution with concentrations for gamma ray energy at 1.33M eV.
Keyword: Linear attenuation coefficient, Naphthalene, Gamma energies.
Introduction:Measurement techniques of linear and mass attenuation coefficients for organic materials
and their solutions for different gamma ray energies play an important role in radiation physics. Now a day the
gamma rays are used in many fields like medicine, food preservation, for growing the seeds etc. The half
thickness values of materials are useful in radiation shielding. Many scientists have tried to develop the
measurement technique and measured these values. This method is developed from single element mass
attenuation coefficient of gamma rays to mixtures (solid and solid). Now a day it is extended for the mixtures
of liquid and solid materials also.
Hubbell (1982) has calculated mass attenuation coefficient for 92 elements from
Hydrogen (z=1) to Uranium (z=92) and some compounds from photon energies 1KeV to 20 MeV [1]. He also
tabulated the mass attenuation coefficient of mixtures compounds and 92 elements. Permulla et al (1985) have
suggested the Z impedance of atomic photoelectric and coherent scattering in multi elemental materials of
biological importance [2].
Recently Teli et al (1994a, b, c, 1995, 1996a, b.) measured the linear and mass attenuation
coefficient of water soluble salts MgCl2.6H2O, NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, AlCl3.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O for 0.123 MeV
to 1.33 MeV gamma radiation by varying concentration of salt solution [3-8]. They developed mixture rule for
absorption coefficient of salts and solutions and using Hubbell tables calculated the theoretical linear and mass
attenuation coefficient. Their method explores the validity of the expected exponential law for gamma rays in
solutions and it also provides an alternative method for direct measurement of linear and mass attenuation
coefficients of water soluble salts without obtaining them in pure crystalline form. Teli (1997a, b) further
improved the mixture rule for solutions by taking into consideration the shrinkage of volume, when salt is
added to water as suggested by Gerward (1996a, b)[9-12]. Using this revised technique, Teli and Dongarge
(1997) measured the attenuation coefficient of KCl salt through its aqueous solution for different gamma ray
energies [13-14].
Experimental arrangement:Experimental arrangement is as shown in fig.1. A cylindrical prefix container of
internal diameter 2.462 cm was placed blow the source at a distance of 1.2 cm and above the detector at 2.2
cm by using efficient geometrical arrangement. The NaI (Tl) crystal is used as a detector connected to
multichannel analyzer. A suitable size stand is made by for the source & absorbers (container) are kept along
the axis of the detector in the stand. The whole system is enclosed in the lead (Pb) castle.
88
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
Fig. 1 Experimental set up for measurement of gamma absorption coefficient for solutions.
Material and methods:The densities of organic compounds are obtained from Mark Index Volume 11 and
molecular weights are calculated including the impurities. These are needed for calculating theoretical linear
and mass attenuation coefficients by mixture rule using Hubbell‟s table. These organic compounds are of AR
grade and their minimum essay is 99.5% (except for some salts).
Ethyl alcohol is the alcohol of wine, beer, whiskey, and similar beverages. It is often referred to al simply
„alcohol‟. Ethyl alcohol is also known as Grain Alcohol, since it can be prepared from starchy grains.
Naphthalene and ethanol used for the measurement of linear attenuation coefficients are obtained from
Analytical Rasayan S.D. Fine Chem. LTD, Boiser (A.R. Grade).
Measurements:-Pipette 20ml of ethanol & add to the prefix container. Then take Naphthalene and weigh it to four
digital balances for 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 in such a manner & add to the different container in which 20 ml
ethanol is already exist. Then shake well and note down the concentration by using formula,
V‟ = VNap. + Veth.
Than for concentration C.
Results and Analysis:The quantities measured in the experiment are the volumes of Naphthalene (V NP) and
Ethanol (Veth) added together to give total volume V‟ = VNP + Veth, height (h) of the solution for calculating its
volume V. the measured quantities along with the counts are shown in the various tables below. The second
column shows the ratio of the volume of the Naphthalene (V NP) to the total volume V‟of the solution. The
third column shows the height (h) of the solution in the container which helps to calculate the volume of the
solution V as to calculate the shrinkage in the volume of the naphthalene when added in the ethanol. The
89
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
fourth column shows the counts per second of the interested peaks, A1, A2. The fifth column shows the natural
log of the A0 & fourth column. The sixth & seventh column is the linear attenuation coefficient i.e. μexp. & μtho.
The last column is the % error.
Here we have given the linear attenuation coefficient of solutions and ethanol soluble Naphthalene
selected for our study the tables 1 show the liner attenuation coefficient for solutions by varying
concentrations for gamma ray energy at 1.33MeV. In these tables the first column shows the V NP./V‟ which is
the concentration of the solution in terms of the ratio of volumes. The sixth column shows the experimental
μexp. for aqueous solution which is obtained by using formula
The seventh column shows theoretical μtheo. for aqueous solution obtained by using Hubbell table data
in the mixture rule . The eighth column shows the % error or deviation of μ exp. from the μtheo. obtained by the
formula
We observe from these tables that the μexp. are within the acceptable limit showing very good agreement.The
tables 1 and 2 give the energy wise data for solution at 1.33MeV, gamma ray energy. The graph of μ exp. (cm-1)
& μtheo. (cm-1) versus concentration (C) = VNP/V‟ at various gamma ray energy for above said solutions are as
shown in the fig.1.
The mass mNP of the Naphthalene are already weighed using four digit
digital balances. Mass of ethanol (meth.) is obtained at room temperature by multiplying density of ethanol to
volume of ethanol. The density of ethanol at room temperature is obtained from hand book of Chemistry and
Physics (fourteenth edition). The cross sectional area of the container is measured. Then the experimental
mass attenuation coefficient for solutions is calculated by the formula as,
a
m × ln
AO
A
Where m = mNP + meth. mass of the solution, AO is the initial gross area of the interested peak of the observed
spectrum when gamma rays are passed through the empty container while A is the gross area obtained for the
different concentrations of the solution after passing gamma rays through them.
The Bragg mixture rule for mass attenuation coefficient is given by,
m
mNp.
The graph of m
+ meth.
NP.
eth.
AO
= a ln A against mass of ethanol gives a straight line whose intercept gives
mNP.
NP. and slope gives
eth.. The
NP. and
eth. values are calculated for naphthalene and
ethanol at 1.33MeV gamma ray energies. The measured values are found to agree well with the theoretical
values given by Hubbell. The experimental and theoretical mass attenuation coefficient values are given in the
fifth and sixth column of the table 2. It is found to agree with the standard value.
The graph of con. (C) VS (μ/ρ)exp. & (μ/ρ)theo. for 1.33 MeV Gamma rays energy is shown in fig.2.
90
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
Table: -1.Linear attenuation coefficient of Naphthalene soluble in Ethanol at Gamma ray energy 1.33MeV
Ao =11.45 (Sec-1)
Sr
C=VN /V’
h cm A
Ln Ao/A
μ expt. Cm- μ the.
% Error
-1
1
No.
(Sec )
Cm-1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
0.008696
0.017241
0.025641
0.033898
0.042017
0.050000
0.057851
0.065574
0.073171
0.080645
4.24
4.28
4.32
4.36
4.38
4.44
4.48
4.52
4.56
4.6
10.71
10.69
10.66
10.64
10.62
10.59
10.57
10.54
10.51
10.49
0.066812
0.068681
0.071491
0.073369
0.075251
0.078080
0.079970
0.082812
0.085663
0.087567
0.015758
0.016047
0.016549
0.016828
0.017181
0.017585
0.017850
0.018321
0.018786
0.019036
1.33 MeV
0.015622
0.016052
0.016475
0.016891
0.017300
0.017702
0.018098
0.018487
0.018869
0.019246
-0.086868
0.033002
-0.44646
0.375783
0.691842
0.660078
1.366906
0.895344
0.444207
1.088992S
μ
expt.
μexpt., μ tho.
0.022
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Con. (C)
Fig. (1) Graph of con. (C) VS μexp. & μtheo. for 1.33 MeV Gamma rays energy
Table: -2.Mass attenuation coefficient of Naphthalene soluble in Ethanol at Gamma ray energy 1.33MeV
Ao =11.45 (Sec-1)
Sr No.
C=VN /V’
a/m
Ln Ao/A (μ /ρ )expt.
(μ /ρ )the.
% Error
2
2
Cm / gm
Cm / gm
1.
0.008696
2.643409 0.066812 0.019835
0.019697
-0.70945
2.
0.017241
2.629863 0.068681 0.020140
0.020162
0.110977
3.
0.025641
2.616647 0.071491 0.020709
0.020616
-0.44662
4.
0.033898
2.603749 0.073369 0.020996
0.021059
0.299381
5.
0.042017
2.581955 0.075251 0.021278
0.021492
0.993307
6.
0.050000
2.578864 0.078080 0.021819
0.021914
0.436406
7.
0.057851
2.566855 0.079970 0.022087
0.022327
1.073757
8.
0.065574
2.555123 0.082812 0.022609
0.022730
0.53075
9.
0.073171
2.543657 0.085663 0.023122
0.023124
0.008914
10.
0.080645
2.532449 0.087567 0.023370
0.023509
0.589194
91
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
(μ/ρ) expt.
(μ/ρ)expt., (μ/ρ)tho.
1.33 MeV
(μ/ρ) tho.
0.024
0.0235
0.023
0.0225
0.022
0.0215
0.021
0.0205
0.02
0.0195
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Con. (C)
Fig. (2) Graph of con. (C) VS (μ/ρ)exp. & (μ/ρ)theo. for 1.33 MeV Gamma rays energy
Conclusion:We have experimentally applied in details the mixture rule for non aqueous solution
of salt developed by us and measured the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of salt solutions with
varying concentration for gamma energies from 1.33 M eV. Here we have experimentally applied in details
the mixture rule for naphthalene soluble in ethanol with varying concentration gamma rays energies at 1.33 M
eV.
References:1] Hubbeli J. H. (1982): Photon mass and energy attenuation coefficient from 1 KeV 20 MeV. Int. J. Appl.
Radiat. Isot. 33, 1269.
2] Permalla A., Nagesawara Rao A.S. and Krishna Rao G. (1985): Z-dependence of photon interaction in
multi elemental material. Physica 132C, 388.
3] Teli M.T., Chaudhari L.M. and Malode S.S. (1994a): Attenuation coefficient of 123 KeV γ-radiation by
dilute solutions of sodium Chloride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 45, 987.
4] Teli M.T., Chaudhari L.M. and Malode S.S. (1994b): Study of absorption of 123 keV gamma radiation
by dilute solution of Zinc Sulfate. Ind. J. of Pure & Appl. Phys. 32, 410.
5] Teli M.T., Chaudhari L.M. and Malode S.S. (1994c): Study of absorption of 123 keV gamma radiation
by dilute solution of Magnesium Chloride. Nucl. Instrum. Meths. A346, 220-224.
6] Gerward L. (1996): Comments on Attenuation coefficients of 123 KeV γ–Radiation by Dilute solutions
of Sodium Choloride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47, 1149.
7] Gerwad L. (1996): On the attenuation of x-rays and γ-rays in dilute solutions. Radiation Phys. And
Chemistry 48, 679.
8] Teli M., and Chudhari L.M. (1995a): Attenuation coefficient of 662 keV r-radiation by dilute solutions
of Sodium Chloride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 369.
9] Teli M.T. and Chaudhari L.M. (1995b): Attenuation coefficient of 123 keV gamma radiation by dilute
solution of ferrous sulfate Ind. J. of pure & Appl. Phys. 33, 395.
10] Teli M.T. and Chaudhari L.M. (1996): Linear Attenuation (or absorption) coefficient of gamma
radiation in dilute solutions of potassium chloride. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 47,365-367.
11] Teli M.T. (1996): “The Attenuation Coefficient of Ammonium Chloride for 662 keV Gamma radiation
92
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com March 2016, Volume 4, Issue 3, ISSN 2349-4476
measured for dilute solutions” Rad. Phy. Chem. 47, 531.
12] Teli M.T. (1997): On Attenuation coefficient of 123 KeV Gamma Radiation by dilute solutions of
Sodium Chloride Answer to the comments by L. Gerward. Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press).
13] Teli M.T. (1997): On attenuation coefficient of x-ray and γ-ray on aqueous solution of salts. Radiation
Physics and Chemistry (in press).
14] Teli M.T. and Dongarge S.M. (1997): Measurement of attenuation coefficient of KCl salt through its
aqueous solutions of for γ-ray Proce. 6th National Seminar at Ratlam India A5.
93
U. B. Dindore, S. V. Rajmane, S.M. Dongarge, U.V.Biradar