International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
Available online at http://www.ecisi.com
ISSN 2228-7973 ©2012 ECISI Journals
ON FARM RESEARCH (OFR) ON TRANSPLANTING PADDY: A "BEST-BET"
PROTOTYPE FOR DRUDGERY REDUCTION
SUCHETA SINGH1* AND OLIVER HENSEL2
1. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand 263145 (India)
2. University of Kassel, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen,
Hessia, Germany
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The present paper explains an OFR on manual drum seeder for seeding paddy (Oryza
sativa) versus conventional method of transplanting of paddy to afford a technology for farmers. It is a
presumption that the study could generate philanthropy in Asia that supports paddy science and
innovations for the benefit of the entire region. Transplanting of paddy in puddled fields is generally
preferred over dry sowing of seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The raising of nursery and manual
transplanting are both labour intensive and costly prepositions. The results of the study showed that the
cost of operation for sowing paddy using drum seeder was 800 Indian rupee (INR) per ha as compared
to INR 30000 per ha in conventional method. The cost of weeding and cost of irrigation in the field of
drum seeded paddy and transplanted paddy were INR 700, 1500 and INR 5600, 4800 per ha
respectively. Grain yield was 60 Q/ha for drum seeded paddy and 58 Q/ha for transplanted paddy
which was not showing a wide difference but yes it was a measurable parameter. Gross return for drum
seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha leading to a net profit of 73900 INR/ha and benefit cost ratio of 4.59
whereas, gross return for transplanted paddy was 87000 INR/ha preceding a net profit of 69200 INR/ha
and benefit cost (B:C) ratio of 3.89. Data on drudgery aspects victuals that direct sowing of seed
resulting in expected outcome of the technology as low draft requirement, labor saving, natural
resource conservation, better output/profits and less occupational health hazards.
Key Words: On Farm Research (OFR), Drum seeder, Manual transplantation of paddy, Drudgery
reduction, Direct seeded rice.
NTRODUCTION
Paddy is one of the important crops of
the world and is grown between latitudes 450 N
and 400 S (Mohanty et al., 2008). Paddy as a
major staple food is vital for the nutrition of
much of the population in Asia, as well as in
Latin America and the Caribbean and in
Africa; it is central to the food security of over
half the world population. Developing
countries account for 95 percent of the total
production, with China and India alone
responsible for nearly half of the world output
(Crawford et al., 1998; FAO, 2001). Indeed,
paddy availability and food security have long
been synonymous in Asia. The India who had
to beg with food bowl in the 1950-60’s to feed
her teeming millions, has become the world’s
second largest producer of paddy preceded
only by China (Mohanty et al., 2008; http ref.
retrieved on Nov. 2011). For about 65% of the
people living in India, paddy is a staple food
for them; therefore, paddy is essential to life in
India. It is a part of nearly every meal, and it is
grown on a majority of the rural farms. In
India, paddy occupies about 41.85 million
hectares, which is nearly 40 percent of the total
cereals (FAOSTATS, 2010). Paddy fields are a
common sight throughout India, be they be
northern gangetic plains or southern peninsular
plateaus. Paddy is cultivated at least twice a
year in most parts of India, the two seasons
being known as Rabi and Kharif respectively.
The former cultivation is dependent on
irrigation, while the latter depends on
Monsoon. Uttarakhand is one of the states
exporting Basmati paddy in the country. The
success story is a vivid example of the
contribution of science and technology
advances in cropping systems, fertilizer
responsive high yielding crops, expanding
irrigation, land reclamation and selective
mechanization (Vajpayee, 2004).
In agriculture sector women play an
important role by contributing as active labour
workforce. According to FAOSTATS (2010)
gender in the agricultural labour force suggests
that women constitute over 32 percent of the
total agricultural labour force in the world.
The world wide food production contributed
by women is 43.88 percent. In India women
carry out as much as 80 percent of the work in
paddy production (Singh and Tiwari, 2009).
They are involved right from seeding,
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
transplanting, weeding, harvesting and
processing to marketing of produce and buying
the necessities of life. Women labour is
exclusively used for transplanting, harvesting,
stubble collection, threshing and winnowing.
Sowing of paddy involves cleaning seeds for
sowing, nursery sowing, nursery aftercare,
seedling uprooting and transplanting solely
performed by women.
Transplanting of paddy in puddled
fields is generally preferred over dry sowing of
seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The
raising of nursery and manual transplanting are
both labour intensive and costly prepositions
(Das, 2003). Conventional paddy cultivation
involves transplanting of seedlings in puddled
fields performed by labours predominantly by
women labours. The activity of the
transplanting seedlings in puddled fields
carried out consists of bending and static
posture for long duration of time leading to
many occupational hazards (Singh and Tiwari,
2009). The adverse conditions of the process
are adhered to higher labour requirement in
peak season. Celebration dinner as ethnic
social system involves money putting an
economical and sociological burden on the
farmer. As the activity is predominantly
carried out by women, it results in
physiological, economical and sociological
overburden of work in season on women.
Therefore, this equation of grain
production and drudgery involved in work is
confounded be the need for pragmatic
approach to afford technologies for the farmers
involved in transplanting of paddy.
On-farm studies are cost effective, foster
mutual learning between researchers and
producers (Spaner et al., 2000; Wuest et al.,
1999), and allow for inference of treatment
effect
without
extrapolation
(GotwayCrawford et al., 1997; Rzewnicki et al., 1988).
The present study was carried out as On Farm
Research (OFR) on manual drum seeder for
seeding paddy versus conventional method of
transplanting of paddy to afford a technology
for drudgery reduction in transplanting paddy
the area. It is a presumption that the study
could generate philanthropy in Asia that
supports paddy science and innovations for the
benefit of the entire region.
Figure 1. Seedlings of 45 days ready for transplanting
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methodology
The OFR is an indispensable tool for
developing and validating farming technology
(Atta-Krah, 1992) which is a research carried
out on farmer's fields and in a farmer's
environment which identifies four key
elements: the farmer, the farmer's land, the
farmer's involvement, and the farmer's
environment.
The study herein is in
exploratory phase with a demonstrative
objective which is the stage where a new
system or concept such as drum seeder is
introduced into a community. This allows the
farmers to gain an accurate image and a
practical understanding of the system. It begins
with the identification of individual farmers
within the community with whom the
researchers work closely to put the system on
the ground. During this phase, researchers'
involvement is very high as the farmers’
perception of the system is almost negligible.
Therefore, a single farmer was selected for the
present study.
Seeding Technique of paddy in Conventional
method
The fields are prepared by
ploughing either by typically with simple plow
drawn by buffalo/bullocks or tractor drawn
mechanized equipments depending upon the
geographical situations and availability of
resources. Fertilizing (usually with dung or
sewage), and smoothing (by dragging a log
over them). The seedlings are started in
seedling beds and, after 30 to 50 days (fig. 1),
are transplanted by hand to the fields, which
have been flooded by rain, river water or any
other irrigation source. The seed rate of up to
55 kg/ha is used in this method but, it
significantly varies with the area, variety and
farmers’ practice of growing paddy in the
locality. Ravishankar et al., (2006) also
reported that under conventional method of
planting, the seed rate ranged from 44 to 55
kg/ha with mean of 48 kg. The posture
required is a bending posture throughout the
transplanting carried out in the fields. The
process is dominantly performed by women
farmers or paid labourers in the area as
depicted in the figure-2.
Figure 2. Conventional method of transplanting paddy
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
Time line of drum seeders available in India
There are many paddy seeders are
available.
Das,
2003
reported
that
advancement in paddy seeder has been evolved
since 60’s, the era of the Green Revolution in
India. Central Paddy Research Institute
(CRRI), Cuttuck, India developed a two row
cup
feed
type
manually
operated
pregerminated paddy seed drill in 1968. A
manually operated five row single drum seeder
for sowing pregerminated paddy seeder was
developed at CRRI in 1977-78. Indian
Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi, India developed a manually drawn
pregerminated seed drill with roller metering
system in the year 1984. A three row puddled
seeder was developed at CRRI during 1996-97.
Manually pulled eight row drum seeder for
sowing pregerminated paddy seeder have also
been developed at International Paddy
Research Institute (IRRI) Phillipines, DRR,
Hyderabad, India, Tamilnadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, India, Andhra Pradesh
Agricultural University, Hyderabad and Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. A
six row improved low cost manual drum
seeder for sowing pregerminated paddy seeder
has been developed at CRRI during the year
2000. Central Institute of Agriculture
Engineering (CIAE) Bhopal, India developed a
four row drum seeder for sowing
pregerminated seeds under puddled conditions.
We have selected the four row drum seeder
developed by CIAE for the present study to
enhance the paddy productivity and make its
production process less tedious. Specifications
of the drum seeder used are as following in
Table 1:
Table 1. Salient Specifications of the Drum Seeder
S. No.
Particulars
Values
1
Overall dimension (lxwxh), mm
1555x880x605
2
Weight, kg
7.7
Seeding technique of paddy by the selected
drum seeder
For seeding by drum seeder the
process of growing seedling is not required.
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours
followed by incubation in gunny bags and
straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the
weather temperature. The germination length
Figure 3. Filling of pregerminated paddy seeds in
drum seeder
The machine is pulled by one farmer
on well levelled puddled field after draining
the standing water because standing water
more than one cm depth disturbs the seeds
sown in straight lines. The pregerminated
paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum
seeder in well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water. If there is more
water than 1 cm then seed will float. Therefore,
of seeds should not be more than 1-2 mm to
avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated
seeds and also to ensure free flow of seeds in
the drum seeder. The pregerminated free
flowing clean paddy seeds are filled upto 50
percent depth in each seed box by opening the
hinge cover (fig. 3). Then the covers are
closed.
Figure 4. Sowing of pregerminated paddy seeds
using drum seeder
if there is more standing water in the fields it is
better to leave the fields for 1-2 days for
settling of puddled soil. Covering the seeds
below wet soil surface is not desirable as
anaerobic condition gives less germination
percent. The posture required is a standing
posture
throughout
the
seeding
of
pregerminated paddy seeds carried out in the
fields as depicted in the figure-4. After sowing
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
the seeds bird watching should be done for one
week to check damage by birds. A thin layer of
irrigation water is maintained till the seeds
germinate. Once the paddy plants grow up
water depth of 5-8 cms is maintained to avoid
weed growth (Das, 2003).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The OFR was carried out on farmer's
fields and in a farmer's environment which
identifies four key elements: the farmer, the
farmer's land, the farmer's involvement, and
the farmer's environment. Therefore, the
results are discussed here from the perspective
of all the four elements of the research as
following:
The Farmer
In OFR, it is essential to specify the
type of farmer for which a particular
intervention is aimed, whether for development
or for testing. Here, we were tackling a
problem of smallholder and medium farmers
who could afford the essential inputs for the
technology. The "type of farmer" issue is not
linked only to resource base, but may also be
linked to the production system. The study was
carried out in a farmer community where crop
production of paddy is important, so that the
technology will be relevant. The central issue,
therefore, was to define and select the type of
farmer for which the technology to be tested
was appropriate and relevant. The study was
carried out on a farmer’s field who owns land
and cultivates mainly paddy-wheat-sugarcane.
The farmer selected for the study was having a
problem of labour in peak season and also the
women farmers who perform the transplanting
of paddy complaint many health hazards and
related problems viz, back pain, boils on legs,
feet, hands, sun burn, snake bites, etc. related
to their posture during transplanting paddy in
the puddled fields.
The Farmer's Land
Any experiment carried out on a plot
of land outside the experimental station could
be described as off-station research, but not all
such research qualifies as on-farm research.
For research to be classified as on-farm, it
should be carried out on a plot of land
belonging to the farmer and within the farm
environment of the farmer (Atta-Krah, 1992).
The area of plot taken for the study was 0.25
ha at the farmer’s field and also a plot size of
0.25 was taken at the station to take care of the
any errors and make the study comparable
(table-3).
The Farmer's Involvement
The nature of farmers' involvement in
any OFR activity is very important as it
influences the interpretation of output and
results obtained. The exact nature and degree
of farmer involvement is determined by the
objective of the OFR and the nature of the
research in terms of components, systems, or
technologies being assessed. The degree of
farmer involvement also has an effect on the
design of the experiment and the interpretation
of results obtained. Here, in the present study
the farmer’ involvement was · “active
involvement - researcher controlled” so that
farmer has close experience of the technology
on the one hand and also the researcher could
have demonstration of the technology on a best
possible way. Therefore, all the farming
operations were carried out by the farmer and
his resources at his farm with the close
monitoring of the researcher.
The Farmer's Environment
A field day at the time of crop at full
bloom was organized to demonstrate the
technology with in farmer’s community and
also to compare the results with the results of
plot at the station. The field day was a
gathering of all the stakeholders involved in
crop production of paddy viz., farmers,
community members, scientists and policy
makers. It was done because the farmer does
not live as an independent entity. He lives
within a family structure, which in itself is
embedded within a community structure. Thus,
the farmer's input, assessment, and eventual
adoption of a system will have to be viewed
and assessed within the framework of the
community in which the farmer operates. It
also catered on the aspect of the farmer's
environment that farmers' fields may have
many more problems associated with soil
fertility and drainage than the research station
fields where on-station experiments have been
conducted. Farmers may also be practicing a
much more complex cropping system than is
used in on-station trials.
Performance data of drum seeder used for
seeding of pregerminated paddy
Table 2 victuals performance data of
drum seeder developed by CIAE Bhopal, India
similar to a study reported by Singh et al.,
(2007). The amount of pregerminated seed
required to fill the drum seeder is about 2.5 kg
and of approximately 4.6 cm length. The drum
seeder is 80 cm wide as per the ergonomic
parameters suitable to the worker. Sinkage of
the filled drum seeder in puddled fields
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
reported is 4.6 cm. The seed rate reported by
Singh et al., 2007 for the seeder is 51.6 kg per
hectare but the seed rate used in the study is 40
kg per hectare for a hybrid variety PSD-3
(table-3). When the worker return from the last
end of the field to the next row a loss of 11
seconds of duration is reported in each
consecutive row and it was found to be the
same for the study, too. The optimum output of
the drum seeder is reported is 917 m2/h.
Table 2. Performance data of drum seeder used for seeding of pregerminated paddy
S. No.
Particulars
Mean values
A
The Drum seeder
1
Sprouted seed fed per drum, kg
2.5
2
Sprout length, cm
4.6
3
Working width of machine, cm
80.0
4
Sinkage of machine in field, cm
4.6
5
Seed rate, kg/ha
51.6
6
Time loss/turn, s
11.0
2
7
Output, m / h
917
B
The Man Power
1
Number of workers required
2
2
Sinkage of feet of subject in field, cm
7.5
3
Walking speed of subject, km/h
1.4
4
Heart rate during work, beats/min
144
5
Work pulse, beats/min
61
6
2
Cardiac cost, beats/m
C
The Crop
1
Row to row spacing, cm
20.0
2
Number of seeds/m length
39
3
Number of hills/m length
6.2
4
Number of seeds/ length
2 to 7 (4.8)
5
Distance between hills, cm
6.9
It is evident from the table 2 that two
workers are required to operate the drum
seeder while using the drum seeder for filling
the pregerminated seeds in the seeder (fig. 3).
Whereas, single worker can pull the drum
seeder for seeding the pregerminated paddy in
puddled fields (fig. 4). Sinkage of the feet of
the worker while performing the activity in
puddled fields reported is 7.5 cm. An average
walking speed of subject by using the drum
seeder is 1.4 km/h which is mandatory to
maintain the appropriate distance between the
rows or plant to plant distance. The data on
physiological cost of the worker shows that
while using the drum seeder heart rate is 144
beats/min as comparable to permissible heart
rate of 148 beats/min, work pulse rate is 61
beats/min and cardiac cost is 8 beats/m2 which
8
is within the acceptable limits for performing
the activity.
In the table 2 it is reported that the
crop grown after seeding the paddy by using
drum seeder have row to row spacing of 20
cm. Whereas, on an average 39 seeds seeds/m
in length are found. The average number of
hills/m length and number of seeds/ m length
were 6.2 and 2 to 7 (4.8), respectively. The
mean value of distance between hills was 6.9
cm.
Comparison on various parameters for
conventional method of transplanting paddy
Vs seeding of pregerminated seeds using
drum seeder
The data in table 3 depicts that the
OFR was conducted at two different locations,
the one was at the research station and another
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
was at the farmer’s field to get over any error
due
to
economical,
sociological,
anthropological, geographical parameter. The
soil type of both the location was loam or the
same. The variety of paddy was a hybrid
variety namely, Pant Sankar Dhan (PSD) 3
developed and recommended for the area by
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology Pantnagar, India. Fertilizer dose of
NPK was also the same for both the locations
and both the methods of paddy production
methods i.e. the conventional method and the
drum seeded paddy production which was
150:60:40 collectively as basal and further
doses. Date of sowing the paddy in
conventional method elucidates that nursery
has to be sown about one month in advance
than the crop to be sown using drum seeder
which results in more consumption of
resources. The seed placement in the drum
seeder is at the surface which is performed by
the machine but, the placement of seedling in
the conventional method is under the mud with
the help of fingers and in bending position
which stimulates the stress and several
occupational health hazards related to the
transplanting paddy. The labour requirement in
sowing by drum seeder is reduced by 90
percent as compared to manual transplanting in
the conventional method.
Table 3. Comparison on various parameters for conventional method of transplanting paddy and seeding of
pregerminated seeds using drum seeder
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Particulars
Location
Soil type
Variety
Fertilizer (N:P:K)
Date of sowing
Seed rate, Kg/ha
Plot size, ha
Seed placement
Labour requirement, man-hr/ha
The table 4 delineates that the cost of
operation for sowing paddy using drum seeder
was INR 800 per ha as compared to INR
30000 per ha in conventional method. The cost
of weeding and cost of irrigation in the field of
drum seeded paddy and transplanted paddy
were INR 700, 1500 and INR 5600, 4800 per
ha respectively. Grain yield was 60 Q/ha for
drum seeded paddy and 58 Q/ha for
transplanted paddy which was not showing a
wide difference but yes it was a measurable
parameter. Gross return for drum seeded paddy
was 90000 INR/ha leading to a net profit of
Drum seeder
Conventional method
On farmer’s field and research farm
Loam
Loam
PSD-3
PSD-3
150:60:40
150:60:40
18.06.09
09.07.09
40
55
0.25
0.25
seeds on the surface
seedlings under the soil
8
30
73900 INR/ha and benefit cost ratio of 4.59
whereas, gross return for transplanted paddy
was 87000 INR/ha preceding a net profit of
69200 INR/ha and benefit cost ratio of 3.89.
Direct seeded paddy with drum seeder under
puddled conditions gives increased grain yield
by 38 percent as compared to line transplanting
and also it furnishes highest net return and
benefit cost ratio (Halder and Patra, 2007;
Jagadeesha et al., 2009). The data renders a
remarkable difference on economic parameters
and pays back to the farmer economically.
Table 4. Comparison on economic parameters for conventional method of transplanting paddy and seeding of
pregerminated seeds using drum seeder
S. No.
Economic parameters
Drum seeder
Conventional method
1
Cost of operation, INR/ha
800
30000
2
Cost of weeding, INR/ha
700
1500
3
Grain yield, Q/ha
60
58
4
Cost of irrigation, INR/ha
5600
4800
5
Gross return, INR/ha
90000
87000
6
Average cost of cultivation, INR/ha
16100
17800
7
Net profit, INR/ha
73900
69200
8
Benefit Cost (B:C) ratio
4.59
3.89
Intl. J. Agric: Res & Rev. Vol., 2 (4), 0000, 2012
CONCLUSIONS
OFR has proved its value as a
methodology to afford a technology for the
farmers. The present study resulted in
demonstration and extension of drum seeder as
a drudgery reducing tool or technology in local
farming communities. Following conclusions
can be ascertained from the above study:
Use of drum seeder helps in timely
sowing of crop resulting in more yield
Sowing by drum seeder saves costly
seeds
The drum seeder reduces labour
requirement and cost of sowing
Line sowing by drum seeder reduces
weeding cost due to use of mechanical weeders
with transplanting
The crop matures one week early in
drum seeded plots
The net profit obtained by use of
drum seeder is more than transplanting
Expected outcome of the study are:
Shift of work of women to men which
reduces a work load of women in peak season
Labour saving in transplanting paddy
optimizes the economic as well as human
resources
Better economy and future can be
predicted through the replacement of
conventional method of transplanting paddy
into the seeding of paddy by using drum
seeder.
Natural resource conservation is there
because irrigation is completely deleted in the
crop production process and also the
technology of drum seeder avoids the
utilization of natural resources for growing
seedlings required in the conventional method.
Instead of bending for longer hours
during the whole process of transplanting
paddy have its own health hazards on the
human body and aggression of the health
hazards increases by puddled fields and higher
temperature of water in the fields. Use of drum
seeder involves standing rather walking
posture which is ergonomically better that
static posture which leads to less occupational
health hazard involved in seeding process of
paddy.
The On Farm Research thus
undoubtedly resulted in reducing arduous work
load of the work regardless of the fact that who
is performing the activity whether male or
female worker. In the study, however it was
performed predominantly by female workers in
conventional method but, when the new
technology was introduced it was performed
by male workers. The complete transition of
the activity from one to another counterpart
needs to be taken care of in other researches as
it is a matter of debate and further research that
why the new technology is adopted/ initiated
by male members and not the female.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi, CIAE Bhopal and G.B. Pant University
of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar, India
for providing funds, technology and facilities
for the conduct of the research.
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