CHAPTER 22 IONIC CONDUCTION After studying this chapter you GHÀQHWKHPHDQLQJRIHOHFWURO\WLFFRQGXFWRUV GLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQPHWDOOLFFRQGXFWRUVDQGHOHFWURO\WLFFRQGXFWRUV LGHQWLI\W\SHVRIHOHFWURO\WHV GLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIHOHFWURO\WHV VWDWHWKHPHDQLQJRI1RQHOHFWURO\WHV VWDWHWKH)DUDGD\·V/DZVRIHOHFWURO\VLV PDNHDOLVWRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRIHOHFWURO\VLVDQGLWVLPSRUWDQFH ,Q\RXUSUHYLRXVFODVV\RXKDYHVWXGLHGYDULRXVHIIHFWVRIHOHFWULF FXUUHQW1RZOHWXVVWXG\DERXWFKHPLFDOHIIHFWRI(OHFWULF&XUUHQW Electrolytic conductors 7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLRQLQWKHFDVHRIPHWDOV DQGDOOR\VHOHFWULFFXUUHQWLVGXHWRÁRZRIGHORFDOLVHGHOHFWURQVDQG WKLVLVNQRZQDVHOHFWURQLFFRQGXFWLRQ7KLVLVDSK\VLFDOFKDQJHDV WKHUHLVQRFKDQJHLQWKHSURSHUW\RIFRQGXFWRU 7KHUHLVDQRWKHUW\SHRIFRQGXFWLRQLQZKLFKFDWLRQVDQGDQLRQV SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHÁRZRIHOHFWULFLQWKHFDVHRIPROWHQVWDWHDQGDTXHRXV VROXWLRQVRIVDOWV7KLVLVNQRZQDVHOHFWURO\WLFFRQGXFWLRQ7KLVLVD FKHPLFDOFKDQJH /HWXVNQRZPRUHDERXWHOHFWURO\WLFFRQGXFWLRQE\GRLQJDVLPSOH DFWLYLW\ 370 Activity 22.1 Take an aqueous solution of table salt (Sodium Chloride) in a DQRGH small glass vessel with a wide FDWKRGH mouth or a plastic disposal cup. To this solution, add a little Turmeric powder (Haldi). The solution turns yellow. Project the terminals of a dry cell (1.5 9 E\ À[LQJ WZR PHWDOOLF VWRYH SLQV DV VKRZQ LQ WKH ÀJXUH Before immersing these stove pins in the solution, ensure that VRGLXP FORULGH VROXWLRQ ÀJ(OHFWURO\WLFFHOO YROWDPHWHU Turmeric particles are spread throughout the vessel. When these stove pins are immersed in the solution, you will see some gas bubbles HYROYLQJ DW WKH WHUPLQDOV $OVR \RX ZLOO ÀQG WKDW WXUPHULF SDUWLFOHV below the stove pin connected to the negative terminals turn red, since the medium is alkaline. The disconnection will end up with yellow turmeric. Reverse the connection, red colouration found in the opposite end. (Turmeric powder remains yellow in acidic or neutral solution) )URPWKLVDFWLYLW\ZHFDQQRWHWKDWZKHQGLUHFWFXUUHQWLVSDVVHG WKURXJK FHUWDLQ DTXHRXV VROXWLRQV FKHPLFDO UHDFWLRQ RFFXUV 6XFK VROXWLRQVDUHFDOOHGElectrolytic Solutions7KHFKHPLFDOVXEVWDQFHV WKDW FRQGXFW HOHFWULFLW\ LQ DTXHRXV VWDWH RU PROWHQ VWDWH DUH FDOOHG Electrolytes &RQGXFWLRQRIHOHFWULFLW\FDQEHFODVVLÀHGDVIROORZV 371 Conduction of Electricity 0HWDOOLF&RQGXFWLRQ ([DPSOHV $OOPHWDOV (J,URQ$OXPLQLXP&RSSHU 0HUFXU\HWF $OODOOR\V (J%UDVV%URQ]H6WHHO *UDSKLWH DOWKRXJKDQRQPHWDOLW EHKDYHVOLNHDPHWDOOLF FRQGXFWRU (OHFWURO\WLF&RQGXFWLRQ ([DPSOHV 6DOWLQPROWHQVWDWH(J 6RGLXPFKORULGH&DOFLXP FKORULGHOHDGEURPLGHHWF $TXHRXVVROXWLRQVRI6RGLXP 6XOSKDWH&RSSHU6XOSKDWH %DVHV6RGLXP+\GUR[LGH 3RWDVVLXP+\GUR[LGHHWF $TXHRXVVROXWLRQVRIDFLGV +\GURFKORULFDFLG6XOSKXULF DFLG &RQFHQWUDWHGDFLGQHHGQRWEHVWURQJDQG'LOXWHDFLGQHHGQRW EHZHDNZK\" 6TXHH]HDOHPRQWRJHWIHZGURSVRIMXLFH,WFRQWDLQVFRQFHQWUDWHG DFLG%XWGRHVQRWFDXVHEXUQLQJVHQVDWLRQ,WLVZHDNEXWFRQFHQWUDWHG DFLG7RPDNH6KDUEDWZHGLOXWHLWZLWKZDWHU:HDN&RQFHQWUDWHG GHFLGHVWKHQXPEHURILRQVSUHVHQW6WURQJ:HDNGHFLGHVWKHH[WHQW RILRQLVDWLRQ &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ0HWDOOLFDQG(OHFWURO\WLF&RQGXFWLRQ Metallic Conduction 3K\VLFDOFKDQJH Electrolytic Conduction &KHPLFDOFKDQJH 2QO\(OHFWURQVFRQGXFW (OHFWULFLW\ SRVLWLYHDVZHOODVQHJDWLYHLRQV &RQGXFWHOHFWULFLW\ $OOPHWDOVDQGPHWDOOLFDOOR\V VKRZPHWDOOLFFRQGXFWLRQ ,RQLFFRPSRXQGVVKRZ HOHFWURO\WLFFRQGXFWLRQLQ DTXHRXVVROXWLRQ Think %HWZHHQ0HWDOOLF&RQGXFWLRQDQGHOHFWURO\WLF&RQGXFWLRQZKLFKRQH LVPRUHHIÀFLHQWDQGZK\" )LJ(OHFWURO\WLFFHOO $VLPSOH(OHFWULF&LUFXLWLVVHWXSDVVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH7KHWZRVWRYH pins acts as electrodes Experiment Observation :KHQ HOHFWURGHV DUH GLSSHG EXOEJORZVEULJKWO\ LQ TXHRXV VROXWLRQ RI VRGLXP FKORULGH :KHQHOHFWURGHVDUHGLSSHGLQ EXOEJORZVIDLQWO\ YLQHJDUVROXWLRQ :KHQHOHFWURGHVDUHGLSSHGLQ EXOEGRHVQRWJORZ VXJDUVROXWLRQ )URP WKH DERYH H[SHULPHQWV ZH FDQ FRQFOXGH WKDW HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDULHV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW HOHFWURO\WHV%DVHGRQWKLVVROXWHVDUHFODVVLÀHGDVIROORZV 373 (OHFWURO\WHV WKDW GLVVRFLDWH DOPRVW FRPSOHWHO\ DUH FDOOHG VWURQJ HOHFWURO\WHV7KH\FRQGXFWHOHFWULFLW\EHWWHU H[6RGLXPFKORULGH (OHFWURO\WHV WKDW GLVVRFLDWH IHHEO\ DUH FDOOHG ZHDN HOHFWURO\WHV 7KH\FRQGXFWHOHFWULFLW\SDUWLDOO\9LQHJDUFRQWDLQVDFHWLFDFLGZKLFK LVDZHDNHOHFWURO\WH 6XJDU VROXWLRQ GRHV QRW FRQGXFW HOHFWULFLW\ +HQFH LW LV QRQ HOHFWURO\WH &ODVVLÀFDWLRQRI6ROXWHV 6ROXWHV (OHFWURO\WHV 6WURQJ 1RQ(OHFWURO\WHV :HDN 'LVVRFLDWLRQLV 'LVVRFLDWLRQLV DOPRVWFRPSOHWH DOPRVWLQSDUWLDOLQ LQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQ DTXHRXVVROXWLRQ 'LVVRFLDWLRQGRHV QRWRFFXU LQDFTXHRXVVROXWLRQ ([DPSOHV ([DPSOHV ([DPSOHV a) Ionic 6XJDUVROXWLRQ :HDNDFLGV compounds VRGLXP 'LVWLOOHGZDWHU &DUERQLFDFLG FKORULGH&RSSHU VXOSKDWH 3KRVSKRULFDFLG 2UJDQLFDFLGVOLNH b) Covalent $FHWLFDFLG)RUPLFDFLG compounds 6WURQJDFLGV +\GURFKORULFDFLG 1LWULFDFLG 6XOSKXULFDFLG 374 Arrehinius Theory of Dissociation ,Q$UUKHQLXVSURSRVHGWKHWKHRU\RI(OHFWURO\WLFGLVVRFLDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV WKHRU\ WKH PROHFXOHV RI DQ HOHFWURO\WH LQ DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ EUHDNV LQWR LRQV &KDUJHG JURXS RI DWRP DQG IUHHO\ PRYH DERXWLQWKHEXONRIWKHVROXWLRQ :KHQDQHOHFWULFÀHOGLVDSSOLHGWRDQHOHFWURO\WHQHJDWLYHO\FKDUJHG SDUWLFOHV PRYH WRZDUGV DQRGH DQG JHW GLVFKDUJHG 7KHVH DUH FDOOHG anions. 6LPLODUO\WKHSRVLWLYHO\FKDUJHGSDUWLFOHVPRYHWRZDUGVFDWKRGH DQGJHWGLVFKDUJHG7KHVHDUHFDOOHG cations. 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