Warm-up for 28-1

JFK 1960 inauguration speech
Election of 1960

mood of restlessness among voters
US recession, USSR had launched Sputnik, dev. long range missiles, aligned w/ Cuba, &
shot down U-2 plane

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

nominees were John Kennedy (D) & Richard Nixon (R)
Kennedy was handsome & charismatic–criticized for inexperience & RC
religion
2 factors helped JFK (TV & Civil Rights)
1st ever TV debates showcased Kennedy’s confidence-TV age of politics began
Martin Luther King was arrested for sitting at a segregated lunch counter
1.
2.


Nixon refused to take a position & JFK’s brother helped get King released
*African-American vote helped carry key states in the S & MW
John F. Kennedy

35th U.S. President (D) 1961-1963

had inspiring inaugural speech

1st family fascinated the public (wife Jacqueline, children Caroline
& John)

glamour & talented advisors reminded many of a modern-day
Camelot
New Military Policy

Communist influence had spread to 3rd world countries
including Cuba

flexible response- policy of preparing for a variety of military
responses rather than relying on the use of nuclear weapons
And so, my
fellow
Americans:
ask not
what your
country can
do for you ask what
you can do
for your
country.
Crisis over Cuba
 Fidel Castro- communist
dictator of Cuba
 Eisenhower cut off relations
w/ after Castro seized U.S.
oil refineries



Bay of Pigs invasion –April
17, 1961 - was a failure from
the start


Eisenhower gave permission for
the CIA to train Cuban exiles for
an invasion
JFK learned about it right before
taking office, yet approved
(1,500 Cuban exiles that landed
faced 25,000 troops backed by
tanks & aircraft)
disaster left JFK
embarrassed
Cuban Missile Crisis
 Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev promised to
defend Cuba w/ Soviet
arms
 in Oct. of 62’ photographs
revealed nuclear missiles
ready to launch
 JFK stated any attack from
Cuba would mean an allout attack on the Soviets
 U.S. ships quarantined
Cuba from any more Soviet
ships
 Soviets offered to remove
missiles for a pledge not to
invade Cuba
 U.S. also secretly agreed to
remove missiles from
Turkey
Crisis in Berlin- August 1961
 millions had fled East Germany to be free from Communist rule
 Khrushchev wanted to close roads but JFK refused
 Berlin Wall- concrete wall separating W & E Berlin from 1961 to
1989 (length of barriers ~110 miles)
 *wall becomes an ugly symbol of Communist oppression
 hot line- phone allowing the leaders of the U.S. & Soviet Union
to talk (est. 1963)
 Limited Test Ban Treaty- barred nuclear testing in the
atmosphere (1963- still allowed underground detonations)
President Kennedy used this handwritten note card
while delivering his speech to the people of Berlin on
June 26, 1963 at Rudolph Wilde Platz. On it he
phonetically spelled German phrases from his speech,
including "Ish bin ein Berliner".
There is a misconception that Kennedy made a risible error by saying Ich bin ein Berliner.
By using the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly changed the meaning of the sentence
from "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a jelly doughnut.“ The indefinite article is omitted
in German when speaking of an individual's profession or residence but is still used when
speaking in a figurative sense. Since the President was not literally from Berlin but
declaring his solidarity with its citizens, "Ich bin ein Berliner" was the only way to express
what he wanted to say. It is also true that though the word "Berliner“ is used for a jelly
doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, but the word is not used in Berlin
itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word is "Pfannkuchen."
Warm-up for 28-2


Video warm-up
Besides 9/11, is their any other historical event that
was so powerful that you remember where you were
and what you were doing? Explain. What are some
past historical events that people would have
remembered forever?
The Promise of Progress

New Frontier




JFK lacked popular mandate- clear indication voters approved his
plans
JFK took over during a recession & pushed for deficit spending


JFK’s legislative plan
included medical care for the elderly, rebuilding urban areas, bolster the
national defense, & expand the space program
(spending more than the govt. took in)
Congress approved 20% budget increase for armed services

Domestically- increased minimum wage & extended unemployment insurance
Foreign Aid Programs
 Peace Corps- volunteer assistance to
developing nations in Asia, Africa, & LA


Between 1961 and 2013, over 210,000 Americans joined
the Peace Corps and served in 139 countries.
Alliance for Progress-economic & technical
assistance to Latin America

By 1973 the program was widely viewed as a failure and it
was cancelled.
Race to the moon
 Soviets 1st to put a man in space (Yuri Gagarin)
 Alan Shepard 1st American in space
 NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Admin.) – constructed
new launch facilities in FL and mission control center in TX
 July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong walked on the moon
 funding for science programs increases resulting in new
technologies (computer chips, medical, telecommunication, &
aviation advances)
 1963- JFK presented Congress w/ a civil rights bill & a $10
billion tax cut



Mercury (‘59-’63) – Alan Shepard becomes 1st American in
space in 1961, John Glenn 1st to orbit Earth
Gemini (‘62-’66) – long duration space flight & vehicle
docking
Apollo (‘61-’72) – 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts Neil
Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin land on the moon



in six Apollo spaceflights twelve men walked on the Moon
Moon landing marked an end to the space race
Manned missions continued w/ Skylab, the shuttle program (19812011), and the ISS


Albert II became the first monkey in space on 14
June 1949, in a U.S.-launched V-2, after the
failure of the original Albert's mission on ascent.
Albert I reached only 30–39 miles altitude;
Albert II reached about 83 miles. Albert II died
on impact after a parachute failure. Numerous
monkeys of several species were flown by the
U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were
implanted with sensors to measure vital signs,
and many were under anesthesia during
launch. The death rate among monkeys at this
stage was very high: about two-thirds of all
monkeys launched in 1940s and 1950s died on
missions or soon after landing.
On 19 August 1960 Russia launched Sputnik 5,
which carried the dogs Belka and Strelka, along
with a gray rabbit, 40 mice, 2 rats, and 15 flasks
of fruit flies and plants. It was the first
spacecraft to carry animals into orbit and return
them alive. One of Strelka's pups, Pushinka,
bred and born after her mission, was given as a
present to Caroline Kennedy by Nikita
Khrushchev in 1961, and many descendants are
known to exist.
Tragedy in Dallas
 November 22, 1963 JFK
landed in Dallas
 JFK shot riding in an
open-air limo near the TX
School Book Depository
 LBJ took the oath of office
aboard Air Force One
 Lee Harvey Oswald
charged w/ murder – exmarine & Castro
supporter

Warren Commission- 2 hits out of
3 shots from 140 feet, and from 60
feet up- extremely difficult


a nightclub owner named
Jack Ruby shot Oswald
during a prison transfer
Warren Commissioninvestigated & concluded
Oswald acted alone


a 1979 reinvestigation
concluded Oswald was
part of a conspiracy w/ 2
shooters


2 bullets from the 6th floor
Depository caused all the
injuries to JFK & Connally
(magic bullet & head shot)
Possible 2nd shooter on the
grassy knoll
**American system of
govt. proved sturdy
Warm-up for 28-3


Video warm-up
Does government have a responsibility to try to
right social wrongs (poverty, discrimination, &
lack of opportunity), and if so, at what level? Can
government change how people treat each other?

Lyndon Baines Johnson









36th U.S. President (D) 1963-1969
Texas representative that idolized FDR
VP for JFK helping win key states in the S
passed JFK’s tax reduction plan spurring economic growth
passed JFK’s Civil Rights Act of 64’ prohibiting discrimination
LBJ’s agenda focused on poverty
Economic Opportunity Act- $ for youth programs, antipoverty measures, smallbusiness loans, & job training
1964 election- won against Senator Barry Goldwater in a landslide
D’s increased majority in Congress, giving LBJ power to pass legislation
Great Society- LBJ’s programs to reduce poverty & racial injustices in the U.S.

(Education- federal $ for textbooks, materials, & special education)

(Housing- slum rebuilding & new low-income housing- HUD created)

Healthcare


Medicare-provides insurance for Americans age 65 or older
Medicaid- provides insurance to welfare recipients
Immigration
Immigration Act of 1965- ended national-origins quotas est. in the 20’s
 allowed non-European immigrants to settle in the U.S.

Environmental
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson triggered an environmental movement
 (Water Quality Act of 1965- required states to clean up rivers)

Consumer Protection
Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader criticized the unsafe auto industry
Warren Court (1953-1969)
 SC during the period when Earl Warren
was CJ
 known for activism in areas of civil rights
& free speech


(banned state prayer in public schools, limited
power to censor books & film, declared state
loyalty oaths unconstitutional)
reapportionment- redrawing of election
districts to reflect changes in pop.
(rural residents w/ lower pop. sometimes had
more representation -pop. shifts)
 (district apportionment is known as
gerrymandering-manipulating district boundaries
to create partisan advantages)


rights of people accused of crimes greatly
expanded


(evidence seized illegally could not be used in
court, free counsel provided, lawyer present
during questioning)
Miranda v. Arizona

suspects must be read their rights before
questioning

The word gerrymander was used for the first time in the
Boston Gazette on 26 March 1812. The word was created in
reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate
election districts under Governor Elbridge Gerry. In 1812,
Governor Gerry signed a bill that redistricted Massachusetts
to benefit his Democratic-Republican Party. When mapped,
one of the contorted districts in the Boston area was said to
resemble the shape of a mythological salamander. The term
gerrymander is a blend of the governor's last name and the
word salamander.
Miranda Rights Scenario
Scenario #1
 Benny was arrested by New York Police
and charged with the armed robbery of a
taxicab driver. While Benny was in jail
waiting for his trial, a New York
undercover officer was placed in Benny’s
cell. Before the officer asked any questions,
Benny said that he had robbed the cab
driver. Benny’s statement was used against
him at trial, despite his objection that he
was not read his Miranda Rights, in
violation of the Fifth Amendment. Should
the court allow the statement?
Scenario #1:
 The Supreme Court held that this was not a
violation of the Fifth Amendment. They felt
that unless the defendant could show that the
police officer actually questioned the
prisoner, instead of merely listening to him,
then the discussion did not qualify as a
custodial interrogation.
 Note: A later Supreme Court case went even
further, saying that Miranda warnings are not
required if the defendant does not know he is
speaking to a law enforcement agent.
Scenario #2
 Rhode Island police officers arrested Jared on
suspicion of shooting a local taxicab driver in
the head, and then burying the body nearby.
Jared was read his Miranda rights, and
indicated that he wished to speak to a lawyer.
On the way to the station, the police began
talking to each other about the murder, while
Jared listened in the back seat. Then, without
warning, Jared admitted to the murder. At his
trial, Jared argued that the police had coerced
him into admitting to the murder, and that his
Fifth Amendment rights had been violated.
Should the court allow the statement?
Scenario #2
 The Supreme Court said that this situation
had not violated the defendant’s Miranda
rights because he had not been expressly
questioned, nor had the police said anything
that he knew would likely coerce the
defendant into admitting guilt.
 Note: The court did indicate in a later case
that if, under the same circumstances, the
officer’s conversation was intended to
produce a confession, then it would violate
the defendant’s Fifth Amendment, even
absent express questioning.
Scenario #3
 Robert Berkemer was driving 40 mph in a 25 mph
zone when he saw the flashing lights of a patrol car
behind him. He dutifully pulled over to the side of
the road. The officer approached him, and requested
that he step outside of the vehicle. Robert stepped
out of the car, and the officer asked him whether or
not he was aware of how fast he was going. In
response to the officer’s questioning, Robert admitted
that he had been speeding. At his traffic hearing,
Robert argued that because he was detained and
interrogated without receiving his Miranda
warnings, his confession should not be admitted.
Should the court allow Robert’s confession?
Scenario #3
 The Supreme Court said that Miranda
Warnings need not be given before roadside
questioning of a motorist detained at a routine
traffic stop. They did not feel that such stops
impair a person’s free exercise of his privilege
against self-incrimination to require that he be
warned of his constitutional rights.
Impact of Great Society
 LBJ greatly extended the
power of the presidency
 # of poor people did
decline
 Great Society contributed
to a growing budget
deficit
 Communist forces in
Vietnam would
eventually overshadow
the Great Society