Further Definition of Tin Mineralisation
in the Mesoproterozoic Prospect Hill Tin Project
Northern Flinders Ranges:
Insights for Tin Exploration in South Australia
SAEMC December 2016
Graham S. Teale & Adrian M. Brewer
Teale & Associates Pty. Ltd., Brewer Geological Services
Acknowledgments
Much of the new data for this presentation was gathered by the authors
during the current exploration joint venture with Havilah Resources Ltd.
Historic data obtained during exploration work by the authors for numerous
other companies, from 1982 until the joint venture with Havilah Resources Ltd
in 2007, has also been drawn upon.
The authors would like to thank Havilah Resources Ltd for permission to give
this presentation.
Competent Persons Statement
The information in this presentation that relates to Exploration Targets , Exploration Results and Mineral
Resources is based on data compiled by geologists, Graham Teale and Adrian Brewer, who are
Competent Persons and who are members of The Australian Institute of Geoscientists. Both Graham
Teale and Adrian Brewer have sufficient experience, which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and
type of deposit and activities described herein to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012
Edition of ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’.
Messrs Teale and Brewer consent to the inclusion in the presentation of the matters based on their
information in the form and context in which it appears. This information was prepared and first
disclosed under the JORC Code 2004. It has not been updated since to comply with the JORC Code
2012 on the basis that the information has not materially changed since it was last reported.
Prospect Hill - Location
Geology
 Mineralisation discovered in 1980. South Ridge Deposit contains an Indicated
Resource of 302,000 tonnes @ 0.64% Sn to 90 metres vertical depth.
Additional lodes continue to be located.
 Mineralisation (South Ridge) open at depth on the western end (PHRCO37,
5m @ 0.85% Sn) and eastern end (PHRCO29, 10m @ 0.48% Sn).
Samples >1% Sn can be located for an additional 400m west of the last
drill-hole on the South Ridge. No deep drilling. Parallel lodes to the immediate
south of the South Ridge prospect not explored as yet.
 The Prospect Hill Domain, including the South Ridge, Fly Hill Zone, Black Rock,
Petermorra and Central Ridge mineralisation is highly sheared, in part mylonitic,
and trends approximately EW. Mineralisation is pre-tectonic.
 Mineralisation is contained within metamorphosed and highly deformed
Mesoproterozoic pyroclastics and sub-volcanic intrusives that have been dated
at 1560 ± 2Ma (Sheard et. al., 1993).

Four high level, “A-type” sub-volcanic intrusives emplaced into the pyroclastics
are enriched in Pb, Zn, F, U and Sn and have been dated at 1552Ma.

The Prospect Hill area contains the youngest Mesoproterozoic terrain within
the Mount Painter Province and the Curnamona Craton in general.
 Some quartz-rich sediments and epiclastics are intercalated with the felsic
pyroclastics and possible felsic domes.
Numerous granitic/porphyry stocks are present.
 Reprocessing of magnetic data indicates that the Mesoproterozoic basement
is most likely shallow underneath the Cretaceous and recent cover suggesting
potential for further discovery.
 A major structure separates this distinct terrain from the Mesoproterozoic terrain
to the south. The Prospect Hill Granite porphyry, the North Ridge granite,
the Old Hut granite and the White Well Granite only occur to the north of
this structure. The structure separates deep level rapakivitic granites (~1555Ma)
from high level porphyry intrusives (1552Ma). Block tilting has occurred.
 Additional tin lodes have been recently discovered and these develop ~50m
south of the South Ridge tin zone. There has been no drilling on these lodes.
PROSPECT HILL
GEOLOGY
PROSPECT HILL
REGIONAL
MAGNETICS
Meta-Volcanics
 The meta-volcanics were altered prior to deformation and contain
high SiO2 (76-78%), low Al2O3 (~11%), negligible CaO, Na2O and MgO,
high Y (~80ppm), Zn (~500ppm), Sn (~30ppm) and W (15-30ppm)
 Two different volcanic units are present, the northern meta-volcanics and the
southern meta-volcanics. The latter are more enriched in tin. Chlorite ±
magnetite alteration envelopes around the Fly Hill mineralisation are considered
to be pre-tectonic alteration features with removal of alkalis.
 The meta-volcanics are enriched in the REE and exhibit marked LREE
enrichment and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly
Former quartz phenocryst in deformed and metamorphosed pyroclastic
Note the garnet in the bottom RH corner.
Quartz-veining and magnetite development
at Fly Hill. Sample contains 0.2% Sn
Mag. x 50; length of photomicrograph = 2.6mm; PPL
PHRC06-55m-56m
recrystallised
quartz vein
Mag. x 20; scale bar = 500µ; PPL
Sample 20016
High Level Intrusives
 Four known intrusives are dominated by quartz-K-feldspar-sodic plagioclasebiotite; abundant fluorite and accessory zircon, monazite, apatite, tourmaline
and rare uraninite and cassiterite. The biotite, although Fe-rich, contains high F.
 The Prospect Hill Granite porphyry contains ~72.5% SiO2, ~12% Al2O3,
~6.7% K2O, 0.52% F and high Y (130ppm), U (50ppm), Rb (550ppm),
Th (175ppm), Pb (65ppm) and Sn (20ppm).
 The White Well Granite exhibits granophyric textures and is also high level.
It contains ~76% SiO2, 11.7% Al2O3, negligible MnO, CaO and MgO,
~6% K2O and high Y (~120ppm), Th (~55ppm), Pb (~55ppm) and up to
506ppm Sn.
PROSPECT HILL
Uranium Channel
Airborne Radiometrics
and Geochemistry
Stream Sediment
Geochemistry
Sample site
>70
>32
W : ppm
>500
>100 Sn : ppm
>40
0
1000
2000m
White Well Granite - 506ppm Sn, 33ppm Th,
77ppm Y, 12ppm U
Old Hut granite - 37ppm Sn, 187ppm Th,
162ppm Y, 78ppm U
ovoidal K-feldspar megacryst
ovoidal tourmaline aggregate
North Ridge granite - 35ppm Sn, 31ppm Th,
61ppm Y, 14ppm U
Prospect Hill Granite Porphyry - 18ppm Sn,
175ppm Th, 130ppm Y, 50ppm U
Prospect Hill Granite porphyry showing tourmaline nodule encapsulated in quartz.
The tourmaline nodules are enriched in U (up to 340ppm), Th (up to 1600ppm),
Bi (up to 100ppm) and Zr (up to 740ppm), far in excess of the host granite (FPXRF).
Granophyric textures in high level White Well Granite
Sample 20049
Mag. x 50; scale bar = 200µ; crossed nicols
1000
Sample / Chondrite
Mineralisation
Mineralisation
100
Prospect Hill
Granite
Footwall volcanic
10
La Ce
240
Nd
Sm Eu Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
PROSPECT HILL
Stream Sediment
Geochemistry
Gangue - South Ridge

Major: quartz, fluorite, biotite, Mn-Ca-rich garnet, muscovite

Minor: gahnite, F-rich margarite, tourmaline, magnetite,
sulphides (sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite)

Trace: zincian chlorite, Zn-rich magnetite, apatite, epidote
Location of Tin

Cassiterite (no stannite or stanniferous andradite present)

Maximum concentrations of tin in other minerals are:
biotite - 0.17% Sn
epidote - 0.24% Sn
spinel - 0.10% Sn
garnet - 0.04% Sn
These concentrations are rare however.
Significant Tin Intersections - Southern Ridge Prospect
 PHP02 – 6m @ 1.85%
 PHRC04 – 10m @ 1.16%
 PHP05 – 9m @ 0.99%
 PHRC23 – 9m @ 0.93%
 PHRC24 – 8m @ 1.48%
 PHP15 – 6m @ 2.33%
 PHRC03 – 3m @ 4.85%
Associated anomalous base metals
 PHP06 – 4m @ 0.43% Cu, includes 2m @ 1.78% Pb, 76ppm Ag
 PHRC07 – 5m @ 0.47% Cu, 25ppm Ag
 PHP08 – 12m @ 0.25% Cu, 0.65% Zn
 PHRC04 – 17m @ 0.55% Zn
 PHRC05 – 10m @ 0.65% Zn and 3m @ 1% Cu, 2.2% Pb, 1.8% Zn, 200ppm Ag
 PHRC23 – 30m @ 0.36% Cu, includes 9m @0.55% Cu, 0.7% Pb, 0.82% Zn, 33ppm Ag
South Ridge mineralisation - cassiterite and gangue
garnet
Zn biotite
gahnite
cassiterite
Mag. x 100; length of photomicrograph = 1.3mm; PPL
Mag. x 50; length of photomicrograph = 2.6mm; PPL
PHRC03 44m-45m
PHRC03 45m-46m
F-margarite
cassiterite
garnet
cassiterite
scheelite
Mag. x 100; length of photomicrograph = 1.3mm; PPL
PHRC04 35m-36m
Mag. x 50; scale bar= 200µ; PPL
PH32
South Ridge Extension mineralisation - cassiterite and gangue
Sample 20044 – 19.3% Sn
tourmaline
cassiterite
Mag. x 50; scale bar = 200µ; PPL
South Ridge Western Extension mineralisation - cassiterite and gangue
boudinaged and
recrystallised cassiterite
Mag. x 50; scale bar = 200µ; PPL
boudinaged cassiterite
Sample 20046 – 11.2% Sn
Recently located Sn horizon. Small boudins
and high grade lenses are present in weakly
stanniferous meta-volcanics. Large cassiterite
grains rotated and boudinaged. New
cassiterite is colourless (see above).
Mag. x 20; scale bar = 500µ; PPL
Sample 20046
Dominant gangue for other prospects

South Ridge Extension: quartz, tourmaline, sericite

Petermorra Prospect: quartz, sericite, biotite, tourmaline

Fly Hill areas: quartz, tourmaline, chlorite, magnetite, sericite, sulphides

Black Rock Prospect: quartz, sericite, tourmaline, fluorite, beryl, phenacite
Dominant element association, all prospects

South Ridge: Sn, Zn, Cu, F, (Pb, Ag)

Petermorra Prospect: Sn, Cu

Fly Hill areas: Sn, Cu, (Bi)

Black Rock Prospect: Sn, W, (Ta, Nb, Be, F)
Fly Hill areas, Central Ridge and Petermorra mineralisation

The Fly Hill area lodes contain grab samples grading up to 34% Sn and have
been traced using a FPXRF unit for approximately 500m.
They have been cut by faulting to the west. They appear to be zoned with
anomalous Mo-Cu developing laterally to the Sn(-Cu) mineralisation
(FPXRF).

Fly Hill mineralisation is fine grained (~10-40µ) and intimately associated with
tourmaline. The cassiterite is developed within strongly sheared and
deformed volcanics and quartz breccias. A chloritic alteration zone surrounds
the mineralisation. Sulphides develop in quartz veins which cut the Sn
mineralisation.

Central Ridge and Petermorra mineralisation tends to be associated with
quartz, tourmaline and muscovite. It is coarse grained and up to 2mm in size.
Fly Hill, cassiterite-rich milled breccia
Sample 20012 - 15.5% Sn
Fly Hill mineralisation - cassiterite and gangue
quartz phenocryst
cassiterite
sericite
tourmaline
Mag. x 50; scale bar= 200µ; PPL
Sample 20017 - 1.51% Sn
Mag. x 20; scale bar= 500µ; PPL
Sample 20019 - 2.6% Sn - quartz-cassiterite breccia
cassiterite veins
Mag. x 20; scale bar= 500µ; PPL
Sample 20012 - 15.5% Sn
- quartz + lithic clasts in cassiterite matrix
Mag. x 200; scale bar= 50µ; PPL
Sample 20011 - 1.89% Sn
- quartz-cassiterite-tourmaline mineralisation
Central Ridge mineralisation - cassiterite and gangue
Sample 20022A
- coarse grained cassiterite associated with quartz
Mag. x 20; scale bar = 500µ; PPL
Sample 20022A - cassiterite “cementing” quartz grains
Mag. x 50; scale bar = 200µ; PPL
Black Rock mineralisation

The Black Rock mineralisation can be followed discontinuously for ~450m.
Cassiterite tends to be coarse grained (>0.2mm) and is generally deep redbrown in colour. Mineralisation is associated with beryl, ferberite, Nb-Tabearing oxides, phenacite (Be-silicate), fluorite and muscovite. Sulphides
tend to be absent.

Mineralisation is developed within highly deformed silicic meta-volcanics and
is present as anomalous concentrations (200ppm-3000ppm Sn) within these
volcanics or as high grade transposed and boudinaged lenses (up to 57.7%
Sn).

Mineralisation needs to followed to the west and can be traced
discontinuously for ~400m to the east . Mineralisation is extremely difficult to
follow visually.
Black Rock mineralisation - slab photos
Be-rich
domain
cassiterite
Sample 20055 – 57.7% Sn
High grade Sn-bearing samples can be easily
located if extreme grade. However, below
~20% Sn it is difficult to identify Sn-bearing
lithotypes (see sample 20053 adjacent).
FPXRF is of use here.
Sample 20053 – 16.1% Sn
Black Rock mineralisation
muscovite
cassiterite
cassiterite
Mag. x 20; scale bar = 500µ; PPL
Sample 20055
Many of the cassiterite grains shown here
beryl
phenacite
are >0.5mm. Beryl breaks down to fluorite,
sericite, phenacite and quartz.
Mag. x 20; scale bar = 500µ; PPL
Sample 20055
Black Rock, W-Ta-Nb phases
intergrowths of tantalo-columbite and ferberite
columbo-tantalite
Sample 20054 - 25.1% Sn
The Black Rock prospect contains anomalous
concentrations of W (up to 0.22%), BeO
(up to 0.33%), Nb (up to 0.13%) and Ta
(up to 244ppm). Samples contain extremely
low Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios.
Sample 20054
Oxide mineralisation
cassiterite
native bismuth
clinobisvanite
bismite
clinobisvanite
Sample 20032 - 1.92% Sn
There is limited oxide mineralisation at
Prospect Hill. Stanniferous goethite,
chrysocolla
malachite, chrysocolla, brochantite, bismite,
bismutite, clinobisvanite, bismuth-bearing
Cu-Bi goethite
goethite, cuprotungstite, chalcocite and
cupriferous goethite are all present.
Sample 20032
Origin of Tin Mineralisation

Mineralisation has developed in intensely altered felsic pyroclastics.
Alteration occurred during the emplacement of the sub-volcanic intrusives.

Cassiterite is associated with minor Pb-Zn-Ag sulphides (South Ridge)
and contains anomalous Bi, Sb, In, Se, Cu, Te, As, U, Cd and W along
the South Ridge. The mineralisation has been derived from adjacent high
level strongly fractionated granites. This mineralisation is zoned.

Mineralisation is “sulphur-poor” with only minor Fe-sulphides (pyrrhotite).
Sulphides are found in cross-cutting, folded quartz veins at Fly Hill.
Zn can be contained in spinels, oxides and silicates and trace Pb is
contained in epidote. No “gossans” and missed by early Cornish miners.

Gangue associated with the different prospects is varied with late Cusulphide (chalcopyrite + bornite)-quartz veining cutting the Fly Hill
mineralisation and late quartz-scheelite veins cutting the South Ridge
mineralisation. At Black Rock muscovite, beryl, tourmaline and phenacite
are associated with the mineralisation.

Mineralisation is not Cambro-Ordovician and shares a similar age
to host volcanics and intrusives.

Previous interpretations such as beach placer, Delamerian vein,
volcanic exhalative and BHT equivalent are not correct

Mineralisation shares similar REE patterns to host volcanics and
sub-volcanic intrusives. It developed via the movement of Sn and
metal-bearing fluids from a sub-volcanic porphyry body similar to
the Prospect Hill granite porphyry.
Exploration Ramifications

Granitic intrusives are high level to sub-volcanic and are extremely fractionated with
low Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. Associated mineralisation also exhibits low Nb/Ta and
Zr/Hf ratios (6 and 7.8 respectively at Black Rock prospect). Intrusives also contain
high concentrations of Y, Th, U, Sn and Pb. These geochemical characteristics may be
used as pathfinders to potential regional host domains.

The intrusives and associated volcanics are ~1555Ma, younger than the known hosts
of Gawler and Curnamona Cu-mineralisation (1575Ma-1600Ma). These intrusives and
extrusives are viewed as a late lower crustal melting phase and share similar ages to
metamorphic/metasomatic events in the Mt. Woods-Coober Pedy area, the Mount
Painter region and the SE Yorke Peninsula area. Similar aged intrusives are present in
the Mt. Woods area and it may be possible that Sn and associated mineralisation in
the Central and Southern Gawler Domain may be associated with similar aged
intrusives.

The mineralisation is associated with anomalous Bi, REEs, U, W, Cu and F.
Any anomalous grouping of these elements in a regional soils programme should
be viewed positively

The FPXRF does not detect coarse (>0.2mm) cassiterite in soils and streams, with
anomalous Sn in soils detected when cassiterite grain size is between 20µ and 60µ.
Original -40+80 mesh stream anomalies have proved to be accurate and in need of
follow up even when detailed FPXRF in nearby soils has been ineffective.

Because of the general lack of sulphides in the mineralisation the Sn lodes can
be very difficult to locate and then delineate.
Summary

Tin mineralisation occurs over a wide area of the Prospect Hill region.
Mineralisation has been tested on the Southern Ridge with an
Indicated Resource of 302,000 tonnes @ 0.64% Sn present to
90 vertical metres depth. The mineralisation is open at depth to the west
(PHRC037 5m @ 0.85%) and to the east (PHRC029 10m @ 0.48%).
400m + of lode as yet untested.

Mineralisation on the South Ridge is associated with intensely altered
pyroclastics and contains minor sulphides and abundant fluorite,
Mn-Ca-rich garnet, gahnite, biotite (often zincian), quartz, magnetite
(often zincian) and K and Ca-rich micas.
Scheelite usually develops in late veins cutting the tin mineralisation.

The Fly Hill area lodes are approximately 500m in length and contain
apparent boudins of extreme grade (~34% Sn). These boudins can be tens
of centimetres to tens of metres in length and are dominated by quartzcassiterite breccias. Coarse grained cassiterite has been identified at the
Black Rock prospect. This will be drill tested within the next 6 months.

Elsewhere mineralisation is associated with similar deformed
Sn and U-rich A-type volcanics and sub-volcanic intrusives which were
extruded and emplaced at ~1555Ma.
The intrusives are extremely enriched in F, Y, U, Rb, Th, Pb and Sn.
 These may be the youngest volcanics and intrusives in the
Curnamona Craton.

The grain size of cassiterite is highly variable usually depending on
deformation. Black Rock area, +0.2mm, Fly Hill areas, 10µ to 60µ,
South Ridge Prospect, 0.1mm to1mm, Petermorra and
Central Ridge Prospects, +0.5mm.

Mineralisation appears zoned with Sn-Cu developed in the NE,
Sn-Zn-Cu-F(-Pb-Ag) developed in the south and Sn-W (-Ta-Nb-Be-F)
developed in the SW. Mineralisation may be derived from a source in the NE.
 The association of anomalous Sn-Bi-Pb-U-F within the granites, high
concentrations of U-Bi within hydrothermal, rounded tourmaline orbicules
contained within the granites and abundant anomalous Bi within the
northern tin-bearing zones argues for an association between the granite
and developing hydrothermal fluids.

The limited Pb-isotope data are similar to Pb-isotope data from
the North Portia/ Kalkaroo mineralisation dated at ~1600Ma.

Alluvial/eluvial Sn potential and U potential in adjacent Tertiary/Cretaceous
sequences has not been tested.
 Intrusives similar to the Prospect Hill Granite porphyry and the
White Well Granite and their associated skarn mineralisation may
develop elsewhere along the northern flanks of the Curnamona Craton and
along the eastern flank of the Gawler Craton.