The biomonitoring of trace
elements, PCB and OCP in the
river ecosystems of the Czech
Republic
Marek Liška, Milan Koželuh, Lumír Kule, Jakub
Horecký, Natália Lapšanská a Jiří Streit
Vltava River Authority, Czech Republic
AIM OF THE BIOMONITORING
PROJECT
• The investigation of contamination range
in the Czech rivers ecosystems for trace
elements (Cd, Pb, Hg, As), PCB (9 basic
congeners) and DDT, DDD, DDE, HCB
• The acquisition of data for map of a
contamination Czech and Moravian rivers
Background of the project
• organization and financial support
CHMI Prague
• sampling and laboratory analysis
Povodí Vltavy, Povodí Labe, Povodí Moravy
• Start of the project: 1999
Sampling points
Biomarkers
• Dreissena polymorpha
long-term exposure ( 60 days)
• Bentos:
•
Erpobdella octoculata, Asellus
aquaticus, Bithynia tentaculata,
Hydropsyche sp.
• Fish:
Leuciscus cephalus
• Biofilm
long-term exposure ( 60 days)
Methods of sampling
Methods of laboratory procedure
• Dreissena separation of
biomass from shells
• Fish - separation of
dorsal muscles
• Benthos - sampling
- kicking method,
selection of species
• Biofilm - wipe of
biofilm layer
• homogenization
• lyofilization
• analysis of desiccate
and fat
• microwave digestion
• extraction, cleaning
• AAS – ETA, analysis of
heavy metals. (ICP – MS)
• Gas Chromatography
• check of analysis - SRM
2974
Results – cadmium and lead
biofilm- cadmium
m g /k g
makrozoobentos - cadmium
8,0
5,0
7,0
4,5
6,0
4,0
5,0
3,5
4,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,0
Hydropsyche
Sphaerium
ZE
L
ZI
D
H
VE
R
Erpobdella
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
NE
S
NI
S
O
BR
PO
H
SR
B
TO
P
US
T
VA
L
Bithynia
BO
Asellus
BE
C
H
0,0
DE
B
DE
C
DE
H
IV
A
L
R
D
ZI
ZE
VE
VA
L
T
P
TO
US
B
H
PO
SR
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
NE
S
NI
S
O
BR
BE
CH
BO
H
DE
B
DE
C
DE
H
IV
A
0,5
biofilm - lead
makrozoobentos - lead
60,0
40,0
120,0
30,0
100,0
20,0
80,0
10,0
60,0
0,0
40,0
20,0
ZE
L
ZI
D
VE
R
Sphaerium
TO
P
US
T
VA
L
Hydropsyche
NE
S
NI
S
O
BR
PO
H
SR
B
Erpobdella
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
Bithynia
H
DE
B
DE
C
DE
H
IV
A
Asellus
BO
H
0,0
BE
C
BE
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
NE
S
NI
S
OB
R
PO
H
SR
B
TO
P
US
T
VA
L
VE
R
ZE
L
ZI
D
140,0
CH
BO
H
DE
B
DE
C
DE
H
50,0
Results – mercury and PCB
fish - mercury
makrozoobentos - mercury
mg/kg
2,5
2,0
5,1
1,8
1,6
2,0
1,4
1,5
1,2
1,0
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,0
Bithynia
Erpobdella
Hydropsyche
VA
L
VE
R
ZE
L
ZI
D
0,0
B
EC
H
B
O
H
D
EB
D
EC
D
EH
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
N
ES
N
I
O S
B
R
PO
H
SR
TOB
P
U
ST
V
A
L
V
ER
ZE
L
ZI
D
Asellus
LY
S
NE
S
NI
S
OB
R
PO
H
SR
B
TO
P
US
T
H
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
C
DE
B
DE
DE
BE
CH
BO
H
0,2
Sphaerium
fish - sum of PCB
makrozoobentos - sum of PCB
ug/k g
800
500
700
450
400
350
600
500
300
250
400
300
200
B
EC
H
0
Asellus
Bithynia
Erpobdella
Hydropsyche
Sphaerium
O
H
D
E
B
D
E
C
D
E
H
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
N
E
S
N
IS
O
B
R
P
O
H
S
R
B
TO
P
U
S
T
V
AL
V
ER
ZE
L
ZI
D
L
D
ZI
ZE
H
SR
B
TO
P
U
ST
VA
L
VE
R
PO
IS
BR
O
ES
N
N
S
LY
N
U
LO
LA
IV
A
EH
D
D
D
BO
C
BE
EC
50
H
0
EB
150
100
H
100
B
200
Asellus
Bithynia
Erpobdella
Erpobdella
Hydropsyche
Hydropsyche
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
B
E
C
H
B
O
H
D
E
D B
E
D C
E
H
IV
LA A
N
LO
U
LY
N S
E
S
N
IS
O
B
R
P
O
P H
R
M
S
R
TOB
P
U
S
T
V
A
V L
E
R
ZE
L
ZI
D
ZI
ZE
VE
D
L
R
S
NI
S
O
BR
PO
H
SR
B
TO
P
US
T
VA
L
NE
CH
BO
H
DE
B
DE
C
DE
H
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
BE
ug/kg
350
150
50
0
120
100
60
20
0
C
H
BO
H
D
EB
D
E
D C
EH
IV
LA A
N
LO
U
LY
N S
ES
N
I
O S
BR
PO
H
SR
TOB
U P
ST
VA
VE L
R
ZE
L
ZI
D
BE
Bithynia
ZI
D
Asellus
ZE
L
CH
BO
H
D
EB
DE
C
D
EH
IV
A
LA
N
LO
U
LY
S
N
ES
NI
S
OB
R
PO
H
SR
B
TO
P
U
ST
VA
L
VE
R
BE
Results – DDE and HCB
makrozooentos - p,p DDE
ug/kg
70
Dreissena - p,p DDE
300
60
250
50
200
40
100
30
20
10
0
makrozoobentos - HCB
25
fish - HCB
140
20
80
15
10
40
5
0
Key questions to the selection of
suitable biomarkers
• Frequency of occurrence on the locality
• Affinity to the locality/migration
• Capacity of bioaccumulation
(organic/anorganic compounds)
• Biomass of the species
• Cost/benefit - per one sample
Influence on the bioaccumulation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Period of sampling
Age of the organism
Food strategy
Bioavailability of pollutant for organisms
Bioaccumulation capacity
Kinetic of bioaccumulation
Age/Content Cd and Pb
concentration of cadmium x biomass of the individual
1,5
1
y = -0,7431x - 0,2561
log mg Cg/kg
0,5
r = 0,714
0
-0,5
concentration of lead x biom ass of the individual
-1
-1,5
1,5
Macrozoobenthos
-2
-2,5
y = -0,4098x + 0,5784
r = 0,665
1
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
log weight (mg)
log mg Pb/kg
-3
0,5
0
-0,5
con ce n trati on of m e rcu ry x bi om ass of
th e i n di vi du al
10
-1
-1
0
0,5
1
log weight (mg)
8
Hg mg/kg
-0,5
6
4
Fish
2
0
0
500
1000
weight (g)
1500
1,5
2
2,5
Capacity of biomarkers for pollutants
cadmium
fish Ase
HCB
fish
Bit
mercury
Bit
fish
Erp
Hyd
Erp
Bit
Sph
biofilm
Ase
Ase
Erp
Hyd
biofilm
Dreiss
lead
fish
p,p DDE
Ase Bit
Sph
Hyd
Sph
Dreiss
Dreiss
biofilm
sum of PCB
Ase
Ase
Erp
Hyd
Sph
Dreiss
Hyd
biofilm
Erp
Erp
fish
biofilm
Sph
biofilm
Dre iss
Bit
fish
Bit
Hyd
Dreiss
Sph
Correlation between species
Hydropsyche, Asellus, Erpobdella, biofilm
Hyd/Erp
cadmium
Hyd/Ase
mercury
1,8
1,6
0,6
Hyd/Ase
cadmium
1,4
0,5
1,2
1,8
1,0
0,4
1,6
0,8
0,3
1,4
0,6
1,2
0,2
0,4
1,0
y = 0,7745x
R2 = 0,8054
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
0,6
2,0
y = 0,735x
2
R = 0,6691
0,1
0,8
0,0
y = 0,7872x
R 2 = 0,8946
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
Hyd/Ase
lead
Hyd/biofilm
lead
substitution
18
140
16
14
120
12
100
10
80
8
60
6
40
4
y = 1,1876x
2
2
R = 0,7609
0
0,00
y = 7,5024x
2
R = 0,5043
20
0
5,00
10,00
15,00
0
5
10
15
20
Ability of bioaccumulation by
biomarkers
Cd:
fish<Sphaerium<Bithynia<Hydropsyche<Erpobdella<Asellidae<Dreissena<biofilm
Pb:
fish<Dreissena<Sphaerium<Bithynia<Erpobdella<Asellidae<Hydropsyche<biofilm
Hg:
Sphaerium<Bithynia<Hydropsyche<Dreissena<Asellidae<Erpobdella<biofilm<fish
PCB: Sphaerium<Bithynia<biofilm<Asellidae<Dreissena<Erpobdella<Hydropsyche<fish
HCB: Dreissena<Sphaerium<Bitynia<Erpobdella<Hydropsyche<fish<biofilm< Asellidae
DDT: Sphaerium<Bithynia<biofilm<Asellidae<Dreissena<Hydropsyche<Erpobdella<fish
The Best of...
Conclusions
• Acquisition of relevant data for representative map
of contamination Czech and Moravian rivers
• Optimization of the monitoring focus for the next
period
• Specification of the best species for biomonitoring
• Specification of the species for mutual substitution
• Data are not still sufficient for evaluation of the long
term trend (high variability among years)
Future prospect
• Create the evaluation and calibration system for
measured data
• Inclusion of monitoring of new compounds
(biochemical markers, MUSK, PBDE, phthalate
esters, hormone)
• Open database for further organisms (juvenile stage
of fish and other benthic species)
• Evaluation of the relationship between content of
compounds in biomarkers and in „virtual fish“
Thank you
for your attention
[email protected]