CONSTANTS
COMMON IONS
Name
Acetate
Ammonium
Bicarbonate
Bisulfate
Carbonate
Chlorate
Chromate
Dichromate
Ferricyanide
Ferrocyanide
Hydroxide
Hypochlorite
Nitrate
Nitrite
Permanganate
Phosphate
Sulfate
Sulfite
Symbol
C2H3O2
NH4
HCO3
HSO4
CO3
ClO3
CrO4
Cr2O7
Fe(CN)6
Fe(CN)6
OH
ClO
NO3
NO2
MnO4
PO4
SO4
SO3
Speed of light (c) = 2.997 x 108 m/s
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.6260755 x 10-34 J·s
1 Kilopascal (kPa) = 7.501 mm Hg
Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023
Molar Volume (Vmol) = 22.4 m3/kmol
Specific Heat of Water (Cp) = 4.184 J/g·C°
Charge
-1
+1
-1
-1
-2
-1
-2
-2
-3
-4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-3
-2
-2
EQUATIONS
Density (D) = mass (m) ÷ volume (V)
Mass Number = protons + neutrons
Atomic Mass = (mass1 x %1)+(mass2 x %2)+...+(massn x %n)
100
Heat gained or lost (q) = (m) (∆T) (Cp)
Percent Error = |experimental – theoretical| x 100
theoretical
Percent Yield = experimental x 100
theoretical
Celsius (°C) = K – 273
Kelvin (K) = °C + 273
Energy (E) = mass x (speed of light)2 =
= frequency x Planck’s constant
Gas Pressure (Pg) = Patm – (Δh ÷ 7.501) [open arm]
Kinetic Energy (KE) = (mass x velocity2) ÷ 2
Ideal gas law: PV = nRT
Boyle’s Law: p1 x V1 = p2 x V2 at constant temp
Charles’ Law: V1 = T1 at constant pressure
V2
T2
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Kilo – means one thousand (103)
Centi – means one hundredth (10-2)
Milli – means one thousandth (10-3)
Micro – means one millionth (10-6)
Nano – means one billionth (10-9)
SYMBOLS
Δ – change
∴– therefore
α – alpha radiation
λ – wavelength
ω – frequency
µ – molarity
CONVERSION FACTORS
1 Mile (mi) = 1.6 Kilometers (km) = 5280 Feet (ft)
1 Inch (in) = 2.54 Centimeters (cm)
1 Pound (lb) = 2.20 Kilograms (kg)
1 Ounce (oz) = 28.35 Grams (g)
ep+
n∅
nrg
btn
w/o
electron
proton
neutron
energy
between
without
STOICHIOMETRY SKELETON
Mass (g)
Atoms
molar mass
6.02 x 1023
Volume (L)
22.4 L
multiply up
divide down
Moles
Moles known
Coefficient unknown
= Moles unknown
Coefficient known