Jaboticabal
ISSN: 1984-5529
v.44, n.3, p.439–445, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2016v44n3p439-445
Nitrogen fertilization in pea cultivars
Adubação nitrogenada em cultivares de ervilha
Laís Thomaz LARANJEIRA1; Cleiton Gredson Sabin BENETT 2; Ivana da Silva GOMES3;
Katiane Santiago Silva BENETT4; Edilson COSTA5
1 Mestranda
da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, e-mail:
[email protected]
2 Autor para correspondência. Doutor do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola do Instituto Federal Goiano (IF Goiano),
Campus de Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, km 2,5, CEP: 75790-000, Urutaí-GO, Brasil, e-mail:
[email protected]
3 Mestranda da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Campus de Ipameri, e-mail: [email protected]
4 Doutora do Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Campus de Ipameri, e-mail:
[email protected]
5 Doutor do Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Unidade
Universitária de Cassilândia, e-mail: [email protected]
Recebido em: 13-08-2015; Aceito em: 20-03-2016
Abstract
Among the main factors affecting the pea culture, are the incorrect use of fertilizers and unimproved cultivars. However, studies using appropriate and nitrogen levels are deficient, being necessary to carry out further research. This study aims to evaluate the effect of nitrogen in the production of pea cultivars. The
experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial 2 x 5, with four replications. Cultivars
were evaluated: ‘Canoa’ and ‘Petit Pois’; and five doses of N (0; 50; 100; 150 and 200 kg ha-1). We used the
conventional planting system for producing dried pea grains. The N rates were applied 30 days after sowing.
The following characteristics were evaluated: N foliar content, plant height, stem diameter, number of pods
per plant, pod length, pod diameter, grain diameter, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant,
weight 100 grains, dry matter of shoot and grain yield. ‘Petit Pois’ was superior to cultivate Canoa in most
components of production, mainly in grain yield. Nitrogen rates increment the number of pods per plant, pod
length, number of grains per plant and grain yield.
Additional keywords: Nitrogen; Pisum sativum L; productivity.
Resumo
Entre os principais fatores limitantes à cultura da ervilha, encontra-se o uso incorreto de fertilizantes e de
cultivares não melhoradas. Todavia, estudos com a utilização e doses adequadas de nitrogênio são deficientes, sendo necessária a realização de novas pesquisas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o
efeito de doses de nitrogênio na produção de cultivares de ervilha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi
o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as cultivares:
‘Canoa’ e ‘Petit Pois’; e cinco doses de N (0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 kg ha-1). Utilizou-se o sistema de plantio
convencional para produção de grãos secos de ervilha. As doses de N foram aplicadas 30 dias após a
semeadura. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: teor de N foliar, altura de plantas, diâmetro de
caule, número de vagens por planta, comprimento de vagens, diâmetro de vagens, diâmetro de grãos,
número de grãos por vagem, número de grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos, massa seca da parte aérea
e produtividade de grãos. A cultivar Petit Pois foi superior à cultivar Canoa na maioria dos componentes da
produção, principalmente na produtividade de grãos. As doses de nitrogênio incrementam o número de
vagens por planta, o comprimento de vagens, o número de grãos por planta e a produtividade de grãos.
Palavras-chave adicionais: Nitrogênio; Pisum sativum L.; produtividade.
Introduction
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is considered one of
the world’s oldest cultivated species, besides being
among the most consumed. It belongs to the
Fabaceae family and is originally from Europe and part
of Asia. In Brazil, pea is usually grown in places with
mild or cold temperatures, adapting to autumn-winter
conditions from the Brazilian Mid-South regions.
Brazilian pea grains production in the 2014
season was of approximately 3.692 million tonnes in
an area of 1.848 million hectares, with an average
yield of 1998 kg ha-1. The Brazilian southeast region
accounted for approximately 47% of production
(IBGE, 2014). Technology introduction, adaptation
and development in the Brazilian Central Plateau led
the country to reduce pea imports by 70% in the last
20 years (IAC, 2010).
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Its consumption is enjoyed all around the world in
the form of dry, green grains and pods, which are sweet-tasting. Its composition has high protein, B vitamins and
mineral content, such as calcium, iron, phosphorus and
potassium. It has from 18 to 35% protein, 35 to 50%
starch and 4 to 7% fiber (Filgueira, 2012).
Among factors that affect crop production,
mineral nutrition is highlighted. In this sense, studies
have confirmed that nitrogen (N) is required in greater
quantity by pea. According to Furlani et al. (1978),
peas require approximately 40 kg of N per ton of
beans. Fisher (1996) found that pea fixes
approximately 135 kg ha-1 of N. According to Paul &
Clark (1996), N fixed by pea accounts for only half of
its requirements, and there is need for complementing
the N amount.
Nitrogen fertilization provides significant
production increases, as its effects vary according to
the environmental conditions of each region and plant
development stage (Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2000). In
excess, N application may be harmful. Therefore,
correct application is necessary to avoid excessive
leaf area increase, as it may cause self-shading,
reducing photosynthetic efficiency and transpiration
(Cardoso et al., 2012). In addition, N constitutes
amino acids, proteins, enzymes and coenzymes,
nucleic acids, vitamins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins,
pigments and secondary products (Malavolta, 2006).
Although several researchers confirm nitro-
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gen fertilization positive effect on legumes, very little
is known about N influence on pea development and
yield (Subhan, 1991; Achakzai et al., 2002; Toğay et
al., 2005; Achakzai & Bangulzai, 2006).
On the other hand, there are other factors,
such as climate (temperature, light, precipitation) and
soil, besides the incorrect use of fertilizers and cultivars
that are not adapted to a particular region, limiting pea
growth and production in different world regions
(Achakzai, 2012). However, studies on N use and
adequate N doses are scarce, making further research
necessary to update information on the crop.
Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the
effect of nitrogen doses on pea cultivar production.
Material and methods
The experiment was conducted from April to
July 2010 in an area belonging to Mato Grosso do
Sul State University - Aquidauana University Unit located in the municipality of Aquidauana, MS, with
20° 20' South and 55° 48' West geographic coordinates and average elevation of 174 meters.
Region climate is Aw according to Köppen,
which is defined as sub-humid tropical, with rainy
season in summer and drought in winter. Weather
data related to the experimental period are shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Air temperature (°C), mean air relative humidity (RH%) and rainfall (mm) values during the
experimental period. Source: National Institute of Meteorology - INMET (2010).
The soil of the area is classified as a moderately drained dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol with
sandy texture and deep profile (Embrapa, 2006).
Prior to the experiment, soil chemical properties
were determined in the layer from 0 to 0.2 m
(Embrapa, 2002), in which the following results were
obtained: P (resin) = 68 mg dm-3; Organic matter =
52 g dm-3; pH (CaCl2) = 5.5; K, Ca, Mg, H+Al and
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Cation Exchange Capacity = 7.0; 62; 22; 21 and 112
mmolc dm-3, respectively.
A randomized block design was used in a
2 x 5 factorial with four repetitions. Treatments
resulted from the combination of two pea cultivars
(Canoa and Petit Pois) and five N doses (0, 50, 100,
150 and 200 kg ha-1). Plots consisted of four 3.0 m
rows arranged with 0.2 m spacing between plants
and 0.5 m spacing between rows, making an
approximate population of 100,000 plants ha-1.
Sowing was held on April 8, 2010, in order to cultivate
dry pea beans. Sowing fertilization was conducted
using 200 kg ha-1 of the 4-20-20 formula. N doses
were applied 30 days after sowing, using urea.
Weed control was done manually. Other
crop practices followed what is usually recommended to pea crops, according to Embrapa (1993).
Irrigation took place at every 3 days by conventional
sprinkling.
Canoa and Petit Pois cultivars harvest
occurred at 70 and 95 days after plant emergence,
respectively, and were carried out manually.
The following parameters were assessed:
a) Foliar N content: 25 freshly ripe leaves were collected from each plot during the full flowering period,
according to Ribeiro et al. (1999). Samples were
washed and placed to dry in a forced air circulation
oven at 65 oC until reaching constant mass. After
drying, the material was grounded in a Wiley mill
with 1 mm mesh sieve and packed in paper bags for
analysis, according to Malavolta et al. (1997);
b) Plant height and stem diameter: the distance
between soil surface and the highest part and stem
base diameter were measured in six plants from the
plot; c) production components: in the same plants
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collected to determine height and diameter, pod
number, length and diameter were assessed, as well
as the number and diameter of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, 100-grain weight and shoot
dry matter; d) Grain yield: determined in the two
central rows of each plot. Grains were weighted and
data was transformed data in kg ha-1 and standardized to 13% humidity.
Data were submitted to analysis of variance
and means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5%
probability for the cultivars. For N doses, regression
analysis was conducted using the Sanest statistical
analysis program (Zonta et al. 1987).
Results and discussions
It was found that there was no significant
interaction between cultivars and N doses on the
variables studied.
Regarding cultivars, 'Petit Pois' had higher
values in relation to 'Canoa' in foliar nitrogen
content, plant height and number of pods per plant
variables. Pod length and diameter were higher for
‘Canoa’ in relation to 'Petit Pois', with 48.4% and
55.7%, respectively. These differences are related to
genetic characteristic of each cultivar. On the other
hand, there was no statistical difference between the
two cultivars for stem diameter (Table 1).
Achakzai (2012), while evaluating pea cultivars, found plant height variation between 53.65 to
57.79 cm. Zárate et al. (2012), while evaluating pea
crop spacings, observed that there was no significant effect for number of pods per plant and pod
length.
Table 1 - Foliar nitrogen content (FNC), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), pod length (PL), pod
diameter (PD) and number of pods per plant (PP) of pea cultivars.
Cultivars
Canoa
Petit Pois
F value
CV (%)
FNC
(g kg-1)
44.00 b
5.05 a
44.97**
7.43
PH
SD
PL
PD
------------------------------- (cm) -----------------------------53.26 b
0.48 a
8.85 a
1.09 a
95.42 a
0.47 a
5.96 b
0.70 b
204.79**
0.0019ns
707.55**
232.90**
11.91
25.25
4.01
7.88
PP
11.69 b
38.68 a
310.88**
15.37
ns,
* - not significant and significant at 1% probability, respectively, by F test; means followed by the same letter in the
column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
N doses significantly influenced foliar N
content, pod length and number of pods per plant
(Figure 2). Foliar N content underwent quadratic
adjustment according to N doses. Maximum foliar N
content (53 g kg-1 de N) was obtained with 147 kg ha-1 N
(Figure 2A). Martinez et al. (1999), while studying pea
crop nitrogen fertilization, found foliar N content of (45
g kg-1 N), corroborating with the findings of this study,
which is close to appropriate for good plant
development.
Data related to pod length and number of
pods per plant in relation to N application were
adjusted to the linear regression (Figure 2B and 2C).
In relation to pod length mean values, Gassi
et al. (2009), while evaluating spacing between
plants and number of rows per plot in 'Luciana no.
50' pea production, found 6.8 cm mean pod length
values, which was a lower result than what was
found in this study for 'Canoa', with 7.2 to 7.6 cm.
Achakzai & Bangulzai (2006), while studying N
doses in different pea cultivars, found pod an
increase in pod length and number of pods per plant
until the100 kg ha-1 dose.
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Figure 2 - (A) - Foliar N content, (B) - pod length and (C) - number of pods per plant in relation to nitrogen
fertilization in pea crop. (* significant at 5% probability by t test).
The number of pods per plant was of 22.5
and 32.5 with 0 and 200 kg ha-1 doses, respectively.
Brkić et al. (2004), while evaluating nitrogen application effect on 'Sobel' pea, found a mean number of
pods per plant of 7.52 with a 120 kg ha1 dose. Kakar
et al. (2002), while studying NPK doses combination
in pea, found a number of pods per plant from 13.90
to 33.10. Oliveira et al. (2011), while testing different
irrigation levels in the pea culture, found maximum
production of 19.5 pods per plant. According to
Carvalho et al. (2001), nitrogen fertilization can,
among other events, increase the number of pods
per plant.
'Petit Pois' performed better than 'Canoa' on
number of grains per pod, number of grains per
plant, shoot dry matter and grain yield in 11.2; 284.2;
175.8 and 35.4%, respectively (Table 2). For grain
diameter and 100-grain weight, 'Canoa' showed
higher values in 48.3 and 63.4%, respectively, compared to 'Petit Pois'.
Table 2 - Grain diameter (GD), number of grains per pod (GP), number of grains per plant (NGP), 100-grain
weight (100M), shoot dry matter (DM) and grain yield (GY) of pea cultivars.
Cultivars
Canoa
Petit Pois
F value
CV (%)
GD
cm
0.86 a
0.58 b
315.07**
6.13
GP
--4.73 b
5.28 a
6.31*
11.97
NGP
--49.85 b
191.56 a
245.00**
22.13
100M
g
30.73 a
18.80 b
71.70**
15.45
DM
GY
--- kg ha-1 --1056 b
1980 b
2913 a
2681 a
38.42**
11.33**
31.33
22.41
ns,
*, ** - not significant and significant at 5 and 1% probability by F test, respectively; means followed by the same letter
in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
Brkić et al. (2004) and Kakar et al. (2002)
found maximum number of grains per pod of 5.52
and 6.00, respectively, which were close values to
those found in this paper. On the other hand, Silva
et al. (1990), while evaluating pea cultivars, found a
mean number of grains per pod of 4.59. Significant
difference between cultivars in relation to 100-grain
weight and number of pods is more related to
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cultivar genetic variability. Therefore, it has little
influence of nitrogen fertilization.
There was N dose effect on number of
grains per plant and grain yield. Linear adjustment
was observed in these variables in relation to N
dose (Figure 3).
In Figure 3A, the number of grains per plant
increased as N doses increased. These results
corroborate those reported by Costa et al. (2009) in
bean studies where linear response was observed
for this variable in relation to the N application.
With regard to grain yield (Figure 3B), 1700
and 2631 kg ha-1 values were obtained with the
lowest and highest N dose. Pea cultivars develop
better in places with high altitude and mild temperatures. Therefore, they can adapt to the climatic
conditions of Aquidauana, MS, region, with grain
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yield close to 2600 kg ha-1. Zarate et al. (2012),
while studying 'Luciana n.° 50' pea cultivar in
Dourados, MS, and evaluating 0.1 m spacing between plants and 0.25 m spacing between rows,
obtained grain yield of 2080 kg ha-1.
It was observed that, during the experiment,
temperatures were close to the appropriate culture
development range, which is between 13 to 18 °C
(Figure 1), and, at certain periods, the temperature
was above 27 °C. According to Embrapa (1993),
temperatures above 27 °C may adversely affect pea
production, and this factor was not observed in this
study. According to Vieira et al. (2007), the crop
requires mild temperatures throughout the cycle,
and temperatures above 30 °C during several days
reduce yield.
Figure 3 - Number of grains per plant (A) and grain yield (B) in relation nitrogen fertilization in pea crop.
(* Significant at 1% probability by t test).
Vieira et al. (2000), while studying pea
planting periods in three regions of Minas Gerais,
Brazil, found maximum grain yield of 1776 kg ha-1 in
Janaúba, MG, using the 'Jurema' cultivar. Tomm et
al. (2003) found grain yield of 1,435 kg ha-1 with
'Maria' cultivar. Cardoso et al. (2012), while evaluating nitrogen doses application (0-240 kg ha-1), found
the highest grain yield for 'Utrillo' with the lowest N
doses. In addition, Noworolnik & Dworakowski (2010),
while studying barley, oat and field pea mixed
planting and nitrogen doses (0-50 kg ha-1), observed
that nitrogen dose increase reduced pea yield.
These results differ from those found in this study,
as it was found that N dose increase obtained higher
grain yield.
Acknowledgments
Conclusion
Achakzai AKK, Kayani SA, Jehan S, Wahid MA,
Shah SH (2002) Effect of fertilizer inoculation and
sowing time on growth, yield and yield attributes of
soybean under field conditions. Asian Journal of
Plant Sciences 1(4):308-313.
Petit Pois cultivar performed better than
Canoa cultivar in most production components,
mainly for grain yield.
Nitrogen doses increased the number of
pods per plant, pod length, number of grains per
plant and grain yield.
Thanks to the Mato Grosso do Sul State
University, Aquidauana University Unit, for financial
support.
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