St. Xavier’s School, Doranda
Syllabus for (2017‐‐18)
CLASS VIII
ENGLISH
English II
First Term
(Aster Text) and A Tale of Two Cities
April – July 17
1. Hope Is The Things With Feathers
2. The Three Questions
English I Grammar
3. Tale of……….ch.4, 5, 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Analysis of Simple sentences(UT)
Comprehension (Aster work book)
Essay writing
Letter writing (informal/formal)
Tenses all forms,
Transformation of sentences of active and
passive voice
6. Preposition
7. Summary Writing
8. Subject Verb Agreement(UT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
English III
Spelling/Elocution/dictation
Third Term
English I
November‐ December
1. Simple, Compound, Complex, Sentence(U T)
2. Synthesis of Simple, Compound and complex
sentence.
3. Transformation ‐ Affirmative and negative
4. Degrees of comparison
5. Changing parts of speech
6. Combination of sentences without using ‘but’,
‘and’, ‘so’
7. Comprehension (Aster work Book)
8. Essay Writing
9. Letter Writing
English II (Aster)
The Open Window (U.T)
Lines Written in Early Spring
A present for Grand Father
S.R. ‐ A Tale of two cities: chapter 1, 2, 3.
English III
Spelling/ Elocution/ Dictation
English II
Second Term (August ‐ October 17)
1. The Tunnel (UT)
2. Elizabeth Speaks Her Mind
3. Tale of………..7,8
English I Grammar
1. Phrase‐ noun/ adjective/ adverb
2. Transformation of sentences (Direct &
Indirect Speech)
3. Clause‐noun, adjective, adverb
4. Transformation‐ Adverb‐ too, so that
5. Essay writing
6. Conjunction
7. Letter writing(informal/formal)
8. Summary writing
9. comprehension
English Ill Elocution/ Spellings/ Dictation
Exam portion for first term
Paper I‐ All the chapters mentioned in first term
Paper II – all the chapters mentioned in first term
Exam Portion
Terminal Exams:
Paper I: Entire Grammar Portion of First And second
Terms.
1
Paper II: All the chapters mentioned in the second
term and from the first term
A Present for Grandfather
Exam portion for Third portion
Unit test (on 8 JANUARY 2018). Pollination and
fertilization
Month wise break up:
First Term Examination:
19 August, 2016
1. Introducing Biology
2. Cell – The unit of life
3. Economic importance of Bacteria and Fung
4. Hygiene : Personal and hygiene and sanitation
5. Diseases cause and control.
APRIL
1‐Introducing Biology:
1. Growth of Biology
2. Scope of Biology
3. Branches of Biology
Paper I: entire grammar portion of first, second and
third term
Paper II: All the chapters mentioned in the third term
From first and second term
: Lines Written in Early Spring‐ 1st Term
: The Three Questions‐ 2nd Term
***************************************
BIOLOGY
2‐Cell the Unit of Life
1. What is cell? The concept
2. Invention of Microscope
3. Cell Theory
4. Structure of cells: Shape and specialization
5. Cell organelles
6. Plant and Animal cells
7. Protoplasm
8. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
MAY ‐ JUNE
3‐Economic importance of Bacteria and Fungi
1. General study of Bacteria
2. Useful Role of Bacteria in Medicine,
agriculture and industry.
3. Bacteria Diseases in Plants and Animal
4. Bioweapons
5. General study of Fungi
6. Economic importance of yeast
7. Useful and harmful fungi
8. Role in industry
1st Term Examination [April to July]
Exam commences on 19 August 2017
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introducing Biology
Cell‐ the unit of life
Economic importance of Bacteria and Fungi.
Hygiene: Personal and social hygiene and
sanitation
5. Diseases : Cause and control
First unit test syllabus: (on 16 June 2017) the cell –
the unit of life.
Second Term Examination [August to October]
Exam Commences on 1st November, 2016
1. Five kingdom classification
2. Vegetative Propagation and Micro
propagation
3. The Flower
4. Cell: the unit of life
Project : Microbial diseases in human beings.
Final Term Examination:
1. Cell: The unit of life
2. Vegetative Propagation and Micro
propagation
3. Flower
4. Pollination and Fertilization
5. Seed : structive and germination
6. Respiration in Plants
7. Ecosystems
JUNE – JULY
4‐Hygiene
1. Personal and social hygiene
2. Sanitation
3. Vectors – Mosquitoes, Housefly, Rat and the
diseases caused by them.
4. Contamination of water and water borne
diseases.
5. 3 Common water borne disease – cholera,
dysentery and hepatitis.
2
5‐Disease – Cause and Control
1. What is disease?
2. Categories of disease
3. On the basis of occurrence
4. On the basis of communicability
5. Disease caused by Bacteria
6. Disease caused by Protozoa
7. Disease caused by Parasitic worms
8. Diseases caused by Virus.
AUGUST – Revision for the first term examination.
2nd Term Examination – 1st November, 2017
7.
8.
9.
10.
Fertilization – pollen grains and ovule
Germination of Pollen grain
Double fertilization
Fate of floral parts after fertilization.
JANUARY
1. Seed – Structure and Germination
2. Classification of seeds
3. Structure of Monocot and dicot seeds
4. Germination factors
5. Experiments of Germination
6. Types of Germination
7. Germination in some common seeds
Respiration in plants
1. What is respiration
2. Respiration vs. combustion
3. Entire plant respires
4. Types of Respiration
5. Experiments on Respiration in plants
6. Respiration vs. Photosynthesis
7. Respiration in Plants in contrast to Respiration
in animals.
SEPTEMBER
Five Kingdom Classifications
1. What is species?
2. Categories higher than species
3. Drawbacks of old two kingdom classification
4. Five kingdom classification
5. Naming an organism
6. Major group of animals
7. Invertebrates : Porifera to Echinodermata
8. Vertebrates : Pisces to mammalian
OCTOBER
Vegetative Propagation and Micro propagation
1. Artificial Vegetative propagation
2. Advantages and disadvantages
3. Economic importance
4. Hybridization
5. Micro propagation
6. Somatic cell hybridization
7. Biotechnology and its application in medicine
and industry
8. Transgenic organisms.
FEBRUARY
Ecosystem
1. Introduction
2. Components of an ecosystem
3. Forest – Flora and Fauna
4. Food chain and food webs
5. Food pyramids
Revision
Project: “Microbial diseases in human beings”
Sub‐ topic – Index
Introduction
Types of Microbes spreading diseases
‐ Rickettesae
‐ PPLO
‐ Bacteria
‐ Fungi
‐ Protozoa
‐ Helminthes/Worms
‐ Virus
Flower
1. Structure of Bisexual Flower
2. General description of Floral Parts.
Final Term Examination (on 23 February)
November – December
Pollination and Fertilization
1. Definition of Pollination
2. Types of Pollination
3. Advantages and disadvantages
4. Devices favouring cross pollination
5. Agents of pollination
6. Some examples of pollination
Sub Categories:
Causative
Organism
3
Diseases
caused
Symptoms
Detection
Tests
Treatment
Mode of Transmission:
‐ Water borne
‐ Air borne
‐ Soil Borne
‐ Vectors
‐ Contact
• Prevention
• Significance of Pathology
• Bibliography
• Enclosure – Self vaccination card (Xerox copy
to be enclosed.)
Date of submission: 15/07/2017
==========================
CHEMISTRY
4. Atmospheric Pollution
Air Pollution
Acid Rain
3rd Term
4. Atmospheric Pollution (Contd.)
Global warming
Ozone
5. Hydrogen
Position of Hydrogen in the periodic table
Occurrence, Preparations of hydrogen, Lab.
preparation of hydrogen, Manufacture of hydrogen
Properties of hydrogen, Use of hydrogen
Oxidation & Reduction.
1st Terminal examination –
1. Language of chemistry
2. Chemical changes & chemical reactions
2nd Terminal examination –
3. Atomic structure & chemical bonding
4. Atmospheric pollution till acid rain
3rd Terminal Examination –
1. Hydrogen
2. Atomic structure & chemical bonding
3. Atmospheric Pollution
st
1 Term:
1. Language of chemistry
Chemical symbols
Formula
Radicals
Writing chemical formula
Naming certain compounds
To calculate valency form the formula
Chemical equation
Relative atomic mass
Percentage composition
Empirical formula of compound
2. Chemical changes & chemical reactions
Chemical reactions
Characteristics of chemical reactions
Types of chemical change or chemical
reaction.
Energy change in chemical reactions
nd
2 Term
3. Atomic structure & chemical bonding
Definition of an element
Definition of an atom
Constitutes of an atom
Atom – its structure
Atomic number (Z)
Distribution of electrons in the orbits –
Bohr bury scheme
Valence electrons
Reasons for chemical activity of an
Atom, Isotopes
Electrovalent or Ionic bond
Covalent on molecular bond
Unit Test – (2nd Term)
Atomic structure & chemical bonding
MONTH WISE BREAK‐UP
1st Term
1. Language of chemistry
(April to 2ne week of May)
2. Chemical changes & chemical reactions
(15th June to 31st July)
2nd Term
3. Atomic structure & chemical bonding
(September)
4. Atmospheric Pollution till acid rain (October)
3rd Term
5. Atmospheric pollution (Global warming & Ozone)
(December to 2nd week of January)
6. Hydrogen
3rd Week of January to 1st week of February
Chemistry Project
Topic: Atomic structure
1. Definition of an element and an atom
4
2. Square and Cube Roots.
2. Constituents of an atom
3. Properties of cathode rays
4. Properties of electrons
5. Discovery of protons
6. Properties of Anode Rays
7. Properties of Protons
8. Discovery of Nucleus.
9. Rutherford’s Atomic model.
10. Drawbacks of Rutherford’s atomic model.
11. Bohr’s Atomic Model.
12. Discovery of Neutrons.
13. Properties of Neutrons.
14. Comparison of Dalton’s Atomic theory &
Modern atomic theory.
*************************
Topic For project Work
Expansions in Algebra.
(i)
(a+b)2
(ii)
(a+b+c)2
SECOND TERM EXAMINATION
ARITHMETIC
1. Profit, Loss and Discount
2. Square and Cube Roots [From First Term]
3. Percentage [Continued]
MATHEMATICS
ALGEBRA
FIRST TERM EXAMINATION
4. Factorization
ALGEBRA
5. Simple (Linear) Equation
1. Four Fundamental Operations
6. Word Problems in Linear Equation
2. Identities
7. Identities [Continued]
ARITHMETIC
GEOMETRY
3. Square and Cube Roots [Without using Tables]
8. Triangles & Congruency Of Triangles (Based On
SAS, ASA, SSS, RHS)
4. Ratio and Proportion [Direct and Inverse
Variation]
DATA HANDLING
5. Unitary Method [Including Time and Work]
9. Collection and Tabulation of Data.
6. Percentage
7. Sets [Types of Sets, Union and Intersection of
Sets, Compliment of Set, Difference of two Sets,
Problems based on Venn Diagram, De’ Morgan’s
Law]
10. Bar Graph, Histogram and Frequency Polygon.
THIRD TERM EXAMINATION
ARITHMETIC
GEOMETRY
8. Construction of Angles and Bisection (Using Ruler
& Compasses)
1. Simple Interest [Excluding C.I.]
9. Simple Problems Based On Angles and Parallel
Lines
3. Profit, Loss and Discount (From Second Term)
2. Square and Cube Roots (From First Term)
ALGEBRA
st
1 Term Unit Test
4. Simultaneous Equation (Algebraically AND
Graphically)
1. Fundamental Operations in Algebra.
5
5. Algebraic Fractions [Including LCM and HCF]
MAY+JUNE:
6. Identities (from First Term)
Unitary Method
Identities (Continued)
7. Factorization (from Second Term)
Simple problems based on angles and lines
8. Simple Linear Equation (from Second Term)
Ratio and Proportion
9. Word problem on linear equation
JULY+AUGUST:
GEOMETRY
10. Simple Problems Based On Angle Sum Property
and Exterior Angle Property of Triangle
Percentage
Sets
SEPTEMBER:
11. Triangles & Congruency of Triangles [Continued]
Profit, Loss and Discount
I2. Special Construction of Triangles:
Factorization
Case I: When Sum of Two Sides are Given
Triangles & Congruency of Triangles
Case II: When Difference of Two Sides are Given
Collection and Tabulation of Data
Case III: When the Perimeter Is Given
OCTOBER+NOVEMBER:
MENSURATION
Speed, Distance and Time [Including Relative Speed]
13. Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures
Simple Linear Equations [Including Word Problems]
(Triangle, Square, Rectangle, Parallelogram,
Rhombus, Trapezium)
Identities [Continued]
DATA HANDLING
14. Pie Charts.
DECEMBER:
3rd UNIT TEST
01. Profit, Loss and Discount.
02. Simple Linear Equations
Simultaneous Equation (Algebraically and
Graphically)
Bar Graph, Histograph and Frequency Polygon.
Simple Interest [Excluding C.I.]
Simple Problems Based On Angle Sum Property
Exterior Angle Property of Triangle
MONTH‐WISE BREAK UP SYLLABUS
Pie Charts
Algebraic Fractions
APRIL:
JANUARY+FEBRUARY:
Real Nos.
Congruency of Triangles [Continued]
Four Fundamental Operations
Triangles & Congruency of Triangles
Construction of Angles and Bisection
Cube and Cube Roots
Area and Perimeter of Plane Figures (Triangle,
Square, Rectangle, Parallelogram, Rhombus,
Trapezium)
Identities
================================
Square and Square roots
6
‐Critical Assessment and significance of
fundamental right.
HISTORY & CICIVS
1st Term Civics:
1.
2.
‐ Fundamental duties Articles 51‐A
‐ Significance and Duties.
Our Constitution: Meaning of the Term
constitution – The constituent Assembly the
Drafting Committee‐ The passage of the
constitution – date of enforcement and its
significance – Preamble.
2.
Local self government – Rural
‐ Meaning of term local self government
distinction between local Govt. and self Govt.
The salient Features of our constitution Single
Citizenship – one person one vote –
fundamental Rights – Fundamental Duties –
Directive Principals of State Policy.
‐ Importance of local self‐ govt.
‐ Growth of local institutions.
‐ The three tier system of Panchayat Raj.
st
1 Term History:
1.
2.
‐ Sources of Income of village Panchayat
The Vedic Period : The coming of the Indo
Aryans – Archaeological Sources – Iron and
Pottery – Early Vedic age – The social
conditions – Economic life‐ Religious Beliefs
and Practices – Political Life – The Vedic
Literature and science – Later Vedic Age –
Changes in society and Political – Economic –
Religious life‐ The Impact of Aryan Civilization
– A comparative study of Early and later Vedic
Ages.
‐ The Panchayat Samity
‐ Zila Parishad
‐ A critical Assessment of Panchatyat Raj
system.
‐ Deficits in working of Panchayat Raj.
3rd Term: HISTORY:
Rise of Jainism and Buddhism: Jainism and
Buddhism – New Religious sects Jainism –
Lord Mahavira – His life Main Beliefs –
Teachings of Mahavira Impact of Jainism.
Buddhism – Life of Buddha. The Great
Renunciation, Enlightment or the Attainment
of Supreme Knowledge Buddha’s preaching –
Main Beliefs‐ Teaching of Lord Buddha, the
Eight Fold path – Other Teaching of Buddha
spread of Buddhism.
1.
The Maurya Empire – Ashoka the Great –
Extent of Ashoka Empire – Pan India Character
– sources of Information – Indica‐
Megasthenes – Nature of Government and
state under Mauryas – Dhamma and spread of
Buddhism – the Sanchi Stupa – Causes of
Downfall.
2.
The Age of the Guptas – Past Mauryan India –
The Imperial Age – Chandragupta 1,
Samudragupta – 1, Chandragupta 2, Fa‐Hien –
the last days of the Gupta empire – Cultural
Development‐ the golden Age of India Cultural
Art and Architecture – The Gupta
Administration.
Unit Test – Our Constitution.
2nd Term: Civics
1.
Fundamental Rights and Duties:
‐ Meaning
3d Term: Civics:
‐ Characteristics features of fundamental
rights.
1.
‐ Common Restrictions – Classification of
Fundamental Right
7
Directive Principals of state Policy – Meaning
and purpose – nature‐ Difference between
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles –
Classification of Directive Principles – Criticism
and Importance of Directive Principles.
2.
‐
Local self Government – Urban:
• Slopes
• Relief features
Drainage pattern
2. Population Dynamics
‐ Meaning
‐ Urban Local self Institution
‐ Distribution of Population
‐ Municipal Committee
‐ Important terms
‐ Municipal corporation – structure
‐ Over Population
‐ Organisation and Composition
‐ Under Population
‐ Town Area Committee, Notified Area
Committee, Cantonment Board
‐ Composition of Population
3. Migration
‐ Improvement Trust, Port trust
‐ Types of migration
‐ Critical Assessment.
‐ Why people migrate?
‐ Impact of migration
3rd Term: History:
1.
‐ Brain Drain and its impact
The Modern Age in Europe – Renaissance:
Second Term (August‐October)
‐ Its features
1. Natural and man‐made Disasters
‐ Causes of Renaissance
‐ Natural disasters
‐ Impact of Renaissance
‐ Man ‐made disasters
‐Case studies of natural and Man‐made
disasters
‐ Impact of science.
2.
The Reformation – Causes
2. Disaster management
‐ Role of Martin Luther
‐ Importance of disaster management
‐ Impact of Reformation of Europe
‐ Safety measures
‐ Major Impact of Mercantilism.
‐ Role of the Government, people and social
organisations
Project: Industrial Revolution – Meaning – Cause –
Industrial Revolution in England. Impact of Industrial
Revolution.
3. Asia – Location and physical features along with
maps.
=====================================
Third Term (November – February)
1. Urbanisation
GEOGRAPHY
‐Causes of Urbanisation
First Term (April – July)
‐ Impact of Urbanisation
1. Representation of Geographical features
‐ Satellite cities
‐ Portions to the covered from the previous
‐ Concept of smart cities
classes.
2. Asia – Climate and Natural vegetation along with
map
‐ Representing contour lines
‐ Interpretaion of contours
‐ Location
‐ Identify landforms through contours
8
‐ Climate
02. Heat & Energy
‐ Natural vegetation
03. Reflection of Light.
‐Soil
3rd Term
‐ Human Activity
01. Current Electricity
Exam wise syllabus –
1st Unit test – Representation of geographical features
02. Magnetism
1st Term – Representation of geographical features
03. Propagation of Sound Waves
‐
‐
Population
Migration
04. Reflection of Light
3rd UNIT TEST:‐
2nd Term – Natural and Man ‐made disasters
‐
‐
‐
01. Reflection of Light
Disaster management
Asia‐ Location and physical features
Interpretation and identifying landforms
through contours from 1st term
02. Propagation of Sound Waves.
MONTH‐WISE BREAKUP OF THE SYLLABUS
2nd Unit Test – Urbanization
April+ May
rd
3 Term – Urbanization
‐
‐
‐
Heat and Energy, Reflection of Light
Asia – Climate and Natural vegetation
Drainage and settlement pattern –from
1st term
Maps of physical features of Asia – from
2nd term
June+ July
Reflection of Light (cont.)
August
Reflection of Light, Revision.
Project Work – Natural and Man‐Made
Disasters and Disaster Management
September
=============
Propagation of Sound Waves.
October
PHYSICS
Propagation of Sound Waves (cont.)
1ST Term
November
1. Heat & Energy
Current Electricity, Revision.
2. Reflection of Light
December
Current Electricity (cont.)
1st UNIT TEST:‐
January
01. Heat and Energy
Magnetism
02. Reflection of Light across Plane Mirrors.
February
TOPIC FOR PROJECT WORK:‐
Magnetism, Revision
Energy Sources.
==========
2nd Term
HINDI
01. Propagation of Sound Waves.
9
Hkko xzg.k
O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k &
¼d½ foykse
¼[k½ i;kZ;okph
¼x½ okD;ka’k
¼?k½ ;qXe
¼M-½vusdkFkhZ
¼p½ yksdksfDr
¼N½ eqgkojk
¼t½ rn~Hko ls rRle esa #ikarj.k
Hkkookpd] fo’ks"k.k cukuk
1st Term
Section – A (40 marks)
Hkk"kk & eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k
1- fuca/k & LoPNrk vfHk;ku] jsyos LVs’ku dk n`’;]
lRlaxfr ¼blh ds vuq#i vU; fuca/k rS;kj djsa½
2- fp= ys[ku&
3- i= & ¼d½ vkSipkfjd ¼[k½ vukSipkfjd
4- Hkko & xzg.k
5- O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k &
¼d½ foykse
¼[k½ i;kZ;okph
¼x½ okD;ak’k
¼?k½ ;qXe
¼M-½ vusdkFkhZ
¼p½ eqgkojk
¼N½ yksdksfDr
¼t½ rn~Hko ls rRle esa #ikarj.k
¼>½ Hkkookpd] fo’ks"k.k cukuk
Section – B (40 marks)
lkfgR;
1- vksl ds eksrh %&
¼d½ ;g /kjrh fdruk nsrh gS
¼[k½ Jhjke dh cky&yhyk
¼x½ xks’kkyk
¼?k½ pk¡nh dk twrk
¼M-½ ukxkySaM
¼p½ eSa vkSj esjk ns’k
¼N½ dÙkZO; cks/k
2- O;kdj.k %&
¼d½ okP; dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn] mnkgj.k @#ikraj.k
¼[k½ lekl dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn] mnkgj.k laf/k vkSj
lekl esa varj@ f}xq }a} esa varj] deZ/kkj; vkSj
cgqozhfg esa varjA
leLrin] leklfoxzg vkfnA
Unit Test ‐ ¼d½ /kjrh fdruk nsrh gSA ¼[k½ i=
¼x½ okP; dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn] mnkgj.kA
Section – B (40 marks)
lkfgR;
1- vksl ds eksrh %&
¼d½ fiz;re
¼[k½ ykyp cqjh cyk
¼x½ ijh{kk
¼?k½ fpfdRlk dk pDdj
¼M-½ dÙkZO; cks/k
¼p½ rSewj dh gkj
2- O;kdj.k
¼d½ laf/k ifjHkk"kk] Hksn mnkgj.k&foPNsn
¼[k½ vO;; dh ifjHkk"kk Hksn & fØ;k fo’ks"k.k]
lEcU/kcks/kd] leqPp;cks/kd] foLe;kfncks/kd]
fuikr] lc dh igpku ,oa iz;ksxA
¼x½ milxZ & Hksn fgUnh] laLd`r ¼igpku½
3rd Term
Section – A (40 marks)
Hkk"kk & eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k
1- fuca/k
2- fp= ys[ku
3- i= & ¼d½ vkSipkfjd¼[k½ vukSipkfjd
4- Hkko xzg.k
5- O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k &
¼d½ foykse
¼[k½ i;kZ;okph
¼x½ okD;ka’k
¼?k½ ;qXe
¼M-½vusdkFkhZ
¼p½ yksdksfDr
Unit Test ‐ fiz;re] ykyp cqjh cyk & O;kogkfjd
O;kdj.k
2nd Term
Section – A (40 marks)
Hkk"kk & eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k
fuca/k
fp= ys[ku
i= & ¼d½ vkSipkfjd ¼[k½ vukSipkfjd
10
2- O;kdj.k
¼d½ okD;& ifjHkk"kk] Hksn] mnkgj.k@ #ikarj.kA
okD; esa vkdka{kk] ;ksX;rk vkSj Øe@inca/k]
miokD; dh ifjHkk"kk] mnkgj.k inca/k vkSj
miokD; esa vUrjA
¼[k½ izR;;& ifjHkk"kk] Hksn] mnkgj.k@ d`r~ izR;; ,oa
rn~f/kr izR;; ds Hksn
¼N½ eqgkojk
¼t½ rn~Hko ls rRle esa #ikarj.k
¼>½ Hkkookpd] fo’ks"k.k cukuk
Section – B (40 marks)
lkfgR;
1- vksl ds eksrh%&
¼d½ fcank
¼[k½ Mk- ,- ih- ts- vCnqy dyke
¼x½ vtUrk dh fp=dyk
¼?k½ lRdrZO;
¼M-½ ukxkySaM
¼p½ ykyp cqjh cyk
¼d½ fcank
¼[k½ lRdÙkZO;
¼x½ O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k
ifj;kstuk dk;Z & izkphu dky ds LoLFk O;k;ke vkSj
fte dk rqyukRed o.kZuA
*******************
Unit Test‐
11