Name: _______________________
Estrada
How to Quote and Cite Evidence
To support your opinion, you must include evidence from various sources. Words or
phrases taken from another source must be put in quotation marks. You must also give
credit to the source from which you took these words or phrases.
Two Ways to Credit Your Source:
1. Integrated Citation: mention the source in the text of your sentence.

According to National Geographic’s “Effects of Global Warming,” “Sea levels are
expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the
century.”
2. End Citation: cite source at the end of your sentence, placing it in parenthesis and
before the period.

“Researchers have noted that El Niño, the climate system that resurfaces every five years
or so and is famous for bringing strong weather, has become both more frequent and
stronger of late” (Malone).
Quoting from texts:
Citations: to give credit to the author or source of your information in the text of
your paragraph. There are several ways to incorporate information into your
paragraph while crediting the author and/or source in the text of the sentence or
using parenthetical end-citations.
1. Stated Evidence: quote words or phrases directly by using words such as
according to, says, states, suggests, shows, claims, etc.
 According to National Geographic “Effects of Global Warming,” “Sea levels are
expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the
century.”
 In a recent article published on npr.org, science writer Eli Kintisch claims that
“cleaner air might actually intensify global warming” (“Could Cleaner Air
Actually...”).
 In “Is Global Warming Responsible for Wild Weather?” Noreen Malone states
that “researchers have noted that El Niño, the climate system that resurfaces every
five years or so and is famous for bringing strong weather, has become both more
frequent and stronger of late.”
Name: _______________________
Estrada
Try it: Look at the following sentence from Newsweek Magazine and write a sentence
which uses STATED EVIDENCE to incorporate quoted information:
Last winter, much of the northern hemisphere experienced record cold temperatures and heavy snowfalls,
while the southern hemisphere had record heat.
Malone, Noreen. “Is Global Warming Responsible for Wild Weather?” Newsweek. 9 Nov. 2010. Web.
29 Nov. 2010 <www.newsweek.com>
 State information from this sentence.
a. Mention the author and/or source.
b. Use a word such as says, states, suggests, or shows.
c. Put stated information in quotation marks.
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2. Integrated Evidence: quote words or phrases as a part of your sentence, as if
they were your own words (but you must place them within quotation marks).

Original Text: Greenhouse gases and aerosol pollutants work in opposing ways on
the Earth's climate, Kintisch explains. "The greenhouse gases warm the planet when
they're emitted, because they absorb heat reflected up from the ground — the
greenhouse effect. These aerosols, though, do the opposite. They block sunlight, they
make clouds more reflective — and by doing that, they actually cool the planet.

Integrated Evidence: According to Kintisch, although greenhouse gases, such as
carbon dioxide, cause global warming, other air contaminants like aerosol sprays
“actually cool the planet” by making “clouds more reflective” (“Could Cleaner Air
Actually...”).
Try it: Use the following excerpt from “Could Cleaner Air Actually Intensify Global
Warming?” National Public Radio. 25 April 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. <www.npr.org>
"If we continue to cut back on smoke pouring forth from industrial smokestacks, the increase in
global warming could be profound," Kintisch writes in an opinion piece for the Los Angeles
Times.
Kintisch isn't talking about greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide; he's talking about another kind
of pollutant we put in the sky — "like aerosols from a spray can," he tells NPR's Guy Raz. "It
turns out that those particles have a profound effect on maintaining the planet's temperature."
Name: _______________________
Estrada
 Integrate information from this sentence as a part of your own sentence.
 Choose important words that you cannot rephrase.
 Include these words in your sentence as if they were your own words.
 Place the words in quotation marks.
 Cite the source at the end using parenthetical citations.
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3. Paraphrasing Information: put the original text in your own words by changing
words, phrasing, and sentence structure. You may credit the author either in the
text of the sentence or at the end using a parenthetical end-citation.

Original Text: Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, cloud forests are drying,
and wildlife is scrambling to keep pace. It's becoming clear that humans have caused
most of the past century's warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our
modern lives. Called greenhouse gases, their levels are higher now than in the last
650,000 years (“What Is Global Warming?”).

Paraphrased Text: The National Geographic website “What Is Global Warming?”
describes how melting Glaciers, rising sea levels, drying forests, and changes to
wildlife are all effects of increasing levels of greenhouses gases, which are at their
highest level in 650,000 years.
Try it: Use the original text above. Write your own paraphrase using parenthetical endcitation rather than an in-text citation.
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Now try this with your own sources. Begin with the first topic you wish to include
in your paper. Follow the format on the next page to write a draft of your first
body paragraph including a topic sentence, an introduction to information,
several examples of cited evidence, and explanations of each piece of evidence.
Name: _______________________
Estrada
Format for Research Paragraph
When writing a paragraph for your research paper, follow the format below. If you
adhere to this general format, your paragraph will have good structure, contain ample
supporting information and explanation of this information, and be easy for your reader
to follow.
Topic Sentence: this sentence should introduce what you will focus on in this
paragraph. This is also the sentence in which you want to use transitional words or
phrases to bring your reader from the previous idea to the idea you will discuss in this
paragraph. Write your topic sentences for this paragraph below:
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1-2 sentences about your topic: Using what you have learned from your research,
discuss the topic of this paragraph. Introduce your thoughts about this topic. Do NOT
jump right into using evidence from sources. Below, write 1-2 sentences using only
what you know or think about the topic of this paragraph.
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Introduce a Piece of Evidence: take one sentence to introduce a piece of evidence
from your research that will help to support what you stated above. Include the author
and/or title of the source, and a brief summary about the main idea of the source.
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State Your Evidence: using one of the methods discussed earlier, incorporate
evidence, either quoted or paraphrased, from the source you introduced above. Don't
forget to cite your source!
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Name: _______________________
Estrada
Explain the Evidence: in your own words, explain what this evidence means. Write 2-3
sentences of explanation below:
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State Additional Evidence: introduce and state additional evidence from either the
same or an another source that provides more information on this topic.
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Explain Additional Evidence and Conclude Paragraph: write 1-2 sentences in which
you explain the evidence mentioned above. Then, draw your paragraph to a close by
adding a final thought.
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