Earthquake Characteristics
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
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Printed: November 10, 2015
AUTHOR
Dana Desonie, Ph.D.
www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Earthquake Characteristics
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Earthquake Characteristics
• Define earthquakes, and explain how they occur.
Does ground shaking cause the greatest damage in an earthquake?
This photo shows the Mission District of San Francisco burning after the 1906 earthquake. The greatest damage
in earthquakes is often not from the ground shaking but from the effects of that shaking. In this earthquake, the
shaking broke the gas mains and the water pipes so that when the gas caught fire there was no way to put it out.
Do you wonder why the people standing in the street are looking toward the fire rather than running in the opposite
direction?
Earthquake!
An earthquake is sudden ground movement caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks. Earthquakes
happen when so much stress builds up in the rocks that the rocks rupture. The energy is transmitted by seismic
waves. Earthquakes can be so small they go completely unnoticed, or so large that it can take years for a region to
recover.
Elastic Rebound Theory
The description of how earthquakes occur is called elastic rebound theory ( Figure 1.1).
Elastic rebound theory in an animation: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/animations/animation.php?flash_title=El
astic+Rebound&flash_file=elasticrebound&flash_width=300&flash_height=350 .
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FIGURE 1.1
Elastic rebound theory. Stresses build on both sides of a fault, causing the
rocks to deform plastically (Time 2). When the stresses become too great,
the rocks break and end up in a different location (Time 3). This releases
the built up energy and creates an earthquake.
Focus and Epicenter
In an earthquake, the initial point where the rocks rupture in the crust is called the focus. The epicenter is the point
on the land surface that is directly above the focus ( Figure 1.2).
FIGURE 1.2
In the vertical cross section of crust, there
are two features labeled - the focus and
the epicenter, which is directly above the
focus.
In about 75% of earthquakes, the focus is in the top 10 to 15 kilometers (6 to 9 miles) of the crust. Shallow
earthquakes cause the most damage because the focus is near where people live. However, it is the epicenter of an
earthquake that is reported by scientists and the media.
Summary
• A sudden release of energy stored in rocks causes an earthquake.
• The focus is where the rocks rupture. The epicenter is the point on the ground directly above the focus.
• Most earthquakes are shallow; these do the most damage.
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Chapter 1. Earthquake Characteristics
Explore More
Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YLjIvJXhpg
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is the San Andreas Fault?
What is the speed that this process along the San Andreas is happening?
What did Harry Fielding Reid base his elastic rebound theory on?
What is elastic rebound theory?
What happens at the time of the earthquake?
What happens in an earthquake that’s large?
How likely is a large earthquake to happen in the Bay Area in the next 30 years?
Review
1. How does elastic rebound theory describe how an earthquake takes place?
2. Where is an earthquake’s focus? Where is its epicenter?
3. Why do shallow earthquakes cause the most damage?
References
1. Christopher Auyeung. Diagram of the elastic rebound theory . CC BY-NC 3.0
2. Jodi So. The epicenter and focus of an earthquake . CC BY-NC 3.0
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