UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
CHAPTER 7
PESTICIDES GROUPS OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
7
7.1
7.1
The purpose of this chapter is to provide general information about the main groups of
pesticides, their uses and application, and some safety information. Further safety information appears
in chapter 4—‘Safety with pesticides’. There are individual entries for specific pesticides in annex A to
chapter 7.
7.2
Since under the arrangements set out in chapter 1—‘Pesticides—Introduction’, the range of
possible pesticide products which could potentially be used in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and
Defence establishments is very large, it is not possible to set out instructions for use, safety information
and other details for all of them. Nor is it possible to list the trade names of all of the very large number
of available registered products.
7.3
If a complete list of registered insecticide products on the Australian market is needed, refer to
a publication such as those shown in table 7–1.
Publication
Comment
Published by
‘PUBCRIS’ (Public
Chemicals
Registration
Information System).
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary
National Registration
Medicines Authority
Authority, Canberra
(http://www.apvma.gov.au/) database of
registered agricultural and veterinary
chemical product information. Search this
database FREE on the Internet:
http://services.apvma.gov.au/PubcrisWebCli
ent/welcome.do.
‘Infopest Pest
Management
Information System’
Available in CD–ROM form.
Queensland Department of
Primary Industries
PESKEM PC System Australian Directory of Registered Pesticides Department of Plant
and their uses. Available in CD–ROM form. Production, The University of
Queensland, Gatton College,
LAWES QLD 4343
Lists of registered
pesticide products
Usually in hard copy.
State and Territory
Departments of Agriculture
Table 7–1: Lists of registered products on the Australian market
PESTICIDE PRODUCT/FORMULATION TYPES
7.4
7.4
There are many specialised pesticide active ingredients and an even greater number of trade
name products on the market. Many of these products have specialised uses in horticulture or
agriculture, and would be unlikely to be used for ADF/Defence purposes. Due to the large number, it is
not possible to list all of them. For further information on formulations types, formulation and mixing of
pesticides, and a list of abbreviations for formulation types, see chapter 6—‘Formulation, storage,
mixing, handling and disposal of pesticides’.
FIRST AID
7.5
7.5
Except where otherwise specified, first aid for the classes of pesticides listed in this chapter is
standard first aid (see paragraphs 4.21–19 and table 4–7), or, for anticholinesterase insecticide
poisoning, standard first aid and standard anticholinesterase first aid (see paragraph 4.23 and
table 4–7). Further general guidelines for first aid are given in paragraph 4.24 and tables 4–8 – 4–13.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–2
INSECTICIDES—OVERVIEW
What is an insecticide?
7.6
7.6
7.6
An insecticide is a type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the action of pest insects.
Insecticides can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some of these groups are
described below.
7.7
Insecticides are intended to be toxic (poisonous) to insects. They can also be toxic to humans,
to varying degrees, depending on the chemical type to which the pesticide belongs. Insecticides are
usually ‘neuro-poisons’ which work by poisoning the nervous system of the target organism. Some
insecticides can kill a wide range of insect types and are called ‘broad spectrum’ insecticides. Others are
effective against a smaller range of insect pests.
Classification of insecticides
7.8
7.8
Classification according to the insect stage of development. Insecticides are often
classed according to the insect stage of development on which the insecticide acts: ovicides, which kill
insect eggs; larvicides, directed against the immature stages of insects; and adulticides, for the control
of adult insects.
7.9
Classifying insecticides by route of entry. Another system of classifying insecticides is
based on their method of entry into the insect’s body, such as stomach poisons, contact poisons, and
fumigants. Many of the newer insecticides do not lend themselves to a single grouping. Relatively few
are exclusively stomach poisons, contact poisons or fumigants. The principal action of the inorganic
material is in general that of stomach poisons while most of the organic materials act as contact poisons.
However, some of the inorganics may act as contact insecticides while most of the organic materials also
act as stomach poisons to some extent. Some of them actually exert a fumigating action.
a.
b.
Stomach poisons. Stomach poisons must be swallowed, that is, taken into the
digestive system, to cause death. These are generally used against insects with
chewing mouthparts, but may also be used under certain conditions against insects with
sponging, siphoning, or lapping mouthparts. A stomach poison must be quick acting,
inexpensive, and available in large quantities. It must not be distasteful to the target
insect and cannot be phytotoxic if used on plants. The four principal ways of using
stomach poisons are:
(1)
The natural food of the insect, such as the foliage of plants, is thoroughly covered
with poison so that the insect cannot feed without also feeding on the poison.
(2)
The poison is mixed with a substance that is very attractive to the insect, possibly
more so than its natural food. The poisoned bait mixture is then placed where the
insects can easily find it.
(3)
Certain poisons may be sprinkled over the runways of insects so that they get it
on their feet or antennae. In cleaning these appendages with their mouthparts,
the poison is swallowed.
(4)
Systemic insecticides, which are readily absorbed and distributed throughout
living organisms, are used to impregnate the tissues of plants and animals, so that
insects feeding upon these tissues are killed. By this means, sucking insects can
be controlled with stomach poisons.
Contact poisons. This group of insecticides kills insects by contacting and entering the
insect’s body directly through the integument (body wall or surface)—frequently through
the tarsi, as the insect rests on a surface covered with a residual insecticide)—and into
the blood; through the mouth and into the digestive system; or by penetrating the
respiratory system through the spiracles into the trachea. These materials include the
plant-derived poisons rotenone and nicotine, and most of the synthetic organic
insecticides. The materials may be applied directly to the insect body in a spray or dust
or as a residual application to surfaces on which insects come in contact.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–3
c.
Fumigants. Fumigants are volatile chemicals whose vapours enter the insect’s
respiratory system through the breathing pores (spiracles). The use of fumigants is
generally limited to treatment in tightly sealed containers or enclosures. Fumigants are
dispersed as true gases so that they reach the pest in molecular form. Molecules of gas
can penetrate cracks, crevices, and tightly packed material. Fumigant materials are
available in three forms: solids, liquids, and gases. All modern fumigants that give
effective control of insect pests are also toxic to humans. Therefore, fumigants must be
applied only by trained personnel who have demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the
properties of fumigants and the methods for safe handling and application.
d.
Desiccants. Desiccants, such as finely powdered silica gels and silica aerogels, are
dusts or crystals which scratch, abrade, or absorb the fatty, water-resistant outer layer
on the exoskeleton. These compounds cause death from dehydration by removing the
outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton. They are sometimes used for the control of
cockroaches, fleas, and other household insect pests. The silica gels are reported to be
non-toxic to humans and other warm-blooded animals. Sorptive dusts are amorphous
rather than crystalline compounds, so they do not cause silicosis. The main problem with
these compounds is keeping the applied material in areas where insects can come in
contact with it.
7.10
Classification by chemical structure, mode of action and function. These parameters are
often used together to describe pesticides. This is the classification method used in the remainder of this
chapter.
ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES
What are anticholinesterase compounds?
7.11
7.11
7.11
These are chemicals which exert their insecticidal action by affecting acetylcholinesterase,
which is an important enzyme involved in the transmitting nerve impulses in the body.
7.12
There are two major chemical types of anticholinesterase insecticides, organophosphorus
insecticides and carbamate insecticides.
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
7.13
7.13
Organophosphate insecticides are cholinesterase inhibitors, and range from moderately toxic
to extremely toxic, depending on the individual compound.
7.14
Examples. Examples of organophosphate insecticide products are in table 7–2. See individual
entries in annex A for further details.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–4
Insecticide name
Product names
chlorpyrifos
DURSBAN
EMPIRE
diazinon
BASUDIN
DIANON
ECTOBAN
KNOX-OUT
NUCIDOL
dimethoate
ROGOR
fenthion
BAYTEX
LEBAYCID
maldison
MALATHANE
MALATHION
MALATHON
MALATOX
MALDISON
omethoate
FOLIMAT
pirimiphos-methyl
ACTELLIC
temephos
ABATE
trichlorfon
DIPTEREX
Table 7–2: Organophosphate insecticide products
CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
7.15
7.15
Carbamate insecticides are esters of carbamic acid. They are cholinesterase inhibitors, and
range from moderately to extremely toxic, depending on the individual compound.
7.16
Examples. Examples of carbamate insecticide products are shown in table 7–3. See
individual entries in annex C for further details.
Insecticide
Product names
bendiocarb
FICAM
carbaryl
BUGMASTER
SEVIN
propoxur
BAYGON
carbofuran
FURADAN, etc
Table 7–3: Carbamate insecticides
7.17
Carbamate fungicides (eg maneb and mancozeb—see annex M), used as herbicides and
fungicides, have weak anticholinesterase action, and are not cholinesterase inhibitors.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–5
POISONING FROM ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES
7.18
7.18
These compounds can poison humans as well as insects. The symptoms of acute poisoning
in humans can include some or all of those listed below.
7.19
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as pronounced. Symptoms are shown in table 7–4.
Type of effect
Symptoms
‘muscarinic’ symptoms
bronchial: runny nose, wheezing, tightness in chest, asthma, cough,
shortness of breath, cyanosis, pulmonary oedema
glandular secretions: excessive saliva, sweating (diaphoresis), tears
visual: ‘pinpoint’ pupils of the eyes (miosis), blurred vision
gastrointestinal: stomach pain/cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
cardiovascular: slow heartbeat (bradycardia), decreased blood pressure
(hypotension)
‘nicotinic’ symptoms
muscular: trembling muscles (especially in the eyelids, tongue, face and
neck, but also in severe cases in the diaphragm and breathing muscles),
muscle cramps, muscle weakness, paralysis
increased urination, or losing control of urination
fast heartbeat (pulse), increased blood pressure (hypertension)
central nervous system symptoms: restlessness, unsteady walking,
emotional disturbances, headache, dizziness, weakness, drowsiness,
fatigue, mental confusion, slurred speech, inability to concentrate,
unconsciousness, convulsions and coma. These symptoms typically present
later, unless there is a large dose exposure.
chest pain, becoming pale (pallor)
other
acute pancreatitis has been reported with a number of organophosphates,
and also supposedly with an unidentified carbamate
skin rashes in some cases
severe poisoning
convulsions, cyanosis, profuse sweating, incontinence, mental confusion,
progressive cardiac and respiratory failure and coma are signs of very severe
poisoning
delayed effects
‘intermediate syndrome’: appears 24–96 hours after poisoning, during
recovery from symptoms listed above (which respond to atropine treatment).
Consists of muscle paralysis, including breathing muscles, and is resistant to
atropine treatment, requiring assisted ventilation. Not all organophosphates
cause intermediate syndrome.
Notes
(a)
The acronym SLUDGE [for salivation, lachrymation, urination, defaecation, gastro-intestinal distress and
emesis] can be used to remember muscarinic symptoms for moderate and severe organophosphate
poisoning.
(b)
Another acronym to remember the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors is MUDDLES [for miosis, urination,
diarrhoea, diaphoresis, excitation of central nervous system, salivation].
(c)
The usual cause of death from organophosphate poisoning is respiratory failure.
Table 7–4: Symptoms of anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–6
7.20
Carbamate poisoning. The signs and symptoms of poisoning by carbamate insecticides are
identical to those occurring in organophosphorus poisoning, as shown above; however the features of
carbamate poisoning tend to start more quickly and last a shorter time. As an example, symptoms of
acute carbaryl poisoning could include increased bronchial secretions; excessive sweating, salivation
and tears; pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, wheezing, stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhoea; slow or fast
pulse; trembling of muscles (including breathing muscles in severe cases); headache, tiredness,
dizziness, anxiety, mental confusion; breathing difficulties, turning blue, convulsions, unconsciousness,
and coma.
Medical treatment of poisoning by anticholinesterase insecticides
7.21
7.21
Poisoning with anticholinesterase insecticides can be a serious, and possibly life-threatening,
medical emergency, and if severe will need to be treated in a hospital. Once in the hospital setting, more
definitive medical treatment can be instituted. The following guide for medical officers assumes that this
treatment will occur in the hospital environment, with appropriate resuscitation facilities.
7.22
The clinical treatment regimen for organophosphate poisoning includes:
a.
Careful diagnosis and history. Keep in mind that standard anticholinesterase first aid
might have already been administered.
b.
Do not hesitate to seek advice from the National Poisons Information Line, which has
medical advice available. The telephone number Australia-wide is shown below in
table 7–5:
Poisons Information Telephone
13 11 26
Australia-wide
Table 7–5: National Poisons Information Line telephone number
c.
Maintenance of adequate respiratory and cardiac function (including administration
of oxygen if necessary).
d.
Careful, close surveillance throughout, which may be necessary for up to 10 days in
severe cases; cardiac monitoring for at least four days.
e.
Treat cholinergic symptoms with atropine sulphate intravenously in a dose of 2–4 mg
for an adult immediately and repeated at 5–10 minute intervals until signs of
atropinisation occur (eg dry mouth, tachycardia, and usually dilated pupils). Maintain
atropinisation for at least 24–48 hours and carefully observe the patient as atropine is
withdrawn, reinstating treatment if the symptoms return. Note that if ‘intermediate
syndrome’ occurs, these symptoms may be resistant to atropine and may require
assisted ventilation.
f.
If cases of organophosphorus poisoning are seen within 12 hours then cautious
administration of 1 g of an oxime preparation (eg pralidoxime chloride) slowly
intravenously, under close supervision, may be given. This drug must NOT be used as
an alternative or in preference to atropine, the use of which is essential.
g.
Associated anxiety may be relieved by giving 5–-10 mg diazepam intramuscularly.
(Note: World Health Organisation guidelines suggest that morphine, barbiturates,
phenothiazines, tranquillisers and central stimulants of all kinds are contraindicated.)
h.
This regimen requires careful clinical judgment, and needs to be carried out in a
hospital environment, preferably in an intensive care setting.
i.
Oximes are CONTRAINDICATED in carbamate poisoning and data on their effects
in dimethoate poisoning appears to be contradictory.
j.
The presence of PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS in some formulations
(eg emulsifiable concentrate (EC)) may result in additional toxic effects and may require
appropriate observation and action, eg care to avoid aspiration pneumonitis from
aspiration of vomitus.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–7
INSECTICIDES DERIVED FROM PLANTS AND OTHER
ORGANISMS—OVERVIEW
What are insecticides derived from plants and other organisms?
7.23
7.23
7.23
There are three main groups: botanical insecticides, synthetic botanical insecticides and
biological insecticides.
BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES
7.24
7.24
Botanical insecticides are chemical insecticides extracted or derived from naturally poisonous
materials contained in plants. Examples are shown in table 7–6.
Insecticide
Comment
Rotenone
Rotenone (DERRIS DUST) is obtained from the root of a plant called Derris.
It is usually applied as a dust. It is moderately toxic when swallowed and more
toxic when inhaled.
Pyrethrins
Pyrethrins are derived from a variety of chrysanthemum. They have the ability
to ‘knock down’ insects quickly, and low toxicity to mammals (including
humans). Formulations containing pyrethrins usually also contain a chemical
such as piperonyl butoxide, which is known as a ‘synergist’, because it
enhances the effects of the pyrethrins. It prevents insects from recovering
from the effects of the pyrethrins.
Table 7–6: Botanical insecticides
Symptoms of poisoning from botanical insecticides
7.25
7.25
Symptoms of poisoning by botanical insecticides are as follows:
a.
Natural pyrethrins. Natural pyrethrins generally have low toxicity, but poisoning
symptoms are similar to those from synthetic pyrethroids. Some of the less purified
pyrethrum extracts may contain allergenic substances which can induce the symptoms
shown in table 7–7.
attacks of allergic rhinitis (runny nose) and asthma
breathing difficulty and swelling of the tissues of the nose and throat
cough and fever
pneumonitis, breathing difficulty (rarely)
severe shock (anaphylaxis), hypersensitivity
Table 7–7: Symptoms of poisoning from botanical insecticides
b.
Rotenone. Rotenone generally has low toxicity, but poisoning can cause the symptoms
shown in table 7–8.
nausea, vomiting
numbness
tremors
dermatitis
nose ulcers
irritation of mucous membranes
Table 7–8: Symptoms of poisoning from rotenone
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–8
Medical treatment for poisoning by insecticides derived from plants and other organisms
7.26
7.26
Medical treatment for poisoning should be symptomatic and supportive.
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
7.27
7.27
Synthetic botanical insecticides are synthetically-produced chemicals which have similar
chemical structures to botanical insecticides. Those which are similar to pyrethrin are known as
synthetic pyrethroids. Some have residual effects. Some do not need synergists.
7.28
details.
Examples. Examples are shown in table 7–9. See individual entries in annex S for further
Insecticide name
Product name
allethrin
betacyfluthrin
BETA RESPONSAR
BULLDOCK
bifenthrin
TALSTAR
bioallethrin
bioresmethrin
RESLIN
cyfluthrin
BAYGON
BAYTHROID
SOLFAC
cypermethrin
CYMBUSH
CYMPERATOR
DEMON
RIPCORD, etc
d-phenothrin
ONE-SHOT
SUMITHRIN, etc
deltamethrin
CISLIN
DECIS
K-OBIOL
KORDON
fenvalerate
SUMICIDIN, etc
lambdacyhalothrin
DEMAND
ICON
KARATE
WARRIOR
permethrin
COOPEX
PERIGEN
tetramethrin
NEO-PYNAMIN
FORTE
Table 7–9: Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides
Symptoms of poisoning from synthetic pyrethroids
7.29
7.29
The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid to humans can vary from very low (eg bioresmethrin) to
moderate or high (eg deltamethrin), depending on the chemical. Symptoms of poisoning from these
insecticides are variable and depend on the agent concerned. For example, bioresmethrin has very low
toxicity, while cypermethrin and deltamethrin are more toxic. Not all pyrethroids produce all of these
symptoms, and some, such as permethrin, are of very low toxicity and rarely cause any ill-effects.
7.30
Symptoms of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids can include those shown in table 7–10.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–9
General reactions
Contact by mouth
(swallowing)
allergic reactions such as runny epigastric pain, nausea,
nose (rhinitis), salivation,
vomiting
asthmatic wheezing, coughing
sudden breathing difficulty and
swelling of the tissues of the
mouth and throat
incoordination or seizures
convulsions
nervous irritability
unconsciousness
Skin exposure
irritation and burning
sensations. Some
pyrethroids of the
‘cyanopyrethroid’ type (such
as cypermethrin) can cause
local facial sensations, which
are reversible.
shock
tremors
coarse muscular
fasciculations
Table 7–10: Symptoms of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids
7.31
Different synthetic pyrethroids can produce different reactions, and exposure to high strengths
of the active ingredient can produce more severe effects. For example, workers manufacturing cyfluthrin
and deltamethrin have reported the symptoms shown in table 7–11.
Route of contact
skin
Symptoms from cyfluthrin
Symptoms from
deltamethrin
a stinging pain on skin contact
skin redness, skin peeling
itchiness
itchiness
lachrymation (excessive tears) and
coughing
runny nose and lachrymation
sneezing
hypersensitivity to touch
mouth (swallowing) gastrointestinal irritation and erosion
Table 7–11: Symptoms of poisoning by cyfluthrin and deltamethrin
7.32
These effects persisted for several hours after exposure to cyfluthrin, but the effects from
deltamethrin did not last long after exposure was discontinued.
7.33
The hydrocarbon propellants in aerosol products may themselves cause symptoms including
cough, fever, chest pain and other symptoms. The presence of PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
SOLVENTS in some formulations (eg EC) may result in additional toxic effects and may require
appropriate observation and action, eg care to avoid aspiration pneumonitis from aspiration of vomitus.
Medical management of poisoning by synthetic pyrethroids
7.34
7.34
If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES
7.35
7.35
Living organisms such as bacteria or fungi attack specific insect species. An example is
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (DIPEL, THURICIDE, etc) or Bti, a bacterium which attacks certain
developmental stages of mosquitoes. It is of very low toxicity to mammals (including humans). See also
section on biochemical agents.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–10
Symptoms of poisoning from biological insecticides
7.36
7.36
There is little information on poisoning of humans by Bacillus thuringiensis. In a few isolated
cases it seems to have caused those shown in table 7–12.
Type of exposure
Type of reaction
Symptoms
mouth (swallowing) a type of food poisoning with an
incubation period of about eight hours.
vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea and
abdominal pain
inhalation
(breathing in dust)
allergic or irritation
cough or difficulty with breathing
eyes
irritation
irritation of eyes and conjunctivae
Table 7–12: Symptoms of poisoning from biological insecticides
Medical management of poisoning by biological insecticides
7.37
7.37
Poisoning from these insecticides is usually not severe. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment
should be symptomatic and supportive.
INSECTICIDES—MISCELLANEOUS
Amidine insecticides
7.38
7.38
7.38
What are amidine insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a
methanimidamide chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–13. See individual entry under
amitraz in annex A for further details.
amitraz (MITAC or TAKTIC)
Table 7–13: Amidine insecticide products
7.39
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by amidine insecticides include slight skin
rash. Reduction in level of consciousness, headache, vomiting, dizziness, incoordination, and changes
in heartrate can occur. Solvents used to dissolve amitraz in some formulations (in particular EC) could
also cause some poisoning symptoms. Symptoms of poisoning are unlikely from handling dog collars
containing amitraz.
7.40
Medical management of poisoning. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be
symptomatic and supportive.
Imidazolidine insecticides
7.41
7.41
What are imidazolidine insecticides? These are chemicals which exert their insecticidal
action by imidazolidine insecticides. An example is shown in table 7–14. See individual entry in annex I
for further details.
imidacloprid (CONFIDOR)
Table 7–14: Imidazolidine insecticide products
7.42
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by imidazoline insecticides are not
known at this stage. Eye and skin irritation are possible effects.
7.43
Medical management of poisoning. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be
symptomatic and supportive.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–11
Hydramethylnon
7.44
7.44
What is hydramethylnon? Hydramethylnon has a tricyclic aromatic/heterocyclic structure,
and is a non-systemic insecticide with stomach action. See entry under hydramethylnon in annex H for
further details. Names of hydramethylnon products include those shown in table 7–15.
AMDRO
COMBAT
MAXFORCE
Table 7–15: Hydramethylnon products
7.45
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by hydramethylnon are not known
at this stage. Hydramethylnon is probably not very toxic. Slight skin and eye irritation might be possible
effects of exposure to hydramethylnon.
7.46
Medical management of poisoning. Standard first aid—see chapter 4. If poisoning occurs,
medical treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
Pyrrole insecticides
7.47
7.47
What are pyrrole insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a pyrrole chemical
structure. An example is shown in table 7–16. See individual entry under chlorfenapyr in annex C for
further details.
chlorfenapyr (INTREPID)
Table 7–16: Pyrrole insecticides
7.48
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by pyrrole insecticides are not known at this
stage. Eye irritation is one possible effect of exposure to pyrrole insecticides.
7.49
Medical management of poisoning. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be
symptomatic and supportive.
Phenylpyrazole insecticides
7.50
7.50
What are phenylpyrazole insecticides? These are chemicals which are based on a
phenylpyrazole chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–17. See individual entry under
fipronil in annex F for further details.
Fipronil
Table 7–17: Phenylpyrazole insecticides
7.51
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by pyrrole insecticides are not known at this
stage, other than possible asthmatic attacks in susceptible individuals.
7.52
Medical management of poisoning. If poisoning occurs, medical treatment should be
symptomatic and supportive.
BIOCHEMICAL AGENTS
Overview
7.53
7.53
7.53
Biochemical agents are chemical substances which interfere with the life cycle of insects,
including insect growth regulators, juvenile hormones and pheromones. They can be used as insect
sprays or in foggers. Examples—see table 7–18.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–12
Biochemical
agent
Product names
Mode of action
Uses
Comment
Cyromazine
TRIGARD
NEPOREX
Insect growth regulator with contact
action. It interferes with insect moulting
and pupation.
To control plant pests, or
fly larvae, or for flea
control in dogs.
Substituted triazine
chemical structure.
Diflubenzuron
DIMILIN
Non-systemic insect growth regulator
with contact and stomach action, works
as chitin synthesis inhibitor.
Residual control of flying
and crawling insects.
Benzoylurea
insecticide.
Fenoxycarb
INSEGAR
Acts as an insect growth regulator.
Strong juvenile hormone activity.
Used against
cockroaches, fleas, ants,
mosquito larvae.
Carbamate
insecticide, but does
not act as an
anticholinesterase
compound.
Hydroprene
GENCOR
PROTROL
Insect growth regulator which acts as a
juvenile hormone mimic.
Lufenuron
MATCH
INSTAR
PROGRAM
SENTINEL
Insect growth regulator, which inhibits
chitin synthesis.
Control of plant pests,
also fleas and
cockroaches in domestic
and public premises.
Benzoylurea
insecticide and
acaricide, and
biochemical agent.
Methoprene
PRECOR
An insect growth regulator (insect
juvenile hormone mimic).
Pyriproxyfen
SUMILARV
An insect growth regulator (juvenile
hormone mimic).
Control of flies, fleas,
cockroaches, beetles,
midges and mosquitoes.
Triflumuron
ALSYSTIN
BAYCIDAL
STARYCIDE
Non-systemic insect growth regulator
with contact and stomach action, works
as chitin synthesis inhibitor.
Residual control of flies,
fleas and cockroaches.
Very low toxicity to
mammals (including
humans).
Benzoylurea
insecticide.
Table 7–18: Biochemical pesticides
Symptoms of poisoning
7.54
7.54
These agents are unlikely to cause significant poisoning themselves, but additives in some
formulations (eg EC) could cause skin and eye irritation.
7.55
Symptoms of human poisoning are not known at this stage but these agents are not expected
to be very toxic to humans.
Medical treatment of poisoning
7.56
7.56
Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
FUNGICIDES AND ALGICIDES
Overview
7.57
7.57
7.57
What are algicides and fungicides? Algicides are pesticides which kill algae, such as pond
slime. Fungicides are pesticides that kill fungi, such as soots and moulds.
Aliphatic organic aluminium compounds
7.58
7.58
What are aliphatic organic aluminium compounds? An example of an aliphatic organic
aluminium compound used as a fungicide is shown below in table 7–19. See individual entry in annex F
for further details.
Fosetyl aluminium (ALIETTE)
Table 7–19: An aliphatic organic aluminium fungicide
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–13
7.59
known.
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by fosetyl-aluminium are not
7.60
Medical treatment. Medical treatment (if needed) is symptomatic.
Azole fungicides
7.61
7.61
What are azole fungicides? These fungicides are based on an azole chemical structure.
Some examples are shown in table 7–20. See individual entry under azaconazole in annex A for further
details.
Fungicide
Product names
Azaconazole
SAFETRAY
Imazalil
FUNGAFLOR
prochloraz
MIRAGE
SPORTAK
Table 7–20: Azole fungicide products
7.62
Symptoms of poisoning. Some of these fungicides (for example, prochloraz and imazalil) are
not very toxic and may not cause any symptoms. Exposure could cause some or all of the symptoms
shown in table 7–21.
Route of contact
Skin
Symptoms
burning sensation upon contact with the skin;
skin rash
Mouth (swallowing) unpleasant taste and nausea
Table 7–21: Symptoms of poisoning from azole fungicides
7.63
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe.
7.64
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
Benzimidazole fungicides
7.65
7.65
What are benzimidazole fungicides? These fungicides are based on a benzimidazole
chemical structure. Some examples are shown in table 7–22.
Fungicide
Product names
benomyl
BENLATE
carbendazim
BAVISTIN
CHIPCO
SPIN-FLO
HYLITE ANTI-SAPSTAIN
Table 7–22: Benzimidazole fungicide products
7.66
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by exposure to benzimidazole fungicides
can include those shown in table 7–23:
Route of contact
skin
Symptoms
contact dermatitis; skin sensitisation
inhalation (breathing in vapour) respiratory sensitisation
Table 7–23: Symptoms of poisoning by benzimidazole fungicides
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–14
7.67
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe.
7.68
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Chlorinated algicides
7.69
7.69
What are chlorinated algicides? This group comprises algicides which have an organic
chemical structure which is highly chlorinated. Examples are shown in table 7–24. See entry under
sodium dichloroisocyanurate in annex S for further details.
Algicide
Product names
sodium dichloroisocyanurate
SLIMERCIDE LCA
sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione
Table 7–24: Chlorinated algicide products
7.70
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning by chlorinated algicides can include those
shown in table 7–25.
Route of contact Reaction type
Symptoms
skin, eyes, mouth irritation
(swallowing)
irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, respiratory tract,
gastrointestinal tract, depending on the route of
contact.
inhalation of dust
allergic reaction asthma-like wheezing
Table 7–25: Symptoms of poisoning by chlorinated algicides
7.71
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe.
7.72
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Note: If clothing is
contaminated, remove contaminated clothing before cleaning contaminated skin.
Chlorophenol fungicides
7.73
7.73
What are chlorophenol fungicides? Chlorophenol fungicides are based on a chlorinated
methylenediphenol chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–26. See entry under
dichlorophen in annex D for further details.
dichlorophen (PANACIDE)
Table 7–26: A chlorophenol fungicide
7.74
Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure to dichlorophen or sodium dichlorophen may cause some
or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–27.
Route of contact
Symptoms
mouth (swallowing) possible burning or irritation of the mouth and throat; mild abdominal
pain; diarrhoea
skin
skin burns, skin rash, contact allergic dermatitis, photosensitivity
eye
severe eye irritation, eye damage, eye burns (through eye splash)
Table 7–27: Symptoms of poisoning by chlorophenol fungicides
7.75
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–15
7.76
Medical treatment. Because of the potential for mouth and throat burning, if products
containing dichlorophen are swallowed, DO NOT induce vomiting. Medical treatment is symptomatic and
supportive.
Copper compounds
7.77
7.77
What are copper compound fungicides? These fungicides are inorganic compounds of
copper such as those shown in table 7–28. See individual entries in annex C for further details.
Bordeaux mixture
Copper naphthenate
Copper oxychloride
Copper sulphate
Table 7–28: Copper compound fungicides
7.78
Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure to copper salts may cause some or all of the symptoms
shown in table 7–29, depending on amount.
Route of contact
Symptoms
Skin
Skin irritation.
Mouth (swallowing) Unpleasant metallic taste, gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
Circulatory shock (severe headache, weak pulse, cold sweat),
jaundice/haemolytic crisis.
Systemic toxic effects such as kidney and liver damage are possible
if sufficient is swallowed.
Convulsions, coma and death in extreme cases.
Table 7–29: Symptoms of poisoning by copper compound fungicides
7.79
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe. Copper compounds are emetics, that is, they cause vomiting. In many cases,
spontaneous vomiting will remove a certain amount of the copper salt from the system and so reduce
toxic effects.
7.80
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Dicarboximide fungicides
7.81
7.81
What are dicarboximide fungicides? These fungicides have dicarboximide chemical
structures. An example is shown in table 7–30. See individual entry in annex I for further details.
Iprodione (ROVRAL)
Table 7–30: A dicarboximide fungicide
7.82
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by dicarboximide fungicides are not
known at this stage; they are probably not very toxic.
7.83
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–16
Dithiocarbamate fungicides
7.84
7.84
What are dithiocarbamate fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have
chemical structures based on the dithiocarbamate or related structures. Examples are shown in
table 7–31. See individual entries in annexes M and Z for further details.
Fungicide
Product names
mancozeb
DITHANE M-45
BANACOL
maneb
DITHANE M-22, etc
zineb
DITHANE Z-78, etc
ziram
FULASIN
ZIRAM 800
ZIRAGRANZ
Table 7–31: Dithiocarbamate fungicides
7.85
Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in
table 7–32.
Route of
exposure
Type of reaction
Symptoms
Skin, eyes,
inhalation of
vapour
Irritation
irritation of skin, nose and throat, respiratory
and eyes, which can be severe in some cases
Skin
Other skin reaction
skin rash/dermatitis (these compounds can
be absorbed through the skin)
Mouth
(swallowing)
Drinking alcohol as well
as exposure to
dithiocarbamate
fungicides
flushing, nausea, fast heartbeat, lowered
blood pressure, chest pain, sweating,
restlessness and confusion, and others
unspecified
headaches, vertigo, impairment of mental
capacity, muscle twitch, tingling sensations
Table 7–32: Symptoms of poisoning by dithiocarbamate fungicides
7.86
Unusual symptoms which have been reported are shown in table 7–33.
Case No
Symptoms
1
allergic symptoms, sore throat, nausea, fever and anxiety, swelling of the larynx
2
transient behavioural and central nervous system changes, including loss of
consciousness and convulsions
3
acute haemolytic anaemia following brief occupational exposure
Table 7–33: Unusual symptoms of poisoning by dithiocarbamate fungicides
7.87
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe.
7.88
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–17
N–trihalomethylthio fungicides
7.89
7.89
What are N-trihalomethylthio fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have an
N-trihalomethylthio chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–34.
Captafol
Table 7–34: An N-trihalomethylthio fungicide
7.90
There is currently no entry in annex C for captafol.
7.91
Symptoms of poisoning. Exposure may cause various effects including skin irritation and
conjunctivitis.
7.92
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Phenylamide fungicides
7.93
7.93
What are phenylamide fungicides? This group comprises fungicides which have various
related chemical structures based on a phenylamide chemical structure. Examples are shown in
table 7–35.
Fungicide
Product names
Benalaxyl
GALBEN M and others.
furalaxyl
FONGARID
metalaxyl
RIDOMIL
ofurace
–
oxadixyl
SANDOFAN
Table 7–35: Phenylamide fungicides
7.94
known.
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of human poisoning by phenylamide fungicides are not
7.95
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
HERBICIDES
Overview
7.96
7.96
7.96
Some herbicides can kill a wide range of plant types and are called ‘broad spectrum’
herbicides. Others are effective against a smaller range of plants, and are referred to as ‘selective’
herbicides. Herbicides are often used in mixtures to extend their range of action.
Alkanoic acid herbicides
7.97
7.97
What are alkanoic acid herbicides? This group comprises herbicides which have a chemical
structure which includes a carboxylic acid group.
7.98
There are four groups of alkanoic acid herbicides.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–18
a.
Aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides. Examples are shown in table 7–36.
Herbicide Product names
2,4-D
ACTRIL
TORNADO
MCPA
AGRITOX
MCPA 500
THISTLE KILLEM
mecoprop
ACTRIL M
triclopyr
GARLON
TRIDENT
Table 7–36: Aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides
b.
Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides. Similar to aryloxyalkanoic acid herbicides
but with larger aromatic chemical structures. Examples are shown in table 7–37.
Herbicide
Product names
diclofop-methyl
HOEGRASS
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl PUMA
WILDCAT
fluazifop-p-butyl
FUSILADE
Table 7–37: Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides
c.
Halogenated alkanoic acid herbicides. These are halogenated aliphatic carboxylic
acids. Examples are shown in table 7–38. See individual entries in annexes D and F for
further details.
Herbicide
Product names
dalapon (2,2-DPA) Mixtures with other
herbicides:
ERASE
PATHWEEDER
WEEDAZOL TOTAL
flupropanate
FRENOCK
Table 7–38: Halogenated alkanoic acid herbicides
d.
Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides. These are heterocyclic carboxylic acids.
Examples are shown in table 7–39. See entry under picloram in annex P for further
details.
Herbicide
Product names
clopyralid
CYRONAL
picloram
TORDON
Table 7–39: Pyridinecarboxylic acid herbicides
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–19
7.99
Symptoms of poisoning. Some of these herbicides (for example, picloram and dalapon) are
not very poisonous. Others may cause some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–40.
headache, vertigo, malaise, paraesthesiae (tingling sensations)
in higher doses, muscle twitching, spasms, muscle weakness, and unconsciousness
vomiting, diarrhoea, burning of the gastrointestinal tract, constipation
fast heart beat (tachycardia), upset heart rhythm
irritation of skin, eye, nose and throat
miosis (narrowing of the pupil of the eye)
metabolic acidosis
Table 7–40: Symptoms of poisoning from alkanoic acid herbicides
7.100
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as pronounced.
7.101
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
Benzothiadiazine herbicides
7.102
7.102
What are benzothiadiazine herbicides? These are herbicides based on a benzothiadiazine
chemical structure. An example is shown in table 7–41. See entry under bentazone in annex B for further
details.
bentazone (BASAGRAN)
Table 7–41: A benzothiadiazine herbicide
7.103
Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or
all of those listed below. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if
they do, they may not be as severe. Ingestion (swallowing) is reported to be able to cause apathy, ataxia,
anorexia, prostration, tremors, occasional vomiting and diarrhoea.
7.104
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Benzoic acid (Auxin) herbicides
7.105
7.105
What are benzoic acid herbicides? These are herbicides based on a benzoic acid chemical
structure, which act like a growth regular on plants. An example is shown in table 7–42. See dicamba in
annex D for further details.
dicamba (BANVEL)
Table 7–42: A benzoic acid herbicide
7.106
Symptoms of poisoning. Poisoning from benzoic acid herbicides does not appear to be very
severe.
7.107
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Benzonitrile herbicides
7.108
7.108
What are benzonitrile herbicides? These herbicides are based on a benzonitrile chemical
structure. Examples are shown in table 7–43.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–20
Herbicide
Product names
Bromoxynil
BUCTRIL
Dichlobenil
CASORON-G
DU-CASON
Ioxynil
ACTRIL
IOTRIL
TOTRIL
Table 7–43: Benzonitrile herbicides
7.109
Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or
all of those listed below in table 7–44. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects
will occur, or if they do, they may not be as severe. In cases of continuing exposure, the symptoms might
develop slowly, but recede when the patient is no longer exposed to the material.
skin rashes/dermatitis
headache, dizziness
vomiting, weight loss
muscle weakness and pain
excessive sweating and thirst
Table 7–44: Symptoms of poisoning from benzonitrile herbicides
7.110
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
BIPYRIDYLIUM HERBICIDES
7.111
7.111
What are bipyridylium herbicides? These herbicides are based on a quaternary nitrogen
chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–45. See individual entries in annexes D and P for
further details.
Herbicide
Product names
diquat
REGLONE
paraquat
GRAMOXONE
WEEDEX
Table 7–45: Bipyridylium herbicides
7.112
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning are as follows:
a.
Paraquat:
(1)
As little as 3 grams of paraquat (ie 15 ml of a 20 per cent liquid concentrate) can
cause death if swallowed. Death results from deteriorating lung function. The
effects of swallowing paraquat are shown in table 7–46.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–21
Immediate effects
Within 2–3 days of poisoning
local irritation, abdominal discomfort, signs of kidney and liver damage
and diarrhoea (sometimes bloody)
may appear
soreness of the mouth and throat
and difficulty in swallowing
lung damage
tremors and convulsions (with very
large doses)
Table 7–46: Symptoms of poisoning by paraquat
(2)
b.
Patients can be poisoned without symptoms immediately appearing, so
immediate medical help should be sought if paraquat is swallowed, splashed into
the eyes or nose or onto the skin.
Diquat:
(1)
Swallowing of diquat can lead to the symptoms shown in table 7–47.
Early effects
Later symptoms
Severe vomiting and diarrhoea
Restlessness, hallucinations,
delirium
Liver and kidney damage
Increased body temperature
Proteinuria and metabolic acidosis
Convulsions and coma
Ulceration and inflammation of the
pharynx and oesophagus and
gastrointestinal tract can occur
heart and blood complications
(thromobocytopenia) have been
reported
Table 7–47: Symptoms of poisoning by diquat
7.113
Medical management of poisoning. See entry under ‘paraquat’ and ‘diquat’ in annexes D
and P for important additional information on first aid. The following are guidelines only.
a.
Paraquat:
(1)
b.
Poisoning with paraquat is a serious, life-threatening medical emergency.
Medical treatment is very specialised and a patient poisoned with paraquat MUST
be transported to a major emergency medical hospital by ambulance as soon as
possible. URGENT contact must first be made with the National Poisons
Information Line (telephone 13 11 26). This is one of the few poisoning cases
where induction of vomiting may be necessary as soon as possible after being
poisoned; however, this should not be done without first obtaining advice from the
National Poisons Information Line. The patient must NOT be given supplemental
oxygen as paraquat accumulates in the lung and greatly enhances pulmonary
oxygen toxicity.
Diquat:
(1)
Medical treatment is very specialised and it is most important that a patient
poisoned with diquat be transported to a major emergency medical hospital by
ambulance as soon as possible. Urgent contact must first be made with the
National Poisons Information Line (telephone 13 11 26) to see if inducing vomiting
is required. Otherwise treat as for paraquat.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–22
CARBAMATE HERBICIDES
7.114
7.114
What are carbamate herbicides? These herbicides are based on a carbamic acid ester
chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–48. See individual entries in annexes A and C for
further details.
Herbicide
Product names
asulam
ASULOX
carbetamide
LEGURAME
Table 7–48: Carbamate herbicides
7.115
Symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of acute poisoning in humans can include some or
all of those listed below. In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if
they do, they may not be as severe. Unlike carbamate insecticides, anticholinesterase symptoms do not
occur with carbamate herbicides. Symptoms include those shown in table 7–49.
Route of exposure
Symptoms
Mouth (swallowing)
Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Fever
Weakness
Conjunctivitis
Skin
Skin rashes
Table 7–49: Symptoms of poisoning by carbamate herbicides
7.116
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
CHLOROACETANILIDE HERBICIDES
7.117
7.117
What are chloroacetanilide herbicides? These herbicides are based on a chloroacetanilide
chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–50. See entry under metolachlor in annex A for
further details.
Herbicide
Product names
butachlor
MACHETE
metolachlor
DUAL
propachlor
RAMROD
Table 7–50: Chloroacetanilide herbicides
7.118
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include diarrhoea. Eye or skin
contact could cause irritation or rashes.
7.119
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic. See metolachlor in
annex M.
IMIDAZOLINONE HERBICIDES
7.120
7.120
What are imidazolinone herbicides? These herbicides have an imidazolinone chemical
structure. Examples are shown in table 7–51. See entry under imazapyr in annex I for further details.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–23
Herbicide
Product names
Imazapyr
ARSENAL
Imazethapyr
HAMMER
OVERTOP
PURSUIT
Table 7–51: Imidazolinone herbicide products
7.121
Symptoms of poisoning. Imidazoline herbicides are not very poisonous. Symptoms of
poisoning could include eye irritation.
7.122
Medical treatment of poisoning. If poisoning symptoms do occur, medical treatment is
symptomatic and supportive.
METHYL ISOCYANATE PRECURSOR HERBICIDES
7.123
7.123
What are methyl isocyanate precursor herbicides? These herbicides are based on a
thiadiazinone chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–52. See entry under dazomet in
annex D for further details.
Herbicide
Product names
Dazomet
BASAMID
metam sodium VAPAM
Table 7–52: Methyl isothiocyanate precursor herbicide products
7.124
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include irritation of the eye, and skin,
and contact dermatitis, and possibly other symptoms, such as irritation of the nose and throat if the dust
from the granules is inhaled. Some of these herbicides, such as metham sodium, will cause very severe
irritation.
7.125
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS HERBICIDES
7.126
What are organophosphorus herbicides? These herbicides
phosphonate-type chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–53.
Herbicide
Product names
glyphosate and its sodium,
isopropylammonium, ammonium
and trimesium salts
ROUNDUP
NETWORK
ZERO
Fosamine
KRENITE
7.126
are
based
on
a
Table 7–53: Organophosphorus herbicide products
7.127
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning from glyphosate are probably unlikely from
the ready-to-use formulations, but some concentrates could be very irritant. Fosamine is probably
similar.
7.128
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–24
PHOSPHINICO AMINO ACID HERBICIDES
7.129
7.129
What are phosphinico amino acid herbicides? These are herbicides which are
naturally-occurring biosynthetic compounds related to glutamic acid. See table 7–54 for examples. See
entry under glufosinate-ammonium in annex G for further details.
Herbicide
Product names
Glufosinate-ammonium
BASTA
FINALE
Table 7–54: Phosphinico amino acid herbicide products
7.130
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning in humans are not known, although
products containing glufosinate-ammonium may be slightly irritant to the eyes and skin.
7.131
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES
7.132
7.132
What are sulfonylurea herbicides? These herbicides are based on a sulfonyl triazine urea
chemical structure. Examples are shown in table 7–55.
Herbicide
Product names
Chlorsulfuron
GLEAN
Metsulfuron-methyl
ALLY
BRUSH-OFF
Sulfosulfuron
OUST
Table 7–55: Sulfonylurea herbicide products
7.133
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning could include irritation of the eyes, nose
and throat and skin.
7.134
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
1,3,5–TRIAZINE HERBICIDES
7.135
7.135
What are 1,3,5-triazine herbicides? These herbicides are based on a 1,3,5-triazine chemical
structure. Examples are shown below in table 7–56.
Herbicide
Product names
ametryn
GESAPAX
atrazine
ERASE
GESAPRIM
prometryn
GESAGARD
simazine
SIMATOX
GESATOP
terbuthylazine
FOLAR
GARDOPRIM
terbutryn
IGRAN
Table 7–56: 1,3,5-triazine herbicide products
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–25
7.136
Symptoms of poisoning. These compounds are not very poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning
could include eye irritation and skin rash. Additives or other herbicides contained in some of these
herbicide products could affect the overall toxicity.
7.137
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
1,2,4–TRIAZINONE HERBICIDES
7.138
7.138
What are 1,2,4-triazinone herbicides? These herbicides are based on a 1,2,4-triazinone
chemical structure, related to the triazines. Examples are shown below in table 7–57. See individual
entries in annexes H and M for further details.
Herbicide
Product names
Hexazinone
VELPAR
Metribuzin
SENCOR
Table 7–57: 1,2,4-triazinone herbicide products
7.139
Symptoms of poisoning. 1,2,4-triazinone herbicides are not very poisonous. Symptoms of
poisoning could include eye irritation.
7.140
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic.
TRIAZOLE HERBICIDES
7.141
7.141
What are triazole herbicides? These herbicides have a triazole chemical structure.
Example—see table 7–58. See annex A for further details.
Amitrole (WEEDAZOL)
Table 7–58: Triazole herbicide products
7.142
known.
Symptoms of poisoning. Amitrole is not very poisonous and no symptoms of poisoning are
7.143
Medical treatment. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
URACIL HERBICIDES
7.144
7.144
What are uracil herbicides? These herbicides are based on a uracil chemical structure.
Examples are shown in table 7–59. See individual entries in annexes B and T for further details.
Herbicide
Product names
Bromacil
HYVAR DF
HYVAR X
Terbacil
SINBAR
Table 7–59: Uracil herbicide products
7.145
Symptoms of poisoning. These herbicides are probably not very poisonous. Symptoms of
poisoning could include skin and eye irritation, and possibly irritation of the nose and throat if the spray
mist is inhaled.
7.146
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–26
UREA HERBICIDES
7.147
7.147
What are urea herbicides? These herbicides are based on a substituted urea chemical
structure. Examples are shown in table 7–60. See individual entries for diuron and tebuthiuron in
annexes D and T for further details.
Herbicide
Product names
Diuron
KARMEX, etc
Siduron
Tebuthiuron
GRASLAN
Table 7–60: Urea herbicide products
7.148
Symptoms of poisoning. Urea herbicides are not very poisonous. Irritation of the eyes, nose
and throat may occur.
7.149
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
RODENTICIDES
Overview
7.150
7.150
7.150
What is a rodenticide? A rodenticide is a type of pesticide used to destroy/control rodents
such as rats and mice. Rodenticides can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some
of these groups are described below.
7.151
Rodenticides are intended to be toxic (poisonous) to rodents. They can also be toxic to
humans, to varying degrees, depending on type. The additives used to formulate rodenticide products
are usually edible bait materials such as grains. These additives can affect the overall toxicity in the
sense that there are only very small concentrations of the rodenticide active in most products, and the
grain acts as a diluent.
COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES
7.152
7.152
What are coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides? This group comprises rodenticides which
have a chemical structure based on 4-hydroxycoumarin. Examples are shown in table 7–61.
Rodenticide
Product names
brodifacoum
TALON
RATAK
RATSAK SUPER
bromadiolone
BROMAKIL
coumatetralyl
RACUMIN
difenacoum
RATAK
flocoumafen
STORM
warfarin
RATSAK
Table 7–61: Coumarin anticoagulant rodenticide products
7.153
Symptoms of poisoning. Most of these rodenticides are readily absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract, skin and respiratory system. The onset of symptoms of poisoning by coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides may take some days to occur after they are swallowed.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–27
7.154
Less severe cases. In less severe cases, symptoms of poisoning could include those shown
in table 7–62.
Type of Symptoms
Specific Symptoms
Haematological
increased tendency to bleed
excessive bruising
nose and gum bleeding
blood in the urine and faeces
Other
Pain
difficulty in speaking and swallowing
breathing difficulties
back or abdominal pain.
Table 7–62: Symptoms of less severe poisoning—coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides
7.155
Severe cases. In severe cases, depending on the product, symptoms could include those
shown in table 7–63.
Type of
symptoms
Specific symptoms
Haematological
massive haemorrhage
bleeding from several organs in the body
Other
Shock
Convulsions
loss of consciousness
coma and death in extreme cases
Table 7–63: Symptoms of severe poisoning—coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides
7.156
Medical management of poisoning. Transport patient quickly to a medical care facility which
has an intensive care facility. When indicated, medical treatment in the medical facility may involve
gastric decontamination (gastric lavage, activated charcoal) and the administration of vitamin K1
(phytomenadione), 5–10 mg by intravenous administration three times daily on day 1, then orally until
normalisation. In severe cases blood transfusion may be necessary; fresh, frozen plasma may be given.
In less severe cases vitamin K1 may be given in lower doses with fresh, frozen plasma for rapid
restoration of blood clotting factors.
7.157
A single acute ingestion may not necessarily require treatment. (NOTE: The concentrates will
need periodic determination of the clotting mechanism using the most appropriate method, eg by
measuring circulating descarboxy-prothrombin, prothrombin concentration, or prothrombin time.)
7.158
Measure haemoglobin, prothrombin type (also blood grouping and cross-matching) from a
venous blood sample. Continue tests until normalisation. Results will guide treatment. Patient should not
be discharged from hospital until prothrombin time has remained normal for three days. Discharge on
oral vitamin K1 for up to 60 days, with close monitoring of prothrombin time, depending upon the severity
of the poisoning.
COUMARIN ANTICOAGULANT ANALOGUE RODENTICIDES
7.159
7.159
What are coumarin anticoagulant analogue rodenticides? This group comprises
rodenticides which have a chemical structure based on a benzothiopyranone structure. An example is
shown in table 7–64.
Difethialone (ACTOSIN)
Table 7–64: Coumarin anticoagulant analogue rodenticides
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–28
7.160
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are thought to be similar to those for coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides.
7.161
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides.
INDANDIONE RODENTICIDES
7.162
7.162
What are indandione rodenticides? This group comprises rodenticides which have a
chemical structure based on indandione. Examples are shown in table 7–65.
Chlorophacinone
Diphacinone
Pindone
Table 7–65: Inandione rodenticides
7.163
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are presumably similar to those for coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides.
7.164
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides, including vitamin K.
VERMIN BAITS
Overview
7.165
7.165
7.165
What is a vermin bait? A vermin bait is a type of pesticide used to destroy vermin such as
rabbits and foxes. Vermin baits can be divided into groups based on chemical type or origin. Some of
these groups are described below.
7.166
Vermin baits are intended to be toxic to vermin but are also potentially highly toxic to humans.
INDANDIONE VERMIN BAITS
7.167
7.167
What are indandione vermin baits? This group comprises vermin baits which have a
chemical structure based on indandione. An example is shown in table 7–66. See individual entry in
annex P for further details.
PINDONE
Table 7–66: Indandione vermin baits
7.168
Symptoms of poisoning. Indandione vermin baits act as blood anticoagulants and causes
bleeding. Although symptoms are similar to those for coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides, an adult
human would have to eat very large amounts of treated carrots in order to develop life-threatening
poisoning.
7.169
Medical treatment of poisoning. Medical treatment is similar to that for coumarin
anticoagulant rodenticides, including vitamin K1 (which must be administered in a medical facility).
FLUOROACETATE VERMIN BAITS
7.170
What are fluoroacetate vermin baits? See table 7–67 for an example.
7.170
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–29
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (1080)
Table 7–67: Fluoroacetate vermin baits
7.171
Special procedures for vermin baiting apply in the State and Territory jurisdictions and must be
followed strictly when used by or for ADF/Defence.
7.172
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning include those shown in table 7–68.
abdominal pain soon after swallowing the poison, vomiting
apprehension
convulsions
hallucinations
heartbeat disturbances
tingling sensations and numbness of the nose and face
and eventually death
Table 7–68: Symptoms of poisoning from fluoroacetate vermin baits
7.173
Medical treatment of poisoning. Patient needs to be treated in an intensive care setting in a
major medical facility. Medical treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
METALLIC PHOSPHIDES
7.174
7.174
What are metallic phosphide vermin baits? This group comprises aluminium phosphide,
magnesium phosphide and zinc phosphide. They act by releasing phosphine in the presence of moisture
(they also release ammonia and carbon dioxide). Special procedures for vermin baiting apply in the
States and Territories and must be followed strictly.
7.175
Symptoms of poisoning. Symptoms are similar to those for phosphine, including those found
in table 7–69.
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
chest tightness, excitement, agitation
breathing difficulties, shock, metabolic acidosis
convulsions, unconsciousness
coma and death in severe cases
Table 7–69: Symptoms of severe poisoning from phosphide vermin baits
7.176
Medical treatment of poisoning. Transport patient by ambulance to a hospital quickly.
Patient needs to be treated in a major medical emergency facility. Medical treatment is symptomatic and
supportive. Do NOT give direct mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the victim has swallowed metallic
phosphides. To protect rescuer, use air-viva, oxy-viva or one-way mask. Resuscitate in a well-ventilated
area. Medical staff may need personal protective equipment (PPE) and treatment area may need to be
separately ventilated, as fumes exuding from the patient may be highly toxic.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–30
VETERINARY PRODUCTS
Overview
7.177
7.177
7.177
This section lists some, but not all, of the types of veterinary products used for guard dogs etc.
When a decision is taken to use products, veterinary advice should be sought where necessary. Fleas
and ticks may develop resistance to some types of pesticides and it may be necessary to develop a
strategy to alternate the use of different products containing different active materials.
Dog flea and tick collars
7.178
7.178
These contain an active ingredient such as those listed below, which is impregnated into the
material of the collar and slowly leaches out over a period of a few months, to kill fleas and ticks. Active
agents include amitraz, bendiocarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, phosmet and propoxur.
Diazinon is an organophosphorus insecticide; propoxur is a carbamate insecticide.
7.179
The collar has low toxicity for the dog handler but care must be taken not to handle the collar
unnecessarily, and to wash hands after use. Dogs are reported to strongly dislike the taste of propoxur
so should not chew the collar.
Flea treatments and dog washes
7.180
7.180
Various products are available to apply to the coat of animals, such as shampoos and flea
rinses, powders, sprays and so on, to control ectoparasites. They should be used strictly in accordance
with instructions. Use only products approved for use on the particular type of animal; for example, do
not use a horse pesticidal wash on a dog, as the dose received may be too high for the dog and could
harm it. Use protective equipment, and follow product mixing, handling and application instructions, as
shown on the label.
7.181
These products contain agents such as those shown in table 7–70 (or mixtures).
Agent
Type
Examples of product names
Amitraz
insecticide
ECTODEX
TACTIK
Coumaphos
insecticide
ASUNTOL
Diazinon
insecticide
ECTOBAN
NUCIDOL
Lufenuron
insect growth regular (chitin synthesis
inhibitor)
PROGRAM
SENTINEL
Maldison
insecticide
MALATHION
MALDISON
Methoprene
insect growth regulator/insect juvenile
hormone mimic
PRECOR
ZODIAC (with permethrin)
Permethrin
Insecticide
ECTODROP (with pyriproxyfen)
FLEA-DERM (with pyriproxyfen)
ZODIAC (with methoprene)
Pyriproxyfen
insect growth regular
SUMILARV
ECTODROP (with permethrin)
FLEA-DERM (with permethrin)
Note
(a)
Where safe and effective non-chemical methods of control of dog ectoparasites are identified, their use
in preference to chemical treatments should be assessed. The use of repellents should be considered as
part of this strategy.
Table 7–70: Active agents found in flea treatments and dog washes
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–31
Flea treatments
7.182
fipronil.
7.182
Fipronil. Fipronil is one agent used in flea treatments. See annex F for more information on
7.183
Pyriproxyfen. Pyriproxyfen (SUMILARV) is a biochemical agent (insect growth regulator)
which can be used for flea treatments. See annex P for more information on pyriproxyfen.
7.184
Lufenuron. Lufenuron is a benzoylurea insecticide and acaricide and can be used for
veterinary flea treatments. Since it acts as a biochemical agent, that is, by inhibition of chitin synthesis,
it is listed in table 7–18. See annex L for more information on lufenuron.
7.185
Permethrin. On example of a permethrin flea treatment product is Pitman-Moore Exspot Flea
and Tick Insecticide for Dogs and Puppies, a spot-on product containing 65 per cent permethrin 40:60
and 35 per cent solvent. Products of this type are very slightly poisonous by mouth, slightly poisonous
through the skin, and moderately poisonous by breathing in the vapour, and slightly irritant to the eye
and skin. They are unlikely to be a health hazard.
7.186
Mixtures of active ingredients. Another example is Virbac Ectodrop Cycle Pour-On Flea and
Tick Control for Dogs, which contains 40 per cent permethrin 40:60 and 0.3 per cent pyriproxyfen.
Products of this type are slightly poisonous by all routes, but being packaged in very small single use
containers, are unlikely to be a health hazard. Some products such as Virbac Flea-Derm Total Spray for
Dogs, which contains 2 per cent permethrin, are slightly poisonous by all routes, but may be slightly
irritant to the eyes and skin; they are unlikely to be a health hazard. See annex P for specific pesticide
agents such as permethrin, pyriproxyfen, etc.
Dog washes
7.187
7.187
These include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas, containing coumaphos, maldison,
diazinon and carbaryl.
7.188
Amitraz. Amitraz dog washes include such products as Ectodex acaricidal dog wash, and
others. See annex A for more information on amitraz.
7.189
Carbaryl. Carbaryl dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas.
See annex C for more information on carbaryl.
7.190
Coumaphos. Coumaphos dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas.
See annex C for further details on coumaphos.
WARNING: Use the correct product! Bayer Asuntol Liquid Cattle Dip and Spray is an EC product
which contains a far higher concentration of coumaphos than Bayer Asuntol Horse and Dog Wash, and
is not registered for use on dogs. Using the Cattle Dip and Spray to wash dogs may result in the dog and
perhaps the person washing it being poisoned. Bayer Asuntol Liquid Cattle Dip and Spray is NOT to be
supplied, and is NOT to be substituted for Bayer Asuntol Horse and Dog Wash.
7.191
Great care must be taken to measure the product properly and to use it in the correct strength.
NEVER use it neat or at a higher strength than that prescribed on the label. Always follow the
precautions shown on the label.
7.192
Diazinon. Diazinon dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas. Product
names include NUCIDOL Dog Wash. See annex D for more information on diazinon.
7.193
Contact with the eyes and skin should be avoided, and the vapour or spray mist (if any) should
not be inhaled. Protective equipment listed on the label and/or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
could include gloves and protective overalls, depending on the product, formulation type and application.
When dog collars are used this equipment is not required, but precautions shown on the label must be
followed. When using diazinon shampoos to wash dogs, long PVC gloves should be worn as specified
on the label. Great care must be taken to measure the product properly and to use it in the correct
strength. NEVER use it neat or at a higher strength than that prescribed on the label.
7.194
Maldison. Maldison dog washes include shampoos for the control of ticks and fleas. Product
names include MALATHION. See annex M for further information on maldison.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–32
7.195
Contact with the eyes and skin should be avoided. Protective equipment listed on the label
and/or MSDS could include gloves and protective overalls, depending on the product, formulation type
and application. Precautions shown on the label should be followed.
Human reactions to veterinary products in Australia
7.196
7.196
Care should be taken when using veterinary products to observe all of the appropriate safety
directions. This includes using the correct strength and mixing and handling the product as specified on
the label, and the use of correct PPE. These measures could help prevent poisoning episodes. There
have been various reports of human reactions to veterinary products in Australia, of which the following
are recent examples. It is quite possible that there could be other reactions with these and other
products.
7.197
Coumaphos. An elderly dog owner washed his dog with a shampoo containing coumaphos.
It is not clear whether the shampoo was rinsed off the dog. The dog shook itself and the owner was wet
with the shampoo. The man is reported to have died from organophosphate poisoning following this
episode. See annex C for further information on coumaphos.
7.198
Diazinon. A farmer died from pancreatitis five days after he treated sheep with a product for
ectoparasites. The identity of the product was not certain, but it was considered likely to be
diazinon-based. The farmer had a history of using a variety of chemicals without protective clothing, and
with significant skin exposure. It was not certain whether the chemical exposure in this case could have
caused this death, but pancreatitis is a possibility after excessive organophosphate exposure.
See annex D for further information on diazinon.
7.199
After use of a parasiticide containing fenthion on a dog, the owner and two other members of
the household reported reactions including swelling of the lips, rash on the lips and tongue, sore throat,
nausea, blurred vision and itchy skin, reactions which had not previously been reported. See annex F
for further information on fenthion.
7.200
Fipronil. Fipronil can be used against fleas in dogs and other domestic animals. A veterinarian
and a veterinary nurse in the same practice both suffered from asthma attacks after treating a cat with
the product. The nurse also developed blisters of the lips the next day. It is considered possible that the
reactions were related to use of this product. In a second case, an elderly woman whose hands became
saturated with fipronil while treating two dogs and a cat suffered heart palpitations and weakness,
although the connection with the product was not possible to determine. See annex F for further
information on fipronil.
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS
7.201
7.201
This section lists miscellaneous products including ‘home garden’ products, cockroach baits,
molluscicides, bird control and lice control.
Chlorinated phenol compounds
7.202
7.202
What are chlorinated phenol compounds? Chlorinated phenol compounds are chlorinated
substituted phenols. An example is shown in table 7–71. See annex P for further information on the
following compound.
Pentachlorophenol (DOWICIDE)
Table 7–71: Chlorinated phenol compound products
7.203
Symptoms of poisoning. Nearly all poisonings of adults with pentachlorophenol are reported
to have been occupational. Exposure to pentachlorophenol, especially through the skin, may cause
some or all of the symptoms shown in table 7–72.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–33
Route of exposure
Symptoms
Skin
severe irritation of the skin, skin rashes
Eye
irritation of the conjunctiva
Mouth (swallowing)
irritation of the respiratory tract, weakness, loss of appetite,
Skin absorption and/or headache, dizziness nausea and vomiting shortness of breath
mouth (swallowing)(a) sweating, dehydration increased body temperature rapid pulse
chest pain, abdominal pain (in severe cases)
coma (in extreme cases)
death from absorbing pentachlorophenol, through the skin in
extreme cases (related to not wearing protective gloves, etc)
Inhalation (breathing in lung oedema a few hours after exposure
vapour)
Long-term exposure
aplastic anaemia and haemolytic anaemia after long-term
exposure have been reported in one case. Long-term damage to
the cardiovascular system, upper respiratory tract, liver, kidneys
and skin is possible with chronic exposure.
Note
(a)
It is not certain if swallowing pentachlorophenol can cause death.
Table 7–72: Symptoms of poisoning by pentachlorophenol
7.204
In cases where poisoning is less severe, not all of these effects will occur, or if they do, they
may not be as severe. The wearing of full, correct PPE will do much to minimise or prevent exposure.
7.205
Medical treatment for poisoning. Medical treatment is symptomatic, and is difficult to
manage. Rest and hospitalisation are essential. Fluid and electrolyte balance should be maintained, and
body temperature kept within normal limits. Temperature control should be restricted to physical means
as antipyretic drugs are not effective and may even exacerbate the pyrexia. Decontamination of the
gastrointestinal tract (gastric lavage and activated charcoal) may be indicated. Contaminated skin
should be washed. Administration of oxygen may be indicated.
7.206
The use of atropine is absolutely contraindicated even if some of the symptoms may be
reminiscent of anticholinesterase effects. Differential diagnosis depends upon an accurate history of
exposure, and careful observation of symptoms. For example, high temperatures are indicative of
pentachlorophenol poisoning, while muscular fasciculations and excessive respiratory secretions are
indicative of anticholinesterase compound poisoning.
Cockroach control products
7.207
7.207
The two main types of cockroach of concern in Australia are described in table 7–73.
Knowledge of their habits is essential for planning of elimination programs. A brief summary information
is shown below. For further information, see a reference book such as Urban Pest Control in Australia,
by P. Hadlington and J. Gerozisis, New South Wales University Press.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–34
Periplaneta americana (American cockroach)
The adults of this species grow to 3 to 5 cm in length. They often live and breed
outdoors, but enter buildings in search of food and water, and tend to congregate
in warm, damp areas. They have well-developed wings and are capable of flight.
Blatella germanica (German cockroach)
The adults of this species grow to 1 to 1.5 cm in length. They often live and breed
indoors and live in places where there is food, warmth and moisture, or other
areas if there is a severe infestation. They mainly forage at night, but can forage
by day when there are severe infestations.
Table 7–73: Two main types of cockroach pests
7.208
The elimination of cockroaches can be extremely difficult in some environments. A systematic
prevention program can be of some assistance, and should include the features shown in table 7–74.
Application of surface sprays in areas where cockroaches move or hide.
Continuing use of cockroach baits.
Keeping food preparation and eating areas free from food debris and moisture.
Sealing cracks and crevices.
Treatment of heavily infested areas with cockroach ‘bombs’, with re-treatment every
three months, or as required.
Table 7–74: Systemic prevention program–cockroach pests
7.209
Products used to combat cockroaches:
a.
Basis of cockroach control devices. Cockroach control devices work by one of the
methods shown in table 7–75.
Exposing them to an insect growth regulator or ‘juvenile hormone’ which prevents the
target insect from reaching sexual maturity
non-chemical trap—attracting cockroaches to a container where they are electrocuted
Poisoning them with a slow-acting stomach poison in an edible bait
Table 7–75: Basis of cockroach control devices
7.210
Insect growth regulator products. Insect growth regulator products include those listed in
table 7–76.
Diflubenzuron
Fenoxycarb
Hydroprene
Lufenuron
Methoprene
Pyriproxyfen
Triflumuron
Table 7–76: Insect growth regulator compounds
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–35
7.211
Control of cockroaches in Royal Australian Navy (RAN) surface ships. The ‘Perma-Kill’
system, operated by Scientific Pest Management, is currently used in all RAN surface ships to control
cockroaches. This system involves spraying infested and potentially infested areas with a knockdown
and residual application comprising chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, mixed at a rate of 2.6 per cent with 97.4
per cent water, in a glue base. Treated areas are safe to re-enter and occupy no sooner than four hours
after spraying. The application is guaranteed to remain active on sprayed surfaces for 12 months. Tests
have shown that levels of the two organophosphates released into the air from sprayed surfaces are well
below the allowable exposure limits and, therefore, are safe. Refer to annexes C and D for further
information on the individual agents used in Perma-Kill.
7.212
Extended-release aerosol/pressure pack fumigators. Extended-release aerosol/pressure
pack fumigators, or ‘bombs’, for use against cockroaches are often marketed for domestic use. These
devices are for one use only, that is, designed for the contents to be completely discharged once the
device is activated. The user calculates the number of aerosol cans required, in accordance with label
directions, based on numbers of rooms to be treated. The windows and doors are closed. The devices
are activated together so that the whole area to be treated is exposed at the same time. The user
activates the devices, avoiding breathing in the vapour unnecessarily, then leaves the premises for a set
time as described on the label. When the time has expired, the user re-enters the premises, again
avoiding unnecessary vapour exposure, and opens doors, windows, etc to ventilate the premises
thoroughly.
7.213
Cockroach ‘bombs’ may use a knockdown insecticide, or include an insect growth regulator
combined with a knockdown insecticide; many insecticides, including synthetic pyrethroids,
organophosphates and carbamates, have been used against cockroaches. In some cases fumigators
use only a knockdown insecticide, such as permethrin 1 per cent to 1.3 per cent; others use from 0.2 to
1 per cent permethrin combined with pyriproxyfen, methoprene, or up to 0.6 per cent fenoxycarb.
See annex P for further information on permethrin.
7.214
Such devices produce a mist which is slightly poisonous by mouth (which should not present
any problem in normal usage), through the skin or by breathing in the vapour. Some product formulations
are slight to moderate eye irritants, and some of the ingredients may irritate the nose and throat. These
products are relatively harmless to humans; however, they should be used strictly in accordance with
label directions.
7.215
‘Bomb’ type aerosol fumigators may be suitable for occasional use for fumigation of small
numbers of pest insects such as cockroaches, for example in living quarters, messes, etc. Food and
utensils must be stored away from contact with the vapour during the fumigation process, and food
preparation surfaces are to be washed down after the process has been completed. They should not be
used routinely or used as a substitute for knockdown or residual pesticides which have been shown to
be effective.
7.216
Safety with fumigation products. Great care must be exercised with fumigation products
when used in confined spaces. They should NOT be used in confined spaces which cannot be properly
ventilated following use. Personnel involved in product application are to use appropriate PPE and
observe safety precautions as prescribed on the label, and other personnel are not to occupy the treated
area during release of the contents or until the premises have been thoroughly ventilated in accordance
with label directions.
DOMESTIC AEROSOLS
7.217
7.217
A wide range of insecticides is used in aerosol/pressure pack insecticide products intended for
domestic (home) use. Products included in this category may carry various descriptions on the labels,
for example ‘low allergenic’ fly/insect spray, surface spray, ‘low irritant’ surface spray, fast knockdown fly
spray, fast knockdown fly and insect spray, ‘low irritant’ fly spray, flea killer, and so on.
7.218
Domestic aerosol pesticides sprays can contain a number of active ingredients, including
pyrethrins, and/or one or more of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as bioallethrin,
bioresmethrin, cyfluthrin, d-allethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, tetramethrin and transfluthrin. Pyrethrins
or synthetic pyrethroids are often used in such products because of their low toxicity.
7.219
Other possible active ingredients in domestic aerosol pesticide products include the carbamate
insecticide propoxur, the benzoylurea insecticide triflumuron and the synergist piperonyl butoxide.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–36
7.220
For example, transfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which is active by inhalation and
contact, and is also a repellent. It has a knockdown effect on insects, and is fast acting. It can be used
against flying and crawling insects such as mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. It is often combined with
other pesticides, with quite low concentrations of the active insecticide ingredients. Cyfluthrin,
tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, d-allethrin and bioresmethrin are other synthetic pyrethroid insecticides
which can be used in such products.
7.221
Generally speaking, household aerosol insecticide products are of low toxicity because the
active ingredients are present in low strengths (from 0.05–0.3 per cent) depending on the product.
7.222
Depending on the product, the solvent used could be xylene or kerosene, or acetone, which
are highly flammable, as are the propane/butane propellants which they use.
7.223
Protective equipment (if any) should be as listed on the label and/or MSDS.
7.224
There are many other products on the market, containing a wide variety of combinations of
active ingredients, including other combinations as well as those mentioned above.
Toxicity and symptoms of poisoning
7.225
7.225
See elsewhere in this chapter for symptoms of poisoning by pesticide groups, and annexes to
this chapter, for details of individual insecticides. Although lower strength formulations are likely to be
less toxic, additives in all formulations, including aerosol packs, may increase irritation to the eye, nose,
throat or skin. In particular, care should be taken not to spray pressure packs into the eye. Active
ingredients in household pesticide products, especially those for indoors use, are generally formulated
for low toxicity. However, care should be taken in breathing in the spray mist of surface sprays, in
particular, due to the possible irritant effects of the higher levels of solvents.
INSECT REPELLENTS
7.226
7.226
The only insect repellents approved for use are set out in chapter 2, paragraph 2.21, and
table 2–5 For operational situations and operational training, non-approved products from any source
are NOT to be substituted for the approved personal insect repellents.
MOLLUSCICIDES
7.227
7.227
What is a molluscicide? Molluscicides are chemical substances used to control slugs and
snails. Medically, snails are very important, especially freshwater snails which serve as intermediate
hosts of parasites causing schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in humans, and lung and liver flukes in
humans and domestic animals. Snails capable of harbouring schistosomiasis organisms exist in
Australia. Fortunately the disease has not yet been introduced, although people who have travelled or
live in Africa, for example, could potentially inadvertently introduce it.
7.228
Why are slugs and snails a problem? Garden slugs and snails may be a minor problem for
horticulture and thus need to be controlled in gardens around Defence/ADF establishments. In addition,
they could potentially attract feeding birds and so become an indirect hazard to aircraft from a bird strike
viewpoint.
7.229
The giant African snail Achatina fulica is considered to be the most important land snail pest
known and its introduction to Australia would be disastrous for agriculture. Australian Quarantine and
Inspection Service devotes major efforts to its exclusion. Whenever ADF personnel and equipment
deploy to the African region, for example in the provision of humanitarian aid, there is a potential,
however small, for inadvertent introduction of this and other pest species into Australia. Careful
observance of quarantine regulations is thus essential.
7.230
What molluscicides are available for use? The pesticides shown in table 7–77 are
commonly used as molluscicides. See annexes M and N for further details.
UNCONTROLLED IF PRINTED
HLTHMAN, volume 21
part 6
7–37
metaldehyde
methiocarb
niclosamide
Table 7–77: Molluscicides
BIRD CONTROL
7.231
7.231
Methiocarb can be used as a bird control agent (see annex M for further information on
methiocarb). Polybutene (Hot Foot, NSN 6840–66–NIC, 500 ml) can also be used. It is a clear sticky gel,
which is applied by caulking gun to places where birds land and roost. It repels birds by its stickiness
rather than by a toxic effect. As the bird lands on the treated surface, it steps into the sticky gel and
becomes alarmed at the unpleasant feeling under foot. Polybutene is not poisonous to people or to birds.
However, care must be taken to avoid contact with eyes.
LICE CONTROL
7.232
7.232
The currently approved agent for mass delousing (for example during humanitarian aid
programs) is permethrin dust. See annex P for further information on permethrin.
Annexes:
A.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—A
B.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—B
C.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—C
D.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—D
E.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—E
F.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—F
G.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—G
H.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—H
I.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—I
J.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—J
K.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—K
L.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—L
M.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—M
N.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—N
O.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—O
P.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—P
Q.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—Q
R.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—R
S.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—S
T.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—T
U.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—U
V.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—V
W.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—W
X.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—X
Y.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—Y
Z.
Pesticides alphabetical listing—Z