IlRRXANN’S CEYLON IIEILBARIUM.
129
Hermann’s Ceylon Herbarium and LinnBus’s ‘ Flora Zeylanica.’
By HENRY
T~IMEN,
M.B., F.L.S., Director, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradcniya, Ceylon.
[Read 2nd December, 1886.1
TIIE collection of dried plants and the dramiiigs of living one8
made in Ccyloii by Paul Hcrmann in t h e latter half of the 17th
Century possess a special interest as being the first importaut
contribution of inaterial towards a knowledge of the botany of
the East Indics ; but the preinaturo dcath, in 1695, of the excellout boiaiiist who snadc it, prevented its becoming available t o
the scientific world of his tiiric. Indeed, beyond the publication
in his ‘ IIortus Acad. Lugd.-Bat. Catalogus,’ in 168’7, of some
brief descriptious and reduced copies of a few of the drawings,
Hermanii himself printed nothing on Ceylon botany. After his
death, howover, some of his MSS. were edited by the illustrious
botanist W. Sherard (for the benefit of t h e widow), and in the
‘ Paradisus Batavus ’ cf 1698 there are included some more of
the descriptions and reduced figures of Ceylon plants. I n 1717
also there appeared as an anonymous tract of 5’1 pages a catalogue of the Herbarium of Ceylon plants under their Singhalese
u;tiiies, no doubt printed from Hermann’s own MSS. Tliis bears
the title of ‘ Museum Zeylariicum,’ and the editor is well knomu
t o have been iilso W. Shcrard *. I n the brief prcf‘ace it is stated
tliat the plauts eiiumeratcd \\’ere collcctcd eithcr Mild or growing in the gardens of the natives, ttnd pasted into t!irue volamcs
without ally order, and probably just as they came to hand. The
editor adds that a fourlh volunie would be made up, and gives a t
the end of the Catalogue, as “ alimplanta cliartis non agglutinatp,”
a large number of additional naincs.
The herbarium of which this \+as the catalogue appears t o have
been conipletely lost sight of till the year 1744, when August
Ciintlrcr, Apotliecary-ROJa1 at Copenbagen-f, scnt t o Linnaeus at
Upsalil to be named a collection of Indian plants in five volumes,
one being a volume of drawiogs. The great botanist was not long
in discovering what a treasure he had in his hands-no other than
IIermann’s own Eierbariuin of Ceylon plants just as enumerated in
the ‘ Musmrn,’ with th(, additioii of the promised fourth volume
*
A eecond edition, with a new title only, was published in 1726.
.f. There are five letters from Gunther to Linneus in tho correspondence of
the great naturalist preserved in the Library of the Linnean Society. The dates
of these are from 1744 to 1749. Two are written in Swedish and three in Latin.
&INN. J0URN.-BOTANY,
VOL. XXIV.
N
130
u.
T~~INJCN--TTERMANN ’ 8 CEYLON HERBARIUM
it filth voluille of drainiiiigs*. He at once set to work a t its
c$xaniination; aird after two years’ labour produced in 1147 the
‘ Flora Beylanica,’ which lie dedicitted to Qii!lther. I n this book
Liiriipus h i i x classified all the plants in the herbarium which he
coiiltl dcterrrrine (429 in xiumber) under their genera? ; and
t h w o are duly arrangcd in accordaiice with his sexual system.
Viiticr CWII N p C i t B s he refers to the iiames in the ‘ MUS~UEI,’
and
ut L I I C ~ i i d
he gives lists of thoae names (228 in number) which he
MLL- u ~ ~ a b (iu
l c ~ rlcwly a11 ~ “ t s e sfroui the absence of specimens) to
refer to i ~ u ygenus. ‘Phe whole nuinber of plants enumerated is
t l l u h tiS7.
III the lierbariuin itbclf he has added to Hermann’s
1:ibclx it wferenco to the number of the species i u his own ‘ Flora
Zcylailicit.’
A t this period of L~IIIIL~UH’M
career he had not yet initiated
111sbinoinial bystein of notnc~nclature; thus no species in the
‘ Vlo!.:~Zcylanica ’ are ,tamed in thc modern sense, but are only
retilrred t o their Linna:ui genera. When, however, in 1763
that rcdly epoch-inaking book the ‘Species Plantarum ’ was
published, in m-hich spcciilic naincs were systematically employed,
L i n i i ~ u sW:IY
careful to quote under them the numbers of the
‘ k’l. Be! 111n.,’ anti thus the spechiens of Hermanu’s herbarium
bouoiiit: t \ pas for irrany of Liiniaeus’s species. I t is this of course
which gii es t o this iiitcrestiiig collection its great scientific value,
arid reuiiim it a11 imporlalit supplcrnrnt to t h r herbarium of
Liiiimus hiniself in the posscssion of this Society; cspecially as the
large rnajoritg of tht. spwics in IIermaun’s herbariurn are uiireprewiiI(d in Linnrcus’s own collection. It is this consideration
niniiily which has led me to spend sonic time in a re-investigation
of its coiitonts ; and the results of this exaniination I now offcr
to tilt, h ) c i t , t y which bcars Liiiuaus’s name.
A s is we11 kuowii, Heririauu’a herbariurn is iiow in the Botanical L k p a r t i n e i ~of~ t h e Britixh Museum. Its history since i t
lc& Lirinxu’s liands is briefly as follows :-Froni Giinther it
passcd into the possession of Count A. G. Moltlie$, a t whose
d(ul1r it wm purcliasccl b j Prof. Trcschow of Copenhagell. I ‘ h e
liitt I’ sold it to Sir *J. Banks for g.75 0; and it pssed, with the
.illCl
*
See (lie Prehce to F1 Beytan. p. 17.
.i. I n Llnnzus’s own copy of‘ thc ‘ Miis. Zeylun.’ in the Society’s Llbrary, he
haselitered IU (lie inurgin ag;iinst e i x h name the genus to whlch he referred it.
f liottboll, 1)escrlpt. p. 49.
5 MS. Note by 1)ry.lnrler in the Herbnrirtm
131
A m LINNLEUS’S ‘ F L O R A ZEYLANICA.’
rest of the Banksian collections, into the keeping of the Trustees
of the British Museum in 1827. Since i t came irito the hands of
Sir Joseph Banks, it has been frequently the object of examinatioii. Especially it was very thoroughly gone over by Dryander,
who, in a copy o f t h e ‘ Flora Zeylanica ’ in the Banlisian Library
(now in the Botanical Dopartmcnt), entered against each species
references t o tlie voluines and folios of the herbariuni where the
corresponding specimeris are to bc found. These useful notes
have inuc.li facilihted my exmination. Robert Brown, Dryaiider’s successor ill the charge of the Bairkxian collections, was
also in the habit of consulting the hcrbariiiin, and frequently
quotes its apecimens. Dr. Wight was unfortunately able to
consult it ouly to a liiriited extent”. Nor should I forget t o
mention that my friend Mr. W. Ferguson, F.L.S.,of Colombo,
when on a visit to England thirty years ago, carefully examined
the whole collection, and, I believe, possesses copious notes upon
the plauts it contains.
Hermann’s stay in Ceylon extended over several years, a t least
from 1672-1671, and perhaps a year or two on either side of that
period. H e was called to the Chair of Botany a t Leyden in 1679,
being then only thirty-thrcc years of age. Notwithstanding his
youth, he held, while in Ceylon, the office of Chief illedical Officer
in the service of the (Dutch) East Iiidia Company. A t this
pcriod the Dutch held most of the coast towns, having wrested
Colombo from the Portuguese only so recently as 1655 ; but the
wliole interior still remained under the rule of the native Emperor
of Xandy, a t t h k lime tho powerful Raja Siugha; and it is
interesting to note that our countryman Robert Knox wits undergoing his long captivity in the interior a t the very period of
Herniaun’s sojourn at Colombo. It may be inferred from the
herbarium, which is a represeritative one of the environs of
Colombo, tliat Hermann neither travelled far from the coast, nor
had the opportunity of penetrating into any tract of untouched
forest.
Besides the herbarium under consideration, IIcrmann formed
another whilst in Ceylon, which he sent t o J. Commelin a t
Amsterdam. It was from this collection (combined with that
made by J. Hartog, which was sent from Ceylon to Toss, Curator
of the Amsterdam Gardens) that J. Burman, Commelin’s sue-
*
Preface to ‘ Prod. F1. Ind. Or.’ p.
X.
N2
132
11. ‘rRIMEN-IIERMANN’S
CEYLON HERBARIUM
cessor, compiled his ‘ Thesaurus Zeylanicus ’*. This book was
puhlislied in 1737 with 110 weil-drawn plates containing numerous figures, and is systematically quoted by Liriiiaeus throughout
the ‘ Flora Zeylanica ’f. Eermanu also sent specimens to other
botanists of the time, especially to Gronovius, from whose herbarium there are several of IIermann’s plants in the Banlrsian
collection.
The spocimens, considering their age and the vicissitudes the
Collection has sustained, are in w r y fair condition ; and in the
few cases where identification is uncertain, this arises more
from tIie material being originally scanty or imperfect tlian
from any deterioration siiicc its collection.
A considerable proportioil o f the plants (about fifty) are
exotics, and gathered doubtless from gardens. It is of interest
t o see a t what an early date many of these were already common
in Ceylon. Most are of course Old-world plants ; but a dozen
or more are of American origin, as the Custard-Apple, Guava,
Cashew-nut, Capsicum, and Cotton.
But besides these cultivated exotics, the list will be found to
contain two or three species from the Cape. These are erroneous iuclusions; but the explanation of them is very simple.
Herniaiin called a t the Cape, as was usual, on his voyagfl out,
a i d s p m t a iix
there collccting. l’hc plants gathered
there were kept out of tlic first three volurncs of tile herbarium,
which wcre n o doubt p q m r e d by Hermaiin himself j hut the
maker of the fourth voluiiie pasted in Ceylon and Cape plants
indiscriniinatcly ; and tlicy tire niixed up wen on the same folios.
Linimus was fully :ware of this (see pref:ace t o ‘3’1. Zeylan.’
p. 18), arid haB omitted all iiotice of the Cape specimens with the
exception of two (we 110s. Bl ilnd :307), which he cvidentiy supposed to be from Ceylon. T i IH only surprising that he avoidcd
the iiiclusioii of more.
It will be found that a few chaiige~ofnatrie will be iiecessitated
by this re-exaniinatioii of thc Ilinileaii types in thia Collcctiou. It
rnubt be confessed that Liiirizus hah rendered some of his species
obscure by errouc‘ous syiioiqmy ; in working out the ‘ Flora
Zeylanica ’ hc evidently endeavoured to embody as much as pos-
*
See Preface to that book.
1 Linusus had assisted Burinan in the preparation of this book when hiB
guest at Amsterdain in 1735.
AXNDLINXBUS’S
‘ FLORA
ZPYLANIUA.’
133
sible of what had been previously published of the plants of tlie
‘‘ East Indies ” generally ; and he has not unfrequently given
under the Ceylon species synonyms and references which belong
to quite different Indian or Javan plants. I n most, though not
all, of these cases I think it must he allowed that the Hermannian
specimens should determine what was the plant intended by Linn s u s rather than his book references.
I n the following list of determinations the first column gives
the consecutive numbers of tho species in the ’ Flora Zeylanica,’
and each number is immediately followed by thd name given to it
by LinnEeus in his ‘Species Plantarum’ (1st edition), or in his
subsequent systematic worlrs. The secoiid culuniri coritains my
determinations of the type specimen or specimens representing t!ie
species in Hermann’s herbarium”. When the word ( d r a w i q ) is
appended, it signifies that there is a drawing only t o represent
the species and no dried specimen. The words fio specimen mean
that there is neither dried specimen nor drawing.
I . Canna indica, Sp. 1
2.
3.
4.
5.
.. . . . . . .
..
. ..
..
.. . ..
Brnomum Zerumbct, Sp. 1
Arnomum Zingiber, Sp. 1 ,
Amornum Cardamom, Sp. 1
Costus arabicus, Sp. 2
.
C. inrlica, L,
Zingiber Zerurnbet, Rosc. (drawing).
Zingiber officinale, Rosc.
No specimen.
Alpinia Galanga, Sw. (drawing).
The plant figured is evidently the ‘‘ Kaluwala ” of the Singhalese, much cultivated for its aromatic rhizomes. These are known
i n the drug market of London as Galaugal or Greater Galarigal
roots.
6, Curcuma rotunda, Sp. 2 . . .. . . No specimen.
7. Curcurna longa, Sp. 2 . . .. . C . longa, L.
.
.
. ..
....
8. Kaernpferia Galanga, Sp. 2 .
9, Kaempferia rotunda, Sp. 2 .
10. Boerhaavia diffusa, Sp. 3
11. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Sp. 6.
12. Nyctanthes Sarnbac, Sp. G .
13. Jasminurn azoricum, Sp. 7 .
14. Chionanthus zeylanica, Sp. 6..
15. Eranthemum capense, Sp. 9..
.. .
.. .
K. Galanga, L.(drawing).
K. rotunda, L. (druwing).
€5. diffusa (drawing).
ATo specimen.
Jssrninum Sambac, Ait.
Ao
’ specimen.
Linocicra purl)urea, Vuhl.
l)zdalacanthus montarius, J. And.
I n spite of Linnzus’s specific name, this is not a South-African
plant. H e confuses it with anothw plant uf IIeriiiann’s, and
gives the habitat as “ in Bthiopia.”
* Tho names employed are usually those of the ‘ Flora of Brit. India’ or OF
my ‘ Systematic Catalogue of the Plants of Ceylon’ (1885).
134
H. TRIXIE:N-IIPIL~~CI,2NN’S
CLTLON IIEJlBblllUX
16. Justicia Adh:itoda, Sp. 15
....
Atlliatotla Vasica, Nces.
17. Jristicia Ecbolium, Sp. 15 . . . . Ecltolium Liuneanuin, Kurz.
18. Justicia Betonica, Sp. 16 . . . . J Betonlea, L.
19. Justicia procumbeus, Sp. 16 . . J. procutribens, I;.
20. Josticia repens, Sti. 16 . . . . . . Kiirigia repetis, iVprs.
21. Josticia echioicleb, SI).17 . . . Androgr.mpliis ecliioides, Nees.
.
.
..
..
..
22. Utricularis vulgaris, Sp. 18 . TJtricwlaria flexuosa, Vahl.
23. Utricularia cieriilea, Sp. 18
U. cicrulea, L.
24. Ballots disticha, Mant.
Anisomeles ovata, Hr.
25. Anthoxauthum iritlicum
28. Prrotis latifolia, Ait.
26. Piper uigrum, ~ p 28
. . . . . . . Piper nigrum, L . , and P. Retle, L. ?
The specimens me mostly P . nit7?-7w/2
; b u t one seems rather to
be refcrrcd to the next.
27. Piper Uetlc, Sp. 28.. . . . . . . . . P. Betle, L.?
The spccimena have sindlcr a i d iiarrower leaves tliau the ordinary cultivatccl Betel Pepper of‘ Ceyloii. Burnran’s t. 53. fig. 2
uell represeeuts them, and is quotcd with approval by Imnzii8.
’
28. Piper Malamiris, Sp. 29
... . . .
P. Betie, L., var.?
This name is doubtfully applicd by authors. The speoirnon~
consist of’ leaves only, mid appear t o helong t o a varirt! of the
Betel-plant, but arc only 5-nerved. Thc mnic “ W d inin*,”
givcii by llermann, liowvcr, ineatis wild pepper, mid irot Bctcl.
Liiinmua has t d r c ~ iiinotller Siiiglialcsr ~iiinie,“ M;dainiria ’‘ (also
givrri by IIermaiiu in Mus. Zeyl. 11.2l), as his specific mnie. 1
cannot understand the note P.Antulnyo in 3‘1. Brit. Tiid. v. 1). $15,
as there is no reference to 3’1. Zeyl. no. 28 ~iiidrrthat species in
Linn. Sp. i. p. 9.
In the Uankbian ITcrbariurn there is aiiotlier sperirneri
from Iiermanii, seiit to Groiiovius, aiid labelled “ Malamiris,
Bakamumumiris, & Walrniris ” by the forum. This lirts 7-nerved
leaves, and appears different from the spwiincris in IIcrinaiin’s
own herbariuru.
29. Piper Siriboa, Sp. 29 ,
The specimen is the
. .. .
Rata-bulat-we1 ” (=foreign Bctel) of
the Singhalese, which is much cnltivatcd, a n d is supposed to
have biwi introduced froin the Malay Islands. I agree witIi
C. de Candollc aiid Sir J . Hooker (F1. 13. liid. v. p. 85) ill C O U sidering it a large-lcavecl form of P.Uefls.
“
. .. .
30. Piper longurn, Sp. 29 . . . .
31. ( > o m m e h a niidiflora, Sp. 11.,
32. Commehiiw cristatn, SIX 42 . ,
*!3. Tam:irintlns i n h i , Sp. :I4 . . . .
P. longurn, L.
Aneilerria iiutliflora, R. Br.
C. cwstata, 1,.(drawii2.9).
T. intlirn, 1,.
‘ FLORA
AND LTNNBCS’S
34.
35.
36.
37.
ZETLAXICL’
135
.
.. . ..
.
.. .
Olax zeylanica, Sp. 34. . . . . . . 0.zeylanica, 1,.
Xyris indica, Sp. 42. . .
. . N o speci~nev.
Cyperus rotundus, Sp. 45 . . . C. rotundus, Id.
Cyperus Haspan, Sp. 4 5 .
. C. Haspan, L.
There is a doubIe error in the name Haspan. The n.ord is
properly given as “ Halpan ” by Hermann (Xus. Zej 1. p. 24) :
but was misprinted in Burman’s Thes. Z q l . 1). 108, ~h lice
Linnsus quoted it. Rut the Singhalese “ Halpan ” is n o t this
species of Cyperus, but Fimbristylis globulosa, Wall.
., .
... .
..
38. Scirpus echinatus, Sp. 50 .
39. Scirpus capillaris, Sp. 4 9 . .
40. Scirpus diehotomus, Sp. 50
Cyperus irmbellatus, Benth.,var.
Fimbristylis bnrhata, Benth.
Fimbriatglis tliphylla, VaVahZ.
The specimen is merely a young and dwarf state of B m b r i stylis diphylla, and neither the E: dichotoma, Nees, nor thc
3.
dichotonzrc,Qahl.
41. Bobartia indica, sp. 54
. . . . ..
Bobartin spathacea, Ktr.
This is one of the Cape plants that have unfortunalcly been
enumerated among those of Ceylon. The specimens are in the
fourth volume of the berbarium, which, as alrettdy mentiorid,
was known t o Linnzeus to be a mixtnre of planta from both
countries ; and it is not clear why he included i t in the ‘ &r;t
Zeylaniea.’ Botanists have been further misled hy Lam arclr,
who, professing to figure Bobnrtia indica, has given a drawin,: of
some Cyperaeeous plant (Ill. i. t. 40), which Benthain ( G e i l .
Plant. iii. pp. 698,1015) and Clarke (Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xxi.
p. 111)refer to a Cyperzcs of the C. arenarius group and t o C . p chyrhims, Nees, respectively. But Hermann’s specinlens arc
t h e Cape Norma spathacea, Willd., 8 s *as demonstrated and
figured by Schumacher in Act. Soe. Nat. Scient. Hafn. iii. p. 8,
t. 1. Of course the genus Bobnrtia of Linn. will stand ; b u ~Ilia
specific nanie indica must be superseded, and the plant talcc
the name of Bobartin spathacea, Ker, as Baker correctlv h a s i t
(Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvi. 1). 114).
42. Panicum rompositum, Sp. 57..
4.3. Panicum arborescens, Sp. 59 .
.
{ Oplisinenus
Sch,
cornpositus, Roern. $.
P. ovaljfolium, Poir.
The specific name of LinnBua is thsurd ; for P. ovalifoliu~zis
“ altitudine certat c u m ttltisRimis arboribus ” could only apply to a Bamboo. On the eoufusion as t o this name in Linnzeus’s own hwbarium, s:c Muiiro ii:
Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. vi. p. 38.
a humble grass ; and his remark
136
H. TllIMEN-HERMANN’S
43. Obs. Not named,,
.. . ... . . ..
CEYLON IFERDARIUM
Isachne australis, R.Br.
This is theL naeneritana, Poir. Eucycl. MEth. Suppl. iii. p. 185,
an unnecessary synonym. (See Journ. Bat. 1886, p. 271.)
44. Paniclnn glaucum, Sp. 60 . . . . Pcnnisetum typhoideum, Pers.
45. Andropogon Nardus, Sp. 1046. A. Nardus, L.
Hermann’s specimen is the Citronella Grass, grown for its
essential oil in the south of Ceylon. The native name he gives,
‘‘ Pengrimau,” is also clearly intended for “ Pangiri-mana ”
(=acid or sour mana), by which it is generally known. (StJe also
Bentley and Trirnon, ‘ Medicin:il Pla~ils,’tab. 297.)
46, Poa amabilis, Sp. 68
.. . . . . . .
Eragostis plumosa, Ji72k.
Linnzus’s P o n aii2nbilis lias given rise to soine synonymy. The
specimens here :ire Erayrostis pZu~nosa,w i t h 11 hich the specimens
i n Linnaus’s own herbarium also agroc. (See Munro, Journ.
Linii. Soc., Bot. vi. p. 43.)
. . . . . N o specimen.
. . . . . . . .. .. } E.qninquangulare, L.
47. Aruntlo Bambos, Sp. 81 ,
48. Eriocaulon qninqnangulnre,
Sp. 87 , . .. .
.
49. Eriocaulon sexangnlare, Sp. 87.
.
E. sexerigulare, I;.
The name E. s~xangzdare,L., has becn quite misapplied in Ceglon, where i t has been used ( e . 9.in Tliw. Enum. Plant. p. 341) for
the small plant (C. 1’. 705) called E. T ’ h ~ a i t ~ sby
i i Koeriiicke.
Hertnaun’s type-spwimcns show 1 1 to be the plaiit (C. I?. 220)
referrcd by Tliwaites to E’. Wallicl~ianzon,Mart.
50. Eriocaulon setaceurn, Sp. 87
51. Mollugo pentapliylla, Sp. 89
..
..
E. setaceurn, L.
M. pentapliylla, L. (M. stricta, L , ) .
A variety only of M. stricta, but the mine pentaphylla has
priority.
L. (M. Sper52. ~ 0 1 1 u g ooppositifolia, sp. 89 . . M.gula,
oppositifolia,
L.
{
I n this case albo N. oppositifoZia, L., should take the place of
the geiierally used, but later., ilL X p e ~ p lL.
~~,
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
5Y.
Cephalanthus orientalis, Sp. !15.
,
Ixora coccinea, SIJ.110
Ixorn alba, Sp. 110 .
Pavetta indica, Sp. 110 . . .
Avicennia officinalis, Sp. 110
Eli-eapnus latifolia, Sp. 131 . .
Tomex tomentosa, Sp. 118.
(Callic-:irpalanata, Mant. ii. 331 .)
. . .. .
. . . .. . .. .
. ..
..
..
{ Sarcoce~lllelus
idiuwiny).
cord at us^ Mipa
I. coccine;i. 1,.
I. coccinea, L., var.
P. indica, L.
No speccirnen.
E. latifolia, I,.
} Callic”‘rlla
AND LINNBUS’S
‘ FLOEA BEYLANIOA.’
.. .. .
..
.
..
..
.
13’7
Vitis Linnaei, Wall.
Cissus vitiginea, Sp. 117 ,
Exacum sessile, Sp. 112 , , , , E. sessile, L.
S. hispida, L.
Spermacoce hispida, Sp. 102 ,
Hedyotis fruticosa,,Sp. 101. . . . H. fruticosa, L.
H. auricularia, L.
IIedyotis auricularia, Sp. 101
Oldenlandia Heynei, R. Br.
Hedyotis herbacea, Sp. 102. .
Ludwigia perennis, Sp. 119 ,
L. parviflora, Roxb.
“Id
Oldenlandia umbellata, Sp. 119.
0. biflora, L. (0.paniculata, 11.).
68. Oldenlandia biflora, Sp. 119
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
..
{ O.~~~~lta’
0. biJEorn is iiot separable as a species from 0.panicuZata, L.,
but is merely a few-flowered variety. Unless it be thought that
the name is too little appropriate, 0. bijlora, as the older, should
be the name retained.
69. Coldenia procumbcns, Sp. 125
70. Heliotropium indicum, Sp, 130.
71. Borrago indica, Sp. 137 . , . , .
72. Menyanthes indic;:, Sp. 145 . .
73. Plumbago zeylanica, Sp. 151 . .
74. ConvolvulusTurpethum,Sp.155.
75. Convolvulus Pes-cap’=, Sp. 159
76. Evolvulus alsinoides, Sp. ed. ii.
392 . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
z7. Ipomnta Qnamoclit, Sp. 159 . .
18. Ipoinoea Pa-tigridis, Sp. lfi2 .
79. Iporncea liepaticdolia, SKI.161.
.
. . .. ..
.
i
.
C. procumbens, L.
11. intlicnm, L.
No specimen.
Limnanthemum intlicnm, Thw.
P. zeylanica, L.
Ipoinoea Turpetlinm, R. Br.
Iporncea biloba, Forsk. (drawing).
E. a,sinoides, L.
No specimen.
I. Pes-tigridis, L.
I. hepaticzfolia, 1,. (druwing).
A variety of 1. Pes-l<y&lis, L., only.
80. Rontlcletia a s i d e a , Sp. 172 . . iVo speciinen.
81. Morintla umbellata, S I ~176
.
. . M. umbcllata, L.
M. citrifolia, L., and M. tinctoria,
82. Morinda citrifolia, Sp. 176 . .
Roxb.
83. Lonicera parasitica, Sp. 175.
(Loranthus loniceroides, S p e d . Loranthus loniceroides, L.
ii. 473.). . , . , , , . . . , , .
84. Mussznda frondosa, Sp. 177 . . Mussaendafrondosa, L.
85. Mirahilis Jalap”, Sp. 177.. . . . . No specimen.
86. Datnra Metel, Sp. 179. . . . . . . , No specimen.
87. Rhamnus Napeca, Sp. 194 . . . . Zizyphus Napeca, WZX!~.
Kept up 21s a species by Lawson (3’1. B. Ind. i. p. 635). It ia
closely allied to 2. Zucida,AIoon; but differs by its broader and
.. {
.. . .
. ..
i
abruptly acurninatc leaves, with inuch less secondary venation,
and by thc very rufous woolly stems and inflorescence. I htw0
never met with this in Ceylon.
Rhamnus mnoplia, Sp. 194 . .
lihamnus Jujuba, Sp. 194
,
Chironia trinervia, Sp. 189. . . .
Strychnos Nux-vomica, Rp. 189
Capsicum aniiuntn, Sp. 188
!Is. Solanum Melongena, Sp. 186, ,
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
.. .
..
Zizyphus (Enoplia, Mill.
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lana.
Exacum reylanicum, Roxb.
S. Nux-vomica, L.
C. arinuum, L., var.
S Melongena, L.
138
94.
95.
9fi.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
10.5.
106.
CEYLON HERBARIUM
H. TRIMEN-HERMANN'S
Solaiium indicum, Sp. 187 . .
Solarium sotloun:mim, Sp. IS7
Not named . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physalis angulata, Sp. 183 .
Ceanothus nsiaticas, sp. 196
Vitis indica, Sp. 202 . . . . . . . .
S. intlicum, L.
S. xanthocarpum, Sciirad. 4
Wendl., var. Jacquini, Thw.
N o specimen.
P. angulata, 7,.
Colubrinn nsintica, BTorLy.
V. iridiea, L. (V. erioclatla,W. 4 A . ) .
Achyrar't*les
205 . . . . . .corJ'mbosa7
. . . . . . . . . . . . Polycarpaea corpmbosa, Lorn,.
Celosiii nodiflora, Sp. 205 . . . . Allmania nodiflora, R. BT.
Celosia lanata, Sp. 205 . . . . . . E r u a javanica, Juss.
Achyranthes lapi)acea, Sp. 204 Pupalia atropurpurea, Moq.
Illecebrum Ianatnm, filant. ii. ~ r u lanata,
a
JUSS.
344 ....................
Achyranthes aspera, Sp. 204.
A. aspern, L .
Tabernmnontana dichotoma, Roxb.
Cerhera Manghas, Sp. 208 ,
( T h e drawing Cerbera Odollam,
G m t n .j
I
.
.
\
i
The specimcn is certaiiily Tabernmzontana clichotomz ; but the
drawing and most of L i n t m u ' s s j nonyms and the native name
given are for Cerbera Odollam. Those two p l m t s had been prcviously also confounded by Buriiian, wlio in his Thes. Zeyl.
figures (t. 70. f. 1) tho leaves mid flowers of Y'abernanzo&ana
along with the fruit of' Cprbern ; and pcrhaps Herinanii hirnself
did not discriminate the two plants.
The flowers are by no means 1~1rn.a~'~
i n pairs ; but the name
Gj?ora may be allowed t o stand, a i d must supersede Wight's far
later name.
.
..
111. Asclepias lactifera, Sp. 216 .
11 2. Asclepias gigantea, Sp. 214
113. Periploca intlica, Sp. 211 . . . .
114. Apocynum frutescens, Sp. 21 3
115. Gomplrrcna globosa, Sp. 224
11 6. Gomphrena sessilis, Sp. 225. .
117. Nama zeylanica, Sp. 226 ....
118. Hydrocotyle asiatica, Sp. 234.
119. Basella rubra, Sp. 272 . . . . . .
120. Drosera rotundifdia, Sp.281.
121. Drosern indica, Sp. 282.. ....
122. Gloriosa supcrba, Sp. 3 0 5 . . . .
123. Asparagus klcatus, SIJ. 314 . .
124. Asparagus sarmentosus, Sp.
314
....................
1
Gymnema lactiferum, R. BT.
Calotropis gigantea, R. Br.
Hemitlesmus mdicns, Iz. BT.
Ichnocar~iusfrutescens, R.Br.
Gomphrena glohosa, L.
Alternanthera trianclra, Lam.
Hytlrolea zeylanica, Vahl.
No specimen.
Uasella rubrii,L. (drawing).
D. Burmanni, Yahl.
D. mdica, L.
G. superba, L.
A. fahitiis, I , .
A. sarmeritosns, L.(drawing). (A.
gonoclados, Buker?)
AND LINNARJS’S
‘ FLORA ZEYLANICA.’
139
As there is 110 specimen of A . sarnzentosus in thc collection, we
have only the drawiugr by which t o determine what Linnzeus
meant by the name. Tho dranings were published on a reduced
scale in Hermann’s Hort. Lugd.-Bat. Cat. tt. 63 & 650, and
show a plant with flat cladodos. By many subsequent botanists
the name has been erroneonsly applied to a Ceqlon variety of‘
A. race11aos1cs, Willd. ; arid specimens so named are common in
herbaria. Thc sarmmtosus of Thwaites, Enurn. Plaiit. p. 337,
is A. racenaosus. More recently the name has been transferred
t o a Cape species, and is bo applied by Baker i n his revision of t h e genrrs (Joiim. Liiin. SOC.,Bot. xiv. p. 625). I see no
reason t o believc that Ilermann’s figure was not made frcin a
Ceylou plant,*; aiid I am inclined to thiuk i t represents A . gemclados, Baker, a frequent species in several parts of Ceylon.
But as the confusion can scarcely be cleared up iii the absence of
a specimen, the naiiie A. sarmentosus, L., had perhaps better be
abandoned.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
Po1i:inthes taberosa, Sp. 316
Pancratiurn zeylanicum, Sp.
290 . . . .
Cvinurn asiaticu
Uurniannia tlisticha, Sp. 2x7. .
l’ontederin hastata, Sp. 2888 . ,
Aloe hyacinthoides, Sp. 321 ,
Not named . . . . . . . . . . ’
hcoros Calamus, 13. verus,
sp. 324 . . . . , . . , , . . .
133. Plage1l:iria intlira. Sp. 333
133. Lansoiria spinosa, Sp.349 . .
135, Lnn sonia inerrnu, Sp. 319 . .
136. Mernecylon capitellaturn, Sp.
349 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
1
..
~
..
. . ..
.
.
. .. .
.
P. tuberosa, L.
P. zeylanicum, L. (drawing).
C. asiaticum, Id. (drawing).
U . tlisticha, 1,.
Moriorhoriii hastaefoliit, Presl.
No .specimen.
Pantianus ocloratissimus, L . J .
(cirawing).
1
L. alba, L a m .
I,.
1
..
alba, Lam.
M. capitellaturn, L., and another
species of Meinecylon.
1 look upon M. capiteblatacm as a \vell-marlred species al\i ays
to be easily recognized ; it is the “ Weli-kaha ” of the Singhalese
andis well figured in Burman’s Thes. Zeyl. t. 80. Clarke has,
however, reduced it t o a variety of M. rdule 111 F1. Brit. Ind.
ii. p. 564; but his X . etlzilc is a very large concatenation of
platlts, includiiig also tlie quite distinct X . untbelbatum, Uurni.,
“ Kora-kaha ” of the Singhalese.
Olle of Hermanii’s specimens is a different aud undeteriniilsble
species of dlenzecylon.
* Tho whole of the Drawings seciri t o have been made iii Ceylon and no Cape
plants m e among tlmu
140
n. T R I M E N - - I I ~ N
CEYLON HERBARIUM
4”’s
. M. Kaulti, L.
The specimen (vol. i. fol. 35) is certainly not the plant whose
native name is quoted from Hermann’s Mus. Zeyl. by Linnsus,
which is 138. Mimusops Elenyi, of which the specimens are in the
herbarium (vol. ii. fol. 40). It is indeed not recorded at all in its
place in the Mus. Zeyl., where it should appear on p. 7. This renders it doubtful whether it was collected in Ceylon. It appears
t o me t o correspond pretty closely with Javan specimens of the
tree still k n o m as M. Knzc7ci, with long petioles and I I pale undcr
surface to the leaves, and not with M. indica, t o wllich Mr, Bentham (3’1. Bustral. iv. p. 2S5) has referred it. M . Kaz& I have
never seen in Ceylon, either wild or cultivated ; but it may wcll
have existed there in gardens in Hermann’s time. The 3’1. Brit.
Ind. (iii. p. 549) gives Burma, Malacca, and Malaj a generally ;
as well as N. Australia, whence B. Brown (Prod. F1. Nov. Holl.
p. 631) records it, referring to Hermann’s speciinen a8 authority
for the name.
138. Mimusops Elengi, Sp. 349 . . M. Elcugi, L.
137. Miinusops Knuki, Sp. 349
I
139. Jambolifera pedunculnta, Sp. Acronychia laurifolia, Blurne [see
349 .
. . .
also 1851.
There is no doubt as t o the correctness of this identification of
the specimens (vol. ii. fol 82) ; though Linnzeus has mixed up this
. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . }
with no. 185 in his numbering of other specimens in vol. ii.
fol. 38, and has transposed their native names in ‘F1. Zeylan.’
Jiideed it appears that he subsequently in his later works ended
by confirming the transposition ; and possibly it would be practically correct to consider that the numbers in the herbarium
are to be disregarded rather than the text. Thus in Mant. ii.
Linnaus quotes Plulrcnct, tab. 174. fig. 2, for this, which clearly
represents 185. Euyenin Jnmbokann (see that number). Valil,
however, has rightly described a d figured (Symbols, iii. p. 52,
t. 61) Acronychia laurijolia as Janabolifera p e ~ ~ i z c u l a t L.
n,
140. hllophylus zeylanicus, Sp. 348.
141. Ptelea visrosa, Sp. 118 (L)otlonaea viscosa. Mant. 11. 149).
142. Cardiospermum IIalicacabum,
Sp. 366 ................
143. Paullinia asiatica, Sp. 365..
144. Michelia Champaca, 6”.536.
145. Laurus Cinnamomum, Sp. 369.
146. Laurus Cassia, Sp. 369.. .
..
A. zeplanicus, L.
viscosa, L.
t
1 C.
. .. {
Ilalicacabum, I,.
Toddalia aculeata, Pew.
M. Cliatnpaca, L.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Blurne.
Litsea zeglanica, Nees; and 0. zeyla~ ~ i c u nBlzlrne
i,
(wildform).
The Laurus Cassia of Linnams has iiothiiig to do botanically
AND LINNZEUS’S FLORA ZEYLANICA.’
141
with the Cimamomunz Cassia, Blume, of S.W. China, now known
to be the source of the Cassia of commerce. The specimens in
Hb. Kerinann show Linnsus’s species to be founded on two
plants,-one the common wild form of the true Cinnamon, and the
other a Laurineous tree, also called a wild Cinnamoil by the
natives, Litsea zeybizica, Nees. (See also Wight in Hook. Journ.
Bot. 1840, p. 836.)
15. tomentosa, L.
B. acuminatn, L.
C. Pistnla, L.
C. Sophern, L.
C. auriculsta, L.
C. Torn, L .
C. absus, L .
C. mimosoides, L.
Bauliinin tomentosa, Sp. 375.
Bauhinia aciirninata, Sp. 375.
Cassia Fistula, Sp. 377 , , , .,
Cassia Sophera, Sp. 379
Cassia auriculata, Sp. 379.. . .
Cassia ‘ h a , Sp. 3 7 6 . .
153. Cassia absus, Sp. 376..
154. Cassia rnimosoides, Sp. 379
155. Guilandina Moringa, Sp. 381.
156. Guilandina Bonducella, Sp. ed.
ii. 545
147.
148.
149.
1.50.
1a51.
159.
.
....
......
......
..
Mormga pterygosperma, Gaertn.
Casalpinia
pleem.
.................. t
C. BondzcceZla has not been recently recorded for Ceylon,
though C. Bolzdzlc is common.
I
157. Camlpinia Crista, Sp. 380
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
(Guilandina Bonduc, Mant.
ii. 378).
Cmalpinia Sappan, Sp. 381 . .
Poinciana pulcherrima,Sp. 380.
Adenanthera pavonina, Sp 384.
Melia Azadlrachta, Sp. 385
Melin Azedarach, p. sempervirens, Sp. 585.. . . . . . . . . . .
Sophora tomentosa, Sp. 373..
.................
..
t
164. Sophora heptaphylla, Sp. 373.
165. Anacardium occidentale, Sp.
383 ....................
166. Cynometra cauliflora, Sp. 382.
167. Cynornetra ramiflora, Sp. 392.
Casalpinia Nuga, Ait.
C. Sappan, L.
P. pnlcheinma, L .
A. pavonina, L.
Azadirnclita indiea, A . Juss.
Azederrtch,
S. tomentosa, L.
S. heptaphylla, L., and Derris si-
1
1;
nuats,
occidentale,
[,.
No specimen.
NOspecimen.
166 and 167. There are drawings referred to these numbers
which are not determinable, and seem to have been partly made up
from Averrlzoa.
168. Tribulus lanuginosus, Sp. 387.
169. Jussiaa repens, Sp.388. . . . . .
170. Jussiaa erecta, Sp. 388 . , . , ,
171. ?&+lastoma malabatbricum, Sp.
390 ....................
172. Melastoma aspera, Sp. 391 ,
173. Melastoma octandra, Sp. 391.
174. Triumfetta Bartrarnia, Sp. ed.
ii. 638
.
.
t
..................
‘1’.terrestris, L. (druwiag).
J. repens, L.
J. suffruticosa, L., var.
M . malabathricum, L.
Osbeckia aspera, Blume.
Osbeckia octandra, D c .
T.
jaCg.
142
E. TI~IMEN--TIBSMAN
x 3~ CEYLON IIF:BU,'LBIUM
The iiame T.Bnrtmnaia, L., has becii abandoned by botanists
as uppaiciitlj c~ornprc~ieiidiiig
more t h m oiie species ; but the preseiit coirimo~lEastern weed is certainly t h a t mainly intended b y
the author of the name.
I
175. Srhinus Limonin, Sp. 389
(Liinonia aCitli5Sinia, Sp. ed. Feronia Elepliantutn, COW.
11.554).
..
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
I
.
.
'Hie bpociinciis arc iii leaf only, nitliout Bow crb or fruit ; but
LLI e suKicieiit to sliow that tho p h i t is the c'oinmoii Wooti-:tpplc
of Ccylon, Pc~oseioE ~ P ~ ? J L L
the
L ?" Z
Diwul
~ Z L"~of~ the
~ , Singlialcse,
as rightly labellcd by llerii~aiin. But inost of the syiionyiiis
given b y Liiiiiieus ref'cr t o some small-fruited species of Aurantiac eae. The IJkLllt t o whieli Liunzus's name lias becii generally
a,pplicd is I;. ciwzulatn, ltoxb., and docs n o t occur in Ceylon.
Roxburgh's name for this must stand instead of Linnsus's.
176. Bannistena benghalensis, Sp.
. . . . , . . . . . . , .. . . . .
177. Averrhoa Ililirnbi, Sp. 428.. . .
178. Aveirhoa Carambola, Sp. 428.
179. Averrhoa acitla, Sp. 423 . . . .
180. Oxalis sensitiva. Sp. 434 . . , .
427
181. lllii~ophornconjugata, 81'. 443.
1 A.
1
Madablota, Gaertn.
B~limbi,h p . 428.
A. Caramholtl, L.
il. Cniambola, L.,var.? (drawing).
Uiophytuin sensitivuiu, DC.
Bruginera gyrnnorrhiza, Lam.
(drawing),
Hcrrna~~ii's
figure is t h e whole foundatioii for Linnaeus's A?.
yet tlicre can be no doubt t h a t it is Bruyuiern
gynznowhincc ; but it woiild be vc ry uudtxsirable t o cltange so long
established a name. Tlie speciioeiis n a i ~ ~ c3.
d roizjug.ntn in
LiiinzLis'b own herbariuin ;ire of some vcry cliff'ercxnt plrtlit from
either of these species.
coizjuptn,
182. Myrtus zeylariica, Sp. k72. . . Eugenia zeylanica, M'ight.
189. Myrtus caryopltyll;itn, Hp. 472. l3ugerii.i cnryopli~~llzra,
J'l-ight,
184. Myrtus nntlros:ernoides,Sp.4i2. Eugenia coitlifolia, FI ight.
?ti )elria Jambolana, Lam. [see :ilso
186. Myrtus Cumini, Sp. 471
. ...
1
f$,.
See the n o t e on 130. The specimens not mixed up w i t h bhis
other number art: iii vol. i. fol. 4.5,and i i i x 2.Janzbolann.
186. Myrtus Pirnenta, Sp. 472 , . . .
187. Eugenia millncctmis, Sp.470.
188. Eugenia Jambos, Sp.470 . . .
18!). Eugenia urnflora, Sp.470
.
No specimen.
No specamen.
E. Jnnibos, L.
E. malaceensis, L., var. (druwing).
3.uniJEora of Linnaeus is a curious mixture. Heymanil's
figures show a large-flowered species with usually solitary sessile
flowers; apparently a slight variety of E. malaccensis. But
AND LIKNJ3US’B
‘ PLOItA ZEYLANICA.’
143
Liiinaus quotes also Micbeli’s figure (Nov. Gen. t. 108) of the
very differcnt species from 8. America, iiow serni-naturalized in
parts of India, B’. Nichelii, Lam. Liirnzus’s name should be
abandoned.
Eugenia acutangula, Sp. 471 . .
Eugenia racernosa, Sp. 471 , .
Psidiiim Guajava, Sp. 470 . .
Nymphrea Nelumbo, Sp. 511.
N y i n p h a Lotus, Sp. 511, . . .
Oamhogi<Gutta, Sp. ed. ii. 728
Barringtonia acutangula, Guerfn.
Barringtoma raremosa, Blume.
(drawing).
P. (hyava, I,.
Nelumbium spt~c~osum,
WLZld.
N. Lotus, I,.
Garcuna Morellti, Desr . ( t h e drawing is G. Cambogia, Desr.).
The specimens arc leaves of the true Gamboge-tree, called
“ Gokatu ” or “ Kana-goraka ” by the Siiighalehe, ;is rightly noted
by Hermann, and the G. illorebln, Debr. But tlic draqiiips
show the coximon “ Goraka,” 0. Camboyia, Desr., 3-ith its edible
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
sulcate fruit, (Eke also Graham in Hook, Coinp. Uot. Mag.
pp. 193-200.)
196. Euphorbia Tirucalli, Sp. 452. . No specimen.
197. Euphorbia lnrta, Sp 454 . . . . E. hirta, L.
ji.
198. Euphorbia thymifolia, Sp. 454. E. thymifolia, L.
199. Euphorbia aatiquorum, Sp.
4E0
. . . . . . . . . . . Nospecimen.
200. Eupho
folia, Sp. 451.
No specimen.
201. Cslophyllrim Inophyllum, Sp. c. Inophyllum, z.
513 . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
c. Burmanni, n’ight.
202. Calophyllum Calabit, Sp.514.
1
.
t
The name C, Calahu has bceri genc~rally abandoned for this
Eastern species, t o which it originally belongs, in conseqiience
of Jacquiu haying figured in 1’7G3 (Hist. Select. Strip. Amer.
t. 165) :is Liiinzua’s s p i e s tlic Dilartiniyue plant, t o which
Plumier iirst gave thc generic name Culabu, taltrii from the
Caribbee name. Liiinzcus (Sp. F’lant. rti. ii. 7 3 2 ) acrepted Jacqiiiii’s determination, aiid hence inakek his 0311 species t o include
both the E. and W.-lndian plants. The iiaine should not be
maintained f o r either.
203. Mesua ferrea, Sp. 515
204. Vateria Indica, Sp.515
. ....
.... . .
,
M. ferrea, L .
No specimen?
Dryander has doubtfully referred to this some leavcs i n the
IIerbarium, vol. iv. fol. 21. These are certainly not Pateria,
but possibly Pericopsis Mooniana. The specimen referred to
by Linnzun “ in tomo quarto ” may possibly be the leaves a t
fol. 36, which appear to be those of some Dipterocarp, though
not Vateria. (See also Dyer in F1. Brit. India, i. p. 313.)
144
H. TRTMRN-IIERNANN‘S
CEYLON ERRBARIUM
1
205. Delima sarmcntosa, Sp. ed. ii. D. sarmentosa, L ,
736 ....................
206. Elaocarpus scrrata, Sp. 516 . . E. serratus, L.
T2ic ‘ Flora of Brit. Iiidia’ (i. p. 401) does not give 3.
serratus, L., as a Ccylon species, and refers (p. 402) Thwaites’s speeiineiis to E. czcizentus, Wight. 1 loolr upon t h o latter as a slight
variety of E.serratus mcrely. Herinaiiii’s six specimens of the
“ Weralu,” a very common little tree the fruit of which is ltnown
a8 “Wild Olives ” by the Eiiglisb, show tlic usual variety in
form of thc leaves-oval, or obovate-oral, or oblong-laiiceolate.
207. Microcos paniculata, Sp. 514
(Gvewia Microros, Syst. cd.
xii. 602) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2(J8. Microcos latcriflora, Sp. 514
iGrewia asiatice.Marit.i.122~.
209. Ochna Jabotapita, Sp. 513
(0.squarroua, Sp. ii. 731) . .
210. Capparis zeylanica, Sp. ii. 720.
211. Crataeva Tapia, Sp. 441. .....
Grewia Mlicrocos, L.
1
Grewia nsiaticn, L.
{
O’ squarrosn,
C. zeylanica, L., and C. horrida,
L. f.
(? drawing).
Linnaus says this is among IIermann’s drawings j but I cannot
trace it there.
..
&gle Marmelos, Corr. (drawing).
212. Cratava Marmelos, Sp. 444
213. Corchorus olitorius, Sp. 529 . , C. acutangulus, Lam.
It is remarliable that all the specimens are C. ncictccizyzclz~s;
but Linirmus 110 donbl included this under CY. olitorius as O n e
species.
214. Corchorus capsulavis, Sp.529. C. capsdark, L.(drawiiig).
215.
216.
217.
218.
21 9.
220.
221.
222.
.
..
Mimosa crnerca, Sp. 520 . , .
Mimosa pcnnata, Sp. 562 , .
Mimosa cmsia, Sp. 662 . . . . . .
Mimosa bigcmiiia, Sp 517 . .
Mimosa Entatla, Sp. 513
Bornhax pentandrum, 911.511.
Bombax Cerlia, Sp. 511. . . . . .
Bombax rehgiosa, Sp. 512
(13. gossypmurn, Syst. ed.
225. Ariona asiatica, Sp. 537
llrclirostxh\~scinerea, CVz;yht$ Aria.
Ac;ria l)eiauat:r, Wzlld.
Acacia ~ z s i < t17iZZd.
i,
Pithccolohiuin bigeininum, Beizth.
Entatlx svantlcns, Benth.
No Apecimen.
No specimen.
I Cochlospermum Gossypium, D C .
.....I
. 5%. No specimen.
....
....
hnona squamosa, L (drawing).
Tliere is no A?ZO%GJrintivc in Asia. I-larriianii’s dramings rapreseiit t h e Custard-apple, A. squnmosa j but the mine “Anon.
sylvestris, &c.” and the native name given in Mus. Zeyl. p. 59 are
to be referred t o HoriiLdiz citi-ifolia. The confusion of the two
plants has arisen from the outward similarity of tlicir fruits. A
‘
145
AND L T N B B U ~ S FLORA ZEYLANICA.’
twig with leaves i n the herbarium (vol. iv. fol. 80) appears to be
the original of Linuzus’s description, though n u i l l b e d by him
224; and is probably A.spanzosu.
226. Atragene zeylanica, Sp. 542 . . Naravelis zeylanica, DC.
227. l’hlornis zeylanica, Sp. 586 . , Leucas zeylanica, R. Br.
228. Ocymiim frutescens, Sp. 597
(Meatha perilloitles, Sqst. etl. Pogostemon IIejnesnus, Benth.
xii. 7-36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linnzus’s Ocy~izumfmcteseeizs has heen erroi~eoi~rly
referred, in
F1. Brit. I u d . iv. p. 646, to Perilla ocyii~oirles,T i , aiid his B e n t h a
perzlloides by Benthain (YC. P r o d . xii. 13. 127) to Fyptis pectiszntn, Poir. ; iieiblier of these i u a Cryloll plaiit. Iieriiianii’s specimens are the wild Patchouli plant, L‘ Gac-ltolla2-lrola ” of the
Singhalese, Pqyosfenzon ITeyneuims, Benth. Moon (Cat. Ceylon
Plants, p. 44) rightly refcrs Xenthcc perilloides t o this plant.
i
229. Ocymum menthoides, Sp. 595. Geniosporum prostratum, Benth.
The Oeynzwn menthoides of Linnzus has also been often misunderstood. The form o f Geizios~oi“uiiaprostratzcnz
with a slciider
erect stem is that especially iutcuded by him, as is seen by his
description in F1. Zeyl., and his reference t o Burinan’s exwllcnt
figure in Thes. Zeyl. t . 70. fig. 2 *. This same little form i; again
figured in N. Burman’s Fl. Iiidica, t. 39. fig-. 1,under the iiariie
of‘ Rhiizanthzcs indica ; b u t is very different from Liniiaua’s plant
of t h e same name, for which see no. 238.
230. Gmelina asistica, Sp. 626 .... Gmelina asiatica, L .
231. Volltaineria inerinis, Sp. 637. . Clerodendrum inerme, M. Br.
232. Clerotlendrurn Infortunaturn,
L.
Sp. 6 3 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. Infortnnstnm,
’
233. Barleria Prionitis, Sp. (X.. . . 13. Prionitis, L.
234. Ruellia ringens, Sp. 6% . . . . 1%.ringens, 1;.
235. Ruelha aiitipoda, Sp. 635 .... Bonnaya veronicaefolia, Spreng.
tC
Linnwus referred t o this also a plant frorn Barbadocs figured
by Flulienet ; whence his specific name.
Oroxyluin indica, Vent. (drawing).
236. Bignonia indica, Sp. 603
237. Sesarnum orientale, Sp. 634 . . No specimen.
238. lthinanthus indica, Sp. 603 . Centrnnthera procumbens, Benth.
This name o f Liiinlous’s is quoted for Gewiosporuwa elongatunz
in PI. Brit. Ind. iv. 11. 610 ; but t h e specimcus are Centram%era
procunzbens, a n d Liiiaa?us’s description is very good for t h a t
plant.
.
it is G. cloizgnturn
* But Benthain, who YBW Burman’s specimen,
(DC. Prod. xii. p. 48) : a i d the figure 1s lhcrcforc qikotod under that species n 1
1’1. Brit. Iiicl.
LINN. JOUUP\’.--UOTBNI‘,
ITO1,. X X I V .
0
A N D LTNNZUS'S
' pr,oiiA
1437
ZEYLANICA.'
269. Polygala triflora, Sp. 705 . . . . P. glaucoides, L., var.
P.frgorn, L., is considered a variety of P. chiaensis in 3'1.
Brit. Ind. i. p. 204 ; but it has very short racemes, and is better
placed as a variety under P. glnucoides, L. It agrees with
'Plirvaites's P.nrvensis, var. /3 (Enurn. p 4!00), which i s C. P. 1OY3,
and P.@~t6COideS, var. 2 , of the F1. 13rit. Irtd.
$0. Polggala glaucoitlea, Sp. 705.
271. As~~alsthus
iritlica, Sp. 7 I2 .
272. Intligofers hirsuta, Sy. 751 .
273. Indigofera tinctorin, bp. 751.
274. IUdlgOfC?rAghbra, St). 751 .
.
.
.
P. glaucoirles, L.
Indigofera aspiilatlioides,
1. hirsuta, L.
vdd.
I. tinctorla, L.
I. peKltAl)hylla, L.
The h v e s are hai1.y. This soems quite the sitme as 1.pentnphydla, L., which is a later name.
I
275. Erythrina Corallodendrum, sp. E. indica, L a m . (drawing).
7Ofi
....................
14s
297.
208.
2!H.
300.
301.
302.
303.
O E Y T ~ O NIIERRARIUM
11. TILIMEN-IIFRUNN’S
Uesmodium triflorum, DC.
A . asl)era, L.
Tcphrosia villosa, Pers.
Tcphiosia pii~purea,i’ers., var.
Tephrosia piirpuica, l’ers.
1 ephrosia tinctoiia, I’ers.
r 1
lephrosia seiiticosa, Pers.
Hedysarum triflorum, Sp. 747
Bsehynorncne aslwa, Sij. 713
Cracca villora, Sp. 752 . . . .
Cracca maxima, Sp. 75.‘ . . . ,
Cracca purpuiea, Sp. 752. . , .
Cracca tinctoria, Sp. 752 . . . ,
Cracca scuticosa, Sp. 756. . .
. .
, 7
.
Iserniaiiii’s are the only speciiiiciis of this qccies I have seen
from Ceylon ; nor did Tliwaitcs cvcr meet uitli it. The pods are
only syariiigly pilosc, much less so thari in T! pentaphylla, Grdi.,
from Burma. (See also Wiglit and Aruott, Prod. 171. I n d . Or.
p. 212). Olio of Hermann’s specimens coiisisbs of Icavcs only,
very luxuriant, and lookiiig as if froin a cultivated plaut.
.
304. Citrus Aurantiuni, Sp. 782 . No specimen.
305. Cacalia sonchifolia, 8p. 835 . . Emilia sonchifolia, DC.
306. Eupatoriurn zeylanicum, Sp. Vernonia zeylanica, Less.
837
. .. . .
\
*
.
. .. . . . . . . . . .
i
307. Gnaphalinm indieurn, Sp. 862 ilniphidoxa gnuplialodes, DC.
This is the other case in wliich Liiiiizcus has talien a Cape plant
f o r a Ceylon one. The specimens are Amphidoxa gnuphnlocles,
DC. ; but Liniiaus has added a reference t o a figure of‘ a Madras
plant in Plukenet (t. 157. fig. Ei), which may pclrhaps represent
the plant now universally called G~~aphaZizcm
indicum. h u h quently he scerns to have discovered that Ilerinann’a specimens
werc froin the Cape, as he adds in Sp. Plant. ii. p. 1200, “ Cap.
B. Spei,” where G. indicum, auct., however, does not occur. It
would thus scem that this common Eastern tropical wecd cannot
retain the name by which it has been so long kiiown, as there is
no reason t o suppose it to be the G. inclicum iiitentlcd by
Linnaus *. This weed, Q. i./zdicum, auct. (non L.), is a very
recent introduction to Ceylon ; Tliwaitcs rcmarlw (Enum. 11. 422)
that he had never weti it ; and I doubt ii‘it werc to be found
much before 1882, when I first noticed it. It had then become
a noticeable weed iu some of thc coffce-estates in the hills, and
went among tho planters by the inappropriate name of “ Wild
Mignonette.” Since then it Eitw rapidly spread in the cstntes.
1
308. Velbcsina pscudo-hcniella, sp.
YO1 (Sl~ilailtlles I)s~t~tlo-?,c- T V C ~ C I blflora,
I~
DC.?
rnell,i, Sjst. ec~.u i i . (111)) . .
f
ELORA ZETLANICA.)
AND LINNBUS’S
149
308 nnd 309. Rot11 these species of Linnrous have been usually
referred t o Spilnnthes Acnwlla, L. ; but neither of Hermaim’s
speciiiieiis are of that plant. The drawing, lion ever, of 309 represents S. Acmellu ; and the figure of Plukenct’s quoted is also
for that plant, wliich, in spite of the specimens, is probably what
11as intended.
Rut 305, E pseudo-Acmelln, i a almost certainly
young Wedelia biJorn ; and with this species Plukenet’s figure
quoted by LiiinEus also corresponds.
..
310. Verbeaina Lavenia, Sp. 902
Aclenostemma viscosum, Forst.
311. Verbesina calendulacea, Sp. Wedelia calendulacea, Less.
902 ....................
312. Sphzranthus indicus, Sp. 927. S. indicus, L.
313. Lobelia I’lumieri, Sp. 929 . . ScEvola Iccenigii, VahZ (drawing).
314. Impatiens oppositifolia, Sp.
I. oppositifo~ia,L.
937 ....................
315. Impatiens triflora, Sp. 938 . . IIydrocera triflora, W i g h t 4. Arm.
I. Balsamiria, L., var.
316. Impatiens cornuta, Sp. 937
}
}
..
well-marlred varietg at least of I.BaZsnniinn, and is quitc wild i n Ceylon. The leaves are lnnceolatc and attenuate at the base, and the spur of the rather small
flower is very long and slender. Linnzeus gives a good description of lierniann’s speciinens, and quotes with approval the
excellent figure in Thes. Zeylan. t. 16. f. 1.
317. Viola enneaspcrrna, Sp. 937 . . Ionidiuin suffruticosum, Ging., var.
This is a diffuse form merely o f l . sufruticosum with the leaves
nearly entirc.
I cornuta, L., sccms
B
318. Viols soffruticosa, Sp. 937 . .
319. Orchis strateumatica, Sp. 943.
320. Orchis cubitalis, Sn. 940 . . . .
321. Nepenthes distillitoria, Sp.
955 ....................
322. Pistia Stratiotes, Sp. 963 ....
323. Aristolochia indica, Sp. 960 .
324. Grewia orientalis, Sp. 96?, . ,
325. Arum divaricatum, Sp. 966
326. Aruuii trilobatum, Sp. 965 . , . .
327. Arum macrorhizum, Sp. 965.
328. Dracontium spinosum, Sp. 967
329. I’othos scandens, Sp. !Ni8 . . . .
330. Coix Lacryma-Jobi, Sp. !172. .
X11. Phvllantlius Miruri, Sp. 981 . .
332. Phjrllarithus urinaria, Sp. !186.
333. l’liyllanthus Emblica, Sp. 982.
.
.
I
Ionidium suffruticosum, Ging.
Zeuxine sulcata, Lindl.
Habenaria cubitalis, R. Br.
N, ilistillatoria, L .
I- P.
Stratiotes, L.
A. indica, L.
G . orientalis, L.
N o specimen.
Typhonium trilobatnm, Schott.
Alocasia macrorrhiza, Schott.
(drawing).
Lash spinosa, Thw. (drawing).
P. scandens, L.
Coix Lacryma, L.
P. Niruri, L. (drawing).
P. urinaria, L.
1’. distichus, Illiill. Arg. (drawing.)
1
Tlicre is 110 specinien. The plant figured is not the wild
Xelli ” of Ceylon, P.Enzhltcrr, but the cultivated P. distichus
(Ci’cca disZichn).
“
347. Croton spinosum, sp. 1005 , .
glanclulifer, Roxb.
{ Jatropha
(drawing).
Hermann's drawing is very uilstltisfactory ; b u t I think it represent s J. glaiadulijkra, a not unconimou introduced weed iu
Ceylon.
348. Jatropha moluccana, Sp. 1006. Aleurites triloba, Ebrst.
This is the t r e e so univcrvally cultivated in t h e low nioist districts of Ceylon for t h e nil of its seeds, which is, howeuer, now
giviiig may t o Kerosinc.
349. Sterculia fcctida, Sp. 1008. . , ,
350. Steiculia Bdanghas, Sp. 1UO;.
351. Momordica Charantia, Sp.
1009 ...............
352. Momordlca Luffa, Sp. 10
353. Bryonia palmata, Sp. 1012 , .
1
S. fcetida, I;
S. Balanghas,L.
No specimen.
Luffa acutangnla, Roxb. (drawing).
B. laciiiosa, L.
The specimen is very bad, b u t seems to be nothing more tliaii
B. laciniosn ; but Liimaeus's description and the riative name rcfc.r
t o Modecca pcllinatu.
354. Bryonia cordifolia, Sp. 1012 . ,
Mulcia scabrella, A m .
There arc only leaves, which a1year to bc those of the ordinary
farm of ikhkia scttbi-ella.
355. Bryonia lnciniosa, Sp. IO1:+ , , A'o specimen.
'Illbla
r >
I lie
iqm+iniciisare
of
sCabIelliL, Ar12.,
id IIC;LI l y g 1 : i ! w m s - h \
Val.
cd 1 ' o ~ of
i ~Z z r X irr
AND LINX.FUY’S
‘ P m I u z&rrxmcs.’
1.51
sccnbreZFn. Cogniaux ( A h . Ciiciirb. 1’. 688) calls this specim
Jfelotbria nztrtbraspatniaa.
:1.Bunius, Spren,,q., A. zeplanicnm,
A>/. Antidesma Alexiteria, S p . 1027
Lam., and A . Gl~tesnmbilla,
Gaertn.
.
1
r”
As sliow11 by tlie iiiiinerous speciiaens i t i the herbarium, tlic
name A. A2em2erinl I; , cannot righbly be restricted to A . aeybu‘~ziczcm,Laiu., its I have applied it in ‘ Cat. Plants Ceylon,’ p. S1..
‘
.+LA.
Dioscorea sativa, Sp, 1033 . . Tinospora corclifolia, Jfiers.
r -
Einnaus must have been well a c p i i n t o d with D.sativa ; and
his reference to it of these specimciis of tlie very different; “ R
kiuda,” Tiizospora eordtjXia, must be regarded as an inadverteiii:c..
N o specimen.
359. Dioscorca bulbifera, Sp. 1033.
3fiO. Dioscorea alata, Sp. 103c‘1 . .
.
D. alatn, L. ?
~
Oiily lcwes represent this; aiid 1 cannot feel sure of thvir.
identjficiitioii with .D.d a t a , which is a cultivated Yam in C(:ylori
I
1
361. Dioscorea oppositifolia, Sit.
13. oppc)sitifolia,L .
1033. . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . , . . . . Cyclea Burrriami, Jfiers.
363. Not named . , . . . .
f
I n tlie ‘ Flora Zeyliulica ’ this is referred from it.sh i e s to Y i o s r:oi*ea; b u t it was iiot t:i,lien up by Liiiii:eiis in liis s i i b ~ e y u i ~ i l t ~
worlrs under that or iirly other geniis.
363. Dioscorea pent.apliyIla, Sp.
.
365. Carica Pappa,, Sp. 1036 . . .
366. Clutia Eluteriti, Sp. 1043 . . . .
;467. Clutia retusa, Sp. 1042 . . . . . ,
368. Musa paratiisitwa, Sp, 1043 .
36!).Celtis oriemtnlis, Sp. 1014. . . .
370. Xot named . , . . . , , . . , , . .
.
~
~
N o specimen.
N o specimen.
Uridelin retusa, Sprmg.
&I. paratlisiaca, L.
Trenia orient:& (L.).
A’o specimeir.
i
Pouzolzia zeylanica, Gaud., var.
The OTvtimnlieirntic of Lhii. is rightly regajr:led by WecIdelI :M
variet-y only of Pouaolzia i m i i c n ; it is the P. aeylmica, J . J .
J3cnn. (Pl. Jav. Ear. p. 67), ~ l l quotes
o
1lerni:nin’s spcciiirrii.
a
This is nothing more than n s1.arved specimen of 377 with good
fructification.
377.
I
Acrostichum thalictroides, Sp. Ceratopteris thalictroides, Bron.q.
1070. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uryrnoglossum hetcrophyllum (I,.)*
(1). piloselloidcs, Presl).
Srliizacn(ligitata, sw,
1068.
380. Acrosticliutn lnnccolatum, Sp. Niphoholas lanceolatus (L.)*( Polypodium atln;rscens, Sw.).
lOCj7. ................... \
381. Arii:intum cnatlatuin, MaiiL (
cauilat,lm,
j-.
30s ....................
i
382. I’o1~potlium qucrcifolium, Sp. p, qLlcrci~o~ium,
L.
378. Acrostichum hetcrol)hyllurn,
Sp. 1067 ................
379. Acrostichum digitatum, Sp.
...................
i
I
I
lcitc7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3%. PolyI)otlium nuriculatum, Sp. Nei,hYolc,~is cordifolia, Presz.
lob8 ....................
As this is ttic type of P. nurieulrctum, L., thc iiaine N~phrok p i s uziriczdafa slioiild, in nccordniiec M ith the pririciples n liich
are held 4 0 govcim ilia iioiiienclaturc o i Fenis, take the placc
of N . covrZz~oZin. Linnmus’s pla11t lias gcncr:dly been takeii t o
be P07,ysiichuw-12 aurie~ilatum, Presl, which perhaps Burman’s
wrctchcd figure quoted by Liiinietis may reprcscnt.
is
The detcrmiiintjori of tliirs is somciilmt doubtful ; the specimen
ithout fruutilk at’1011.
11
1t
386. Lycopodinm Phlegmaria, Sp. L. Phlegmaria,
1101.. ..................
3x7. Lycopodium ccrnuum, Sp. L. cernuum, L.
1103 . . . . . . . . .
.....
(1loi(1eb Selnginella
(s.i n t e ~ornltliopoclioides (I,.)*
:J88. Lvcopotlium ormtl
Sp. 1105 ................
>crr~m;i,Spring).
}
Hcriiinlni’s plant is the very comiiion little s p c i c s in the South
of Ccyloii, wliich Biker (Journ. 1306. xxii. p. SC;) ref‘crs l o 8. inteq c / - r h u , Spring, :idding that il, is the L , ornithopodioides of the
Liriiic~iiihcrbat ium.
I tliiiili it should keep this I t ~ t t wspecific
1 1 i ~ i i i ~ 1 ,tll(Ju;;11 Liiiiimia has confused his specks hy quoting for
it t l i e ligiiro iii IIillenius’s ‘ Eiist. Musc.,’ wliicl-i tlint uriter
e o i i h i t i c i c*tl t o bu llcrinaiin’s Cryloii pln~it, but w’nich reprem-y 111 ~ern-iioriitncl~1ur
c to ref r~~~~ the enrlicst q v m l i c - ~lttmc
gcniis 11n ~ i yhave bee11 pLhlishd.
AND LINNEUS’S
‘ PLOllh ZEYLANICA.’
153
Bents a different speciesm. Bakcr (1. c. xxi. p. 46), however,
retains the mine 8. or.nifhopoc2ioidcs for this lattcr species, as mas
done by Spring also.
389. Pucns nataus, Sp. I l l j O
390. l’hccnix dactylifera, Sp
391, Cocos micifera, Sp. 1188 ....
392. Arccn Catheru, Sp. 118!> . . . .
3X3. Cycas circinalis, Sp 1188. ...
3!)4. Corypha urnbracuhfera
1197.. . . . . . . . . . . .
395. Gorasslls flabrlllfer, s
( U . flabelliformib, Sy
ed. xiii. X2!)) ............
396. Carycta uiens, Sp. 1189 ....
397. Elate sylvestris, Sp. 1 IS!)
C. nncifera, L . (drawing).
Rreca Caterhn, L. (drmu~ng).
Cjcas cirrinalis, L. (drawiny).
Caryota urcns, L. (druwlng).
....
X o specimeiz.
Obscure.
}
395. Ophioxylon serpcntinum, Sp. o. serpel~tinu,,,, L.
1043..
399. Verbena nodiflora, Si). 21. . , , Lippia norliflora. Rich. (drawing).
400. Knoxia zeylnnica, Sp. 105 . , I<. zeylanica, 1,.
Cgc!arncn? (drawing).
401. Cyclanien indicum, Sp. 145
..................
..
I can make nothing of this cxtraordiaary drawing, which appears
t o have puzzlecl Linna:us, who, however, gives a description of it.
It seems to be a Cyclamen, and the native name “ Urula,” givcii
by I-lermaan, which would incan “ Pig’s Yam,” may be compared
v-ith the English name “ Sow-bread.” It may have been growri
in soine Dutchmau’s gardeli.
402. Ophiorhiza Mungos, Sp. 150. 0. Mungos, L .
403. Kibesioides f .............. Embelia Ribes, Rurm.
404. Apocyno-nerium .......... Hunteria corymbosa, Roxb.
Carissa spinarunl, L.
405. Jasmino-nerium . . . . . . .
Atalantia racemosa, Wight 4“ A m . ?
Xanthophyllum flavescens, Roxb.
407. Bannisterioitles .......
Rourca santaloides, Wight 4 A m .
408. Santaloides.
40!). Eugenioitles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symplocos spicata, Roxb.
410. Rhamuicastrum . . . . . . . . . . . . Scolopia Gscrtneri, Thw.
411. Mcntha auriculari
1. Dysophylla auricularia, Blume.
4 12. Stmhado-mentha
. Atlenosma camphoraturn, Hook. f.
413. Vitex trifolia, Sp.
.
No specimen.
414. Vitex Negundo, Sp. fi38 .... firo specimen.
415. Vitex pinnata, Sp. 638 . . . . . . Vitex altissima, L. f.,var.
.......
.
Z p i i i n a t a , L. seenis but a variety of ?7 nllissi?ita, with densely
* As Fir J. E. Smith dct,crmincd by consulting Dillcnilds own specimon at
O x h d . (See h i s DfS. n o k in Liuii:cus’s own hcrbaviuiu.)
./. T h o nimws to wliicli no refcronoe is attiichocl arc those of the ‘ Flora
t n i w ’ itself, not t,akon up by Iiii1n:i:1~sin his subsequent, systematic works.
t w o of them there are d m w i n g s :465. Autbopogon Schcenantlius, Spa
1016.
46% Calaiiius Rotang, Sp. ‘32.‘.
471. Mangifera iritlica, Sp. 200.
501. Eu1)lii)rhiaparviflora, Sp.ed. ii. E. pwviRora, I;. (dr/rtoi//.g).
662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50.5. Mimosa virgato., Sp. 51!).
b l l . Ocimurn minimum, Sp. 697.
n
1). l h r
520. Sitla. Abutilon, @, Sp. (235 (S. ~ i l ~ u t i l oasiat,ieirin,
asiatica, sp. ii. I)(i-i)
.....
(cjruioiiy,).
6.34. Doliclios Soj:,, Sp.727.
539. Uolichos prurieus, sp. ii. lol!).
553. I-Ietlysarum hamaturn, Sp. ii.
1057.
5M. Bmsraotlius caudatoa, Sp. 990.
56!1. Xarithiurii Strumarium, Sp. 987.
}
.I
Tylophora astllniatica, Wigh,t $. A.m.
Vandcllia crustarea, Beiith.
Striga euphrasioidcs, &enl/k.
Geloniunl lariceolat,um, Willd.
Curculigo orchioides, Gaerta.
Aneilenia gigatiteurn, R. Br.