The Sublime Now The Sublime Now Edited by Luke White and Claire Pajaczkowska The Sublime Now, Edited by Luke White and Claire Pajaczkowska 7KLVERRN¿UVWSXEOLVKHG Cambridge Scholars Publishing %DFN&KDSPDQ6WUHHW1HZFDVWOHXSRQ7\QH1(;;8. %ULWLVK/LEUDU\&DWDORJXLQJLQ3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWD $FDWDORJXHUHFRUGIRUWKLVERRNLVDYDLODEOHIURPWKH%ULWLVK/LEUDU\ &RS\ULJKWE\/XNH:KLWHDQG&ODLUH3DMDF]NRZVNDDQGFRQWULEXWRUV $OOULJKWVIRUWKLVERRNUHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKLVERRNPD\EHUHSURGXFHGVWRUHGLQDUHWULHYDO V\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQVHOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVHZLWKRXWWKHSULRUSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHFRS\ULJKWRZQHU ,6%1,6%1 To our students, who never fail to astonish. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of illustrations .......................................................................................x Preface...................................................................................................... xiv Introduction..................................................................................................1 Part I: Nature, Ecology and the Sublime Introduction to Part I..................................................................................18 Chapter One ...............................................................................................24 Thing Power and an Ecological Sublime Jane Bennett Chapter Two...............................................................................................36 Icy Scenes from Three Centuries Esther Leslie Chapter Three.............................................................................................50 Ecological Aesthetics—With or Without the Sublime? Eu Jin Chua Part II: The Sublime after Kant Introduction to Part II.................................................................................70 Chapter Four ..............................................................................................77 The Sublime and the Possibility of Meaning Bettina Reiber Chapter Five...............................................................................................92 The Sublime, a Discourse of Crisis and of Power, or: “A Gamble on Transcendence” Cornelia Klinger viii Table of Contents &KDSWHU6L[............................................................................................... 7HUURU7HDUV3DUWDNLQJ7KH6XEOLPHLQ%XUNH$GRUQR6WHYHQV -DQ5RVLHN Part III: Capitalism, Terror, Art and the Sublime Introduction to Part III ............................................................................. &KDSWHU6HYHQ .......................................................................................... +LVWRU\6XEOLPH7HUURU1RWHVRQWKH3ROLWLFVRI)HDU *HQH5D\ &KDSWHU(LJKW ...........................................................................................155 'DPLHQ+LUVW¶V'LDPRQG6NXOODQGWKH&DSLWDOLVW6XEOLPH Luke White Part IV: Baroque and Beyond: Art, Sex and the Sublime Introduction to Part IV ............................................................................. &KDSWHU1LQH ............................................................................................ The Sublime in the Work of Cornelia Parker Luke White and Claire Pajaczkowska &KDSWHU7HQ .............................................................................................. 6XEOLPH/RYHDQG6HGXFWLRQDQ8QFHUWDLQ5HTXLHP5HDGLQJWKH 0RYHPHQWVRINUEX[H\¶V6DLQW7HUHVD *XGUXQ)LOLSVNDDQG:LOOLDP0F'RQDOG &KDSWHU(OHYHQ......................................................................................... 9HUPHHU¶V6XEOLPLW\ *ULVHOGD3ROORFN Table of Contents ix Part V: The Cinematic Sublime Introduction to Part V .............................................................................. &KDSWHU7ZHOYH ........................................................................................ 5DYLVKLQJ1RLU7KH8QFRQVFLRXVLQ+ROO\ZRRG¶V%0RYLH6XEOLPH Claire Pajaczkowska &KDSWHU7KLUWHHQ ............................................................................................... 0DQXIDFWXULQJ/DQGVFDSHV'LVDSSHDULQJ/DERXU)URP3URGXFWLRQ/LQHV WRWKH&LWLHVRIWKH)XWXUH 6KHUU\O9LQWDQG0DUN%RXOG &KDSWHU)RXUWHHQ............................................................................................... $&OXPV\6XEOLPH"%DFN3URMHFWLRQLQ$OIUHG+LWFKFRFNDQG0DUN/HZLV Laura Mulvey List of Contributors........................................................................................... Index .................................................................................................................. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures &DVSDU'DYLG)ULHGULFKSea of Ice%\SHUPLVVLRQ .XQVWKDOOH+DPEXUJ .................................................................................. 6QRZPRXQWVXSDURXQG1HPR¶VEHG)URP:LQVRU0F&D\¶V ³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´New York Herald ........................... 6XUURXQGHGE\SRODUEHDUVLQWKHYDOOH\RIVLOHQFH6QRZEDOOWHOOV 1HPRWRNHHSTXLHWEXW1HPRGRHVQRWOLVWHQ)URP:LQVRU0F&D\¶V ³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´New York Herald ........................... $QLF\ODNHVLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRJUDQGIDWKHU¶VEDOGKHDG )URP:LQVRU0F&D\¶V³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´New York Herald .............................................................................................. 1HPRDQGIULHQGVWXUQLQWRLFLFOHV)URP:LQVRU0F&D\¶V ³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´New York Herald ........................... 7KHFLW\DVDPXWDEOHVSDFHRIWHUURUDQGHFVWDV\)URP:LQVRU 0F&D\¶V³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´New York Herald........... -DFN)URVW¶VSDODFHEHLQJWRUQGRZQDQGVROGIRULFH )URP:LQVRU0F&D\¶V³/LWWOH1HPRLQ6OXPEHUODQG´ New York Herald .............................................................................................. 'DPLHQ+LUVWThe Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living,3KRWR3UXGHQFH&XPLQJ$VVRFLDWHV %\3HUPLVVLRQ'DPLHQ+LUVW6FLHQFH/WG ............................................ -RKQ6LQJOHWRQ&RSOH\Watson and the Shark %\SHUPLVVLRQ1DWLRQDO*DOOHU\RI$UW:DVKLQJWRQ ............................... 'DPLHQ+LUVWThe Acquired Inability to Escape 3KRWR3UXGHQFH&XPLQJ$VVRFLDWHV%\SHUPLVVLRQ'DPLHQ+LUVW Science Ltd............................................................................................... List of Illustrations xi 'HWDLORI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUDrowned Monuments %\SHUPLVVLRQWKHDUWLVWDQG)ULWK6WUHHW*DOOHU\/RQGRQ....................... 'HWDLORI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUMeasuring Niagara with a Teaspoon, %\SHUPLVVLRQWKHDUWLVWDQG)ULWK6WUHHW*DOOHU\/RQGRQ ........... 'HWDLORI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUEinstein’s Abstract%\ SHUPLVVLRQWKHDUWLVWDQG)ULWK6WUHHW*DOOHU\/RQGRQ ............................ 'HWDLORI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUInhaled Cliffs%\SHUPLVVLRQ WKHDUWLVWDQG)ULWK6WUHHW*DOOHU\/RQGRQ ............................................... 'HWDLORI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUShirt Burnt by a Meteorite %\SHUPLVVLRQWKHDUWLVWDQG)ULWK6WUHHW*DOOHU\/RQGRQ....................... 6WLOOIURPNUEX[H\Requiem%\SHUPLVVLRQNUEX[H\....... *LDQ/RUHQ]R%HUQLQLThe Ecstasy of St. Teresa,3KRWR Peter Viktor Jurik, available under a Creative Commons Attribution 6KDUH$OLNH*HQHULF/LFHQVHRQ)OLFNU............................................. %HUQLQLEcstasy of St. TeresaFORVHUYLHZ3KRWR3KLO$WNLQ%\ SHUQLVVLRQWKHSKRWRJUDSKHU .................................................................... -RKDQQHV9HUPHHUYoung Woman with a Water PitcherF%\ SHUPLVVLRQWKH0HWURSROLWDQ0XVHXPRI$UW1HZ<RUN........................ 6WRU\IURPWKH¿UVWLVVXHRIPsychoanalysis¿UVWSXE(& &RPLFV$SULO6WRU\:LOOLDP*DLQHVGUDZLQJV-DFN.DPHQ 5HSULQWHGZLWKNLQGSHUPLVVLRQIURP&DWK\*DLQHV......................... 9LGHRVWLOOIURPMinority Report6SLHOEHUJGLVWULEXWHG WK&HQWXU\)R[7KHHUDVXUHRIODERXULQDYLVLRQRIWKHIXWXULVWLF SURGXFWLRQOLQH ....................................................................................... 9LGHRVWLOOIURPDemonlover $VVD\DVGLVWULEXWHG3DOP 3LFWXUHV3L[HODWLRQRIDQDFWRISHQHWUDWLRQLPSO\LQJWKDWWKHUHLVD ³UHDOLW\´XQGHUWKHLPDJHZKLFKQHHGVWREHFHQVRUHG'LVWULEXWHG Palm Pictures. .......................................................................................... xii List of Illustrations 9LGHRVWLOOIURPDemonlover. The camera rotates around the SURWDJRQLVWGURSSLQJWKURXJKWKHÀRRUWRGHPRQVWUDWHDQXQUHDO mobility. ................................................................................................... 9LGHRVWLOOIURPManufactured Landscapes%DLFKZDO GLVWULEXWHG%),YLGHR&ORVHXSRIDZRPDQ¶VKDQGVWHVWLQJVWHDP iron nozzles. ............................................................................................. 9LGHRVWLOOIURPManufactured Landscapes'HHSVKRWGRZQ the assembly line...................................................................................... 9LGHRVWLOOIURPManufactured Landscapes..................................... 9LGHRVWLOOIURPManufactured Landscapes7KUHHSHRSOH VTXDWLQDPRXQWDLQRIVFUDSPHWDOVHDUFKLQJIRUVDOYDJHDEOH VFUDS ......................................................................................................... 9LGHRVWLOOV0DULO\Q0RQURH5REHUW0LWFKXPDQG7RPP\ 5HWWLJLQ2WWR3UHPLQJHU¶V River of No ReturnGLVWULEXWHG WK&HQWXU\)R[ ..................................................................................... 9LGHRVWLOO7LSSL+HGUHQLQ$OIUHG+LWFKFRFN¶VMarnie GLVWULEXWHG8QLYHUVDO3LFWXUHV .................................................................. 9LGHRVWLOO5REHUW&XPPLQJVDQG3ULVFLOOD/DQHLQ+LWFKFRFN¶V Saboteur GLVWULEXWHG8QLYHUVDO3LFWXUHV...................................... List of Illustrations xiii Plates 1. Winsor McCay, Nemo departs from his bedroom to the land of Jack Frost, an episode of Winsor McCay’s “Little Nemo in Slumberland,” New York Herald, 1906. 2. Damien Hirst, For the Love of God, 2007. By Permission Damien Hirst / Science Ltd. 3. Cornelia Parker, Drowned Monuments, 1984. By permission the artist and Frith Street Gallery, London. 4. Cornelia Parker, Measuring Niagara with a Teaspoon, 2005. By permission the artist and Frith Street Gallery, London. 5. Cornelia Parker, Einstein’s Abstract, 1999. By permission the artist and Frith Street Gallery, London. 6. Cornelia Parker, Inhaled Cliffs, 1996. By permission the artist and Frith Street Gallery, London. 7. Cornelia Parker, Shirt Burnt by a Meteorite, 1996. By permission the artist and Frith Street Gallery, London. 8. Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, c.1664. By permission National Gallery of Art, Washington. 9. Video Still from Manufactured Landscapes (Baichwal 2006), distributed BFI video. 10. Stills from Mark Lewis, Rear Projection: Molly Parker, 2006. By permission the artist and Monte Clark Gallery, Vancouver, Clark & Faria, Toronto, Galerie Serge le Borgne, Paris. 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INTRODUCTION: THE SUBLIME NOW CLAIRE PAJACZKOWSKA AND LUKE WHITE CP The Sublime Now FRQWLQXHV WKH WUDGLWLRQ RI HQTXLU\ LQWR ZKDWHYHU OLHV EH\RQG RU EHIRUH ODQJXDJH 7KH UHVSHFW IRU DQG LQWHUHVW LQ H[SHULHQFHV ³ZKHUHZRUGVIDLOXV´LVVWLOOWKHSURYLQFHRIWKHVXEOLPH+RZHYHUWKHSDVW century has seen a revolution in the understanding and status of language DQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRWKDWZHQRZKDYHDGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSWROLPLWV WKUHVKROGVOLPLQDOLWLHVDQGHGJHVRIFXOWXUHWKHVSDFHVRIVXEOLPLW\DUHPRUH HYLGHQWWRXVPRUHYDULRXVDQGPRUHGLVWLQFWLYH:LWKWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQRIWKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQRIYLVXDOFXOWXUHVRQDJOREDOVFDOHWKHUHLVDPXOWLSOLFDWLRQRI WKHOLPLWVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGZLWKWKLVÀX[RIQRLVHDQGVLOHQFHKRUUL¿HG RUDZHVWUXFNZHDUHJLYHQFDXVHWRWKLQNDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIFXOWXUH WR WKH H[SHULHQFH RI DIIHFWLYH DQG HWKLFDO UHÀHFWLRQ VHOI NQRZOHGJH RU ³LQWHULRULW\´ 7KLVSURMHFWVWDUWHG,UHPHPEHUZKHQZHGLVFRYHUHGWKDWZHZHUHERWK LQGHSHQGHQWO\ UHVHDUFKLQJ LQWR WKH VXEOLPH DQG IRUPHG D UHDGLQJ JURXS :KHQ \RX /XNH QRWHG WKDW WKH WK DQQLYHUVDU\ RI WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI (GPXQG%XUNH¶VA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and BeautifulZDVFRPLQJXSDQGWKDWWKLVZDVDPRPHQW that needed to be acknowledged, celebrated and discussed. This generated D FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ 0LGGOHVH[ 8QLYHUVLW\ WKH /RQGRQ &RQVRUWLXP DQG7DWH%ULWDLQWRFRQYHQHDFROORTXLXPDVDFRPPHPRUDWLYHHYHQW2QH RIWKHPRVWLPPHGLDWHTXHVWLRQVWKDWFRPHVIURPVXFKDVLWXDWLRQLVWKDW the commemoration of an historical event outside living memory raises LQWHUHVWLQJSUHGLFDPHQWVIRUWKLQNLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ³WKHQ´DQG ³QRZ´,WVHHPHGWRPHWKDWWKLVGLDOHFWLFEHWZHHQDQDZDUHQHVVRIDSDVW DQG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ RI D SDVW EHLQJ XQGHUVWRRG IURP WKH FRQVFLRXVQHVV RIWKHSUHVHQWPRPHQWZDVDPDMRUFKDQJHLQWKHWZRKXQGUHGDQG¿IW\ \HDUVVLQFH%XUNH¶VFRQFHSWRIWKHVXEOLPH2QHZD\LQZKLFKWKHGLDOHFWLF EHWZHHQWKHQDQGQRZLVDUWLFXODWHGKDVEHHQDVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH two forms of language that the Structuralists called histoire and discours, ZLWKWKHIRUPHUUHSUHVHQWLQJDGLVHPERGLHG³KLVWRULFDO´NQRZOHGJHDQGWKH Introduction ODWWHU D NQRZOHGJH WKDW LV PDUNHG E\ LWV SRLQW RI RULJLQ RU HQXQFLDWLRQ :KLFK LV ZK\ LW VHHPV DSSURSULDWH WR LQWURGXFH The Sublime Now in the form of a dialogue. How did you discover the Sublime? LW ,¶YH EHHQ LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH VXEOLPH IRU D ORQJ WLPH DQG , WKLQN WKDW P\ JURZLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKHFRQFHSWKDGVRPDQ\VRXUFHVWKDW,FRXOGQ¶WSXW P\¿QJHURQDVLQJOHWH[WZKLFKZRNHPHXSWRLW7KHVXEOLPHZDVYHU\ PXFK D FRQFHSW ZKLFK ZDV ³LQ WKH DLU´ DQG , EHFDPH DZDUH RI LW DV DQ LPSRUWDQWLGHDVORZO\DQGWKURXJKWKHLQVLVWHQFHRILWVUHLWHUDWLRQVLQDUW¶V theoretical, historical and critical discourse. With this growing awareness of WKHFRQFHSW,VWDUWHGWR¿QGZKDWZDVGHVFULEHGXQGHULWVDHJLVHYHU\ZKHUH DURXQGPH²DQGQRWMXVWLQWKH¿QHDUWVRUKLJKFXOWXUHZKHUHZHZRXOG H[SHFWWR¿QGLWLQWKHRULHQWDWLRQRIPXFKPRGHUQDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\DUWWR WKHH[WUHPHDQGXQSUHVHQWDEOHWKHGLVKDUPRQLRXVDQGWKHIULJKWHQLQJEXW DOVRWKURXJKRXWWKHSURGXFWVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\FXOWXUDOLQGXVWULHVLQKRUURU PRYLHV ZLOGOLIH GRFXPHQWDULHV WKH XQFDQQ\ VRXQGVFDSHV RI GUXP DQG EDVVPXVLFKRUUHQGRXVQHZVUHSRUWVRIGLVDVWHUVZKLFKQRQHWKHOHVVVHHNWR thrill and entertain—I could go on… This is, of course, often hardly a very ³VXEOLPH´VXEOLPHLWLVWKHVXEOLPHLWZRXOGVHHPGHHSO\LQVWUXPHQWDOLVHG VHWWRXVHIRUWKHORZHVWRIHQGVDQGRIWHQUHDG\WRIDOOLQWRWKHULGLFXORXV EXWLWLVWKHVXEOLPHQRQHWKHOHVVZKLFKDQLPDWHVVXFKFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV DQG ZKLFK WKH\ XVH WR SURGXFH WKHLU HDIIHFWV IRU DQ DXGLHQFH ,W VHHPHG UHPDUNDEOH²DQGVRPHZKDWP\VWHULRXV²WRPHWKDWWKLVFRQFHSWIURPWKH HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DFRQFHSWWKDWIRUDORQJWLPHKDVIDOOHQLQWRREVFXULW\ outside academic circles, should somehow be animating so much of our FXOWXUDOVRFLDODQGHYHQSROLWLFDOOLIHWKHVXEOLPHLVWREHIRXQGDVPXFK LQWKHVLQFHUHWRQHVDQGVROHPQUKHWRULFRIRXUOHDGHUVDVDQ\ZKHUHHOVH This seemed to me to be worthy of investigation. This is, I think, exactly the SUREOHP\RXQRWHRIWKHUHODWLRQRIDGLVFRXUVHDWRQFHROGEXWDOVRYHU\ PXFKDPDWWHURIWKH³QRZ´« , WKLQN KRZHYHU WKDW WKHUH DUH SUREDEO\ WZR WH[WV ZKLFK VWDQG RXW DV SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWIRUP\JURZLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKHQRWLRQRIWKHVXEOLPH 2QHRIWKHVHWUHDWHGWKHVXEOLPHRQWKHOHYHORIdiscours, and the other on the level of histoire7KH¿UVWRIWKHVHZDV'HUULGD¶VEULOOLDQWGHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI.DQW¶VDHVWKHWLFVLQ³3DUHUJRQ´DVSDUWRIKLVODUJHULQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH SOD\RIWKHSUREOHPRI³OLPLWV´WKURXJKRXWWKH7KLUG&ULWLTXH1 The second RIWKHVHZDV)UHGULF-DPHVRQ¶VIDPRXVHVVD\RQWKH³&XOWXUDO/RJLFRI/DWH The Sublime Now &DSLWDOLVP´ZKHUHWKHVXEOLPHDOEHLWEULHÀ\LVXVHGWRPDNHVHQVHRID FRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRULFDOFRQGLWLRQDQGLWVDHVWKHWLFH[SUHVVLRQ 2QHRIWKHWKLQJV,¿QGIDVFLQDWLQJDERXWWKHVXEOLPHLQFRQWHPSRUDU\ ZULWLQJ LV SUHFLVHO\ WKH JXOI EHWZHHQ ZULWLQJV ZKLFK WUHDW LW DV discours ODUJHO\LQSKLORVRSK\DQGFULWLFLVPDQGWKRVHWKDWWUHDWLWDVhistoireODUJHO\ LQOLWHUDU\FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WH[WV%XWLQWKHHQGLVHLWKHURIWKHPRGHVRQ their own, enough? It seems that to think the sublime as discours is to run WKH ULVN RI K\SRVWDVLVLQJ LW DQG ORVLQJ WUDFN RI WKH IDFW WKDW WKH VXEOLPH though it has its origins in the ancient world, and though it describes the UHVXOWVRIEDVLFDOO\KXPDQUHODWLRQVWRUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGLWVDIIHFWVLVDOVRD SDUWLFXODUO\DQGV\PSWRPDWLFDOO\PRGHUQDHVWKHWLFDQGDOVRRQHZKLFKKDV FKDQJHGDQGGHYHORSHGUHSHDWHGO\EHHQSXWWRQHZHQGVDQGODSVHGLQDQG RXWRIIDVKLRQHYHQLQWKHSHULRGVLQFHLWVKH\GD\LQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\ %XWVLPLODUO\WRVWXG\WKHVXEOLPHRQO\DVDQREMHFWRIKLVWRULFDOFXULRVLW\ LVWRUXQWKHULVNRIOHDYLQJLWLQWKHSDVWDQGORVLQJVLJKWRILWVSHUVLVWHQFH LQWKHSUHVHQW7KLQNLQJWKHGRXEOHQDWXUHRIWKHVXEOLPHDVdiscours and as histoire seems essential—it is something that a number of the essays here VHWRXWWRGR7KHVKDSHRIWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHVXEOLPHVHHPVVWUXFWXUDOO\WR EHJWKHSUREOHPRIdiscours/histoire and of the sublime as being at once a PDWWHURI³WKHQ´DQG³QRZ´ -HDQ/XF 1DQF\ KDV SXW KLV ¿QJHU RQ WKH SUREOHP RI WKH VXEOLPH¶V KLVWRULFDO WHPSRUDOLW\ LWV VLPXOWDQHRXV QRZQHVVWKHQQHVV LQ DQ HVVD\ HQWLWOHG³7KH6XEOLPH2IIHULQJ´+HVWDUWVWKLVZLWKWKHVWULNLQJVHQWHQFH ³7KHVXEOLPHLVLQIDVKLRQ´ZKLFKFHUWDLQO\FKLPHVZLWKWKHVLWXDWLRQWRGD\ EXWJRHVRQWRQRWHWKDWLW³IRUPVDIDVKLRQWKDWKDVSHUVLVWHGXQLQWHUUXSWHGO\ into our own time from the beginnings of modernity, a fashion at once FRQWLQXRXV DQG GLVFRQWLQXRXV PRQRWRQRXV DQG VSDVPRGLF´ )RU 1DQF\ WKLVLVEHFDXVHWKHVXEOLPHPDUNVDOLPLWRIPRGHUQDHVWKHWLFGLVFRXUVH towards which that discourse is oriented, but which it cannot achieve. The VXEOLPHPDUNVPRGHUQFXOWXUH¶VFRQVWLWXWLQJQHHGWRSDVVEH\RQGLWVRZQ boundaries, the boundaries of the knowable and sayable, and of the order RI ZKDW LV²SHUKDSV RI WKH PRGHUQ FRQGLWLRQ LWVHOI7KLV PDNHV D FHUWDLQ VHQVHRILWVUHLWHUDWLRQVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHVXEOLPHFDQQHLWKHUVLPSO\EH HVWDEOLVKHGLQDUWVLQFHRQFHLQVWDQWLDWHGLWEHFRPHVSDUWRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQV RIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ²WKHUHLVQRWKLQJOHVVVXEOLPHWKDQDNLWVFK\SLFWXUHRIDQ DOSLQHODQGVFDSHQRUFDQDUWOHWJRRILW%XWLWVHHPVWRPHWKDWWKHUHLV PRUHWKDWFRXOGEHVDLGDERXWVXFKD³GHVWLQ\´RIWKHVXEOLPHLQPRGHUQ FXOWXUHLWVWHPSRUDOLW\RIUHLWHUDWLRQLVDOVRWKDWRINachträglichkeit, and of the essentially fragmented, fractured nature of modern discourse and KLVWRULFDOFRQVFLRXVQHVV,WLVOLQNHGWRWKHSUREOHPVRIPRGHUQLW\LWVHOI Introduction ,¶GOLNHWRNQRZPRUHDERXWKRZ\RX¿UVWEHFDPHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHVXEOLPH DQGDOVRDERXW\RXURZQLGHDVDERXWWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH VXEOLPH³QRZ´LWVUHOHYDQFHWRWKHSDUWLFXODUFLUFXPVWDQFHVZH¿QGRXUVHOYHV WRGD\RGG\HDUVDIWHU%XUNH$QGZKDWKLVWRULHVRIWKHVXEOLPHPLJKW WKHGHPDQGVRIWKHSUHVHQWJDWKHUDURXQGWKHP³UHWURDFWLYHO\´DVLWZHUH" CP 6RPHRIWKHLQÀXHQFHV\RXLGHQWLI\DUHDOVRIDPLOLDUWRPHEXWWKHUHDUHDOVR VRPHLQWHUHVWLQJGLIIHUHQFHV/LNH\RX,¿UVWFDPHDFURVVWKHFRQFHSWLQDUW theory, although, as a child, when, at moments when adult conversation was LQWHUUXSWHGE\FKLOGUHQDGXOWVZRXOGVLJKZLWKDWRQHRItedium vitae,³)URP WKH VXEOLPH WR WKH ULGLFXORXV´ , VHQVHG WKDW WKH ULGLFXORXV ZDV GH¿QLWHO\ whatever the children were clamouring, and that the sublime was something LPSRVVLEOH WR UHDFK EXW , WRRN QR LQWHUHVW LQ SKLORVRSKLFDO HQTXLU\ WKHQ RQO\DSDVVLRQDWHLQWHUHVWLQWKHP\VWHU\RIDGXOWV/DWHUWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ the ineffable mysteries of religion and the realities of the body were a great VRXUFHRILQWHUHVW$WDUWVFKRROLQWKHVRXUDUWKLVWRU\WHDFKHU&KDUOHV +DUULVRQEURXJKWXVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIPRGHUQLVPLQDUW7KLV PHDQWUHDGLQJ&OHPHQW*UHHQEHUJDQGGLVFXVVLQJWKHFRQFHSWRI³IRUP´LQ DUW )RUPDOLVP ZDV WKH SULQFLSDO DGYHUVDU\ RI QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ UHDOLVP DQGQDWXUDOLVPLWVHHPHGDQGIURPWKH6RYLHWH[SHULPHQWVLQW\SRJUDSK\ RI(O/LVVLWVN\WR0D\DNRYVN\¶VSRHWU\WRWKH)UHQFKDEVWUDFWSDLQWHUVDQG WR WKH 1HZ<RUN DUWLVWV WKH SURWRFROV RI ERWK IRUPDOLVP DQG DEVWUDFWLRQ VHHPHGWRUHIHUXVWR.DQW¶VFRQFHSWRIDUWWKDWZDVQHLWKHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO QRU XVHIXO QRU SOHDVLQJ QRU YDOXDEOH H[FHSW LQ VR IDU DV LW LV DUW 7KLV SURWRFRO RI PRGHUQLVP LQWHUHVWHG PH EHFDXVH LW ZDV D VHW RI GHPDQGV TXLWH GLI¿FXOW WR REVHUYH WKDW ZDV GLDPHWULFDOO\ RSSRVHG WR WKH SRSXODU PLVFRQFHSWLRQ RI PRGHUQ DUW DV D SHUPLVVLYH ³DQ\WKLQJ JRHV´ FXOWXUH RI VW\OLVWLFFDQQLEDOLVP7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVXEOLPHDQGWKHPRGHUQ GH¿QHGLQWKLVVHQVHZDVTXLWHUHDVRQDEOH%XW,H[SHULHQFHGWKHVXEOLPH GLIIHUHQWO\ZKHQDEVRUEHGLQPHDQLQJIXOZRUN:KHWKHUWKLVFRQFHSWRIWKH VXEOLPHDVD³SDVVLRQDWHWUDQTXLOOLW\´RIZRUNLVVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVVSHFL¿F to cultures originating in monotheistic religions, or whether the aesthetic of WKHVXEOLPHLVDOVRWREHIRXQGLQWKHFXOWXUDOH[SUHVVLRQVRISRO\WKHLVWLF DQLPLVWLF RU WRWHPLF VRFLHWLHV LV VRPHWKLQJ YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ 6LQFH %XUNH WKHVXEOLPHKDVEHFRPHDVHFXODUIRUPRIWKHH[SHULHQFHZKLFKZDVRQFH DWWULEXWHGWRWKH³GLYLQH´DQGLWLVDFRQFHSWWKDWLVFDSDEOHRIGHVFULELQJ The Sublime Now 5 H[SHULHQFHVWKDWPLJKWRWKHUZLVHEHVHHQDVSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHLUUDWLRQDOWKH VSLULWXDOWRIDLWKRUIXQGDPHQWDOLVPRUVLPSO\WRWKHEL]DUUH LW 7KLVLVDWKHPHRIFRXUVHWDNHQXSE\VRPHRIWKHDXWKRUVKHUH²LQSDUWLFXODU IRUH[DPSOHLQWKHVHFWLRQRQWKHVXEOLPH³DIWHU.DQW´7KHHVVD\VE\-DQ 5RVLHNDQG&RUQHOLD.OLQJHUERWKH[SORUHLQVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWZD\VWKH relation between the sublime, religion and the secularisation of Western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which can be contrasted at once on the one hand to a rationalism which HPSWLHVOLIHRXWRILWVPHDQLQJIXOQHVVDQGRQWKHRWKHUWRIXQGDPHQWDOLVP CP 7KLV ZKROH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLRQ RI WKH VXEOLPH WR UHOLJLRQ DQG WR PRQRWKHLVWLF UHOLJLRQ VHHPV KLJKO\ VLJQL¿FDQW IRU RXU VHFXODU FXOWXUH LQ WKH:HVW³QRZ´²QRZWKDWZHKDYHEHHQVXUSULVHGWKDWLVE\WKHVWUHQJWK ZLWKZKLFKUHOLJLRXVIXQGDPHQWDOLVWVDUHSUHSDUHGWRHQDFWWKHLUEHOLHIV7KH VXEOLPHLVDIXQFWLRQRIFXOWXUHZKLFKFDQJLYHIRUPDQGH[SUHVVLRQWRWKH GHSWKV RI WKH H[SHULHQFHV WKDW DUH VRPHWLPHV DUWLFXODWHG PRUH YLROHQWO\ LQ DFWV RI IXQGDPHQWDOLVP 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH GHIHQFHV WKDW )UHXGFDOOHG³DFWLQJRXW´DQG³VXEOLPDWLRQ´RIIHUXVDZD\RIWKLQNLQJWKLV FRQWUDGLFWRU\UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHLGDQGRXUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOZRUOG 5HVHDUFKLQWRWKHFRQFHSWRIVXEOLPDWLRQOHGPHWRWKHRULVWVOLNH(UQHVW Jones who was a bit dismissive of it, considering it a defence, and theorists like Marion Milner and Joel Whitebook who offer a different view. It was WKHVFLHQWL¿FFRQFHSWRIVXEOLPDWLRQDVLWLVXVHGLQFKHPLVWU\WKDW)UHXG XVHGDVKLVPHWDSKRUIRUWKHSV\FKRDQDO\WLFSURFHVVDQGKHFRPSDUHGWKH SURFHVVE\ZKLFKVRPHHOHPHQWVFDQSDVVVWUDLJKWIURPDVROLGWRDJDVHRXV VWDWHZLWKRXWDQLQWHUPHGLDU\OLTXLGLW\DVWKHSURWRW\SHRIWKHZD\WKDWVRPH Introduction unconscious energies can take on a vicissitude that cathects them to an aim and object that is cultural and creative. The self that was divided between id DQGHJRFDQLQWKHDFWRIVXEOLPDWLRQEHFRPH³ZKROH´DQGXQL¿HGLQWKH PDNLQJRIDFXOWXUDODUWHIDFWWKDWLVVRPHWKLQJ³QHZ´DOWKRXJKDOWHULW\DQG GLYLVLRQH[LVWDJDLQRQFHWKHSURFHVVLVFRPSOHWHDQGWKHDUWHIDFWWDNHVRQ its own status as other. This, I think, is the discoursDQGSURFHVVRIVXEOLPLW\7KHVRPHWKLQJ ³QHZ´ZKLFKKDSSHQVLVQHZIRUWKHVXEMHFWDQGLWLVQHZIRUFXOWXUHEHFDXVH SHRSOHDUHXQLTXH$QGLWVHHPVWKDWWKLVSURFHVVLVLQWHJUDOWRWKHVXEOLPH DQGLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHUHDODFWXDOSUHVHQWHYHQWIXOQHVV DQG³QRZ´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³KXPDQ FRQGLWLRQ´ 7KHTXHVWLRQRIWKHKLVWRULFDOVSHFL¿FLW\RIGLIIHUHQWPRPHQWVRIPRGHUQLW\ UDLVHV VRPH YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ TXHVWLRQV IRU WKH DQDO\VLV RI SHULRG VW\OH LQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ DQG WKH WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ H[SORUDWLRQ RI LWV PRGHUQLVW movement can facilitate some incisive retroactive readings of the earlier PRGHUQLWLHV)RUH[DPSOHLIZHWDNHDVDSUREOHPDWLFWKHPRGHUQLVWLGHD that the textual characteristic of modern culture is its transformation of the UDWLREHWZHHQIRUPDQGFRQWHQWVRWKDWIRUPEHFRPHVWKHZRUN¶VFRQWHQW WKHQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHGLVFRYHUWKHIRUPDOH[SHULPHQWVDQGDHVWKHWLFVLQD UDQJHRIKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUHVWKDWKDYHWHQGHGWREHFODVVL¿HGDV³SUH´PRGHUQ DQGKDYHQRWEHHQXQGHUVWRRGDVKDYLQJIRUPDOLVWVLJQL¿FDQFH ,WKLQNZHPD\GLIIHURQWKHFRQFHSWRISRVWPRGHUQLVPWKRXJK,DGPLUH )UHGULF -DPHVRQ HVSHFLDOO\ KLV ZRUN RQ WKH 3ULVRQ +RXVH RI /DQJXDJH EXW KLV DQDO\VLV RI SRVWPRGHUQLVP DV WKH DHVWKHWLF RI ODWH FDSLWDOLVP ZDV WDNHQ DVDVW\OLVWLF DQDO\VLVE\ PDQ\7KHUHZDV D SUREOHP ZLWKWKH LGHD WKDWSRVWPRGHUQLVPFRXOGEHLGHQWL¿HGDVFRQWHPSRUDU\FXOWXUHUDWKHUWKDQ DQDO\VLQJFKDQJHVLQWKHIRUPDOLVWWH[WXDOLW\RIFRQWHPSRUDU\ZRUNV7KLV KDVEHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGKHUHE\WKHWH[WXDODQDO\VLVRI+ROO\ZRRG¶VPLVHHQ VFqQHE\%RXOGDQG9LQWDQGLQWUDFLQJWKHXVHRI³DUFKDLF´WHFKQRORJLHVRI VSHFLDOHIIHFWVLQ0XOYH\¶VDQDO\VLVRIFODVVLFDQGDYDQWJDUGHFLQHPD The Sublime Now 7KHSRVWPRGHUQLVWWH[WXDORUVW\OLVWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH³ZDQLQJRI DIIHFW´DQGWKHQHHGWRSURGXFHFXOWXUDOH[WUDYDJDQ]DVRILQWHQVHVHQVRULDO DQGLPDJLQDWLYHLPSDFWDVDFXOWXUHRIWKHVSHFWDFXODUZDVWDNHQWREHWKH ³SRVWPRGHUQVXEOLPH´$QGWKLVZDVPLVMXGJHGDVWKHVXEOLPHLVQRWVLPSO\ WKHVSHFWDFXODURUFDWDVWURSKLFRUDZIXOEXWLVWKHDZHVRPHZKLFKFRQWDLQV IHDU RU DSSUHKHQVLRQ EHFDXVH RI LWV JUHDWQHVV 7KH VRFDOOHG SRVWPRGHUQ VXEOLPHLQYHUWHGWKLVDQGOHGWRDYRJXHIRUWKHJURWHVTXHDVH[FLWLQJGLVSOD\ of visceral agitation and imagination. ,WZDVWKHQWKDWLWEHFDPHLPSRUWDQWWKDWZHUHYLVLWWKHVXEOLPHLQRUGHUWR ¿QGWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHFKDQJHVLQODWHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\WH[WXDOLWLHVDQG LQRUGHUWRHOLPLQDWHPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7KHVXEOLPHLVQRWWKH³WUDXPDWLF´ RUWKH³GUHDGIXO´DOWKRXJKLWVRULJLQVLQWKHVXEMHFWLYHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH limits of textuality and cultural convention means that there is always a dimension of the abysmal and abject in its awareness of greatness, which differentiates the sublime from the merely beautiful. ,I WKH VXEOLPH PD\ GHULYH IURP WKH HQFRXQWHU EHWZHHQ DQ H[SHULHQFH RIWKHOLPLWVRIUHSUHVHQWDELOLW\RUZKDW\RXGHVFULEHDVWKH³VD\DEOH´LW is interesting to trace how these limits, boundaries, liminalities differ in GLIIHUHQWWH[WXDOVWUXFWXUHV,QSDLQWLQJIRUH[DPSOHWKHVXEOLPHLV¿JXUHG LQ H[SORUDWLRQV RI WKH RSWLFDO DQG PDWHULDO FRGHV RI WKH WH[W ,Q OLWHUDWXUH WKH VXEOLPHLV ¿JXUHG HVSHFLDOO\ZKHUH ODQJXDJHIDLOV WR EH VXI¿FLHQW ,Q ¿OP WKHUH DUH WH[WXDO VWUXFWXUHV RI QDUUDWLYH WLPH SRLQW RI YLHZ DQG WKH DSSDUDWXV WKDWHVWDEOLVKWKH FRQYHQWLRQDO ERXQGDULHV RI WKH UHSUHVHQWDEOH (DFKWH[WXDOIRUPKDVLWVRZQFRQGLWLRQVRIUHSUHVHQWDELOLW\DQGWKHUHIRUH its own textual sublimity. 7KH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ DHVWKHWLFV DQG HFRQRPLF PRGH RI SURGXFWLRQ LV VLJQL¿FDQWDQGPDQ\RIRXUDXWKRUVDQDO\VHWKHVWUXFWXULQJHIIHFWVRIJOREDO DQG FRUSRUDWH FDSLWDOLVP ZKLFK HYHQ LQ D QHZ PRPHQW RI FULVLV VKRZV QRVLJQRIEHFRPLQJ³ODWH´DQGWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHVXEOLPHEULQJVWRWKLV WUDGLWLRQ RI 0DU[LVW FXOWXUDO DQDO\VLV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI JRLQJ EH\RQG WKH OLPLWDWLRQVRIDPHUHO\VRFLRORJLFDODQGDQWKURSRPHWULFSHUVSHFWLYHRQDUW DQGFXOWXUH7KHVXEOLPHVWDUWVZLWKWKHTXHVWLRQRIYDOXHDQGWKHUHODWLRQ RIYDOXHWRDIIHFWLYHH[SHULHQFHTXDOLW\DQGWKHHQFRXQWHUEHWZHHQVXEMHFW DQGWH[WXDOLW\)RUPHWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJGLPHQVLRQRIWKLVLVWKHZD\WKDW WKHVXEMHFWPDNHVWH[WVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVEHLQJIRUPHGE\WH[WXDOLW\%XW WKLVLVDSROLWLFDOTXHVWLRQWRR Introduction LW ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDW \RX EULQJ XS WKH QRWLRQ RI WKH ³SRVWPRGHUQ´ KHUH It seems interesting to me that the current rise of interest in ideas of the VXEOLPH ZDV DW ¿UVW YHU\ PXFK OLQNHG WR WKLV LGHD RI SRVWPRGHUQLVP DV well as Jameson, we have Lyotard, who was such a key theorist of both SRVWPRGHUQLW\DQGWKHVXEOLPH7KHQRYHOW\RIWKLVLQWHUHVWLQWKHVXEOLPH LQ VXFK WKHRULHV RI WKH SRVWPRGHUQ LV HYLGHQFHG E\ D SDVVDJH LQ7KRPDV :HLVNHO¶VEULOOLDQWERRNIURPWKHVRQWKH5RPDQWLFVXEOLPHLQZKLFK there is little clue that just ten years later the sublime would already have become something of a buzzword in academic circles. In his introduction to WKHERRN:HLVNHOSURSRVHVWKDWWKHVXEOLPHVHHPVLQZKDWPXVWKDYHEHHQ ±DVWUDQJHO\DQDFKURQLVWLFWKLQJ³:HKDYHORQJEHHQWRRLURQLFIRU WKHFDSDFLRXVJHVWXUHVRIWKHVXEOLPH´KHZURWHDQGFRQFOXGHGWKDW³WKH VXEOLPHORRPVXSUHWURVSHFWLYHO\DVDPRULEXQGDHVWKHWLF´ %XWDV,WKLQN\RXDUHDUJXLQJWKHSRVWPRGHUQLVDYHU\SUREOHPDWLF FRQFHSW LQ SDUWLFXODU ZKHQ LW LV UHGXFHG WR D VHULHV RI VW\OLVWLF IHDWXUHV ,W LV GRXEO\ SUREOHPDWLF LQ WHUPV RI FODLPV IRU DQ HQG WR ³PRGHUQLW\´ RU ³PRGHUQLVP´ 7KH YHUVLRQV RI PRGHUQLW\PRGHUQLVP WKDW ZHUH EXLOW XS DVWDUJHWVIRUDWWDFNE\SURSRQHQWVRISRVWPRGHUQLVP²XVXDOO\DUWLFXODWHG DURXQG*UHHQEHUJ²ZHUHIDUWRR³ORFDO´DYDULHW\RIWKHPRGHUQDQGLQIDFW DV -DFTXHV 5DQFLqUH KDV EHHQ DUJXLQJ UHFHQWO\ DQ DWWDFN RQ *UHHQEHUJ¶V SDUWLFXODUEUDQGRIPRGHUQLVPKDUGO\DPRXQWVWRDEUHDNZLWKPRGHUQDUW DV VXFK ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDW 5DQFLqUH DUJXHV LQVWHDG IRU WKH XQLW\ RI DQ ³DHVWKHWLF UHJLPH RI DUW´ WKDW FRQQHFWV XV WR D ORQJHU SURMHFW RI FXOWXUDO PRGHUQLW\ ZKLFK VSDQV EDFN DV IDU DV 6FKLOOHU DQG ZKLFK ZRXOG WKXV LQFOXGH WKH QDWXUDOLVP WKDW PRGHUQLVP LV RIWHQ WKRXJKW WR UHDFW DJDLQVW )RUWKRVHRIXVLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHVXEOLPHVXFKDQ³DHVWKHWLFUHJLPH´ZRXOG DOVRVXUHO\H[WHQGEDFNSDVW6FKLOOHULQWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHWKHRULHV DQGSUDFWLFHVRIWKHDHVWKHWLFLQHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKRXJKWZLWKLQZKLFK WKHRULHVRIVXEOLPLW\ZHUHVRLPSRUWDQW5 :LWK DOO WKHVH SUREOHPV DQG VLQFH VR PDQ\ RI WKH VW\OLVWLF WUDLWV RULJLQDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKSRVWPRGHUQLVPKDYHEHHQUHSODFHGE\RWKHUVPRUH IDVKLRQDEOHWKHQRWLRQRIWKHSRVWPRGHUQDOUHDG\VHHPVUDWKHURXWPRGHG 7KH LQWHUHVWLQJ WKLQJ LV WKDW WKRXJK WKH VXEOLPH DQG SRVWPRGHUQLVP ZHUH DW ¿UVW VR FORVHO\ OLQNHG LW LV WKH QRWLRQ RI VXEOLPLW\ ZKLFK VHHPV WRKDYHODVWHGPXFKEHWWHU(YHQLIWKHLQLWLDOHQWKXVLDVPIRUWKHFRQFHSW RI D ³SRVWPRGHUQ VXEOLPH´ ZLWK DOO WKH IHDWXUHV \RX QRWH ZDQHG IDLUO\ UDSLGO\WKHVXEOLPHKDVUHPDLQHGRQWKHPHQXDQGLQSDUWLFXODUDIWHUWKH ODWHVLWVHHPVWRPHWKDWLWKDVRQO\EHFRPHLILQDWUDQVIRUPHGJXLVH The Sublime Now RILQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVW,WKDVKDGDIDVFLQDWLRQIRUDQXPEHURIFRQWHPSRUDU\ WKHRULVWV SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH LW VHHPV WR H[SUHVV DQG DQVZHU VRPHWKLQJ more fundamental about our current and ongoing condition than the idea RISRVWPRGHUQLVPGLG,WDOVRVHHPVWRPHWKDWWKHVXEOLPHLQDVHULHVRI YHU\GLIIHUHQWDUWLFXODWLRQVKDVRIIHUHGWKHRULVWVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVDZD\ RXWRIVRPHRIWKHFXOVGHVDFRISRVWPRGHUQLURQ\DQGQLKLOLVPDQGIURP LWVHQGJDPHSOD\ZLWKWKH³FRGHV´RISDVWDUWLQWKHVSDFHRIWKHK\SHUUHDO 7KHVXEOLPHLWVHHPVDVDWHUPFDUULHVDFHUWDLQFKDUJHRIWKHH[SHFWDWLRQ RI VRPHWKLQJ ³PRUH´²KRZHYHU GLIIHUHQWO\ WKLV ³PRUH´ LV XQGHUVWRRG E\ GLIIHUHQWSHRSOHDQGZKHWKHULWUHWXUQVXVWRWKHDXWKHQWLFLW\RIWKHPDWHULDO ERG\RUHOHYDWHVXVWRWKHUDWLRQDOHWKLFDORUHYHQGLYLQH:H¿QGVXFKD VHDUFKIRUWKH³PRUH´LQWKHDXWKRUVZLWKLQWKLVYROXPHWKXVZHKDYHWKH ³PRUH´RIQXPLQRXVH[SHULHQFHLQ-DQ5RVLHN¶VHVVD\WKHUHDVVHVVPHQWRI WKHDHVWKHWLFDVDPRGHRIWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDPHDQLQJIXOOLIHZKLFK%HWWLQD 5HLEHU XQGHUWDNHV WKH H[FHVVHV RI WKH ERG\ DQG RI VH[ LQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ YLGHRDUWDVGLVFXVVHGE\*XGUXQ)LOLSVNDDQG:LOOLDP0F'RQDOGRUWKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI D SROLWLFDO SRVLWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH WHUURU RI WKH FDSLWDOLVW VWDWH ZKLFKWKHVXEOLPHVHHPVWRSURPLVHLQ*HQH5D\¶VZRUNWRQDPHMXVWDIHZ ZD\VWKDWVXFKDSURSRVLWLRQPLJKWEHZRUNHGRXWKHUH7KLVPRYHDZD\ IURP WKH SRVWPRGHUQ PLJKW DJDLQ EH SDUW RI ZKDW PDNHV WKH VXEOLPH D PDWWHURIWKH³QRZ´%XWWKHUHDUHDOVRGDQJHUVLQWKLVGHVLUHIRUWKH³PRUH´ of the sublime, and for the forms of authenticity, truth, or immediacy which it may seem to offer. We should retain our critical faculties in front of such D SKHQRPHQRQ DQG UHPHPEHULQJ WKDW WKH VXEOLPH LV DOVR D FXOWXUDOO\ PHGLDWHGH[SHULHQFHZRQGHUZKDWIRUPVRIFRRSWDWLRQPD\EHLQYROYHGLQ LWVFRQWHPSRUDU\PDQLIHVWDWLRQV,VWKHVXEOLPHWDNHQXSQRVWDOJLFDOO\"$V FRQVRODWLRQ",QEDGIDLWK",VLWWDNHQXSPRUHIRUZKDWZHZRXOGOLNHLWWR EHWKDQZKDWLWDFWXDOO\LV",IWKHVXEOLPHLV³QRZ´LWPLJKWDOVRQHHGXUJHQW LQWHUURJDWLRQ DV D FRQFHSW 7KXV IRU H[DPSOH (X -LQ &KXD¶V HVVD\ KHUH DVNVVHULRXVTXHVWLRQVDERXWSURSRVDOVWKDWKDYHEHHQPDGHWKDWWKHVXEOLPH LV DQ DHVWKHWLF H[SHULHQFH ZKLFK OHDGV WR DQ HWKLFDO UHODWLRQ WR QDWXUH P\ RZQ HVVD\ H[SORUHV WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ VXEOLPH DQG WKH LGHRORJLFDO VHOILPDJH RI FDSLWDO DQG LWV VXEMHFWV DQG 6KHUU\O 9LQW DQG 0DUN %RXOG ¿QGWKHVXEOLPHWREHRSHQWRDFRPSOLFLW\ZLWKWKHHUDVXUHRIODERXULQ FRQWHPSRUDU\SRSXODUFLQHPD7KHVHDUHMXVWDIHZH[DPSOHVDQGKRSHIXOO\ WKURXJKRXWWKHERRNWKHUHLVDFULWLFDOUHODWLRQWRWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\XVHVRI the sublime. Having said this, to my mind, one of the best ways of thinking WKLV ³VRPHWKLQJ PRUH´ ZRXOG EH DV \RX SURSRVH WKH FXOWXUDO SURMHFW RI ³VXEOLPDWLRQ´ZKLFKRIIHUVSRVVLELOLWLHVIRUWKHFRQWLQXDWLRQRIDSURMHFWRI artistic and intellectual modernity. Introduction I think you are right, however, that we may not agree on Jameson, though. 0\IHHOLQJDERXWKLVHVVD\LVWKDWLWLVRQHRIWKHWH[WVRQWKHSRVWPRGHUQ which does not entirely reduce this to a series of stylistic traits. Certainly, it LVDWLWVZHDNHVWZKHUHLWWHQGVWRGRWKLVDQGDOVRZKHUHLWDWWHPSWVWRUHDG RIIFXOWXUHGLUHFWO\DVDV\PSWRPRIVRFLRSROLWLFDORUJDQLVDWLRQ+RZHYHU LWVH[SORUDWLRQRIZKDWZHUHWKHQVWLOOUHODWLYHO\QHZVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQG SROLWLFDOFKDQJHVDQGLWVDWWHPSWWRWKLQNWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHJOREDOLVHG SRVW)RUGLVWLQIRUPDWLRQDOQHRLPSHULDOFDSLWDOLVPRUZKDWHYHUZHVKRXOG FDOOLWDQGWRWKLQNWKURXJKDQDUUD\RIFXOWXUDOUHVSRQVHVWRWKLVQRQHWKHOHVV remains invaluable, because of the continuation—if not acceleration—of this system, even in the face of a War on Terror and, more recently, the ³FUHGLWFUXQFK´ZKLFK\RXPHQWLRQDQGWKDW,DJUHHZLOOSUREDEO\FKDQJH very little once business as usual is restored. :KLOVWWKHQRWLRQRIWKHSRVWPRGHUQKDVUDWKHUJRQHE\WKHZD\VLGHLQ UHFHQWWKHRU\WKHSUREOHPRIWKHJOREDOKDVQRWUHFHGHGDQGLWLVVWLOO,WKLQN WKHFRQFHUQRIDQXPEHURIWKHHVVD\VKHUH7KHUHLVQRSDUWLFXODUVHFWLRQLQ the book which exclusively focuses on the global or on globalisation, but, UDWKHULWLVDFRQFHUQZKLFKSHUPHDWHVWKHHVVD\VKHUH0RVWH[SOLFLWO\LW LVGHDOWZLWKE\*HQH5D\DQG,LQRXUHVVD\VLQWKHVHFWLRQRQVXEOLPLW\ WHUURUDQGFDSLWDOLVPEXWWKHJOREDOLVDOVRDFRQFHUQLQWKHVHFWLRQRQQDWXUH DQGHFRORJ\IRUH[DPSOH(VWKHU/HVOLH¶VHVVD\IRUH[DPSOHH[FDYDWHVD history of a sublime nature which is the imaginative twin of the mutable ODQGVFDSH RI JOREDO FDSLWDOLVP DQG WKH JHRJUDSKLFDO LPDJLQDU\ RI JOREDO HPSLUHVWUHWFKLQJIURPWRGD\¶VNLGV¶FLQHPDEDFNWKURXJK:LQVRU0F&D\¶V ³/LWWOH1HPR´FRPLFVWULSVRIWKHVSURGXFHGDWWKHWLPHZKHQ3HDU\ ZDVOHDGLQJKLVH[SHGLWLRQVWRWKHSROHIHHGLQJDFRORQLDOLPDJLQDU\ZLWK WKHLUIDQWDVWLFDOZRUOGZKHUHERWKLF\ZDVWHVDQGSURSHUW\GHYHORSPHQWDUH PDWWHUV RI D FRQVWDQWO\ WUDQVIRUPLQJ UHDOLW\ %H\RQG OLWWOH 1HPR VXFK D KLVWRU\ WDNHV XV ULJKW EDFN WR )ULHGULFK¶V IRUORUQ DQG LQKXPDQ Sea of Ice 7KHUHFHQWZRUNRI&RUQHOLD3DUNHUDQDUWLVWGLVFXVVHGKHUHKDVDOVR ODWFKHGRQWRWKHOLQNEHWZHHQDJOREDOSROLWLFVRUHFRQRPLFVDQGWKHJOREDO WKUHDW WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW²DV VHHQ LQ KHU UHFHQW YLGHR SLHFH Chomskian AbstractLQZKLFKVKHLQWHUYLHZVWKHIDPRXVWKLQNHURQSUHFLVHO\ this range of issues. Her work should remind us of the extent to which the JOREDOVFDOHRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVLVDWRQFHDSUREOHPRIVRFLDORUJDQLVDWLRQ DQG RI RXU UHODWLRQ WR QDWXUH 7KHVH WZLQ FRQFHUQV DUH SHUKDSV EURXJKW WRJHWKHULQWKHVXEOLPHLPDJHVRIWKHHDUWKIURPVSDFHWDNHQE\1$6$LQ WKHVZKLFK,DLQ%RDORULJLQDOO\VKRZHGDWRXUV\PSRVLXP,QWKHVH LPDJHVWKH³ZKROHHDUWK´JLYHVXVDYLYLGSLFWXUHRIWKHVFDOHRIKXPDQ The Sublime Now 11 HQGHDYRXUDQGRIJHRSROLWLFDOQHDUQHVVZKLFKZDVDOVRWKDWRIWKHVFDOHRID nature suddenly become small. $VDZD\RIGLVFXVVLQJVXFKDVLWXDWLRQRIJOREDOLVDWLRQ,WKLQN-DPHVRQ¶V VXEOLPHLQVSLWHRIWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKHLGHDPD\KDYHEHHQWDNHQXSGRHV RIIHU XV VRPHWKLQJ PRUH LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDQ WKH PHUHO\ KRUULG RU JURWHVTXH DV D VW\OLVWLF SULQFLSOH -DPHVRQ¶V VXEOLPH ZKDWHYHU LWV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV DOZD\VKDVEHKLQGLWVRPHWKLQJPRUHWKDQPHUHVSHFWDFOHRUFDWDVWURSKH %HKLQG DOO WKHVH SDUDQRLG LPDJHV VXJJHVWV -DPHVRQ LV WKH XQWKLQNDEOH 7KLQJRIJOREDOFDSLWDOLWVHOI)RU-DPHVRQWKLVLVZKDWLVWKHWUXO\WHUULEOH DQGWUXO\³JUHDW´SRZHUZKLFKIDFHVXVLQDVXEOLPHZKLFK,RQO\KHVLWDWH WR IROORZ KLP LQ WHUPLQJ SRVWPRGHUQ , KHVLWDWH WR GR VR EHFDXVH , WKLQN that such a sublime is something much older, and much more inherently WLHG WR D ORQJHU ³ORJLF RI FDSLWDOLVP´ DQG D ³ORJLF RI PRGHUQLW\´ HYHQ WKDQ-DPHVRQDGPLWV,WKLQN-DPHVRQ¶VIRUPXODWLRQRIWKLVVXEOLPHLWVHOI LPSOLFLWO\ PDNHV UHIHUHQFH WR WKH ROGHU LGHDV RI %HUWKROW %UHFKW ZKR LQ his Dreigroschenprozeß essay argues that with the conditions of modern RUJDQLVDWLRQ DQG RI WKH IDFWRU\ UHDOLW\ KDV ³VOLSSHG LQWR WKH IXQFWLRQDO´ Die eigentliche Realität ist in die Funktionale gerutscht DQG QR ORQJHU SUHVHQWVLWVHOIWRWKHVHQVHV1RVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGLPDJHVRIWKHPRGHUQZRUOG FDQTXLWHFDSWXUHWKHLPPDWHULDOLW\RIWKHÀRZVDQGWKHV\VWHPVRISRZHU and control which now structure it.%UHFKW¶VDUJXPHQWDERXWWKHOLPLWVRI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ FDSLWDOLVW VRFLHW\ GLUHFWO\ SUH¿JXUH -DPHVRQ¶V WKRXJKWV DERXWLWVJOREDOLVHGIRUPDQG-DPHVRQZKRKDVZULWWHQDWOHQJWKRQ%UHFKW PXVWVXUHO\KDYHKDGWKLVLQPLQGZKHQKHIRUPXODWHGKLV³SRVWPRGHUQ´ VXEOLPH7KLQNLQJFDSLWDODQGFDSLWDOLVPDVEHLQJDWWKHURRWRIWKHSUREOHP of the sublime—or at least a certain dimension of the historical discourses on the sublime—in modern culture is very much the stake of my own essay KHUHDQG*HQH5D\¶VWRR,GLVFXVV-DPHVRQLQIDFWDOLWWOHPRUHLQP\ HVVD\DQGLQP\LQWURGXFWLRQWRWKDWVHFWLRQ :KDW%UHFKW¶VVOLSSDJHRIUHDOLW\³LQWRWKHIXQFWLRQDO´SRLQWVWRIRUPH is an alternative way of linking the sublime to a rather different, and rather OHVV SRVLWLYHLGHDRI SURFHVVHV RI ³VXEOLPDWLRQ´WR WKH)UHXGLDQ RQH WKDW \RX WDNH XS , DP WKLQNLQJ RI WKH DOFKHPLFDO FRQXQGUXP RI WKH UHODWLRQ between solid, heavy, base matter and more ethereal or immaterial states of being. Alchemy was notoriously understood to be about the creation of JROGEXWWKLVWRRLVUHDOO\DPDWWHURI³YDOXH´LQLWVPDQ\IRUPV²HFRQRPLF as well as aesthetic, moral, intellectual and the like—which is in all these FDVHV VRPHWKLQJ LPPDWHULDO DEVWUDFW ,GHDO 0DU[¶V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRPPRGLW\IRUPZDVWKDWLWLQYROYHGDVWUDQJHWULFNKHFDOOVLWWKHRORJLFDO EXW LW LV DOVR DOFKHPLFDO RI WKH WUDQVPXWDWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO ODERXU Introduction UDZ VWXII ERGLO\ KXPDQ QHHGV DQG SRZHUV LQWR WKH LPPDWHULDO UHDOP RI H[FKDQJHYDOXH7KHZRUOGWKDWLVSURGXFHGDFFRUGLQJWR0DU[DQGDOVR according to a whole host of earlier commentators anxious about the effects RI FRPPHUFH RQ WKH PRGHUQ ZRUOG ZDV D WHUULI\LQJO\ IRUPOHVV RQH D VKLIWLQJ SKDQWDVPDJRULD RI GUHDGIXO VSHFWUHV SURGXFHG DQG DQLPDWHG E\ WKHJKRVWO\XQUHDOLW\RIH[FKDQJHYDOXH6XFKPLJKWEHWKHH[SHULHQFHZH KDYHMXVWLQUHFHQWPRQWKVRIWKH³FUHGLWFUXQFK´DUHSHWLWLRQRIWKHHDUO\ PRGHUQVWRFNEXEEOHVLQWKHZDNHRIZKLFKZHUHGHYHORSHGWKHYRFDEXODU\ RI*RWKLFLPDJHVRIFUHGLWWRZKLFK0DU[KLPVHOIWXUQVLQRUGHUWRGHVFULEH VXFKDPRGHUQZRUOGLPDJHVWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHWUDGLWLRQRIWKHVXSHUQDWXUDO sublime. With the credit crunch we are faced with a vertiginous sense of WKH GL]]\LQJ XQUHDOLW\ LPPHQVLW\ DQG SRZHU²WKH DZIXO VXEOLPLW\²RI WKHLPPDWHULDOYDOXHRIFDSLWDO7KLVLVYHU\PXFKZKDW,GLVFRYHUDVWKH ³FDSLWDOLVWVXEOLPH´DWWKHKHDUWRIWKHSRZHURI'DPLHQ+LUVW¶VGLDPRQG VNXOOLQP\RZQFKDSWHUZKLFKZDVZULWWHQGXULQJWKHORQJUXQXSWRWKH FUHGLWFUXQFKDQGXQGHUWKHVSHOORIDSHUSOH[LW\DERXWWKHÀH[LEOHQDWXUH RIYDOXHRISURSHUW\SHWUROIRRGGLDPRQGVXQGHUWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIRXU Neoliberal economy, and the terrifyingly material results of shifts and swings LQWKHVWRFNPDUNHWFKDQJHVLQWKHSDWWHUQRILQYHVWPHQWZKLFKDPRXQWLQ WKH¿UVWLQVWDQFHWRQRPRUHWKDQWKHVKLIWLQJRIQXPEHUVIURPRQHEDQN¶V FRPSXWHUVWRDQRWKHU %XWWRRIIHUXSWKLVYLVLRQRIVXEOLPLW\YHU\GLIIHUHQWIURP\RXUVLVQRW WRFRQWUDGLFWLWEXWRQO\WRKLJKOLJKWWKDWWKHVXEOLPHLVVXFKDFRPSOH[DQG PXOWLIDFHWHG¿HOG,GRQ¶WWKLQN,FRXOGFRPIRUWDEO\VSHDNRI³WKH´VXEOLPH DVLILWZHUHRQO\RQHWKLQJ,QLWVULFKKLVWRU\DVDNH\DHVWKHWLFFRQFHSW RYHU D TXDUWHU RI D PLOOHQQLXP LW KDV EHHQ D KRWO\ FRQWHVWHG DQG GHHSO\ divided notion. There is not a single tradition of the sublime but many, and ZKDWWKHZRUGFRYHUVLVQRWDVLQJOHPHFKDQLVPRUH[SHULHQFH5DWKHUWKH QRWLRQRIWKHVXEOLPHJDWKHUV²KLVWRULFDOO\DQGDUWL¿FLDOO\E\DFWRIZLOO²D VHULHVRIDIIHFWVWURSHVWKHPHVLPDJHVWH[WXDOVWUDWHJLHVDQGSKLORVRSKLFDO LGHDV7KHVXEOLPHKDVEHHQFRQVWDQWO\UHJDWKHUHGIRUGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHVE\ SHRSOHVLWXDWHGYHU\GLIIHUHQWO\DQGSXWWRZRUNZLWKLQYHU\GLIIHUHQWDUWLVWLF FULWLFDORUSKLORVRSKLFDOSURMHFWV7KLVLVWKHVXEOLPHDVhistoire«,WLVWKLV FRPSOH[LW\ DQG PXOWLYRFLW\ ZKLFK PDNHV WKH VXEOLPH VXFK D IDVFLQDWLQJ DQGIHUWLOHJURXQGEXWDOVROHQGVWKHFRQFHSWRIVXEOLPHDFHUWDLQYDJXHQHVV DQG KDV PDGH LW DW FHUWDLQ PRPHQWV VR PXFK RI D FDWFKDOO WHUP WKDW LW becomes essentially useless. I am often wary when I discuss the sublime about whether in fact I am talking about the same thing as my interlocutor at all! Thus I am interested and fascinated by your discussion of the relation EHWZHHQVXEOLPDWLRQDQGVXEOLPLW\DQGRIWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHHFVWDV\RI
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