BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY Central Nervous System (p. 610) •  Brain and spinal cord •  Protected by – 
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Skull Vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Brain (pp. 610, 611) •  Main secUons are: – 
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Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Cerebrum (p. 610) •  Largest area of brain •  Contains: –  Sensory areas and motor areas –  Language centers –  Limbic system (this also overlaps with diencephalon) •  Governs many emoUons Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Cerebral Cortex (p. 611) •  Outer region •  Topography characterized by: –  Sulci •  Grooves •  Fissures, or deep sulci, separate cerebrum into lobes –  Gyri •  Elevated ridges Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Cerebral Hemispheres (p. 611) •  Cerebrum contains right and le` hemispheres –  Research indicates they possess specialized funcUons •  Longitudinal fissure –  Separates hemispheres •  Corpus callosum –  Transverse fibers connecUng hemispheres Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Hemispheric SpecializaUon (p. 611) •  Le` hemisphere –  Language: recepUve and expressive –  Reasoning and analyUcal skills such as math •  Right hemisphere –  Music –  Art and spaUal relaUonships –  EmoUonal expression Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Cerebral Lobes (p. 611) •  Four Lobes: – 
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Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Cerebral Lobes (p. 612) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Frontal Lobe (p. 611) •  Regulates motor output and cogniUon •  Contains: –  Broca’s areas (le` hemisphere only) •  Speech producUon –  Prefrontal cortex •  Where emoUons are processed –  Precentral gyrus •  Called “primary motor area” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Precentral Gyrus (p. 613) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Parietal Lobe (p. 611) •  Regulates propriocepUon, reading, and taste •  Governs sensory input –  Mainly skin and muscles •  Contains: –  Postcentral gyrus •  Called “primary somatosensory area” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Postcentral Gyrus Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Temporal and Occipital Lobes (p. 611) •  Temporal lobe –  Contains auditory and olfactory areas –  Wernicke area (le` hemisphere only) •  Language comprehension •  Occipital lobe –  Contains visual areas Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Brain Waves and States of Consciousness (p. 612) •  Consciousness: degree of mental alertness and responsiveness •  Levels of consciousness recorded as brain wave pagerns – 
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Beta Alpha Theta Delta Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Brain Waves Pagerns (p. 612) •  Beta –  Wakeful consciousness and mental acUvity –  REM sleep appears as beta waves •  Alpha –  Awake and relaxed Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Brain Wave Pagerns, cont’d (p. 613) •  Theta –  Drowsiness and dreamlike awareness –  Used in hypnosis to access deep-­‐rooted memories •  Delta –  Deep sleep from which subject is not easily aroused Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Diencephalon (p. 613) •  Located in center of brain •  Contains two primary structures: –  Thalamus –  Hypothalamus •  Also contains two glands: –  Pituitary –  Pineal Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Diencephalon (overlaps with Limbic system) •  Hypothalamus -­‐ in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System –  EmoUon, anger, memory, hunger, thirst –  body temperature, sexual desire & acUvity –  sleep-­‐wake, biorhythms –  maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses Thalamus and Hypothalamus (p. 613) •  Thalamus –  Nearly 80% of diencephalon –  Relays sensory informaUon (except olfacUon) to appropriate parts of cerebrum •  Hypothalamus –  in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System –  Controls hunger and thirst, anger and aggression, emoUons, body temperature, sexual desire & acUvity, sleep pagerns, biorhythms, maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses, etc. –  Hormones from hypothalmus: vasopression, dopamine, gonadotropin-­‐releasing hormone, growth hormone-­‐releasing hormone, melatonin, somatostaUn thyrotropin-­‐releasing hormone, ADH Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Pituitary and Pineal Gland (p. 613) •  Pituitary –  Sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone •  Pineal –  Located below corpus callosum Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Limbic System •  Located on border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon -­‐C-­‐shaped structure -­‐ wraps around thalamus and hypothalamus •  FuncUons 1) EmoUons 2) MoUvaUon 3) Learning and Memory 4) OlfacUon-­‐ smell •  Structures 1) Amygdala-­‐ almond-­‐ shape, "RAGE CENTER" 2) Limbic lobe-­‐ Hippocampus, spaUal learning and memory 3) Fornix-­‐ tract connecUng limbic system to the hypothalamus Diencephalon, Cerebellum & Brainstem (p. 614) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Cerebellum (pp. 613-­‐614) •  Located posterior and inferior to cerebrum •  Regulates: –  Muscle tone –  Posture –  Balance Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Brainstem (p. 614) •  ConUnuous with spinal cord •  Three main divisions: – 
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Mid-­‐brain Pons Medulla oblongata Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Mid-­‐brain and Pons (p. 614) •  Mid-­‐brain –  Conducts impulses from cerebrum to pons –  Conducts impulses from spinal cord to thalamus •  Pons –  Bridges cerebellum and cerebrum with spinal cord Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Medulla Oblongata (p. 614) •  Conducts sensory and motor impulses between brain and spinal cord •  Located at inferior porUon of brainstem •  Contains: –  Respiratory center –  Cardiovascular center –  Vasomotor center •  O`en considered most vital part of brain Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Medulla Oblongata, cont’d (p. 614) •  Contains many crossing over fibers •  Ex: right side of brain governs le` side of body and vice versa •  This crossing is called “decussaUon” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Blood-­‐Brain Barrier (p. 614) •  Semipermeable wall of blood capillaries •  Has thick basement membrane and glial cells •  Prevents or slows passage of some chemicals and pathogens from blood into CNS Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Spinal Cord (p. 614) •  Exits skull via foramen magnum •  IntegraUng center and informaUon highway •  Cauda equina –  Lower porUon of cord shaped like a horse tail •  Filum terminale –  Fibrous extension of cauda equina Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Spinal Cord, cont’d (p. 614) •  Cross secUon reveals: –  White mager: located on periphery –  Gray mager: located in center •  H-­‐shaped •  Central canal –  Center of spinal cord contains CSF Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Spinal Cord: Horns (p. 614) •  Gray mager in “H” contain regions called horns –  Anterior horn –  Lateral horn –  Posterior horn Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Spinal Cord: Columns (p. 615) •  White mager contain regions called columns –  Anterior column –  Lateral column –  Posterior column Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Spinal Cord (p. 615) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Spinal Cord: Tracts (p. 615) •  CollecUon of nerves running up and down spine •  Two types: –  Ascending •  Sensory (afferent) impulses travel up cord –  Descending •  Motor (efferent) impulses travel down cord Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Meninges (p. 615) •  ConnecUve Ussue coverings surrounding brain and spinal cord •  Contains three layers Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Meningeal Layers (p. 615) •  Pia mater –  Innermost delicate layer –  Agaches to brain and spinal cord •  Arachnoid –  Middle layer resembling a spider’s web •  Dura mater –  Outermost dense layer –  Lies against skull and spinal column Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Meningeal Spaces (p. 615) •  Subarachnoid space –  Located between pia and arachnoid –  Filled with CSF •  Subdural space –  Located between dura and arachnoid –  Filled with serous fluid •  Epidural space –  Located between dura and vertebral canal –  Filled with fat and blood vessels Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Cerebrospinal Fluid (p. 616) •  Fluid circulaUng around brain and spinal cord •  FuncUons include: –  Supplies O2 and nutrients –  Carries away wastes –  Acts as a shock absorber Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 ACB 81
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Meninges in Skull Region (p. 615) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Cranial Nerves (p. 616) I: Olfactory II: OpUc III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. VIII: VesUbulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory/spinal accessory XII: Hypoglossal 43 Cranial Nerves (p. 617) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 ACB 88
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Autonomic Nervous System A Spectrum from •  ParasympatheUc…..to……SympatheUc •  Rest/repose……balance..….Fight/flight Autonomic Nervous System (p. 621) •  Innervates cardiac and smooth muscles/glands, thus regulaUng: – 
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Heart and respiraUon rates Blood circulaUon Body temperature GastrointesUnal acUvity •  Two divisions: –  SympatheUc –  ParasympatheUc Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Dual InnervaUon (p. 621) •  Innervated by both sympatheUc and parasympatheUc divisions •  Some have only sympatheUc innervaUon –  Ex: adrenal glands and blood vessels •  Some have only parasympatheUc innervaUon –  Ex: lacrimal apparatus Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 ParasympatheUc Nervous System (p. 621) •  Supports funcUons that conserve and restore energy –  Maintains homeostasis –  Regulates urinary and digesUve processes, defecaUon, and storing nutrients •  Most acUve under calm condiUons –  Called “rest-­‐and-­‐digest” or “housekeeping” division •  Referred to as craniosacral ouqlow Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 SympatheUc Nervous System (p. 623) •  Uses body energy for periods of physical exerUon or emoUonal stress •  Adrenals secrete epinephrine –  Effects include increased respiraUon and heart rate and blood pressure •  Called “fight-­‐or-­‐flight” or “stress” response •  Referred to as thoracolumbar ouqlow Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Autonomic Nervous System (p. 622) Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52 SympatheUc-­‐ParasympatheUc Emphasis •  Pupils widen Pupils contract •  Sweat n/a •  Less salivaUon More salvaUon •  Less G-­‐I secreUon More G-­‐I secreUon •  More epinephrine & n/a glucorUcoid secreUon •  Dilates brochioles Constricts bronchioles •  Increases rate & strength Decreases rate & of heart’s contracUon strength of contracUon SympatheUc-­‐ParasympatheUc Emphasis •  Constricts blood vessels In skin and viscera •  Dilates vessels in muscles Dilates vessels in viscera •  Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis •  Decreases acUvity of Increases acUvity gallbladder, stomach, gallbladder, stomach, intesUnes, kidneys, pancreas, intesUnes, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, uterus bladder, uterus Touch can… •  Expand the autonomic “range of moUon” •  Facilitate greater autonomic balance •  Teach person to inhabit ferUle mid-­‐ground between sleeping and waking •  Create non-­‐verbal learning/neurological repagerning Massage & the Nervous System • 
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Tissue dysfuncUon Self-­‐image Posture & Movement EmoUon Memory Awareness / Learning Spirit