Juan de Onate
• Expedition: Rio Grande (1598)
• Goal: gold and converts
• Attacked: Acoma
a) 800 men, women, and children killed
b) Surviving warriors
1) foot severed (punishment)
Acoma, 13th cent. Onate killed 800
New Mexico
• Missionary colony
a) Founded: 1580s
b) Who: Franciscan missionaries
c) Capital: Santa Fe
• Economy
a) Small scale agriculture and sheep raising
• Marriages: colonial men and Pueblo women
New France
• Quebec (1608)
• Control fur trade
a) French alliance
1) Huron Indians
b) French/Huron joined forces against Iroquois
Confederacy
• French: take up native ways
• Low population growth
Huron men funneled deer (drawing
by de Champlain)
French and Spanish
• Both: “frontier of inclusion”
• Spain
a) Conquest and exploitation of labor
b) Missionary efforts (conversion)
• French
a) Alliances
b) Missionary efforts incorporated native way of
life
New Netherlands
• North America: 1609
• Settlements: Hudson River
a) Fort Orange (Albany)
b) New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)
• Native Alliances: Iroquois Confederacy
a) Confederacy gained metal tools and firearms
Huron attack on Iroquois, by de
Champlain 1609
Jamestown (1st colony)
• Virginia Company (joint stock company)
a) London investors support effort
• Fort: Jamestown (Chesapeake Bay) 1607
a) Constructed by 100 men
King Powhatan
• Powhatan Confederacy
a) native communities
b) Why alliance w/settlers debated
1) Threat
2) Benefits: European goods
Conflict
• Powhatan: feeds settlers
• Number of settlers increases
a) More food demanded
b) Problem
1) Conflict: Powhatan’s people and colonist
• Pocahontas captured 1613
b) Peace between Natives and settlers (1614)
1) Why? John Rolfe married Pocahontas
Tobacco (Virginia and Maryland)
• Provided profits
• Large labor force
• Headright grants:
a) goal: lure colonists
b) Grant: plantations (must bring workers)
• Negative impact
a) Dislocate Natives
b) warfare
John Smith’s map of Virginia
Indian Resistance
• Chief Opechancanough (Powhatan’s brother)
a) Why resistance: Natives losing land
• March 22, 1622
a) 347 colonists killed
• 1644: final attack
a) Chief Opechancanough killed
Maryland (proprietary colony)
• Calvert family (10 million acres)
a) King Charles I (1625-49)
• Catholics welcomed
• Economy: Tobacco
a) 1640: adopted headrights grants
1) why? Labors needed
Indentured Servants
• ¾ indentured servants (Chesapeake)
• Mostly men
a) young and unskilled
• Minority: women, convicts, or vagabonds
• Freedom dues (after service contract):
a) clothing, tools, gun, or spinning wheel
Plymouth Colony
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•
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•
Founders: Pilgrims (religious dissenters)
Sept. 1620: Mayflower sails
Leader: William Bradford
102 people (mostly families)
Commercial economy: cod fishery
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Charter: wealthy Puritans (1629)
• Leader: John Winthrop
• Boston established
• Government:
a) governor, advisors, delegates (town reps.)
b) Freemen elected delegates
1) Male heads of households and church going
Governor John Winthrop, ca.1640,
David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason,
ca.1670
Challenge to Puritans
• No challenge tolerated
• Anne Hutchinson
a) Husband: Puritan merchant
b) Criticized Boston ministers
c) Banished
1) Relocates: Narraganset Bay
Puritan Way of Life
• Well-ordered communities
a) Marriage mates chosen
b) Marriage: birth order
• Educational System
a) + 50 families= public school
b) Girls excluded (grammar schools)
Women
• Women: Subordinate to men
• Chores: home and childcare
• Married women: no contracts, no voting, and
no property
• Marriage: early 20s
a) About 8 children total
• No children= not normal
The Salem Witch Trials
• The accused
a) Unmarried
b) Childless
c) Widowed
d) Independent
e) older
• By 1693: 20 executed
Discussion Question
• For the most part, those accused of witchcraft
in Salem shared similar characteristics. Which
of these characteristics do we see today in our
contemporary ideas about witches in popular
culture?
Carolina (1663)
• Governor and assembly
• Proprietary colony
• North: tobacco growers
• South: West Indian character
a) Migrants: Barbados
New York
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Naval warfare: Dutch and English
1664: New Amsterdam surrendered
1674: England retakes colony
Most diverse
1665: New Jersey established
New Amsterdam (pub. 1651)
Pennsylvania
• Proprietary: William Penn
• Quaker
• Goals:
a) religious toleration
b) Civil liberties
c) Elected representation
d) Deal fairly w/natives