Physics in Time
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
The poster Physics in Time charts significant physics discoveries since
the 15th century and places them in the context of major milestones
from the worlds of exploration, art, history, politics, sport and science.
While not an exhaustive list the timeline illustrates a diverse and
extraordinary world in which physics plays a central role. Irish entries
are in bold. Some extra entries (beyond those listed on the graphic
poster) are included in these lists – scroll down to see the lists below.
PHYSICS
HISTORY, POLITICS & EXPLORATION
MATHS, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
SPORT & LEISURE
ARTS
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
PHYSICS
1543 Copernicus proposes that the earth is not the centre of the Universe in De
Revolutionibus.
1609 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
1610 Galileo constructs a refracting telescope and observes moons of Jupiter.
1662 Boyle’s law connects
connects volume and pressure of a gas at constant
temperature.
1678 Hooke’s Law of Elasticity.
1687 Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation pubished in Principia Mathematica.
1704 Newton publishes Opticks, light can be split into a spectrum of colours.
1752 Franklin demonstrates the electrical nature of lightning.
1800 Volta constructs the first electric battery.
1803 Young’s double slit experiment demonstrates wave form of light.
1821 Faraday builds the world’s first electric motor.
1823 George Robinson is
is appointed Astronomer at Armagh Observatory. Over
his 59 years there he gains notable distinction for his compilation of a large star
catalogue
catalog ue.
ue .
1836 Callan invents the induction coil, on which our supply of electricity
depends.
1843 Hamilton writes the
th e fundamental formula for quaternions on Broome
Bridge in Dublin, i² = j² = k² = ijk = −1.
1843 Joule studies nature of heat, leading to theory of conservation of energy.
1844 William Parsons
Parsons names the “ Crab”
Crab” Nebula, using a drawing made with his
3636 -inch (91 cm) telescope.
telescope .
1845 William Parsons,
Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, begins to build the world’s largest
reflecting telescope, the “Leviathan of Parsonstown”
Parsonstown ” , a 7272 -inch (6 feet/1.83 m)
telescope at Birr Castle, Parsonstown, in Co. Offaly. It remains the world’s
largest telescope until the early 20th Century.
1848 Lord Kelvin (William Thompson) establishes absolute scale of
temperature.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1850 Clausius’ second law of thermodynamics.
1851 George Stokes derives his law describing the terminal velocity of a sphere
falling in a viscous liquid.
1854 Cork based mathematician
mathematic ian George Boole develops boolean algebra which
later becomes the basis of programming.
1861 Maxwell’s equations of electricity and magnetism.
1869 The Tyndall Effect, why the sky is blue and the sunset red.
1887 Michelson and Morley’s experiments refute the ether theory.
1888 Hertz demonstrates radio waves, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
1889 Lorentz-Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald contraction: a significant step on the way to Einstein’s
relativity theories.
1891 George Stoney introduces the term ‘electron’.
‘electron’.
1894
18 94 The cohesioncohesion -tension theory - a theory of intermolecular attraction
commonly observed in the process of water traveling upwards (against the
force of gravity) through the xylem of plants is put forward by John Joly and
Henry Horatio Dixon.
1895 Röntgen discovers X–rays.
1897 Marconi sends the first ever wireless communication over open sea.
1897 Joseph Larmor predicts the wobbling motion of the orbital plane of an
electron moving in an atom when subjected to a magnetic field. Larmor
Precession.
Precession .
1897
189 7 Thomas Preston discovers the Anomalous Zeeman Effect in spectroscopy.
spectroscopy .
1898 Rutherford identifies alpha and beta particles.
1901 Planck’s law describes black body radiation.
1903 Marie Curie, Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel win the Nobel Prize for their
discovery of radioactivity.
1905 Einstein’s Miraculous Year, photoelectric effect, brownian motion, special
relativity E=mc2.
1913 Bohr, quantum theory of atomic orbits.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1914 Joly develops radiotherapy in cancer treatment.
1915 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity published.
1915 Karl Schwarzschild finds a solution to Einstein field equations, which describes
the gravitational field of a point mass and a spherical mass - later known as a black
hole.
1919 Eddington, using an IrishIrish -built telescope (Grubb),
(Grubb), observes gravity bending
starlight during a solar eclipse - the first supporting evidence for Einstein’s General
Relativity prediction.
1924 de Broglie’s theory that matter has a wave-like nature.
1926 Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics wave equation.
1927 Heisenberg publishes the uncertainty principle.
1928 Dirac predicts antimatter.
1932 Walton and Cockcroft split the atom, the basis of nuclear power.
1934 Bernal uses XX-ray photographs to uncover the molecular structure of
protein crystals.
1940 Schrödinger came to Dublin and his 1943 lectures at Trinity College were
published in book form as "What is Life"?
Life"? He later took Irish citizenship.
1942 Fermi achieves the first self-sustaining fission chain reaction.
1951 Walton and Cockcroft are awarded the Nobel Prize for splitting the atom.
1958 Semiconductor technology is born with the fabrication of silicon chips.
1959 Richard Feynman proposes the possibilities of nano scale machines.
1960 First laser patented.
1964 Bell’s theorem proves the nonnon -locality results that are predicted by
quantum mechanics.
1965 Lochlainn O’Raifeartaigh publishes his ‘no go’ theorem, an important
result in unification theory.
theory.
1981 Superstring theory proposed.
1981 Scanning Tunnel Microscope invented.
1983 w and z bosons (elementary particles) detected at CERN.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1990 Hubble telescope launched. It is the first space based optical telescope.
1992 Cosmic microwave background observed supporting Lemaître’s Big Bang
Theory.
1994 Top quark detected at Fermilab.
1997 Quantum bit (qubit) teleportation is demonstrated at Innsbruck, Austria.
2005 Planning begins for world’s largest optical telescope (40m mirror) in Chile, the
European E xtremely Large Telescope.
2007 Attosecond laser pulse used to observe electron tunnelling.
2010 Quantum teleportation achieved over 16 kilometres.
2012 Highest-energy particle collisions generated at the Large Hadron Collider in
CERN.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
HISTORY, POLITICS & EXPLORATION
1260 Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, travels the silk road to Central Asia
and China. He becomes a confidant of Kubla Khan.
1469 Lorenzo de Medici takes power in Florence.
1492 Columbus arrives at, and names, the island of Hispaniola. Hispaniola is now
divided between the two states known as Haiti (western part) and the Dominican
Republic (eastern part).
1517 Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses, leading to the Reformation.
1520 The Straits of Magellan first navigated.
1558 Reign of Elizabeth the 1st begins.
1592 Trinity College Dublin founded.
1602 The Battle of Kinsale (Gregorian calendar;
calendar; 1601 Julian calendar)
calendar )
1620 The Mayflower lands at Plymouth Rock.
1731 The Royal Dublin Society (RDS) is founded, moving to premises in
Ballsbridge in 1879.
1762 Empress Catherine the Great begins her reign over Russia.
1770 Captain Cook and the crew of the Endeavour land in Botany Bay.
1776 American Independence.
1789 Storming of the Bastille, Paris.
1789 Armagh Observatory founded.
1792 Mary Wollstonecraft, feminist and philosopher wrote A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman. Her daughter was Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein.
1795 St. Patrick’s College Maynooth is founded. It becomes a college of the
National University of Ireland in 1997.
1800 The Act of Union.
1845 Queens University Belfast founded.
1 845 The Queen’s Colleges in Cork and Galway are established, later to
become part of the National University of Ireland,
Ireland, known as UCC and NUIG.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1850 The Tara Brooch is found in Co. Meath.
1854 The Catholic University of Ireland is established,
established, subsequently
subsequently University
College Dublin, is founded.
1860 Construction begins on the London Underground.
1860 Florence Nightingale opens the first non-religious nursing
school in the world.
1865 The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishes and
prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude.
1869 The Suez Canal opens, connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea.
1874 The Physical Society of London is formed, later to become the Institute of
Physics.
1907 The Suffragettes march through London.
1909 RMS Titanic is constructed in Belfast. It is launched and sinks in 1912.
1911 Roald Amundsen and his team arrive at the South Pole.
1912 Endurance is launched from Sandefjord in Norway. Sir Ernest Shackelton
(born in Kildare)
Kildare ) sailed for the Antarctic on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
in the Endurance in 1914, The ship was crushed by ice, causing her to sink in the
Weddell Sea off Antarctica. Tom Crean from Co Kerry, known as the "Irish
Giant", served as Second officer on the expedition.
expedition.
1916 The Battle of the Somme.
1917 Irish war poet, Francis Ledwidge, is killed at the Battle of Ypres.
1920 Mahatma Ghandi begins campaign for Indian independence.
1922 Ireland becomes an independent state.
1922 In Egypt the tomb of Tutankhamun is discovered.
1929 The Graf Zeppelin becomes the first airship to circumnavigate the world.
1933 Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.
1945 The first atom bomb is dropped on Hiroshima.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1945 The concentration camp at Auschwitz is liberated by Soviet troops on 27th
January, now Holocaust Memorial Day.
1947 India becomes an independent state under Prime Minister, Pandit Nehru.
1953 Hillary and Norgay reach the summit of Mount Everest.
1955 In Alabama, Rosa Parks refuses to obey a bus driver’s order to give up her seat
for a white passenger.
1961 Amnesty International is founded in London.
1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, President of USA, is assassinated.
1964 The Institute of Physics’
Physics’ Irish Branch holds its
its inaugural meeting. It is later
called the Institute of Physics in Ireland.
1966 Mao Zedong starts “Cultural Revolution” in China.
1967 Argentinian Marxist revolutionary, Che Guevara, is executed in Bolivia.
1968 The multimulti-campus New University of Ulster, now University of Ulster, is
founded.
1969 First man on the moon.
1972 The National Institute for Higher Education Limerick, subsequently
University of Limerick, is founded.
1974 Seán MacBride wins Nobel Peace Prize.
1975 The National Institute for Higher Education Dublin, subsequently Dublin
Dublin
City University, is founded.
1975 The Vietnam War ends.
1976 Viking Mission — first landing of a craft on Mars.
1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan win Nobel Peace Prize.
1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton become the first people to cross the
Arctic Ocean in a single season.
1989 The Berlin Wall comes down.
1991 All Soviet Institutions cease operation bringing about the end of the Cold War.
1998 John Hume and David Trimble win Nobel Peace Prize.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
2011 World population passes seven billion.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
MATHS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1440 Johannes Guttenberg invents the first printing press with moveable type.
1543 On the Structure of the Human Body published by Andreas Vesalius, the founder
of modern human anatomy.
1546 Fracastoro discovers that infection spreads via germ contact.
1590 Jannssen invents the microscope.
1628 Harvey describes the circulation of the blood.
1637 Fermat’s Last Theorem that no three positive integers a, b, and c can satisfy the
equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than two. This is not proved
until 1995.
1667 Jean Baptiste Denys, physician to Louis XIV, performs the first human blood
transfusion.
1675 Gottfried Leibniz employed integral calculus for the first time to find the area
under the graph of a function y = ƒ(x).
1735 Harrison invents the first practical marine chronometer, which enables sailors
to calculate with accuracy their longitude at sea.
1754 Scottish physician, Joseph Black discovers carbon dioxide.
1778 Lavoisier discovers Hydrogen and Oxygen.
1796 Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination.
1799 Humphry Davy discovers the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
1804 Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory of the elements.
1805 Beaufort wind force scale developed.
1832 Babbage invents the difference engine, the first computer.
1835 Samuel Morse develops Morse Code.
1846 Robert Mallet introduces the science of seismology.
1846 First painless surgery with general anaesthetic.
1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1852 Matches are introduced.
1856 Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, is born.
1858 Gray’s Anatomy is published.
1859 Charles Darwin‘s On the Origin of Species is published.
1860 Bunsen and Kirchhoff develop analytical spectroscopy.
1865 Mendel founds the new science of genetics.
1869 Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of elements.
1873 Willoughby Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium which is later
used in the first television cameras.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish teacher, invents the telephone.
1888 Dunlop patents pneumatic tyre.
1897 Aspirin is invented in Germany.
1903 Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG).
1903 The Wright brothers build and fly the first successful aeroplane.
1917 Harry Ferguson patents innovative developments in tractor operation. He
also developed the first fourfour -wheel drive Formula One car, the Ferguson P99.
1922 Banting and Best discover insulin.
1925 John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television picture.
1928 Fleming discovers the antibiotic effect of Penicillin.
1929 Kathleen Lonsdale, crystallographer, discovers structure of the benzene
ring.
1952 Rosalind Franklin produces X-ray diffraction image of DNA.
1954 First organ transplant (kidney), is performed in the USA.
1960 The first contraceptive pill is licensed for sale in the USA.
1962 Nobel Prize awarded to Crick, Watson and Wilkins for discovery of double
helix structure of DNA.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1965 The first Young Scientist Exhibition
Ex hibition is held in the Mansion House in
Dublin.
1972 First patent for MRI machine.
1973 First call on a hand held mobile phone, using microwave technology.
1977 Smallpox eradicated due to vaccination.
1978 The first successful birth by in-vitro fertilisation, baby Louise Brown is born in
London.
1985 Hole in ozone layer over Antarctica identified.
1991 The World Wide Web (www) is launched by CERN.
1996 First cloned animal, Dolly the sheep, born.
2003 Complete expression of the human genome revealed.
2012 Dublin is European City of Science.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
SPORT & LEISURE
C 1400 Golf first played at St. Andrews in Scotland.
C 1425 Packs of Playing Cards are among the most popular products of Europe’s
first printing presses.
1527 The Town Statutes of Galway forbid
forb id the playing of handball against the
walls of the town.
1532 Henry VIII builds a tennis court (then known as Royal Tennis) at Hampton
Court Palace. The game of Royal Tennis (now Real Tennis) is still played seriously.
1796 Roulette first played, in Paris.
1829 Oxford and Cambridge universities compete in the first university boat race,
held at Henley, UK.
1845 The rules for the modern game of baseball are drawn up by Alexander
Cartwright.
1856 The rules of croquet registered.
1868 The Dublin Horse Show is first held in the grounds of Leinster House,
House ,
organised by the Royal Dublin Society.
1877 First cricket Test Match, between England and Australia.
1887 The first AllAll-Ireland Football and Hurling Championships are played.
1891 Basketball first played, in the USA.
1890 The first known crossword puzzle appears in the Italian magazine Il Secolo
Illustrato.
1894 Ireland wins the Rugby Triple Crown for the first time.
1896 First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens.
1905 Dimple pattern applied to golf balls maximising lift and minimising drag.
1907 The current form of petanque (boules) originates in Provence.
1908 Hockey becomes an Olympic sport.
1912 “Photo Finish” used for the first time at the Summer Olympics in Stockholm.
1919 The first professional American Football championship played.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1921 Table football invented by Harold Searles Thornton.
1924 The first Winter Olympic Games is held in Chamonix, France.
1927 The first World Snooker Championship played in Birmingham.
1928 , Dr Pat O'Callaghan
O'Callaghan won a gold medal in the Hammer event at the
Amsterdam Olympics. He won the gold again for the same event in 1932.
1930 Uruguay hosts, and wins, the first soccer World Cup.
1932 Bob Tisdall, an Irish athlete of English origin won a gold medal in the 400
metre hurdles at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
1941 Special Monopoly edition created for World War II prisoners of war. Hidden
inside were maps, compasses, etc. to aid escapes.
1948 Scrabble first produced.
1952 At the Olympic games in Helsinki, Czechoslovakian Emil Zátopek sets Olympic
records in the 5,000 meter race, 10,000 meter race, and the marathon, an event he'd
never run before.
1954 Roger Bannister is the first athlete to run a mile in under 4 minutes.
1956 |At the Summer Olympics
Oly mpics in Melbourne Ronnie Delany won the gold
medal in the 1500m.
1500 m.
1958 Northern Ireland reaches the quarterfinals of the World Cup.
1960 At the Olympic Games in Rome, 400 athletes from 23 countries attend to
compete in the “Parallel Olympics”, the first Paralympics.
1966 England wins the World Cup.
1968 George Best is named European Footballer of the Year.
1970 World Series of Poker begins in Las Vegas.
1972 The Magnavox Odyssey, first video game console, released.
1972 Mary Peters who lived in Northern
Northern Ireland from the age of 11 won a gold
medal for the pentathalon at the Munich summer Olympics.
1978 Polish woman, Chojnowska-Liskiewicz, is the first woman to sail single-handed
around the world.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1983 John McEnroe is the first professional player to use a carbon fibre tennis
racquet.
1988 Table tennis becomes an Olympic sport.
1990 Ireland reaches the quarter finals of the World Cup.
1997 Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by IBM, wins a six-game match
against world champion Garry Kasparov.
2009 Swimsuits made of pure polyurethane are developed to help swimmers to glide
through water faster.
2010 Katie Taylor wins a gold medal, her third, at the Women’s World Boxing
Championships in Barbados.
2011 The European Surfing Championships are held in Bundoran, Co. Donegal.
2011 Northern Ireland’s Rory McIlroy wins the U.S. Open.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
ARTS
1399 The Tower of Pisa is completed.
1485 Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus.
1505 Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa.
1512 Michelangelo completes ceiling of Sistine Chapel.
1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince.
1599 Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre is built in London.
1602 Caravaggio paints The Taking of Christ.
1605 Cervantes’ Don Quixote (Part I) published in Spain.
1632 Construction of the Taj Mahal begins.
1634 Cinderella is published in a collection of stories by The Brothers Grimm.
1642 Rembrandt paints The Night Watch.
1665 Vermeer paints Girl with a Pearl Earring.
1667 John Milton’s Paradise Lost is published.
1721 J S Bach completes his Brandenburg Concertos.
1726 Jonathan Swift writes Gulliver’s Travels.
Travels.
1742 Handel’s Messiah is performed for the first time at Fishamble St in Dublin.
1786 Mozart composes The Marriage of Figaro.
1791 The Custom House, designed by James Gandon, is completed.
completed.
1808 Beethoven completes Symphony No. 5.
1818 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is published in London.
1836 Dickens’ first novel, The Pickwick Papers, published.
1856 Flaubert’s Madame Bovary published.
1859 Big Ben completed.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1865 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is published.
1872 Monet’s Impression, Sunrise is the first Impressionist painting.
1878 Eileen Gray an Irish furniture designer and architect and a pioneer of the
Modern Movement in architecture is born.
1885 Carl Fabergé makes his first jewelled egg for Tsar Alexander III of Russia.
1889 Eiffel Tower built.
1892 First performance of Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker.
1894 Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book published.
1895 First performance of Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest.
Earnest.
1897 Dracula by IrishIrish -born writer, Bram Stoker, is published.
1897 Birth of Enid Blyton. Her books have sold over 600 million copies.
1902 Auguste Rodin sculpts The Thinker.
1909 Birth of painter Francis Bacon.
1912 Pablo Picasso starts making cubist guitars.
1922 James Joyce’s Ulysses is published.
1923 The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to William Butler Yeats.
1924 The painter Jack B. Yeats wins a silver medal in the Arts and Culture
segment of the Olympic Games in Paris. He is the first Irishman after the
foundation of the State to win an Olympic medal.
1924 Gershwin composes Rhapsody in Blue.
1925 George Bernard Shaw wins the Nobel Prize for Literature.
1927 First full-length talking movie is produced in Hollywood.
1927 Mies van der Rohe designs The German Pavilion at the International E xposition
in Barcelona.
1929 Excavation of Petra, Jordan.
1931 The Empire State building opens.
1937 Picasso paints Guernica.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.
1937 Disney release Snow White the first full-colour animated film.
1949 George Orwell’s dystopian novel, 1984, is published.
1950 The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, first of the
Chronicles of Narnia, published.
1951 Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann is founded to promote Irish music, song and
dance.
dance. Today it has more than 400 branches worldwide.
1962 Andy Warhol paints Campbell’s Soup Cans.
1962 The Beatles first single, Love Me Do, is released.
1968 The film 2001: A Space Odyssey, produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick, is
released.
1969 Samuel
Sa muel Beckett wins Nobel Prize for Literature.
1973 Alexandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago, based on his experiences in a
Soviet forced labour camp, is published in the West.
1973 Sydney Opera House completed.
1989 First episode of The Simpsons is broadcast on 17th December.
1990 Caravaggio’s The Taking of Christ is rediscovered in Dublin.
1995 Seamus Heaney wins Nobel Prize for Literature.
1998 The play Copenhagen by Michael Frayn debuts in London. It is based around an
event that occurred in Copenhagen in 1941 during the 2nd World War - a meeting
between the physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg.
2003 The Spire of Dublin is installed on O’Connell Street.
2009 The Samuel Beckett Bridge,
Bridge , a footbridge in the shape of a harp, is erected
on the Liffey in Dublin.
The Institute of Physics in Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society collaborated to
produce the Physics in Time poster which was launched on 11 Jan 2012.