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Contents
Preface xvii
Reviewers and Focus Group Participants
xxx
2
Speaking in Public
The Power of Public Speaking
4
The Tradition of Public Speaking
6
Similarities Between Public Speaking
and Conversation 6
Differences Between Public Speaking
and Conversation 9
Developing Confidence:Your Speech Class
Nervousness Is Normal 10
Dealing with Nervousness 11
9
Public Speaking and Critical Thinking 16
The Speech Communication Process
Speaker 17
Message 18
Channel 18
Listener 19
Feedback 20
Interference 20
Situation 21
The Speech Communication Process:
Example with Commentary 22
17
PART I SPEAKING AND LISTENING
CHAPTER 1
Public Speaking in a Multicultural World 22
Cultural Diversity in the Modern World 22
Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking 24
Avoiding Ethnocentrism 25
v
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2
32
Ethics and Public Speaking
The Importance of Ethics
34
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 36
Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound
Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech 36
Be Honest in What You Say 38
Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of
Abusive Language 39
Put Ethical Principles into Practice 41
36
Plagiarism 41
Global Plagiarism 43
Patchwork Plagiarism 43
Incremental Plagiarism 44
Plagiarism and the Internet 46
Guidelines for Ethical Listening 47
Be Courteous and Attentive 47
Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 48
Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas
49
CHAPTER 3
54
Listening
Listening Is Important
56
Listening and Critical Thinking
57
Four Causes of Poor Listening 58
Not Concentrating 58
Listening Too Hard 59
Jumping to Conclusions 60
Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance
How to Become a Better Listener 62
Take Listening Seriously 62
Be an Active Listener 62
Resist Distractions 64
Don’t Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery
Suspend Judgment 66
Focus Your Listening 66
Develop Note-Taking Skills 68
61
65
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Contents
APPENDIX
73
Giving Your First Speech
Preparing Your Speech 74
Developing the Speech 74
Organizing the Speech 75
Delivering Your Speech
78
Speaking Extemporaneously
Rehearsing the Speech 79
Presenting the Speech 80
78
Sample Speeches with Commentary 81
84
Selecting a Topic and a Purpose
Choosing a Topic 86
Topics You Know a Lot About 87
Topics You Want to Know More About
Brainstorming for Topics 89
Determining the General Purpose
93
Determining the Specific Purpose
Tips for Formulating the Specific
Purpose Statement 95
Questions to Ask About Your
Specific Purpose 98
94
88
Phrasing the Central Idea 101
What Is the Central Idea? 101
Guidelines for the Central Idea 103
CHAPTER 5
110
Analyzing the Audience
Audience-Centeredness
112
Your Classmates as an Audience
The Psychology of Audiences
113
114
Demographic Audience Analysis 116
Age 116
Gender 117
Sexual Orientation 118
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background 119
Religion 121
Group Membership 122
Situational Audience Analysis 123
Size 123
Physical Setting 124
Disposition Toward the Topic 124
Disposition Toward the Speaker 126
Disposition Toward the Occasion 127
PART II SPEECH PREPARATION: GETTING STARTED
CHAPTER 4
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CONTENTS
Getting Information About the
Audience 127
Interviewing 128
Questionnaires 128
Adapting to the Audience 131
Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 132
Audience Adaptation During the Speech 133
CHAPTER 6
138
Gathering Materials
Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience
140
Doing Library Research 141
Librarians 141
The Catalogue 141
Periodical Databases 142
Newspapers 145
Reference Works 146
Searching the Internet 149
Search Aids 149
Keyword Searches 151
Subject Searches 152
Bookmarks 152
Specialized Research Resources 153
Evaluating Internet Documents 156
Citing Internet Sources 158
Interviewing 159
Before the Interview 160
During the Interview 162
After the Interview 163
Tips for Doing Research 164
Start Early 164
Make a Preliminary Bibliography 164
Take Notes Efficiently 166
Think About Your Materials as You Research
168
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CHAPTER 7
174
Supporting Your Ideas
Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking
177
Examples 178
Brief Examples 178
Extended Examples 179
Hypothetical Examples 179
Tips for Using Examples 180
Statistics 183
Understanding Statistics 184
Tips for Using Statistics 187
Where to Find Statistics 191
Testimony 192
Expert Testimony 193
Peer Testimony 194
Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 194
Tips for Using Testimony 195
Sample Speech with Commentary 197
204
Organizing the Body of the Speech
206
Main Points 207
Number of Main Points 209
Strategic Order of Main Points 210
Tips for Preparing Main Points 215
Supporting Materials
217
Connectives 219
Transitions 219
Internal Previews 220
Internal Summaries 220
Signposts 221
SPEECH PREPARATION: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING
Organization Is Important
PART III
CHAPTER 8
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9
226
Beginning and Ending the Speech
The Introduction 228
Get Attention and Interest 228
Reveal the Topic 236
Establish Credibility and Goodwill 237
Preview the Body of the Speech 238
Sample Introduction with Commentary 241
Tips for Preparing the Introduction 242
The Conclusion 242
Signal the End of the Speech 242
Reinforce the Central Idea 244
Sample Conclusion with Commentary 247
Tips for Preparing the Conclusion 248
CHAPTER 10
252
Outlining the Speech
The Preparation Outline 254
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 254
Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 260
The Speaking Outline 263
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 263
Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary
266
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Contents
270
Using Language
Meanings of Words
272
274
Using Language Accurately 275
Using Language Clearly 277
Use Familiar Words 277
Choose Concrete Words 280
Eliminate Clutter 281
Using Language Vividly 282
Imagery 283
Rhythm 285
Using Language Appropriately 288
Appropriateness to the Occasion 288
Appropriateness to the Audience 289
Appropriateness to the Topic 290
Appropriateness to the Speaker 290
PRESENTING THE SPEECH
Language Is Important
PART IV
CHAPTER 11
A Note on Inclusive Language 290
CHAPTER 12
298
Delivery
What Is Good Delivery?
300
Methods of Delivery 301
Reading from a Manuscript 301
Reciting from Memory 302
Speaking Impromptu 302
Speaking Extemporaneously 304
The Speaker’s Voice 305
Volume 305
Pitch 305
Rate 306
Pauses 307
Vocal Variety 308
Pronunciation 309
Articulation 310
Dialect 311
The Speaker’s Body 312
Personal Appearance 313
Movement 314
Gestures 315
Eye Contact 315
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CONTENTS
Practicing Delivery 317
Answering Audience Questions 318
Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 319
Managing the Question-and-Answer Session 320
CHAPTER 13
326
Using Visual Aids
Advantages of Visual Aids
328
Kinds of Visual Aids 329
Objects 329
Models 330
Photographs 331
Drawings 331
Graphs 333
Charts 335
Video 336
Transparencies 336
Multimedia Presentations 336
The Speaker 337
Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 338
Prepare Visual Aids in Advance 338
Keep Visual Aids Simple 338
Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 339
Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 340
Use a Limited Number of Fonts 340
Use Color Effectively 341
Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids 342
Avoid Using the Chalkboard for Visual Aids 342
Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can
See Them 343
Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 343
Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 343
Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid 344
Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 344
Practice with Your Visual Aids 345
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Contents
APPENDIX
349
Using PowerPoint
Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint
Planning to Use PowerPoint
350
350
Getting Started in PowerPoint
Screen Elements 351
Templates 352
Slide Layouts 353
351
Elements of PowerPoint Slides
Text 355
Photographs 355
Clip Art 356
Graphs 356
Sounds 356
Video 357
354
Formatting Slides
Color 358
Fonts 359
Space 360
Animation 361
Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint 361
Recheck Your Slides 362
Know Slide Show Commands 362
Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint 363
Display Slides Only While Discussing Them 364
Check the Room and Equipment 364
Develop a Backup Plan 365
Copyright and Fair Use
365
Sample Speech with Commentary 366
358
PART V
CHAPTER 14
370
Speaking to Inform
Guidelines for Informative Speaking 383
Don’t Overestimate What the Audience Knows 383
Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience 385
Don’t Be Too Technical 387
Avoid Abstractions 389
Personalize Your Ideas 391
Sample Speech with Commentary 392
VARIETIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis
and Organization 373
Speeches About Objects 373
Speeches About Processes 375
Speeches About Events 378
Speeches About Concepts 380
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 15
398
Speaking to Persuade
The Importance of Persuasion
Ethics and Persuasion
400
401
The Psychology of Persuasion 402
The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking 402
How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages
The Target Audience 405
403
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 406
What Are Questions of Fact? 406
Analyzing Questions of Fact 406
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 407
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 409
What Are Questions of Value? 409
Analyzing Questions of Value 409
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 410
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 411
What Are Questions of Policy? 411
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 412
Analyzing Questions of Policy 414
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 416
Sample Speech with Commentary 423
CHAPTER 16
432
Methods of Persuasion
Building Credibility 434
Factors of Credibility 435
Types of Credibility 436
Enhancing Your Credibility 437
Using Evidence 439
How Evidence Works: A Case Study
Tips for Using Evidence 441
Reasoning 444
Reasoning from Specific Instances
Reasoning from Principle 447
Causal Reasoning 449
Analogical Reasoning 450
Fallacies 452
440
445
Appealing to Emotions 455
What Are Emotional Appeals? 456
Generating Emotional Appeal 457
Ethics and Emotional Appeal 458
Sample Speech with Commentary 460
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CHAPTER 17
468
Speaking on Special Occasions
Speeches of Introduction
470
Speeches of Presentation
473
Speeches of Acceptance
474
Commemorative Speeches
After-Dinner Speeches
475
479
CHAPTER 18
484
Speaking in Small Groups
What Is a Small Group?
486
Leadership in Small Groups 487
Kinds of Leadership 487
Functions of Leadership 488
Responsibilities in a Small Group 490
Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group
Fulfill Individual Assignments 491
Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 492
Encourage Full Participation 493
Keep the Discussion on Track 494
The Reflective-Thinking Method 496
Define the Problem 496
Analyze the Problem 497
Establish Criteria for Solutions 498
Generate Potential Solutions 499
Select the Best Solution 500
Presenting the Recommendations of
the Group 502
Oral Report 502
Symposium 503
Panel Discussion 503
490
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APPENDIX
A–1
Speeches for Analysis and Discussion
Questions of Culture
Sajjid Zahir Chinoy
Choices and Change
Barbara Bush
I Have a Dream
Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Hidden World of Chili Peppers
Photo Credits
Index I
C–1
A–2
A–4
A–7
A–10
Bursting the Antibacterial Bubble
The Ultimate Gift
My Crazy Aunt Sue
A–15
A–17
A–12