CHIN HILL FARM, 203 WERANUI ROAD,
WAIWERA, AUCKLAND: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
Report prepared for
Kauri Orewa Ltd and Development Advisory Services Ltd
By
Charlotte Judge (MA Hons)
Bernie Larsen (MA Hons)
January 2016
Clough & Associates Ltd.
[email protected]
321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua
AUCKLAND 0612
Telephone: (09) 8141946
Mobile 0274 850 059
www.clough.co.nz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Project Background ........................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 1
Historical Background .......................................................................................................... 5
Maori Settlement ............................................................................................................... 5
European Purchase ............................................................................................................ 6
Results ................................................................................................................................... 9
Existing Environment ....................................................................................................... 9
Archaeological Landscape ................................................................................................ 9
Archaeology of Chin Hill Farm ...................................................................................... 10
Information from Early Plans/Aerials ............................................................................. 13
Field Survey .................................................................................................................... 16
R10/924: Terrace/Pit ....................................................................................................... 20
R10/1406: Terraces/ Midden .......................................................................................... 21
R10/1412: Terrace .......................................................................................................... 23
R10/1413: Shell Midden ................................................................................................. 25
Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................................... 27
Summary of Results ........................................................................................................ 27
Maori Cultural Values..................................................................................................... 27
Survey Limitations .......................................................................................................... 27
Archaeological Value and Significance ......................................................................... 27
Effects of Proposal .......................................................................................................... 28
Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements ............................................................. 31
Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements .................................. 32
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 33
Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 34
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix: Site Record Forms ............................................................................................. 36
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
INTRODUCTION
Project
Background
The property owners of Chin Hill Farm, 203 Weranui Road, Waiwera are
proposing the subdivision of the property into rural lifestyle blocks (Figure 1–
Figure 3). The legal descriptions of the property are Pt Allotment 13, 106 and
259 Parish of Waiwera, Pt Lot 1 DP 22531, Lot 2 DP 22531, Pt Lot 3 DP
22181, Lot 4 DP 22181 and Lot 1 DP 24102. The proposal involves the
subdivision of the section into 35 lots with a single access point of the Hibiscus
Coast Highway (Figure 3). Thirty-two of the lots will have a building site and
associated access for residential development. The proposed access ways
generally follow existing farm tracks (Baxter Design Group 2016).
An archaeological assessment was commissioned by Josh Van Veen,
Development Manager for Development Advisory Services Ltd to establish
whether the proposed work is likely to impact on archaeological values. This
report has been prepared as part of the required assessment of effects
accompanying a resource consent application under the Resource Management
Act 1991 (RMA) and to identify any requirements under the Heritage New
Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in
accordance with statutory requirements.
Methodology
The New Zealand Archaeological Association’s (NZAA) site record database
(ArchSite), Auckland Council’s Cultural Heritage Inventory (CHI), District
Plan schedules and the Heritage New Zealand (Heritage NZ) New Zealand
Heritage List were searched to determine whether any archaeological sites had
been recorded on or in the immediate vicinity of the property. Literature and
archaeological reports relevant to the area were consulted (see Bibliography).
Early plans held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) were checked for
information relating to past use of the property.
A visual inspection of the property was conducted on 30 October and 4
November 2015 with the assistance of Ngati Manuhiri representative Lorena
Cardenas. The ground surface was examined for evidence of former
occupation (in the form of shell midden, depressions, terracing or other unusual
formations within the landscape, or indications of 19th century European
settlement remains). Exposed and disturbed soils were examined where
encountered for evidence of earlier modification, and an understanding of the
local stratigraphy. Subsurface testing with a probe and spade was carried out
to determine whether buried archaeological deposits could be identified or
establish the nature of possible archaeological features. Particular attention
was paid to the spur and ridge lines and creek banks (topographical features
where archaeological sites are often found to be located). Sites were
photographed and GPS readings taken and site record forms written or updated.
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
INTRODUCTION, CONTINUED
Figure 1. Aerial map showing location of subject property (marked with arrow). Aerial source: Auckland
Council GIS 2015
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
INTRODUCTION, CONTINUED
Figure 2. Aerial showing legal property boundaries of subject property (outlined in blue). Source: Auckland
Council PAUP GIS 2015
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
Figure 3. Chin Hill Subdivision - Masterplan (Baxter Design Group 2016)
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Maori
Settlement1
The Mahurangi area was widely populated by Maori in pre-European times;
and several tribes and subtribes are associated with the land.
Ngati Whatua (a confederation of four tribes, including: Te Roroa, Te Uri-oHau, Te Taou, and Ngati Whatua-o-Orakei) descend from the ancestor
Tuputupuwhenua, and are affiliated with the Manhuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe
which landed between the Hokianga and Kaipara Harbour. By the mid-18th
century, the southerly expansion of Ngati Whatua tribes had extended the
boundaries of the confederation from the Hokianga to the Tamaki Isthmus
(NZMCH 2006: 196-197). Control of the northern Kaipara and parts of the
eastern inland region, including Wellsford, was claimed by Te Uri o Hau, led
by Haumoewharangi, whose son Rongo and his descendants established Ngati
Rongo on the north-eastern Kaipara Harbour (NZMCH 2006: 198). Although
conflict occurred with other groups, close relationships were largely
maintained between the Ngati Whatua tribes, with tracks and portage routes
between the west and east coasts providing effective means of communication.
Intermarriage was also used to secure peace, notably in the marriage of
Moerangaranga (daughter of Rongo) and Ngawhetu (of Te Kawerau), which
forged important links between Ngati Rongo and Te Kawerau of the
Mahurangi.
Te Kawerau descended from the Tainui, Te Wakatuwhenua and Te Moekakara
canoes and migrated north from Kawhia in the early to mid-17th century. Led
by Maki, Te Kawerau occupied the Tamaki Isthmus before expanding as far
north as Te Arai Point. Maki resided in Mahurangi for a time before
continuing further north, leaving his son Ngawhetu behind to claim control of
the land between Whangaparaoa and Puhoi. The descendants of Ngawhetu
and Moerangaranga remained in the Mahurangi, and by the time of European
arrival were known variously as Te Kawerau and Ngati Rongo (Mackintosh
2005: 2).
Maori predominantly occupied temporary settlement sites throughout the
Mahurangi district and moved between their kainga (villages) in accordance
with the seasons. The coastal boundaries provided abundant marine resources,
while the inland forest offered hunting and resource gathering opportunities.
Rivers such as Puhoi and Mahurangi supplied plentiful fresh water, and sandy
soils near coastal areas were highly suited to kumara cultivation (Murdoch
1992).
Continued on next page
1
Adapted from Farley, Burnett and Clough 2010.
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, CONTINUED
Maori
Settlement,
continued
Competition for control of one of the most highly prized resources of the
Mahurangi – the muru or small spotted shark, which could be dried and used as
a winter food source – led to protracted conflict between Te Kawerau and
Hauraki tribes in the 1700s. Known as the Marutuahu confederation, these
Hauraki tribes comprised Ngati Paoa, Ngati Whanaunga, Ngati Maru and Ngati
Tamatera. Battles continued intermittently throughout the 18th century, with
Marutuahu eventually gaining permanent control of the fishing grounds.
(Murdoch 1992).
Further warfare occurred in the 1820s and 1830s when raiding Ngaphui from
the north, armed with muskets, launched a series of attacks throughout the
tribal territories of Ngati Whatua and Te Kawerau. Maori of the Mahurangi,
armed only with traditional hand combat weapons such as mere and taiaha,
were swiftly defeated. Most fled the invasion, leaving the region virtually
deserted for several years. (Murdoch 1992).
By the mid-late 1830s small numbers of Ngati Whatua began to return to their
traditional occupation areas in the Kaipara and Mahurangi, eventually reestablishing themselves in the districts. Te Kawerau/Ngati Rongo Maori of the
Mahurangi were now under the leadership of Te Hemara Tauhia. They settled
north of Wenderholm, at Te Muri, where a kainga (village), large gardens and
an orchard were established (Mackintosh 2005: 4-5).
European
Purchase
Missionaries and sawyers began appearing in the Mahurangi district by the
early 1830s; and with the arrival of Europeans Ngati Whatua and Te
Kawerau/Ngati Rongo tribes came under increasing pressure to relinquish the
land. Although several Ngati Whatua chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi in
1840 (including Te Roha from Te Uri-o-Hau) large tracts of land were lost
through Crown purchases, pre-1840 claims and Native Land Court proceedings
(NZMCH 2006: 199).
Further pressure was placed on Mahurangi Maori after the decision by
Governor Hobson to relocate the colonial capital southwards from the Bay of
Islands shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. Hobson ordered his
Surveyor General, Felton Mathew, to investigate every inlet from the Bay of
Islands to the Firth of Thames, including the Mahurangi River, which was
surveyed in June 1840.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, CONTINUED
European
Purchase,
continued
In Mathew’s report of the Mahurangi he noted that:
‘…it would be highly desirable that the Government should obtain
possession of this harbour and a considerable portion of the surrounding
country. A settlement once formed here, would I have no doubt, rapidly
attain a very flourishing condition. Several Europeans lay claim, I
believe, to this portion of the country, but their titles, I am informed, are
of no value. And even among the native chiefs a dispute exists to the right
of ownership. The government should therefore have no difficulty in
taking possession of it. I did not see the slightest trace of native
inhabitants during the time I was in the place’. (Locker 2001:61-62)
When the Tamaki Isthmus was chosen as the site of the new capital, land in the
Mahurangi became even more essential to the Crown, as it was now one of the
main gateways to Auckland (Rigby 1998).
On 13 April 1841, the Crown acquired its first large tract of land in the area,
known as the Mahurangi Purchase. This included the Mahurangi and Omaha
Block (Deed No. 192) comprising 100,000 acres, ‘more or less’, with
boundaries stretching from Takapuna in the south to Te Arai Point in the north.
The land was not obtained from Ngati Rongo/Te Kawerau or Ngati Whatua,
but from Hauraki tribes who claimed ancestral control of the area from the 18th
century. The Mahurangi Purchase made Ngati Rongo theoretically landless,
and the sale was therefore disputed by their chief Te Hemara Tauhia before it
was finalised. The purchase was eventually settled in 1853 with the Puhoi (or
Te Hemara) Reserve granted to Ngati Rongo; the boundaries of which ran
‘from the south shore of the Pukapuka to Waiwera, and inland to the western
boundary of the [Mahurangi] Purchase’ (Rigby 1998; Turton 1877-78). See
Figure 4.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, CONTINUED
Figure 4. 1853
map showing land
acquired by the
Crown through
the Mahurangi
Purchase, with an
area set aside at
Puhoi for Ngati
Rongo (Hemara
Reserve). Turtons
Deeds
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
RESULTS
Existing
Environment
Archaeological
Landscape
Chin Hill farm comprises an 183.8ha block of rural land that is currently held
in 8 freehold titles. The property is bounded by the Hibiscus Coast Highway
and small lifestyle blocks to the east, by SH1 northern motorway to the west,
by Waiwera River to the north and by the residential settlement of Hatfields
Beach to the south. The topography of the property is dominated by prominent
elevated ridgelines and spurs that drop down steeply into gullies. The property
is currently utilised predominantly as pastoral land with large blocks of native
bush.
Previous archaeological survey of the area between Waiwera River and
Hatfields Beach has been sporadic and has been focused on specific small to
medium scale developments, providing a somewhat limited and misleading
picture of pre-European Maori settlement in the area.
Intensive surveying of the Wenderholm Regional Park located on the
peninsula that forms the north side of the Waiwera River does, however,
provide evidence of extensive pre-European Maori settlement concentrated on
the northern slopes and the flat tableland across the top of the peninsula, a
pattern that might also be expected along the southern shores of the Waiwera
River.
There are multiple sites recorded in the general area (Figure 5) which include
mainly shell midden sites representing the processing and consumption of
food, but several sites also contain food storage pits and habitation terraces.
The pits and terraces indicate longer term settlement in the area, rather than
seasonal camping, although both patterns of occupation would have occurred.
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 5.
Distribution of
archaeological
(red circles),
built heritage
(blue squares)
and maritime
sites (purple
circles) recorded
in the Auckland
Council CHI
within the
Waiwera area.
Source:
Auckland
Council GIS 2015
Archaeology
of Chin Hill
Farm
No archaeological assessment is known to have previously been undertaken
within the Chin Hill Farm property. There are, however, three previously
recorded archaeological sites recorded within or close to the boundaries of
Chin Hill Farm. The sites comprise:
1. a shell midden site recorded adjacent to the eastern boundary
(R10/1097; CHI 15939)
2. a terrace/pit site recorded adjacent to the western boundary of the
property (R10/924; CHI 12066); and
3. a historic homestead site also recorded adjacent to the south-eastern
boundary (R10/781; CHI 10316) (Figure 6).
The NZAA site file also records one additional site immediately to the east of
site R10/924 (Figure 7). The site is recorded as R10/1164 and comprises a
shell midden exposed in the cutting for the motorway alignment (refer
appended NZAA site record).
Site R10/1097 (CHI 15939) is also recognised as a site and place of value to
mana whenua within the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP) (ID 2769)
(Figure 8).
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 6. Aerial
showing
distribution of
archaeological
sites recorded
within close
proximity to the
subject property
(outlined in
blue). Aerial
source:
Auckland
Council GIS 2015
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 7. Map
showing
distribution of
archaeological
sites recorded
within the NZAA
database. Source:
ArchSite 2015
Figure 8. PAUP
GIS aerial
showing site of
value to mana
whenua (ID
15939) extending
into the eastern
boundary of the
property
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Information
from Early
Plans/Aerials
A map dating to the 1860s shows the general landscape to the north and south
of Waiwera River including the area now known as Hatfields Beach. The map
shows the general area of the property as being covered in bush. No further
details are provided (Figure 9).
A survey plan of ‘Waste Land bounded by Lots 107, 10, ? ?, 7 at Waiwera
Mahurangi’ (Figure 10) that also appears to date to the 1860s shows the
alignment of a road from ‘Wainui to Mahurangi’ in pink, traversing the
subject property. This is the same paper road alignment that is shown on
modern maps of the property. The plan also shows the area subdivided into
large blocks, many of which still retain the same legal boundaries.
An undated early plan shows the northern end of the subject property as being
covered in trees (Figure 11). An annotation along the western edge of the
property states ‘tea tree’, but it is unclear whether this is referring to the
coastal banks or the extent of the survey area. Interestingly, the plan also
marks the site of two ‘huts’ on the bank of the Waiwera River.
Figure 9. Detail of NZ Map 38 (1860s) showing the Waiwera area. Source: Auckland Libraries Sir George
Grey Special Collections
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 10. Detail of SO 893 (c.1860s?). Note: an annotation on the original plan states that the road
alignment through Lot 235 is incorrectly recorded. Source: Quickmaps 2015
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 11. Detail of plan SO 1052 (n.d.). Location of ‘huts’ is circled. Source: Quickmaps 2015
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Field Survey
Field survey of the extent of the property was undertaken on foot on 30
October and 4 November 2015. The survey focused on the proposed
development areas as well as ridge and spur alignments and stream/creek banks
(topographical features where archaeological remains are most likely to be
found) across the extent of the property.
The property is currently in rough pasture with large areas of native bush
within the gullies. Long term farming of the property has resulted in the
degradation of many of the spur and ridge crests through vehicle and stock
movement which has resulted in the exposure of clay subsoils within these
areas (Figure 12).
Figure 12.
Looking southeast over
southern end of
property showing
areas of exposed
soils down ridge
crests
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Field Survey,
continued
Four archaeological sites were identified within or on the boundaries of the
subject property as a result of the current assessment. These comprise
previously recorded terrace/pit site R10/924 as well as three new sites
including an extensive terrace/midden site (now recorded as R10/1406), a
single terrace (R10/1412) and a shell midden deposit (R10/1413) (Figure 13).
All of the sites are related to pre-European Maori occupation of the area. The
sites are all discussed separately below.
No evidence of previously recorded shell midden site R10/1097, which was
originally recorded close to the property boundary but within the neighbouring
block, was identified within the subject property.
A farm homestead was also identified at the northern end of the property
(Figure 13, Figure 14 and Figure 15). The house is a state house style
bungalow with tiled roof, boxed eaves, windows grouped in threes and mitred
weatherboards to the corners. The house retains some earlier Bungalow-style
internal doors and architraves. It can be hard to date the construction of houses
based on architectural style, particularly in rural locations which tend to be
slower to adopt ‘new’ trends, but the house appears to date to the 1930s/40s
(Adina Brown, pers. comm. 2015).
No evidence was found of the ‘huts’ that were identified on plan SO 1052
(n.d.; Figure 11) along the banks of the Waiwera River. Weranui Road now
cuts along the edge of the Waiwera River at the point where the huts were most
likely located.
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 13. Aerial
showing location
of sites and
features
discussed in the
text. Property
boundary is
shown in red.
Aerial source:
Auckland
Council GIS 2015
R10/1406
Homestead
R10/1097
R10/924
R10/1412
R10/1413
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 14. North
(front) side of
house at the
northern end of
the property
Figure 15. East
side of house
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
R10/924:
Terrace/Pit
R10/924 was relocated just outside the western boundary of the property
(Figure 13, Figure 16). The two main terraces recorded on the western side of
the knoll summit could not be located. This was probably due to the thick
(<700mm) kikuyu grass which made identifying topographic variation
extremely difficult. The terrace and pit recorded to the east of the two main
terraces were relocated at the end of an east-running spur (Figure 17).
Figure 16.
Identified extent
of site R10/924.
Boundary fence
shown in red
Figure 17.
R10/924
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
R10/1406:
Terraces/
Midden
The site comprises at least three large poorly defined terraces (up to 50m long)
evident down the moderate sloping spur that overlooks the Waiwera River
(Figure 13, Figure 18–Figure 20). The site extends over an area of c.200m x
50m. Shell midden was identified in charcoal stained topsoil in patches over
the extent of the site. The densest exposure of shell is on the southern side of
the elevated knoll at the southern identified extent of the site (Figure 21). The
midden comprises cockle and pipi in a charcoal stained soil.
The site may extend into the neighbouring property to the east; however, recent
works undertaken for the construction of a building platform may have
modified previously unidentified features/deposits associated with this site.
Figure 18. Aerial
showing
approximate
identified extent
of site R10/1406
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 19.
Looking east
over to site
R10/1406
(outlined)
Figure 20.
Looking north
from knoll over
site R10/1406
down to Waiwera
River
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 21. Shell
midden eroding
out of southern
face of knoll at
R10/1406
R10/1412:
Terrace
The site comprises a small east-facing terrace measuring 12m x 5m, located on
the south-eastern side of a small knoll that is part of the main ridge running
northwest-southeast across the south of the property (Figure 13, Figure 22,
Figure 23). Probing determined the depth of topsoil to be between 150mm and
210mm thick, which varied across the terrace. No other archaeological
remains were identified in the immediate vicinity.
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 22. Aerial
showing
identified extent
of site R10/1412
Figure 23.
Looking north
over terrace site
R10/1412
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
R10/1413:
Shell Midden
A scatter of fragmented shell was encountered near the eastern boundary of the
property, approximately 25m south of the house at 859 Hibiscus Coast
Highway (Figure 13, Figure 24, Figure 25). The shell is located on a ridge that
runs northwest-southeast following the eastern boundary of the property. The
shell scatter was exposed in a small hole in the ground resulting from stock
movement (Figure 26). Further probing identified clusters of shell at 130mm
depth over an area 10m x 3m. No dense deposits were identified. The shell is
highly fragmented and appeared to be mostly cockle.
Figure 24. Aerial
showing
identified extent
of shell midden
R10/1413
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RESULTS, CONTINUED
Figure 25.
Looking southeast over site
R10/1413
Figure 26.
R10/1413 closeup of exposed
shell deposit
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Summary of
Results
Four archaeological sites were identified within or on the boundary of the
Chin Hill farm property. Previously recorded pit/terrace site (R10/924; CHI
12066) is located just outside of the property boundary. A further three
previously unrecorded sites consisting of one terrace/midden site (R10/1406),
one terrace site (R10/1412) and one shell midden site (R10/1413) were
identified within the property.
Maori Cultural This is an assessment of effects on archaeological values and does not include
an assessment of effects on Maori cultural values. Such assessments should
Values
only be made by the tangata whenua. Maori cultural concerns may encompass
a wider range of values than those associated with archaeological sites.
The historical association of the general area with the tangata whenua is
evident from the recorded sites, traditional histories and known Maori place
names.
The current assessment was undertaken with the assistance of Ngati Manuhiri
representative Lorena Cardenas.
Survey
Limitations
It should be noted that archaeological survey techniques (based on visual
inspection and minor sub-surface testing) cannot necessarily identify all subsurface archaeological features, or detect wahi tapu and other sites of
traditional significance to Maori, especially where these have no physical
remains.
Archaeological
Value and
Significance
The Chin Hill property and its immediate surrounds contain archaeological
sites comprising shell midden deposits related to short term encampments as
well as terraces likely related to more permanent seasonal settlement located
within the catchment between the Waiwera River and Hatfields Beach. The
sites form part of an extensive and significant pre-European Maori landscape
relating to the occupation of the greater Mahurangi area.
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Archaeological
Value and
Significance,
continued
The archaeological value of sites relates mainly to their information potential,
that is, the extent to which they can provide evidence relating to local, regional
and national history through the use of archaeological investigation
techniques, and the research questions to which the site could contribute. The
surviving extent, complexity and condition of sites are the main factors in their
ability to provide information through archaeological investigation. For
example, generally pa are more complex sites and have higher information
potential than small midden (unless of early date). Archaeological value also
includes contextual (heritage landscape) value. Archaeological sites may also
have other historic heritage values including historical, architectural,
technological, cultural, aesthetic, scientific, social, spiritual, traditional and
amenity values.
Of the three sites that are recorded within the boundaries of the property,
terrace/midden site R10/1406 is by far the most extensive and significant in
terms of information potential and potential amenity value. The terrace site
R10/1412 is an isolated feature, while the shell midden site R10/1413 is in a
highly fragmented condition.
Both are considered to be of limited
archaeological value in terms of their knowledge potential.
The proposed works have been designed to avoid all known archaeological
remains on the property; therefore the sites have not been assessed further.
The proposed areas of works have no known archaeological value or
significance.
Effects of
Proposal
The known extent of site R10/924 will not be affected as a result of the
proposed works as it is located outside of the western boundary of the property
(Figure 16, Figure 27). Nor are any works proposed within close proximity to
site R10/1406 located at the northern end of the property (Figure 18, Figure
27).
Site R10/1412 is located to the west of proposed Lot 17 and outside of the
proposed area of works (Figure 27, Figure 28). The site should not be affected
as a result of the proposed works.
Site R10/1413 is located along the eastern boundary of the property, outside of
any proposed areas of works and should not be affected as a result of the
proposed works (Figure 27, Figure 29).
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Effects of
Proposal,
continued
In any area where archaeological sites have been recorded in the general
vicinity it is possible that unrecorded subsurface remains may be exposed
during development. It is considered possible that unrecorded subsurface
archaeological sites in the form of shell midden or other indications of preEuropean settlement may be exposed during development and it is therefore
recommended that an Authority is applied for prior to the start of earthworks as
a precaution so that potential delays can be avoided should sites be exposed.
Archaeological features and remains can take the form of burnt and fire
cracked stones, charcoal, rubbish heaps including shell, bone and/or 19th
century glass and crockery, ditches, banks, pits, old building foundations,
artefacts of Maori and early European origin or human burials.
Overall, the proposed works have been designed to avoid all known
archaeological sites and the potential effects on any unidentified sites exposed
during works are likely to be minor.
Figure 27. Detail
of masterplan
showing locations
of archaeological
sites recorded
within the
property
R10/1413
R10/1412
R10/1406
R10/924
Continued on next page
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Figure 28. Detail
of master plan
showing location
of R10/1412
(North at left)
R10/1412
Figure 29. Detail
of master plan
showing location
of R10/1413
(North at left)
R10/1413
Continued on next page
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Resource
Management
Act 1991
Requirements
Section 6 of the RMA recognises as matters of national importance: ‘the
relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands,
water, sites, waahi tapu, and other taonga’ (S6(e)); and ‘the protection of
historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f)).
All persons exercising functions and powers under the RMA are required under
Section 6 to recognise and provide for these matters of national importance
when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical
resources’. Archaeological and other historic heritage sites are resources that
should be sustainably managed by ‘Avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any
adverse effects of activities on the environment’ (Section 5(2)(c)).
Historic heritage is defined (S2) as ‘those natural and physical resources that
contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and
cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii)
architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’.
Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii)
archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu;
(iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’.
Regional, district and local plans contain sections that help to identify, protect
and manage archaeological and other heritage sites. The plans are prepared
under the rules of the RMA. The Auckland Council District Plan – Operative
Rodney Section 2011 and the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP,
notified September 2013) are relevant to the proposed activity. There are no
scheduled historic heritage places on the property on either the operative plan
or the PAUP. A Site/Place of Value to Mana Whenua (ID 2769) is located
near the eastern boundary, but does not extend into the property.
This assessment has established that the proposed activity will not affect any
known archaeological or historic heritage sites, but has some potential to affect
unidentified subsurface archaeological remains that may be exposed during
development. Any effects on unrecorded archaeological deposits or features
can be appropriately mitigated through archaeological investigation and
recording to recover information relating to the history of the
Waiwera/Hatfields Beach area.
If resource consent is granted, it is recommended that a condition requiring
monitoring within c.50m of recorded archaeological sites and the adoption of
an Accidental Discovery Protocol for the remainder of the works is included.
It is also recommended that an advice note regarding the provisions of the
HNZPTA is included, as an Authority under that Act will be required for any
modification and investigation of archaeological remains.
Continued on next page
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Heritage New
Zealand
Pouhere
Taonga Act
2014
Requirements
In addition to any requirements under the RMA, the HNZPTA protects all
archaeological sites whether recorded or not, and they may not be damaged or
destroyed unless an Authority to modify an archaeological site has been issued
by Heritage NZ (Section 42).
An archaeological site is defined by the HNZPTA Section 6 as follows:
‘archaeological site means, subject to section 42(3), –
(a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part
of a building or structure) that –
(i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is
the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before
1900; and
(ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological
methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and
(b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1)’2
Authorities to modify archaeological sites can be applied for either in respect to
archaeological sites within a specified area of land (Section 44(a)), or to
modify a specific archaeological site where the effects will be no more than
minor (Section 44(b)), or for the purpose of conducting a scientific
investigation (Section 44(c)). Applications that relate to sites of Maori interest
require consultation with (and in the case of scientific investigations the
consent of) the appropriate iwi or hapu and are subject to the recommendations
of the Maori Heritage Council of Heritage NZ. In addition, an application may
be made to carry out an exploratory investigation of any site or locality under
Section 56, to confirm the presence, extent and nature of a site or suspected
site.
While no known archaeological sites will be affected by the proposed works, it
is possible that unidentified subsurface archaeological remains may be exposed
during development.
Continued on next page
2
Under Section 42(3) an Authority is not required to permit work on a pre-1900 building unless the building is to be
demolished. Under Section 43(1) a place post-dating 1900 (including the site of a wreck that occurred after 1900) that
could provide ‘significant evidence relating to the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand’ can be declared by
Heritage NZ to be an archaeological site.
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS, CONTINUED
Heritage New
Zealand
Pouhere
Taonga Act
2014
Requirements,
continued
In order to avoid any delays should unidentified subsurface features be exposed
by the proposed works, consideration could be given to applying for an
authority under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA to cover all works undertaken
for this project, as a precaution. This should be obtained before any earthworks
are carried out. Those sites that can be avoided would be protected under the
conditions of the Authority, and provision would be made for any additional
sites that might be exposed during development. The conditions of the
authority are likely to include archaeological monitoring of preliminary
earthworks in the vicinity of recorded sites, and procedures for recording any
archaeological evidence before it is modified or destroyed. This approach
would have the advantage of allowing any archaeology uncovered during the
development of the property to be dealt with immediately, avoiding possible
delays.
Conclusions
Three previously unrecorded archaeological sites were identified within the
Chin Hill property as a result of the current assessment. None of the recorded
archaeological sites are located within the proposed development area and the
proposed development will therefore have no known adverse effects on
archaeological values.
However, there is some potential for previously unrecorded archaeological
deposits to be exposed as a result of the proposed works, as sites have been
recorded in the vicinity. Any effects on unrecorded archaeological deposits or
features exposed during development are likely to be minor and should be
mitigated through archaeological investigation and recording to recover
information relating to the history of the Waiwera/Hatfields Beach area.
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Chin Hill, Waiwera
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is
Recommended:
Clough & Associates Ltd.

That the recorded sites R10/1412 and R10/1413 are temporarily marked
out or fenced off prior to the start of any earthworks in their vicinity to
protect them from accidental damage from heavy machinery.

That if any of the recorded sites cannot be avoided by earthworks or
associated activities such as planting and landscaping, an Authority must
be applied for under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA and granted by
Heritage NZ prior to the start of any works that will affect them. (Note
that this is a legal requirement).

That because it is possible that additional unrecorded sites may be
exposed during earthworks, an Authority should in any case be applied
for prior to the start of works as a precaution so that appropriate
management procedures can be set in place and delays avoided once
works are under way.

That earthworks in the near vicinity of the recorded sites (within c.50m)
should be monitored by an archaeologist to establish whether any
unrecorded subsurface remains are present.

That archaeological discovery protocols should be developed to provide
for the possibility that archaeological remains may be exposed in other
areas. These should require that works cease in the immediate vicinity of
the find, until the remains can be assessed by an archaeologist and the
relevant organisations can be informed.

That in the event of koiwi tangata (human remains) being uncovered,
work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the remains and tangata
whenua, the Heritage NZ, NZ Police and Council should be contacted so
that appropriate arrangements can be made.

That since archaeological survey cannot always detect sites of traditional
significance to Maori, such as wahi tapu, the tangata whenua should be
consulted regarding the possible existence of such sites on the property.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Auckland Council Cultural Heritage Inventory, accessed at http://maps.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz and
https://chi.org.nz.
Brown, A., Z. Burnett, R. Clough. 2014. Historic Bathhouses, 37 Waiwera Place, Auckland: Heritage
Assessment and Options Report. Clough & Associates report prepared for Waiwera Property
Holdings Limited.
Farley, G., Burnett, Z. and R. Clough. 2010. SHI Puhoi to Wellsford Proposed Indicative Route: AEE
(Historic Heritage). Draft Clough & Associates report prepared for SKM Consulting Limited.
Heritage NZ. 2006. Writing Archaeological Assessments. Archaeological Guidelines Series No. 2. New
Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga (now Heritage NZ).
Judge, C. and R. Clough. 2010. Proposed Subdivision of Lot 2 DP95203, Weranui Road, Waiwera:
Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Cato Bolam Consultants
Ltd and BBI Investments Ltd.
Judge, C. 2013. 18, 32 & 42 Weranui Road, Waiwera, Auckland: Archaeological Site Damage
Assessment (R10/1222). Clough & Associates report prepared for the New Zealand Historic
Places Trust.
Locker, R.H. 2001. Jade River: A History of the Mahurangi. Warkworth: Friends of the Mahurangi Inc.
Low, J. and S. Macready. 2009. Archaeological Assessment of an Island near the Waiwera Toll Road
Bridge, Weranui Road, Rodney District. Clough & Associates report prepared for New Zealand
Transport Authority.
Mackintosh, L. 2005. Wenderholm Regional Park: Our History. Auckland Regional Council Heritage
Department, Auckland.
Murdoch, G. 1992. Tawharanui Regional Park: Management Plan. Auckland Regional Council,
Regional Parks Service.
New Zealand Archaeological Association ArchSite Database, accessed at http://www.archsite.org.nz.
New Zealand Heritage List, accessed at http://www.historic.org.nz.
NZMCH 2006. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Maori Peoples of New Zealand, Nga Iwi
o Aotearoa. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. David Bateman Ltd & Ministry for
Culture and Heritage, Auckland.
Rigby, B. 1998. The Crown, Maori, and Mahurangi 1840-1881: a historical report commissioned by the
Waitangi Tribunal. New Zealand: Waitangi Tribunal.
Shakles, R., C. Judge and R. Clough. 2012. Proposed Subdivision of Lot 2 DP428681, Weranui Road,
Waiwera: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Cato Bolam
Consultants Ltd and New Zealand Asia Corporation Ltd.
Turton, H., 1877-78. Maori Deed of Land Purchases in the North Island of New Zealand. Government
Printers.
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APPENDIX: SITE RECORD FORMS
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