ESSENTIALS OF A&P
FOR EMERGENCY CARE
CHAPTER
14
The Respiratory System:
It’s a Gas
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
List and state the basic functions of the
components of the respiratory system.
Differentiate between respiration and
ventilation.
Explain how the respiratory system warms
and humidifies inhaled air.
State the purpose and function of the
mucociliary escalator.
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Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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Pronunciation Guide
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
Discuss the process of gas exchange at
the alveolar level.
Describe the various skeletal structures
related to the respiratory system.
Explain the actual process and regulation
of ventilation.
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adenoid (AD eh noid)
alveoli (al VEE oh lye)
atelectasis (AT eh LEK tah sis)
bronchi (BRONG kye)
bronchioles (BRONG kee ohlz)
carina (kuh RINE uh)
cilia (SIL ee ah)
conchae (KONG kay)
diaphragm (DIE ah fram)
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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Pronunciation Guide
Pronunciation Guide
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.
emphysema (em fih SEE mah)
empyema (em pye EE mah)
epiglottis (ep ih GLOT is)
erythropoiesis (eh RITH roh poy EE sis)
hilum (HIGH lim)
laryngitis (lar in JIGH tis)
laryngopharynx (lah RING goh FAIR inks)
larynx (LAIR inks)
lingula (LING gu lah)
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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mediastinum (MEE dee ass TYE num)
nasopharynx (NAY zoh FAIR inks)
oropharynx (OR oh FAIR inks)
parietal pleura (pah RYE eh tal PLOO rah)
pharyngitis (FAIR in JIGH tis)
pharynx (FAIR inks)
tuberculosis (too BER kew LOH sis)
trachea (TRAY kee ah)
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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1
Major Components of
the Respiratory System
Ventilation vs Respiration
Ventilation is the bulk movement of air
down to the terminal air sacs, or alveoli, of
the lungs.
Respiration is the process of gas
exchange, in which oxygen is added to the
blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
Movement of oxygen from the alveoli to
the blood is called external respiration.
Movement of oxygen from the blood to the
cells is internal respiration.
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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The Airways and Lungs
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Upper Airway Functions
Functions include:
– Heating or cooling air to body temperature
– Filtering
– Humidifying
– Sense of smell or olfaction
– Producing sounds or phonations
– Ventilation, or conducting gas to lower
airways
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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Mucociliary Escalator
Figure 14-4 The nasal regions.
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2
The Sinuses
Figure 14-5 The mucociliary escalator.
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The Pharynx
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Swallowing
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The Lower Respiratory Tract
Figure 14-9 Tissue layers in the bronchi.
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3
The Lower Respiratory Tract
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Alveolar Capillary Membrane
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The Lower Respiratory Tract
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Gas
exchange
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Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Gases in Air
Figure 14-2 Contrast of ventilation and external and internal respiration.
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4
Housing of the Lungs and Related
Structures
Figure 14-2 (continued) Contrast of ventilation and external and internal respiration.
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The Lungs
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Figure 14-15 (continued)
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The Lungs
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Bronchopulmonary segments.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
Bruce J. Colbert • Jeff Ankney • Karen T. Lee • Bryan E. Bledsoe
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Figure 14-15 (continued)
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Bronchopulmonary segments.
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The Protective Bony Thorax
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Figure 14-17 How we breathe.
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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How We Breathe
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Figure 14-17 (continued) How we breathe.
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Respiratory Rate
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Accessory Muscles
Central Chemoreceptors
Located in the medulla
Respond to changes in CO2
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Located in the aortic and carotid bodies
Respond to changes in blood oxygen
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Accessory Muscles
Figure 14-18 The accessory muscles of exhalation.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Snapshots from the Journey
Moving approximately 12,000 quarts of air
each day, the respiratory system is
responsible for providing oxygen for the
blood to take to the body’s tissues and
removing carbon dioxide, one of the waste
products of cellular metabolism.
Figure 14-18 (continued) The accessory muscles of exhalation.
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Snapshots from the Journey
Ventilation is the movement of gases into
and out of the lungs; during respiration,
oxygen is added to the blood, and carbon
dioxide is removed.
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Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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Snapshots from the Journey
The lungs contain continually branching
airways called bronchi and bronchioles.
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Snapshots from the Journey
At the end of bronchioles are alveolar
sacs.
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Snapshots from the Journey
The purpose of the upper airways is to
filter, warm, and moisten inhaled air for its
journey to the lungs.
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Snapshots from the Journey
The mucociliary escalator captures foreign
particles, and the hairlike cilia constantly
move a layer of mucus up to the upper
airways to be swallowed or expelled.
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Snapshots from the Journey
Each alveolar sac is surrounded by a
capillary network where gas exchange
occurs with the blood.
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Snapshots from the Journey
In addition, the upper airways provide for
olfaction (sense of smell) and phonation
(speech).
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Snapshots from the Journey
Adenoids and tonsils aid in preventing
pathogens from entering the body.
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Snapshots from the Journey
Snapshots from the Journey
Because activities of breathing and
swallowing share a common pathway, the
epiglottis protects the airway to the lungs
from accidental aspiration of food and
liquids.
Vocal cords are the gateway between the
upper and lower airways.
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Snapshots from the Journey
Snapshots from the Journey
The tracheobronchial tree is like an
upside-down tree with ever-branching
airways, where the trunk of the tree is
represented by the trachea and the leaves
by the alveoli.
The alveolar capillary membrane is where
external respiration or gas exchange
occurs.
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Snapshots from the Journey
The bony thorax provides support and
protection for the respiratory system.
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Snapshots from the Journey
The main muscle of breathing is the
diaphragm, and accessory muscles assist
in times of need such as exercise and
disease.
The medulla oblongata in the brain is the
control center for breathing and sends
impulses via the phrenic nerve to the
diaphragm.
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Snapshots from the Journey
Snapshots from the Journey
The main muscle of breathing is the
diaphragm, and accessory muscles assist
in times of need such as exercise and
disease.
The medulla oblongata in the brain is the
control center for breathing and sends
impulses via the phrenic nerve to the
diaphragm.
Essentials of A&P for Emergency Care
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. The process of gas exchange between
the alveolar area and the capillary is:
a. External ventilation
b. Internal ventilation
c. Internal respiration
d. External respiration
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
2. The bulk movement of gas within the
lung is called:
a. Internal respiration
b. Ventilation
c. Diffusion
d. Gas exchange
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
End of Chapter
Review Questions
3. Which of the following is not a function of
the upper airway?
4. The largest cartilage in the upper airway
is the:
a. Humidification
b. Gas exchange
c. Filtration
d. Heating or cooling gases
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a. Cricoid
b. Eustachian
c. Mega cartilage
d. Thyroid
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10
End of Chapter
Review Questions
5. Which structure controls the opening to
the trachea?
a. Esophagus
b. Hypoglottis
c. Epiglottis
d. Hyperglottis
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Review Questions
1. Small bronchi are called __________.
2. The sense of smell is termed ________ and
the act of speech is called _______.
3. The hairlike projections called ______ beat
within the _______ layer and propel the
_______ layer towards the oral cavity to be
expectorated.
4. The ______ are thought to lighten the head
and provide resonance for the voice.
5. When the diaphragm contracts, lung volume
______ and air flows ________.
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
6. Cells need oxygen to
a. Make ATP
b. Get rid of CO2
c. Use gasoline
d. Breathe
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. Describe the tissue layers of the bronchi.
2. Explain how gas exchange takes place in
the lungs.
3. Discuss the importance of surfactant.
4. Describe the process of normal breathing,
beginning with the brain.
5. Explain the changes in the wall of the
tracheobronchial tree as you move from the
conducting zone to the respiratory zone.
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11