3D laser scanning as a new tool of assessment of erosion rates in

Y
$11$/(6
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92//;,;
6(&7,2%
)DFXOW\RI(DUWK6FLHQFHVDQG6SDWLDO0DQDJHPHQW0DULD&XULH6NáRGRZVND8QLYHUVLW\
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
'ODVHUVFDQQLQJDVDQHZWRRORIDVVHVVPHQW
RIHURVLRQUDWHVLQIRUHVWHGORHVVJXOOLHV
FDVHVWXG\.RORQLD&HOHMyZ/XEOLQ8SODQG
6NDQLQJODVHURZ\'MDNRQRZHQDU]ĊG]LHRFHQ\G\QDPLNLUR]ZRMX]DOHVLRQ\FKZąZR]yZ
OHVVRZ\FKQDSU]\NáDG]LH.RORQLL&HOHMyZ:\Ī\QD/XEHOVND
.H\ZRUGV7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7/6GDWD'70'60ORHVVJXOO\GHYHORSPHQW
6áRZDNOXF]RZHQD]LHPQ\VNDQLQJODVHURZ\GDQH7/6'70'60UR]ZyMZąZR]XOHVVR
ZHJR
,1752'8&7,21
7KHJXOO\QHWZRUNH[LVWLQJLQDQXPEHURIORHVVDUHDVXQGHUDJULFXOWXUDOXVH
LQWKH/XEOLQ8SODQGKDVEHHQVXEMHFWWRVHFRQGDU\YHJHWDWLRQVXFFHVVLRQ7KH
GHQVHSODQWFRYHUPDNHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIUHPRWHVHQVLQJPHWKRGVGLI¿FXOW$VD
UHVXOWWRSRJUDSKLFPDSVIUHTXHQWO\SUHVHQWWKHJHQHUDORXWOLQHVRIWKHJXOOLHVDQG
LQWKHFDVHRIDFRQVLGHUDEOHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHEDGODQGVW\SH±RQO\WKHERXQGDU
LHVEHWZHHQWKHRFFXUULQJIRUHVWDVVHPEODJHVDQGFXOWLYDWHG¿HOGV$HULDOSKRWR
JUDSKVGRQRWSHUPLWWUDFLQJWKHPRGHUQGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODWHUDOEUDQFKHVRI
WKHJXOO\RUWKHTXDOLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRIPDWHULDOWUDQVSRUWHGLQWKHJXOO\V\VWHP
7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVDWHOOLWHJHRGHV\WRROVLVDOVRSUREOHPDWLFGXHWRZHDNSHQHWUD
WLRQ RI WUHH FURZQV E\ WKH VLJQDO7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO JHRGHVLF WRROV
LQFOXGLQJODVHUWRWDOVWDWLRQVLVWLPHFRQVXPLQJDQGVWUHQXRXVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKH
FDVHRIPHDVXUHPHQWRIPLFURIRUPV0RUHRYHUPHDVXUHPHQWVE\PHDQVRIWRWDO
VWDWLRQVUHTXLUHUHOHYDQWSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHSRO\JRQDQGIUHTXHQWO\WKHUHPRYDO
RIEXVKHVDQGKLJKSHUHQQLDOV6XFKPHDVXUHPHQWSUREOHPVFDQEHVROYHGE\WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPRGHUQ7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7/6WHFKQRORJ\
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
7KHSULPDU\REMHFWLYHRIWKHSDSHULVWRGHYHORSDVWUDWHJ\RIPHDVXUHPHQW
RIDFWLYHJXOO\ODQGIRUPVDQGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH7/6WHFKQRORJ\IRUJHRPRU
SKRORJLFDOPDSSLQJLQIRUHVWHGDQGEUDQFKHGJXOO\V\VWHPV0RUHRYHUGHWDLOHG
PHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHVHFRQGDU\ODQGIRUPVSHUPLWWKHPRQLWRULQJ
RIWHQGHQFLHVDQGWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUDWHRIGHYHORSPHQWRIJXOOLHV
678'<2%-(&7$1'678'<$5($
7KHVWXG\DUHDLVORFDWHGLQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH/XEOLQ8SODQGFRY
HUHGZLWKDWKLFNORHVVOD\HUIURPPWRPGHYHORSHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\GXULQJ
WKH ODVW 9LVWXOLDQ DOLPHQWDWLRQ F\FOH 0DUXV]F]DN 7KH KLJK VXVFHSWLELO
LW\RIWKHORHVVHVWRHURVLRQDQGORZORFDWLRQRIWKHHURVLRQEDVHRIWKH9LVWXOD
5LYHUJRUJHYDOOH\WKURXJKWKH3ROLVK8SODQGVEHOWDWDGHQLYHODWLRQZLWKWKHORHVV
SODWHDXRIXSWRPSURYLGHFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJXOO\V\VWHPV
0DUXV]F]DN5RG]LNHWDO$VDUHVXOWRILQWHQVLYHDJULFXOWXUDO
XVHRIWKHORHVVDUHDLQWKHSUHKLVWRULFKLVWRULFDQGPRGHUQSHULRGDQHWZRUNRI
JXOOLHVZLWKDPHDQGHQVLW\RINPāNPDQGORFDOO\HYHQXSWRNPāNPGH
YHORSHGLQWKHZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDX0DUXV]F]DN6FKPLWW
HWDO*DZU\VLDN+DUDVLPLXN,QWKHSHULRGRISDUWLFXODUO\KLJKDJUL
FXOWXUDOSUHVVXUHLQWKHQGKDOIRIWKHWKDQGWKHVWKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\UHVXOW
LQJIURPWKHRYHUSRSXODWLRQRIUXUDODUHDVZDUVDQGHFRQRPLFFULVLVWKHJXOOLHV
ZHUHXVHGLQPXOWLSOHZD\V:RRGDQGIRUHVWEHGZHUHFRPPRQO\FROOHFWHG7KH
JXOOLHVZHUHXVHGDVSDVWXUHVIRUFDWWOHDQGVRPHRIWKHLUVORSHVDQGERWWRPVDV
DJULFXOWXUDO¿HOGV7KHGHSRSXODWLRQRIWKHUXUDODUHDVLQWKLVSDUWRI3RODQGRE
VHUYHGVLQFHWKH¶VDQGLQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHDEDQGRQLQJRIWKH
H[SORLWDWLRQDQGUHIRUHVWDWLRQRIWKHJXOOLHV7KHSURFHVVRIVHWWLQJ¿HOGVDVLGHKDV
EHHQSURJUHVVLQJLQSDUWLFXODULQWKHFDVHRI¿HOGVORFDWHGDWWKHHGJHVRIJXOOLHV
7KHERWWRPVDQGVORSHVRIWKHJXOOLHVDUHFXUUHQWO\RFFXSLHGE\RDNKRUQEHDP
IRUHVWV 7LOLR&DUSLQHWXP DW YDULRXV GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG UHJHQHUDWLRQ VWDJHV 7KH
PDMRULW\RIWKHJXOOLHVDUHFXUUHQWO\LQDFWLYHDOWKRXJKQXPHURXVODWHUDOEUDQFKHV
DQGERWWRPGLVVHFWLRQVDSSHDUGXULQJLQWHQVLYHUDLQIDOOVDQGVQRZPHOWV5RG]LN
HWDO
7KHDQDO\VHGJXOO\V\VWHPLQ.RORQLD&HOHMyZLVORFDWHGLQWKHZHVWHUQSDUW
RIWKH1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDX,WGLVVHFWVWKHFDWFKPHQWXQGHUDJULFXOWXUDOXVHZLWKDQ
DUHDRINP)LJ7KHWRWDOOHQJWKRIWKHJXOOLHVLQWKHFDWFKPHQWDPRXQWV
WRNP7KHLUGHQVLW\UHDFKHVNPāNP5RG]LNHWDO7KHVORSHVDQG
HGJHVRIWKHJXOO\DUHVWDELOLVHGE\RDNKRUQEHDPDVVHPEODJHV,QFHUWDLQSODFHV
KRZHYHUDWWKHERXQGDULHVRI¿HOGVDQGIRUHVWVSDUWLFXODUO\DW¿HOGVFXOWLYDWHG
DORQJWKHVORSHVQXPHURXVHURVLRQIRUPVGHYHORS5RG]LN=JáRELFNL7KH
DFFXPXODWLYH ERWWRP RI WKH JXOO\ ZLWK D ZLGWK RI ± P LV GLVVHFWHG DW WKH
FRQÀXHQFHRIWKHPDLQODQGIRUPVUHVXOWLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKHDGFXWWLQJWHU
'/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6
UDFHVRQLWVERWWRP5RG]LNFRPSRVHGRIOD\HUHGVLOWVDFFXPXODWHGIURP
WKHWKWRWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\=JáRELFNL5RG]LN7KHSURFHVVRIGLVVHF
WLRQRIWKHJXOO\ERWWRPE\WKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\FRQVWLWXWLQJWKHREMHFWRIWKLVVWXG\
FRPPHQFHGLQDQGSURFHHGHGRYHUWKHQH[WVHYHUDO\HDUVDEXQGDQWLQKHDY\
UDLQIDOOVDQGVQRZPHOWV5RG]LN=JáRELFNL,QWKHGU\\HDUVRI±
WKHJXOO\VWDELOLVHGDPRQJRWKHUVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHRXWÀRZ
IURPDVPDOOVSULQJLQWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHPDLQJXOO\5RG]LNHWDO)URP
LWVJUDGXDOGHYHORSPHQWRFFXUUHGDJDLQSDUWO\GXHWRWKHUHDSSHDUDQFHRI
WKH RXWÀRZ IURP WKH VSULQJ ,Q VSULQJ WKH YROXPH RI WKH DQDO\VHG IRUP
UHDFKHGDOPRVWPDQGLWVEDVLFSDUDPHWHUVZHUHDVIROORZVOHQJWKP
ZLGWKP±PDQGGHSWKP±P
)LJ/RFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDRQWKHRUWKRSKRWRPDS±VWXG\DUHD
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
0(7+2'6
7KHUDWHRIGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\PHDQV
RI'7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7KH¿HOGUHVHDUFKLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHIRU
HVWHG ORHVV JXOO\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WZR PHDVXUHPHQW FDPSDLJQV LQ 2FWR
EHUDQG$SULOE\PHDQVRID/HLFD+'6VFDQQHU$OWKRXJKWKH
PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDWWKHHQGDQGEHJLQQLQJRIWKHYHJHWDWLRQSHULRG
VPDOOEXVKHVZHUHUHPRYHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRILPSURYHPHQWRIWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH
VFDQQHGLPDJH)LJ
)LJ$0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHPDLQJXOO\ERWWRPVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ODQGIRUP
ZLWKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWDUJHWSRLQWVVSULQJ%0HDVXUHPHQWRQDIRUHVWHGJXOO\ERWWRPE\
PHDQVRID'/HLFD+'6DIWHUWKHUHPRYDORIEXVKHV
7KHIXQFWLRQLQJ RI WKHVFDQQHU DSSOLHG IRU WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV LQYROYHV VWD
WLRQDU\ODVHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKH'ORFDWLRQRIDSRLQWDWDUDWHRIXSWR
SWāVE\PHDQVRIDQLQYLVLEOHSKDVHVKLIWODVHUZLWKDZDYHOHQJWKRIȝP7KH
PD[LPXPPHDVXUDEOHGLVWDQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSURGXFHUDPRXQWVWRP7KH
UDQJHRIVFDQQLQJE\PHDQVRID/HLFD+'6XSWRƒKRUL]RQWDOO\DQGXS
WRƒYHUWLFDOO\SHUPLWVPHDVXUHPHQWVLQGLI¿FXOWWHUUDLQFRQGLWLRQV7KHPHD
VXUHPHQWGDWDREWDLQHGLQWKHIRUPRIDSRLQWFORXGFRQVWLWXWHDPRGHOVSDFHZLWK
WKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH'SRLQWORFDWLRQRIXSWRPP7KHDSSOLHG/HLFD&\FORQH
VRIWZDUH WUDQVIRUPV WKH SRLQW FORXG DQG JHQHUDWHV D 'LJLWDO 7HUUDLQ 0RGHO
'70SURYLGLQJDEDVLVIRUPXOWLDVSHFWGDWDDQDO\VLV7KHKLJKDFFXUDF\RIWKH
PRGHOSHUPLWVWKHDQDO\VLVRISDUDPHWHUVDWYDULRXVVSDWLDOVFDOHVLQUHODWLRQWR
ERWKWKHHQWLUHDQDO\VHGREMHFWDQGVHOHFWHGODQGIRUPVDVZHOODVJHQHUDWLQJDQ\
GH¿QHGFURVVDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVZLWKLQVXFKODQGIRUPV
,QWKHFDVHRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDPHGLXPUDQJHVFDQQHUIRUPHDVXUHPHQWV
RIODUJHREMHFWVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHREWDLQHGPRGHOODUJHO\GHSHQGVRQWKHDSSOLHG
'/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6
PHDVXUHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DQGWKHDFFXUDF\RILQWHJUDWLRQRISDUWLFXODUPRGHOVSDFHV
FRPSRVHGRISRLQWFORXGV7KHSUHGH¿QHGPHDVXUHPHQWUHVROXWLRQLVRIFRQVLGHU
DEOHLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLYHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIWKHREWDLQHGPRGHO,WGHWHU
PLQHVWKHQXPEHUDQGTXDOLW\RIVLQJOHPHDVXUHPHQWV,QWKLVFDVHKLJKUHVROXWLRQ
ZDVDSSOLHGSHUPLWWLQJREWDLQLQJDQDYHUDJHRISRLQWPHDVXUHPHQWV
DWHDFKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVLWHV'XHWRWKHODFNRIWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRSRVLWLRQWKH
VFDQQHUE\PHDQVRI*36GXHWRWKHODFNRIVLJQDODVDUHVXOWRIWKHORFDWLRQLQ
WKHJXOO\DQGKLJKGHQVLW\RIWUHHFURZQVWKHPRGHOZDVLQWHJUDWHGE\PHDQVRI
WKHPHWKRGLQYROYLQJVRFDOOHGWDUJHWSRLQWV73.RFLXEDHWDO,WSHUPLWV
WKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIDGMDFHQWPRGHOVSDFHVE\UHIHUULQJWRSHUPDQHQWWDUJHWSRLQWV
GLVWULEXWHGEHWZHHQWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVLWHV)LJ
)LJ/DVHUVFDQQLQJVFHQHSRLQWFORXGZLWKYHJHWDWLRQEHIRUHLWVUHPRYDOIURP'70
7KHGHYLFH¶VLQWHUIDFHKDVDFRGHGSDWWHUQRIQRUPDOLVHGEODFNDQGZKLWHWDU
JHWVLGHQWL¿HGGXULQJVFDQQLQJ7KHWDUJHWVDUHGHFRGHGGXULQJWKHLPSRUWRIGDWD
WRWKH&\FORQHVRIWZDUHLQWKHIRUPRIYHUWH[HVLHQRQGLPHQVLRQDOUHIHUHQFH
SRLQWVLQ'VSDFHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHPLGGOHRIHDFKWDUJHW)LJ7KHLQGLFD
WLRQRIDPLQLPXPRIWZRWDUJHWSRLQWVFRPPRQIRUFRQVHFXWLYHVLWHVDQGORFDWHG
DWDGLVWDQFHRIP±PIURPWKHVFDQQLQJVLWHPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHSHUPLW
WLQJDXWRPDWLFLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIDWDUJHWHQDEOHVDFFXUDWHLQWHJUDWLRQRISDUWLFXODU
SRLQWFORXGVDQGREWDLQLQJDKLJKDFFXUDF\'70)RUDKLJKHUSUHFLVLRQRIWKH
PRGHOLQWKHFDVHRIERWKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWFDPSDLJQVWDUJHWSRLQWVZHUH
DSSOLHGFRQVWLWXWLQJDSHUPDQHQWO\HVWDEOLVKHGQHWZRUNRIWDUJHWSRLQWSRO\JRQV
GLVWULEXWHGZLWKWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIDPLQLPXPYLVLELOLW\RI±RIWKHPIURPHDFK
FRQVHFXWLYHPHDVXUHPHQWVLWH0RUHRYHUDX[LOLDU\WDUJHWSRLQWVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG
DWGLVWLQFWLYHVLWHVQDPHO\PHDVXUHPHQWVSKHUHVZLWKDGLDPHWHURIFP
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
7KHDSSOLHGPHWKRGLQYROYLQJ73WDUJHWSRLQWVDVFRPPRQUHIHUHQFHSRLQWV
SHUPLWWHGWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOSRLQWFORXGVLQWRWKHWDUJHWPRGHOE\PHDQV
RIWKH/HLFD&\FORQHVRIWZDUH7KH¿QDOHIIHFWRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVZDVWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIDQLQWHJUDWHGPRGHOREWDLQHGE\PHDQVRILQWHJUDWLQJPRGHO
VSDFHV$V D UHVXOW RI WKHLU LQWHJUDWLRQ D '70 ZDV REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH WRWDO HU
URUQRWH[FHHGLQJ“FP7KHLQWHJUDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI
WKHDOJRU\WKPRIDXWRPDWLFLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHWDUJHWSRLQWV\V
WHP7KHLQWHJUDWHG'70ZDVWUDQVIRUPHGWRD'LJLWDO6XUIDFH0RGHO'60E\
PHDQVRIWKH³PDQXDO´UHPRYDORIWUHHVEXVKHVDQGEUDQFKHVDQGVWHPVRISODQWV
IURPWKH'70XVLQJWKH³IHQFH´IXQFWLRQRIIHUHGE\&\FORQH7KHUHVXOWLQJ
'60FRQVWLWXWHGWKHEDVLVRIWKHSHUIRUPHGVSDWLDODQDO\VHV
5(68/76
6WURQJHURVLRQLQWKHERWWRPRIWKHPDLQJXOO\LQ.RORQLD&HOHMyZUHVXOWLQJ
IURP KHDY\ UDLQIDOOV LQ VXPPHU ODUJHO\ LQFUHDVHG WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH
VHFRQGDU\JXOO\,QDGGLWLRQWRLWVHORQJDWLRQGHHSHQLQJDQGZLGHQLQJDOVRQHZ
KHDGJXOO\IRUPVZHUHREVHUYHG7DEOH$QXPEHURIPLFURIRUPVUHVXOWLQJIURP
VOXPSV DSSHDUHG RQ WKH VORSHV DQG LQ WKH ERWWRP RI WKH GLVVHFWLRQ GLI¿FXOW WR
PHDVXUHE\PHDQVRIWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGV'XHWRWKLVWKHODVHUVFDQQLQJPHWKRG
RIPHDVXUHPHQWZDVDSSOLHG)LJ
)LJ '60 RI WKH VWXG\ REMHFW ZLWK K\SVRPHWU\ 3HUPDQHQW JXOO\ ERWWRP GLVVHFWLRQV E\
HURVLRQODQGIRUPVDXWXPQ
'/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6
5HSHWLWLRQVRIWKHVWXG\HYHU\DXWXPQDIWHUVXPPHUUDLQIDOOVZDVDVVXPHG
GXHWRWKHREVHUYHGORZHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIVQRZPHOWZDVKLQGLVVHFWLQJJXOO\ERW
WRPV'XHWRWKHPXOWLSKDVHFKDUDFWHURIVQRZPHOWLQWKHZLQWHUVSULQJVHDVRQV
KRZHYHUWKHUHODWLYHO\ODUJHSHULRGLFDORXWÀRZIURPWKHVSULQJZDV
IUHTXHQWO\VXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHGE\VQRZPHOWZDVK7KLVFDXVHGWKHGLVVHFWLRQ
RIWKHJXOO\ERWWRPDQGDFRQVLGHUDEOHLQFUHDVHLQLWVVL]HLQWKHSHULRGIURP)HE
UXDU\WR$SULO'XHWRWKLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDVUHSHDWHGLQVSULQJ
7KHUHVXOWVRIERWKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
7DEOH'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ODQGIRUPDVDUHVXOWRIVQRZPHOWLQ
Geometric parameters
Measurement
term
Length [m]
Width [m]
Depth [m]
Volume [m3]
Headgully
form [m3]
Autumn 2012
160
2.5-4.5
1.5-3.0
765.4
163.18
Spring 2013
182
2.6-5.5
1.6-4.0
939.1
212.68
$V D UHVXOW RI VQRZPHOW ZDVK LQ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VHFRQGDU\ JXOO\
LQFUHDVHGE\PDQGWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKDQGZLGWKE\P7KHERWWRPZDV
GHHSHQHGE\PRQWKHDYHUDJHDQGWKHZLGWKRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQLQFUHDVHGE\
P7KHYROXPHRIWKHPHDVXUHGJXOO\LQFUHDVHGE\PRUHWKDQ7KHVSDWLDO
GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQZDVSULPDULO\PDQLIHVWHGLQDVXEVWDQWLDOUHWUHDWRI
WKHXSSHUHURVLRQDOVFDUSDVDUHVXOWRILQWHQVL¿HGKHDGFXWWLQJ)LJ
7KHVKLIWRIWKHPDLQHURVLRQDOVFDUSLQWKHXSSHUVHFWLRQRIWKHDQDO\VHGGLV
VHFWLRQDQGFKDQJHVLQLWVPRUSKRORJ\UHVXOWLQJIURPKHDGFXWWLQJDUHSUHVHQWHG
LQ)LJXUH7KH'70REWDLQHGDVDUHVXOWRIVFDQQLQJSHUPLWVGLVWLQJXLVKLQJD
WRWDORIDYHQVZLWKDGLDPHWHUDQGGHSWKRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLQWHUFRQQHFWHG
E\QDUURZLQJV7KHFKDQJHVFDQEHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\PXOWLSKDVHSURQLYDOZDVK
7KHKLJKHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHKHDGFXWWLQJSURFHVVHVSDUWLFXODUO\UHVXOWVIURPORQJ
ODVWLQJPHOWZDWHUZDVKDQGWKHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHVXVFHSWLEOHWRHURVLRQFROOXYLDLQ
WKHERWWRPRIWKHPDLQJXOO\
&URVVVHFWLRQVEHORZERWKRIWKHHURVLRQDOVFDUSV)LJSHUIRUPHGEDVHG
RQWKH'70FRQ¿UPVXFKDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ$WWKHPRPHQWRIREWDLQLQJWKHEDO
DQFHFXUYHSUR¿OHD±EGHHSHURVLRQLVOLPLWHGDQGODWHUDOHURVLRQLVDFWLYDWHG
7KHDYHQVDUHZLGHQHGDQGWKHLUSUR¿OHFKDQJHVLQWRDER[VHFWLRQ$VDUHVXOW
RIKHDGFXWWLQJGXULQJVQRZPHOWLQWKHFURVVSUR¿OHRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQLQWKH
SODFHRIWKHORZHUHURVLRQDOVFDUSLQFUHDVHGE\P,QWKHSODFHRIWKHXSSHU
HURVLRQDOVFDUSDQLQFUHDVHE\DOPRVWPZDVUHFRUGHG
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
)LJ(URVLRQVFDUSUHWUHDWDVDUHVXOWRIKHDGFXWWLQJSUR¿OHD±EVKRZVWKHVWDWHLQ2FWREHU
DQGSUR¿OHF±GVKRZVWKHVWDWHLQ$SULO
)LJ&KDQJHVLQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDVDUHVXOWRIHURVLRQIROORZLQJVQRZPHOWLQJULGOLQH
HYHU\P/RFDWLRQRISUR¿OHVDVLQ)LJXUH
'/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6
&21&/86,216
‡7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\RIODVHUVFDQQLQJ7/6SHUPLWV
WKH PRQLWRULQJ RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IRUPV RI JXOO\ HURVLRQ HYHQ LQ IRUHVWHG
JXOOLHV 7KH REWDLQHG PHDVXUHPHQW GDWD HQDEOH YHU\ SUHFLVH FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH
YROXPHRIWKHUHVXOWLQJODQGIRUPVZLWKUHODWLYHO\FRPSOH[VSDWLDOVWUXFWXUH7KH
JHQHUDWHG '70 DOVR UHJLVWHUV PLFURIRUPV DQG ODQG WRSRJUDSK\ 0RUHRYHU WKH
WHFKQRORJ\LQWHJUDWHVVSDWLDOYDULDEOHVDQGGHYHORSVDJHRPHWULF'LPDJHDWD
VFDOHRIDFFXUDWHO\UHÀHFWLQJWKHDFWXDOREMHFW7KHPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGRO
RJ\HQVXUHVKLJKUHVROXWLRQRIWKHREWDLQHG'70DQG'60RIWKHVWXGLHGREMHFWV
‡,QWKHJHRHFRV\VWHPVRIORHVVJXOOLHVVXEMHFWWRUDSLGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVF\
FOLFDOPHDVXUHPHQWVSHUPLWWKHPRQLWRULQJRIWKHUDWHRIWKHRFFXUULQJSURFHVVHV
DQGGLUHFWLRQVRIIXUWKHUODQGUHOLHIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV5HSHDWLQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV
LQFRQVHFXWLYHVHDVRQVSHUPLWVWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIERWKWKHVSDWLDODQGWHPSRUDO
G\QDPLFVRIWKHRFFXUULQJFKDQJHV
‡$VOLJKWGUDZEDFNRIWKHSURSRVHGPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGLVWKHQHFHVVLW\WR
SHUIRUPPXOWLVLWHPHDVXUHPHQWVEDVHGRQ DQHVWDEOLVKHG QHWZRUNRI WDUJHWVLQ
IRUHVWDUHDV7KLVLQYROYHVIUHTXHQWPRYLQJRIVLWHVZKLFKH[WHQGVPHDVXUHPHQW
GXUDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQW FDPSDLJQ GHSHQGV RQ WKH
VWDELOLW\RIWKHZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVDQGSDUWLFXODUO\ODFNRISUHFLSLWDWLRQ$KLJK
QXPEHURIPHDVXUHPHQWVDOVRFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHWLPHFRQVXPLQJFKDUDFWHURIWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRI'07DQG'60
5()(5(1&(6
.RFLXED:.XELV]:=DJyUVNL38VHRIWHUUHVWULDOODVHUVFDQQLQJ7/6IRUPRQLWRULQJ
DQGPRGHOOLQJRIJHRPRUSKLFSURFHVVHVDQGSKHQRPHQDDWDVPDOODQGPHGLXPVSDWLDOVFDOHLQ
3RODUHQYLURQPHQW6FRWW5LYHU²6SLWVEHUJHQ*HRPRUSKRORJ\±
0DUXV]F]DN + &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH IRUP\ U]HĨE\ REV]DUyZ OHVVRZ\FK :\Ī\Q\ /XEHOVNLHM
&]DV*HRJU±
0DUXV]F]DN+:DUXQNLJHRORJLF]QRPRUIRORJLF]QHUR]ZRMXHUR]MLJOHEZSRáXGQLRZHMF]Ċ
ĞFLZRMHZyG]WZDOXEHOVNLHJR:LDG,08=
0DUXV]F]DN+:\Ī\Q\/XEHOVNR:Rá\ĔVNLH,Q0.OLPDV]HZVNLHG*HRPRUIRORJLD3RO
VNLYRO3:1:DUV]DZD±
0DUXV]F]DN + (UR]MD ZąZR]RZD ZH ZVFKRGQLHM F]ĊĞFL SDVD Z\Ī\Q SRáXGQLRZRSROVNLFK
=HV]3UREO3RVW1DXN5RO±
5RG]LN-,QÀXHQFHRIODQGXVHRQJXOO\V\VWHPGHYHORSPHQWFDVHVWXG\.RORQLD&HOHMyZ
ORHVVFDWFKPHQW,Q-:DURZQD$6FKPLWWHGV+XPDQLPSDFWRQXSODQGODQGVFDSHVRI
WKH/XEOLQUHJLRQ.DUWSRO/XEOLQ±
5RG]LN-&LXSD7-DQLFNL*.RFLXED:7\F$=JáRELFNL::VSyáF]HVQHSU]HPLDQ\
U]HĨE\:\Ī\Q3ROVNLFK,Q$.RWDUED$.RVWU]HZVNL..U]HPLHĔ/6WDUNHOHGV:VSyá
F]HVQHSU]HPLDQ\U]HĨE\3ROVNL:\GDZQLFWZR,QVW\WXWX*HRJUD¿LL*RVSRGDUNL3U]HVWU]HQQHM
8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNL.UDNyZ±
:$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,.
5RG]LN - )XUWDN 7 =JáRELFNL : 7KH LPSDFW RI VQRZPHOW DQG KHDY\ UDLQIDOO UXQRII RQ
HURVLRQ UDWHV LQ D JXOO\ V\VWHP /XEOLQ 8SODQG 3RODQG (DUWK 6XUI 3URFHV /DQGIRUPV ±
5RG]LN - =JáRELFNL: :Sá\Z XNáDGX SyO QD UR]ZyM ZąZR]X OHVVRZHJR ,Q 6 5DGZDQ
=/RUNLHZLF]HGV3UREOHP\RFKURQ\LX]\WNRZDQLDREV]DURZZLHMVNLFKRGX]\FKZDORUDFK
SU]\URGQLF]\FK80&6/XEOLQ±
6FKPLWW$5RG]LN-=JáRELFNL:5XVVRN&K'RWWHUZHLFK0%RUN+57LPHDQGVFDOH
RIJXOO\HURVLRQLQWKH-HGOLF]Q\'ROJXOO\V\VWHPVRXWKHDVW3RODQG&DWHQD±
=JáRELFNL:5RG]LN-+HDY\PHWDOVLQVORSHGHSRVLWVRIORHVVDUHDVRIWKH/XEOLQ8SODQG
(3RODQG&DWHQD±
675(6=&=(1,(
6\VWHP\ZąZR]RZHWZRU]ąFHJĊVWąVLHüUR]FLQDMąFąSRNU\ZĊOHVVRZąZSyáQRFQR]DFKRGQLHM
F]ĊĞFL:\Ī\Q\/XEHOVNLHMVąSRURĞQLĊWHODVDPLPLHV]DQ\PLZW\SLHJUąGyZU\F1DVWURP\FK
]ERF]DFKZąZR]yZZ\VWĊSXMHZ\VRNLGU]HZRVWDQJáyZQLHJUDELOLSD]DĞQDSáDVNLPGQLHZąZR
]XURVQąNU]HZ\LE\OLQ\U\FL3RUDVWDMąFHZąZy]]ZDUWHLZLHORSLĊWURZH]ELRURZLVNDOHĞQH
Z ]DVDG]LH XQLHPRĪOLZLDMą Z\NRU]\VWDQLH WHFKQLN WHOHGHWHNF\MQ\FK L XU]ąG]HĔ SR]\FMRQRZDQLD
VDWHOLWDUQHJR*36GRPRQLWRULQJXUR]ZRMXIRUPZąZR]RZ\FK5RĞOLQQRĞüWDUyZQLHĪXWUXGQLD
]DVWRVRZDQLHQRZRF]HVQ\FKQDU]ĊG]LJHRGH]\MQ\FKWDNLFKMDNWDFKLPHWUODVHURZ\DWDNĪHWHFKQR
ORJLLQD]LHPQHJRVNDQLQJXODVHURZHJR7/6
3RGMĊWHEDGDQLDZNRQWURORZDQHM]OHZQLZąZR]RZHMPDMąQDFHOXZ\SUDFRZDQLHVNXWHF]QHM
VWUDWHJLLSRPLDUXQDWĊĪHQLDHUR]MLZąZR]RZHMRUD]]DVWRVRZDQLHWHFKQRORJLL7/6GRPRQLWRULQJX
WHPSDLNLHUXQNXUR]ZRMXZąZR]yZ]DOHVLRQ\FKU\F'RV]F]HJyáRZ\FKEDGDĔZ\EUDQRGUX
JRU]ĊGRZą IRUPĊ ZąZR]RZą NWyUD RG ODW VWRSQLRZR UR]FLQD SáDVNLH GQR JáyZQHJR ZąZR]X
U\F 3RF]ąWNRZR Z\NRQ\ZDQR SRPLDU\ ]D SRPRFą WDĞP\ PLHUQLF]HM L NOL]\PHWUX D QDVWĊS
QLHGDOPLHU]DLWDFKLPHWUXODVHURZHJR8U]ąG]HQLDWHQLHSR]ZDODMąQDSRPLDUPLNURIRUPGODWH
JRZFHOX]ZLĊNV]HQLDSUHF\]MLLHIHNW\ZQRĞFLSRPLDUyZ]DVWRVRZDQHJRID]RZ\VNDQHUODVHURZ\
5R]SR]QDQLHWHPSDUR]ZRMXZWyUQHJRZąZR]XZ\NRQDQRSU]\XĪ\FLXQD]LHPQHJRVNDQLQJXOD
VHURZHJR ' /HLFD +'6 %DGDQLD WHUHQRZH Z ZDUXQNDFK ]DOHVLRQHJR ZąZR]X OHVVRZHJR
SU]HSURZDG]RQRZSDĨG]LHUQLNXLZNZLHWQLXU
: DQDOL]RZDQ\P RNUHVLH ]DREVHUZRZDQR V]\ENL UR]ZyM ZWyUQHJR UR]FLĊFLD GQD ZąZR]X
JáyZQLHZZ\QLNXVSá\ZyZSURSOXZLDOQ\FK2V]DFRZDQDSU]\XĪ\FLX7/6REMĊWRĞüDQDOL]RZDQHM
IRUP\ RVLąJD P D MHM SRGVWDZRZH SDUDPHWU\ Z\QRV]ą RGSRZLHGQLR GáXJRĞü RN P
V]HURNRĞüRGPGRPJáĊERNRĞüRGPGRPWDE$QDOL]RZDQHUR]FLĊFLHHUR]\MQH
]ZLĊNV]D VZRMą NXEDWXUĊ JáRZQLH Z Z\QLNX Z]PRĪRQHMHUR]MLZVWHF]QHM:URNXSRGF]DV
UR]WRSyZGRV]áRGRFRIQLĊFLDSURJXHUR]\MQHJRRPU\F3U]HNUyMSRSU]HF]Q\JyUQHJRRG
FLQNDUR]FLĊFLDSRZLĊNV]\áVLĊRGPGRSUDZLHPL]PLHQLáNV]WDáWQDVNU]\QNRZ\U\F