Y $11$/(6 81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$ /8%/,1±32/21,$ 92//;,; 6(&7,2% )DFXOW\RI(DUWK6FLHQFHVDQG6SDWLDO0DQDJHPHQW0DULD&XULH6NáRGRZVND8QLYHUVLW\ :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. 'ODVHUVFDQQLQJDVDQHZWRRORIDVVHVVPHQW RIHURVLRQUDWHVLQIRUHVWHGORHVVJXOOLHV FDVHVWXG\.RORQLD&HOHMyZ/XEOLQ8SODQG 6NDQLQJODVHURZ\'MDNRQRZHQDU]ĊG]LHRFHQ\G\QDPLNLUR]ZRMX]DOHVLRQ\FKZąZR]yZ OHVVRZ\FKQDSU]\NáDG]LH.RORQLL&HOHMyZ:\Ī\QD/XEHOVND .H\ZRUGV7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7/6GDWD'70'60ORHVVJXOO\GHYHORSPHQW 6áRZDNOXF]RZHQD]LHPQ\VNDQLQJODVHURZ\GDQH7/6'70'60UR]ZyMZąZR]XOHVVR ZHJR ,1752'8&7,21 7KHJXOO\QHWZRUNH[LVWLQJLQDQXPEHURIORHVVDUHDVXQGHUDJULFXOWXUDOXVH LQWKH/XEOLQ8SODQGKDVEHHQVXEMHFWWRVHFRQGDU\YHJHWDWLRQVXFFHVVLRQ7KH GHQVHSODQWFRYHUPDNHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIUHPRWHVHQVLQJPHWKRGVGLI¿FXOW$VD UHVXOWWRSRJUDSKLFPDSVIUHTXHQWO\SUHVHQWWKHJHQHUDORXWOLQHVRIWKHJXOOLHVDQG LQWKHFDVHRIDFRQVLGHUDEOHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHEDGODQGVW\SH±RQO\WKHERXQGDU LHVEHWZHHQWKHRFFXUULQJIRUHVWDVVHPEODJHVDQGFXOWLYDWHG¿HOGV$HULDOSKRWR JUDSKVGRQRWSHUPLWWUDFLQJWKHPRGHUQGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODWHUDOEUDQFKHVRI WKHJXOO\RUWKHTXDOLWDWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRIPDWHULDOWUDQVSRUWHGLQWKHJXOO\V\VWHP 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVDWHOOLWHJHRGHV\WRROVLVDOVRSUREOHPDWLFGXHWRZHDNSHQHWUD WLRQ RI WUHH FURZQV E\ WKH VLJQDO7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO JHRGHVLF WRROV LQFOXGLQJODVHUWRWDOVWDWLRQVLVWLPHFRQVXPLQJDQGVWUHQXRXVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWKH FDVHRIPHDVXUHPHQWRIPLFURIRUPV0RUHRYHUPHDVXUHPHQWVE\PHDQVRIWRWDO VWDWLRQVUHTXLUHUHOHYDQWSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHSRO\JRQDQGIUHTXHQWO\WKHUHPRYDO RIEXVKHVDQGKLJKSHUHQQLDOV6XFKPHDVXUHPHQWSUREOHPVFDQEHVROYHGE\WKH DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHPRGHUQ7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7/6WHFKQRORJ\ :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. 7KHSULPDU\REMHFWLYHRIWKHSDSHULVWRGHYHORSDVWUDWHJ\RIPHDVXUHPHQW RIDFWLYHJXOO\ODQGIRUPVDQGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH7/6WHFKQRORJ\IRUJHRPRU SKRORJLFDOPDSSLQJLQIRUHVWHGDQGEUDQFKHGJXOO\V\VWHPV0RUHRYHUGHWDLOHG PHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHVHFRQGDU\ODQGIRUPVSHUPLWWKHPRQLWRULQJ RIWHQGHQFLHVDQGWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUDWHRIGHYHORSPHQWRIJXOOLHV 678'<2%-(&7$1'678'<$5($ 7KHVWXG\DUHDLVORFDWHGLQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH/XEOLQ8SODQGFRY HUHGZLWKDWKLFNORHVVOD\HUIURPPWRPGHYHORSHGSUHGRPLQDQWO\GXULQJ WKH ODVW 9LVWXOLDQ DOLPHQWDWLRQ F\FOH 0DUXV]F]DN 7KH KLJK VXVFHSWLELO LW\RIWKHORHVVHVWRHURVLRQDQGORZORFDWLRQRIWKHHURVLRQEDVHRIWKH9LVWXOD 5LYHUJRUJHYDOOH\WKURXJKWKH3ROLVK8SODQGVEHOWDWDGHQLYHODWLRQZLWKWKHORHVV SODWHDXRIXSWRPSURYLGHFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIJXOO\V\VWHPV 0DUXV]F]DN5RG]LNHWDO$VDUHVXOWRILQWHQVLYHDJULFXOWXUDO XVHRIWKHORHVVDUHDLQWKHSUHKLVWRULFKLVWRULFDQGPRGHUQSHULRGDQHWZRUNRI JXOOLHVZLWKDPHDQGHQVLW\RINPāNPDQGORFDOO\HYHQXSWRNPāNPGH YHORSHGLQWKHZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDX0DUXV]F]DN6FKPLWW HWDO*DZU\VLDN+DUDVLPLXN,QWKHSHULRGRISDUWLFXODUO\KLJKDJUL FXOWXUDOSUHVVXUHLQWKHQGKDOIRIWKHWKDQGWKHVWKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\UHVXOW LQJIURPWKHRYHUSRSXODWLRQRIUXUDODUHDVZDUVDQGHFRQRPLFFULVLVWKHJXOOLHV ZHUHXVHGLQPXOWLSOHZD\V:RRGDQGIRUHVWEHGZHUHFRPPRQO\FROOHFWHG7KH JXOOLHVZHUHXVHGDVSDVWXUHVIRUFDWWOHDQGVRPHRIWKHLUVORSHVDQGERWWRPVDV DJULFXOWXUDO¿HOGV7KHGHSRSXODWLRQRIWKHUXUDODUHDVLQWKLVSDUWRI3RODQGRE VHUYHGVLQFHWKH¶VDQGLQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHDEDQGRQLQJRIWKH H[SORLWDWLRQDQGUHIRUHVWDWLRQRIWKHJXOOLHV7KHSURFHVVRIVHWWLQJ¿HOGVDVLGHKDV EHHQSURJUHVVLQJLQSDUWLFXODULQWKHFDVHRI¿HOGVORFDWHGDWWKHHGJHVRIJXOOLHV 7KHERWWRPVDQGVORSHVRIWKHJXOOLHVDUHFXUUHQWO\RFFXSLHGE\RDNKRUQEHDP IRUHVWV 7LOLR&DUSLQHWXP DW YDULRXV GHJUDGDWLRQ DQG UHJHQHUDWLRQ VWDJHV 7KH PDMRULW\RIWKHJXOOLHVDUHFXUUHQWO\LQDFWLYHDOWKRXJKQXPHURXVODWHUDOEUDQFKHV DQGERWWRPGLVVHFWLRQVDSSHDUGXULQJLQWHQVLYHUDLQIDOOVDQGVQRZPHOWV5RG]LN HWDO 7KHDQDO\VHGJXOO\V\VWHPLQ.RORQLD&HOHMyZLVORFDWHGLQWKHZHVWHUQSDUW RIWKH1DáĊF]yZ3ODWHDX,WGLVVHFWVWKHFDWFKPHQWXQGHUDJULFXOWXUDOXVHZLWKDQ DUHDRINP)LJ7KHWRWDOOHQJWKRIWKHJXOOLHVLQWKHFDWFKPHQWDPRXQWV WRNP7KHLUGHQVLW\UHDFKHVNPāNP5RG]LNHWDO7KHVORSHVDQG HGJHVRIWKHJXOO\DUHVWDELOLVHGE\RDNKRUQEHDPDVVHPEODJHV,QFHUWDLQSODFHV KRZHYHUDWWKHERXQGDULHVRI¿HOGVDQGIRUHVWVSDUWLFXODUO\DW¿HOGVFXOWLYDWHG DORQJWKHVORSHVQXPHURXVHURVLRQIRUPVGHYHORS5RG]LN=JáRELFNL7KH DFFXPXODWLYH ERWWRP RI WKH JXOO\ ZLWK D ZLGWK RI ± P LV GLVVHFWHG DW WKH FRQÀXHQFHRIWKHPDLQODQGIRUPVUHVXOWLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKHDGFXWWLQJWHU '/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6 UDFHVRQLWVERWWRP5RG]LNFRPSRVHGRIOD\HUHGVLOWVDFFXPXODWHGIURP WKHWKWRWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\=JáRELFNL5RG]LN7KHSURFHVVRIGLVVHF WLRQRIWKHJXOO\ERWWRPE\WKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\FRQVWLWXWLQJWKHREMHFWRIWKLVVWXG\ FRPPHQFHGLQDQGSURFHHGHGRYHUWKHQH[WVHYHUDO\HDUVDEXQGDQWLQKHDY\ UDLQIDOOVDQGVQRZPHOWV5RG]LN=JáRELFNL,QWKHGU\\HDUVRI± WKHJXOO\VWDELOLVHGDPRQJRWKHUVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHRXWÀRZ IURPDVPDOOVSULQJLQWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHPDLQJXOO\5RG]LNHWDO)URP LWVJUDGXDOGHYHORSPHQWRFFXUUHGDJDLQSDUWO\GXHWRWKHUHDSSHDUDQFHRI WKH RXWÀRZ IURP WKH VSULQJ ,Q VSULQJ WKH YROXPH RI WKH DQDO\VHG IRUP UHDFKHGDOPRVWPDQGLWVEDVLFSDUDPHWHUVZHUHDVIROORZVOHQJWKP ZLGWKP±PDQGGHSWKP±P )LJ/RFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDRQWKHRUWKRSKRWRPDS±VWXG\DUHD :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. 0(7+2'6 7KHUDWHRIGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\PHDQV RI'7HUUHVWULDO/DVHU6FDQQLQJ7KH¿HOGUHVHDUFKLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHIRU HVWHG ORHVV JXOO\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WZR PHDVXUHPHQW FDPSDLJQV LQ 2FWR EHUDQG$SULOE\PHDQVRID/HLFD+'6VFDQQHU$OWKRXJKWKH PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDWWKHHQGDQGEHJLQQLQJRIWKHYHJHWDWLRQSHULRG VPDOOEXVKHVZHUHUHPRYHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRILPSURYHPHQWRIWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH VFDQQHGLPDJH)LJ )LJ$0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQRIWKHPDLQJXOO\ERWWRPVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ODQGIRUP ZLWKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWDUJHWSRLQWVVSULQJ%0HDVXUHPHQWRQDIRUHVWHGJXOO\ERWWRPE\ PHDQVRID'/HLFD+'6DIWHUWKHUHPRYDORIEXVKHV 7KHIXQFWLRQLQJ RI WKHVFDQQHU DSSOLHG IRU WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV LQYROYHV VWD WLRQDU\ODVHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKH'ORFDWLRQRIDSRLQWDWDUDWHRIXSWR SWāVE\PHDQVRIDQLQYLVLEOHSKDVHVKLIWODVHUZLWKDZDYHOHQJWKRIȝP7KH PD[LPXPPHDVXUDEOHGLVWDQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSURGXFHUDPRXQWVWRP7KH UDQJHRIVFDQQLQJE\PHDQVRID/HLFD+'6XSWRKRUL]RQWDOO\DQGXS WRYHUWLFDOO\SHUPLWVPHDVXUHPHQWVLQGLI¿FXOWWHUUDLQFRQGLWLRQV7KHPHD VXUHPHQWGDWDREWDLQHGLQWKHIRUPRIDSRLQWFORXGFRQVWLWXWHDPRGHOVSDFHZLWK WKHDFFXUDF\RIWKH'SRLQWORFDWLRQRIXSWRPP7KHDSSOLHG/HLFD&\FORQH VRIWZDUH WUDQVIRUPV WKH SRLQW FORXG DQG JHQHUDWHV D 'LJLWDO 7HUUDLQ 0RGHO '70SURYLGLQJDEDVLVIRUPXOWLDVSHFWGDWDDQDO\VLV7KHKLJKDFFXUDF\RIWKH PRGHOSHUPLWVWKHDQDO\VLVRISDUDPHWHUVDWYDULRXVVSDWLDOVFDOHVLQUHODWLRQWR ERWKWKHHQWLUHDQDO\VHGREMHFWDQGVHOHFWHGODQGIRUPVDVZHOODVJHQHUDWLQJDQ\ GH¿QHGFURVVDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVZLWKLQVXFKODQGIRUPV ,QWKHFDVHRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDPHGLXPUDQJHVFDQQHUIRUPHDVXUHPHQWV RIODUJHREMHFWVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHREWDLQHGPRGHOODUJHO\GHSHQGVRQWKHDSSOLHG '/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6 PHDVXUHPHQWVWUDWHJ\DQGWKHDFFXUDF\RILQWHJUDWLRQRISDUWLFXODUPRGHOVSDFHV FRPSRVHGRISRLQWFORXGV7KHSUHGH¿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¶VLQWHUIDFHKDVDFRGHGSDWWHUQRIQRUPDOLVHGEODFNDQGZKLWHWDU JHWVLGHQWL¿HGGXULQJVFDQQLQJ7KHWDUJHWVDUHGHFRGHGGXULQJWKHLPSRUWRIGDWD WRWKH&\FORQHVRIWZDUHLQWKHIRUPRIYHUWH[HVLHQRQGLPHQVLRQDOUHIHUHQFH SRLQWVLQ'VSDFHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHPLGGOHRIHDFKWDUJHW)LJ7KHLQGLFD WLRQRIDPLQLPXPRIWZRWDUJHWSRLQWVFRPPRQIRUFRQVHFXWLYHVLWHVDQGORFDWHG DWDGLVWDQFHRIP±PIURPWKHVFDQQLQJVLWHPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHSHUPLW WLQJDXWRPDWLFLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIDWDUJHWHQDEOHVDFFXUDWHLQWHJUDWLRQRISDUWLFXODU SRLQWFORXGVDQGREWDLQLQJDKLJKDFFXUDF\'70)RUDKLJKHUSUHFLVLRQRIWKH PRGHOLQWKHFDVHRIERWKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWFDPSDLJQVWDUJHWSRLQWVZHUH DSSOLHGFRQVWLWXWLQJDSHUPDQHQWO\HVWDEOLVKHGQHWZRUNRIWDUJHWSRLQWSRO\JRQV GLVWULEXWHGZLWKWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIDPLQLPXPYLVLELOLW\RI±RIWKHPIURPHDFK FRQVHFXWLYHPHDVXUHPHQWVLWH0RUHRYHUDX[LOLDU\WDUJHWSRLQWVZHUHHVWDEOLVKHG DWGLVWLQFWLYHVLWHVQDPHO\PHDVXUHPHQWVSKHUHVZLWKDGLDPHWHURIFP :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. 7KHDSSOLHGPHWKRGLQYROYLQJ73WDUJHWSRLQWVDVFRPPRQUHIHUHQFHSRLQWV SHUPLWWHGWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOSRLQWFORXGVLQWRWKHWDUJHWPRGHOE\PHDQV RIWKH/HLFD&\FORQHVRIWZDUH7KH¿QDOHIIHFWRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVZDVWKH GHYHORSPHQWRIDQLQWHJUDWHGPRGHOREWDLQHGE\PHDQVRILQWHJUDWLQJPRGHO VSDFHV$V D UHVXOW RI WKHLU LQWHJUDWLRQ D '70 ZDV REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH WRWDO HU URUQRWH[FHHGLQJFP7KHLQWHJUDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWKWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI WKHDOJRU\WKPRIDXWRPDWLFLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHWDUJHWSRLQWV\V WHP7KHLQWHJUDWHG'70ZDVWUDQVIRUPHGWRD'LJLWDO6XUIDFH0RGHO'60E\ PHDQVRIWKH³PDQXDO´UHPRYDORIWUHHVEXVKHVDQGEUDQFKHVDQGVWHPVRISODQWV IURPWKH'70XVLQJWKH³IHQFH´IXQFWLRQRIIHUHGE\&\FORQH7KHUHVXOWLQJ '60FRQVWLWXWHGWKHEDVLVRIWKHSHUIRUPHGVSDWLDODQDO\VHV 5(68/76 6WURQJHURVLRQLQWKHERWWRPRIWKHPDLQJXOO\LQ.RORQLD&HOHMyZUHVXOWLQJ IURP KHDY\ UDLQIDOOV LQ VXPPHU ODUJHO\ LQFUHDVHG WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH VHFRQGDU\JXOO\,QDGGLWLRQWRLWVHORQJDWLRQGHHSHQLQJDQGZLGHQLQJDOVRQHZ KHDGJXOO\IRUPVZHUHREVHUYHG7DEOH$QXPEHURIPLFURIRUPVUHVXOWLQJIURP VOXPSV DSSHDUHG RQ WKH VORSHV DQG LQ WKH ERWWRP RI WKH GLVVHFWLRQ GLI¿FXOW WR PHDVXUHE\PHDQVRIWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGV'XHWRWKLVWKHODVHUVFDQQLQJPHWKRG RIPHDVXUHPHQWZDVDSSOLHG)LJ )LJ '60 RI WKH VWXG\ REMHFW ZLWK K\SVRPHWU\ 3HUPDQHQW JXOO\ ERWWRP GLVVHFWLRQV E\ HURVLRQODQGIRUPVDXWXPQ '/$6(56&$11,1*$6$1(:722/2)$66(660(172)(526,215$7(6 5HSHWLWLRQVRIWKHVWXG\HYHU\DXWXPQDIWHUVXPPHUUDLQIDOOVZDVDVVXPHG GXHWRWKHREVHUYHGORZHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIVQRZPHOWZDVKLQGLVVHFWLQJJXOO\ERW WRPV'XHWRWKHPXOWLSKDVHFKDUDFWHURIVQRZPHOWLQWKHZLQWHUVSULQJVHDVRQV KRZHYHUWKHUHODWLYHO\ODUJHSHULRGLFDORXWÀRZIURPWKHVSULQJZDV IUHTXHQWO\VXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHGE\VQRZPHOWZDVK7KLVFDXVHGWKHGLVVHFWLRQ RIWKHJXOO\ERWWRPDQGDFRQVLGHUDEOHLQFUHDVHLQLWVVL]HLQWKHSHULRGIURP)HE UXDU\WR$SULO'XHWRWKLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDVUHSHDWHGLQVSULQJ 7KHUHVXOWVRIERWKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHFRQGDU\JXOO\ODQGIRUPDVDUHVXOWRIVQRZPHOWLQ Geometric parameters Measurement term Length [m] Width [m] Depth [m] Volume [m3] Headgully form [m3] Autumn 2012 160 2.5-4.5 1.5-3.0 765.4 163.18 Spring 2013 182 2.6-5.5 1.6-4.0 939.1 212.68 $V D UHVXOW RI VQRZPHOW ZDVK LQ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VHFRQGDU\ JXOO\ LQFUHDVHGE\PDQGWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKDQGZLGWKE\P7KHERWWRPZDV GHHSHQHGE\PRQWKHDYHUDJHDQGWKHZLGWKRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQLQFUHDVHGE\ P7KHYROXPHRIWKHPHDVXUHGJXOO\LQFUHDVHGE\PRUHWKDQ7KHVSDWLDO GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQZDVSULPDULO\PDQLIHVWHGLQDVXEVWDQWLDOUHWUHDWRI WKHXSSHUHURVLRQDOVFDUSDVDUHVXOWRILQWHQVL¿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¿UPVXFKDQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ$WWKHPRPHQWRIREWDLQLQJWKHEDO DQFHFXUYHSUR¿OHD±EGHHSHURVLRQLVOLPLWHGDQGODWHUDOHURVLRQLVDFWLYDWHG 7KHDYHQVDUHZLGHQHGDQGWKHLUSUR¿OHFKDQJHVLQWRDER[VHFWLRQ$VDUHVXOW RIKHDGFXWWLQJGXULQJVQRZPHOWLQWKHFURVVSUR¿OHRIWKHGLVVHFWLRQLQWKH SODFHRIWKHORZHUHURVLRQDOVFDUSLQFUHDVHGE\P,QWKHSODFHRIWKHXSSHU HURVLRQDOVFDUSDQLQFUHDVHE\DOPRVWPZDVUHFRUGHG :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. )LJ(URVLRQVFDUSUHWUHDWDVDUHVXOWRIKHDGFXWWLQJSUR¿OHD±EVKRZVWKHVWDWHLQ2FWREHU DQGSUR¿OHF±GVKRZVWKHVWDWHLQ$SULO )LJ&KDQJHVLQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDVDUHVXOWRIHURVLRQIROORZLQJVQRZPHOWLQJULGOLQH HYHU\P/RFDWLRQRISUR¿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À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yUVNL38VHRIWHUUHVWULDOODVHUVFDQQLQJ7/6IRUPRQLWRULQJ DQGPRGHOOLQJRIJHRPRUSKLFSURFHVVHVDQGSKHQRPHQDDWDVPDOODQGPHGLXPVSDWLDOVFDOHLQ 3RODUHQYLURQPHQW6FRWW5LYHU²6SLWVEHUJHQ*HRPRUSKRORJ\± 0DUXV]F]DN + &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH IRUP\ U]HĨE\ REV]DUyZ OHVVRZ\FK :\Ī\Q\ /XEHOVNLHM &]DV*HRJU± 0DUXV]F]DN+:DUXQNLJHRORJLF]QRPRUIRORJLF]QHUR]ZRMXHUR]MLJOHEZSRáXGQLRZHMF]Ċ ĞFLZRMHZyG]WZDOXEHOVNLHJR:LDG,08= 0DUXV]F]DN+:\Ī\Q\/XEHOVNR:Rá\ĔVNLH,Q0.OLPDV]HZVNLHG*HRPRUIRORJLD3RO VNLYRO3:1:DUV]DZD± 0DUXV]F]DN + (UR]MD ZąZR]RZD ZH ZVFKRGQLHM F]ĊĞFL SDVD Z\Ī\Q SRáXGQLRZRSROVNLFK =HV]3UREO3RVW1DXN5RO± 5RG]LN-,QÀXHQFHRIODQGXVHRQJXOO\V\VWHPGHYHORSPHQWFDVHVWXG\.RORQLD&HOHMyZ ORHVVFDWFKPHQW,Q-:DURZQD$6FKPLWWHGV+XPDQLPSDFWRQXSODQGODQGVFDSHVRI WKH/XEOLQUHJLRQ.DUWSRO/XEOLQ± 5RG]LN-&LXSD7-DQLFNL*.RFLXED:7\F$=JáRELFNL::VSyáF]HVQHSU]HPLDQ\ U]HĨE\:\Ī\Q3ROVNLFK,Q$.RWDUED$.RVWU]HZVNL..U]HPLHĔ/6WDUNHOHGV:VSyá F]HVQHSU]HPLDQ\U]HĨE\3ROVNL:\GDZQLFWZR,QVW\WXWX*HRJUD¿LL*RVSRGDUNL3U]HVWU]HQQHM 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNL.UDNyZ± :$/'(0$5.2&,8%$*5=(*25=-$1,&.,-$152'=,. 5RG]LN - )XUWDN 7 =JáRELFNL : 7KH LPSDFW RI VQRZPHOW DQG KHDY\ UDLQIDOO UXQRII RQ HURVLRQ UDWHV LQ D JXOO\ V\VWHP /XEOLQ 8SODQG 3RODQG (DUWK 6XUI 3URFHV /DQGIRUPV ± 5RG]LN - =JáRELFNL: :Sá\Z XNáDGX SyO QD UR]ZyM ZąZR]X OHVVRZHJR ,Q 6 5DGZDQ =/RUNLHZLF]HGV3UREOHP\RFKURQ\LX]\WNRZDQLDREV]DURZZLHMVNLFKRGX]\FKZDORUDFK SU]\URGQLF]\FK80&6/XEOLQ± 6FKPLWW$5RG]LN-=JáRELFNL:5XVVRN&K'RWWHUZHLFK0%RUN+57LPHDQGVFDOH RIJXOO\HURVLRQLQWKH-HGOLF]Q\'ROJXOO\V\VWHPVRXWKHDVW3RODQG&DWHQD± =JáRELFNL:5RG]LN-+HDY\PHWDOVLQVORSHGHSRVLWVRIORHVVDUHDVRIWKH/XEOLQ8SODQG (3RODQG&DWHQD± 675(6=&=(1,( 6\VWHP\ZąZR]RZHWZRU]ąFHJĊVWąVLHüUR]FLQDMąFąSRNU\ZĊOHVVRZąZSyáQRFQR]DFKRGQLHM F]ĊĞFL:\Ī\Q\/XEHOVNLHMVąSRURĞQLĊWHODVDPLPLHV]DQ\PLZW\SLHJUąGyZU\F1DVWURP\FK ]ERF]DFKZąZR]yZZ\VWĊSXMHZ\VRNLGU]HZRVWDQJáyZQLHJUDELOLSD]DĞQDSáDVNLPGQLHZąZR ]XURVQąNU]HZ\LE\OLQ\U\FL3RUDVWDMąFHZąZy]]ZDUWHLZLHORSLĊWURZH]ELRURZLVNDOHĞQH Z ]DVDG]LH XQLHPRĪOLZLDMą Z\NRU]\VWDQLH WHFKQLN WHOHGHWHNF\MQ\FK L XU]ąG]HĔ SR]\FMRQRZDQLD VDWHOLWDUQHJR*36GRPRQLWRULQJXUR]ZRMXIRUPZąZR]RZ\FK5RĞOLQQRĞüWDUyZQLHĪXWUXGQLD ]DVWRVRZDQLHQRZRF]HVQ\FKQDU]ĊG]LJHRGH]\MQ\FKWDNLFKMDNWDFKLPHWUODVHURZ\DWDNĪHWHFKQR ORJLLQD]LHPQHJRVNDQLQJXODVHURZHJR7/6 3RGMĊWHEDGDQLDZNRQWURORZDQHM]OHZQLZąZR]RZHMPDMąQDFHOXZ\SUDFRZDQLHVNXWHF]QHM VWUDWHJLLSRPLDUXQDWĊĪHQLDHUR]MLZąZR]RZHMRUD]]DVWRVRZDQLHWHFKQRORJLL7/6GRPRQLWRULQJX WHPSDLNLHUXQNXUR]ZRMXZąZR]yZ]DOHVLRQ\FKU\F'RV]F]HJyáRZ\FKEDGDĔZ\EUDQRGUX JRU]ĊGRZą IRUPĊ ZąZR]RZą NWyUD RG ODW VWRSQLRZR UR]FLQD SáDVNLH GQR JáyZQHJR ZąZR]X U\F 3RF]ąWNRZR Z\NRQ\ZDQR SRPLDU\ ]D SRPRFą WDĞP\ PLHUQLF]HM L NOL]\PHWUX D QDVWĊS QLHGDOPLHU]DLWDFKLPHWUXODVHURZHJR8U]ąG]HQLDWHQLHSR]ZDODMąQDSRPLDUPLNURIRUPGODWH JRZFHOX]ZLĊNV]HQLDSUHF\]MLLHIHNW\ZQRĞFLSRPLDUyZ]DVWRVRZDQHJRID]RZ\VNDQHUODVHURZ\ 5R]SR]QDQLHWHPSDUR]ZRMXZWyUQHJRZąZR]XZ\NRQDQRSU]\XĪ\FLXQD]LHPQHJRVNDQLQJXOD VHURZHJR ' /HLFD +'6 %DGDQLD WHUHQRZH Z ZDUXQNDFK ]DOHVLRQHJR ZąZR]X OHVVRZHJR SU]HSURZDG]RQRZSDĨG]LHUQLNXLZNZLHWQLXU : DQDOL]RZDQ\P RNUHVLH ]DREVHUZRZDQR V]\ENL UR]ZyM ZWyUQHJR UR]FLĊFLD GQD ZąZR]X JáyZQLHZZ\QLNXVSá\ZyZSURSOXZLDOQ\FK2V]DFRZDQDSU]\XĪ\FLX7/6REMĊWRĞüDQDOL]RZDQHM IRUP\ RVLąJD P D MHM SRGVWDZRZH SDUDPHWU\ Z\QRV]ą RGSRZLHGQLR GáXJRĞü RN P V]HURNRĞüRGPGRPJáĊERNRĞüRGPGRPWDE$QDOL]RZDQHUR]FLĊFLHHUR]\MQH ]ZLĊNV]D VZRMą NXEDWXUĊ JáRZQLH Z Z\QLNX Z]PRĪRQHMHUR]MLZVWHF]QHM:URNXSRGF]DV UR]WRSyZGRV]áRGRFRIQLĊFLDSURJXHUR]\MQHJRRPU\F3U]HNUyMSRSU]HF]Q\JyUQHJRRG FLQNDUR]FLĊFLDSRZLĊNV]\áVLĊRGPGRSUDZLHPL]PLHQLáNV]WDáWQDVNU]\QNRZ\U\F
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz